The Ancient Mediterranean Religions Index Database

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Full texts for Hebrew Bible and rabbinic texts is kindly supplied by Sefaria; for Greek and Latin texts, by Perseus Scaife, for the Quran, by Tanzil.net

For a list of book indices included, see here.

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All subjects (including unvalidated):

subject	book bibliographic info
augustus, trojan, ancestry of	Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 163, 234
trojan, ancestry, julius caesar, c., and	Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 7, 161, 163, 165
trojan, athena	Athanassaki and Titchener (2022), Plutarch's Cities, 223, 224, 315
trojan, cycle	Ker and Wessels (2020), The Values of Nighttime in Classical Antiquity: Between Dusk and Dawn, 163
trojan, futures, trojan, women, euripides, and	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 104, 105, 106, 107
trojan, guide	Rojas(2019), The Remains of the Past and the Invention of Archaeology in Roman Anatolia: Interpreters, Traces, Horizons, 22, 23
trojan, helenus seer	Sommerstein and Torrance (2014), Oaths and Swearing in Ancient Greece, 96
trojan, horse	Gianvittorio-Ungar and Schlapbach (2021), Choreonarratives: Dancing Stories in Greek and Roman Antiquity and Beyond, 171, 172 Hawes (2014), Rationalizing Myth in Antiquity, 124 Jouanna (2018), Sophocles: A Study of His Theater in Its Political and Social Context, 595, 596 Kneebone (2020), Orthodoxy and the Courts in Late Antiquity, 126, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 138 Naiden (2013), Smoke Signals for the Gods: Ancient Greek Sacrifice from the Archaic through Roman Periods, 43 Pucci (2016), Euripides' Revolution Under Cover: An Essay, 76 Verhelst and Scheijnens (2022), Greek and Latin Poetry of Late Antiquity: Form, Tradition, and Context, 55, 56, 57, 144, 145 Williams (2009), Williams, The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book I: (Sects 1-46), 64
trojan, horse as a ship, imagery	Cueva et al. (2018b), Re-Wiring the Ancient Novel. Volume 2: Roman Novels and Other Important Texts, 24
trojan, horse as a ship, motif	Cueva et al. (2018b), Re-Wiring the Ancient Novel. Volume 2: Roman Novels and Other Important Texts, 25
trojan, horse ode	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 80, 81
trojan, horse ~ ship, metaphor	Cueva et al. (2018b), Re-Wiring the Ancient Novel. Volume 2: Roman Novels and Other Important Texts, 22
trojan, horse, the	Kirichenko (2022), Greek Literature and the Ideal: The Pragmatics of Space from the Archaic to the Hellenistic Age, 42, 43, 46, 186, 187
trojan, horse, troy, capture of	Kneebone (2020), Orthodoxy and the Courts in Late Antiquity, 128, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 188, 237, 249, 250
trojan, horses	Giusti (2018), Disclosure and Discretion in Roman Astrology: Manilius and his Augustan Contemporaries, 124, 134
trojan, oath, hera, effects broken	Sommerstein and Torrance (2014), Oaths and Swearing in Ancient Greece, 56, 154
trojan, oration, dio chrysostom	Greensmith (2021), The Resurrection of Homer in Imperial Greek Epic: Quintus Smyrnaeus' Posthomerica and the Poetics of Impersonation, 204 Konig and Wiater (2022), Late Hellenistic Greek Literature in Dialogue, 184, 197 König and Wiater (2022), Late Hellenistic Greek Literature in Dialogue, 184, 197
trojan, origins, dionysius of halicarnassus, on rome’s	Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 161, 162, 163
trojan, origins, procopius, on rome’s	Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 163, 165
trojan, origins, rome and romans, and	Gruen (2011), Rethinking the Other in Antiquity, 243, 244, 245, 247, 248
trojan, prince, paris	Price, Finkelberg and Shahar (2021), Rome: An Empire of Many Nations: New Perspectives on Ethnic Diversity and Cultural Identity, 88
trojan, sibyl	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 172
trojan, sicily prophecies of cassandra, of supposed	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 157
trojan, trilogy fire imagery, euripides	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 104, 106
trojan, troy	Bernabe et al. (2013), Redefining Dionysos, 75, 82, 374, 375, 376, 402
trojan, war	Albrecht (2014), The Divine Father: Religious and Philosophical Concepts of Divine Parenthood in Antiquity, 372 Bianchetti et al. (2015), Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition, 264 Borg (2008), Paideia: the World of the Second Sophistic: The World of the Second Sophistic, 37, 72, 238, 258, 262 Demoen and Praet (2009), Theios Sophistes: Essays on Flavius Philostratus' Vita Apollonii, 75, 77, 79, 86, 89, 91, 92, 287, 300 Ebrey and Kraut (2022), The Cambridge Companion to Plato, 2nd ed, 348 Eidinow and Kindt (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Greek Religion, 11, 44, 152, 180, 558 Faure (2022), Conceptions of Time in Greek and Roman Antiquity, 86, 123, 129 Fertik (2019), The Ruler's House: Contesting Power and Privacy in Julio-Claudian Rome, 22, 72, 100, 101 Finkelberg (2019), Homer and Early Greek Epic: Collected Essays, 115, 116, 133, 134, 136, 137, 140, 143, 144, 151, 155, 175, 177, 200, 211, 212, 218, 222, 227, 238, 245, 267, 291, 299 Gagne (2021), Cosmography and the Idea of Hyperborea in Ancient Greece, 193, 198, 291, 382 Giusti (2018), Disclosure and Discretion in Roman Astrology: Manilius and his Augustan Contemporaries, 129, 134, 152, 204 Gruen (2011), Rethinking the Other in Antiquity, 134, 241, 257, 258 Gruen (2020), Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter, 44, 45, 73, 74, 92, 93 Ker and Wessels (2020), The Values of Nighttime in Classical Antiquity: Between Dusk and Dawn, 163, 166, 171, 172, 293, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 301, 302, 303, 304 Kingsley Monti and Rood (2022), The Authoritative Historian: Tradition and Innovation in Ancient Historiography, 67, 75, 159, 160 Konig and Wiater (2022), Late Hellenistic Greek Literature in Dialogue, 179, 184, 195, 196, 197, 198, 201 König and Wiater (2022), Late Hellenistic Greek Literature in Dialogue, 179, 184, 195, 196, 197, 198, 201 Lalone (2019), Athena Itonia: Geography and Meaning of an Ancient Greek War Goddess, 38, 93, 94, 97, 98 Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 92 Marincola et al. (2021), Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones and Calum Maciver, Greek Notions of the Past in the Archaic and Classical Eras: History Without Historians, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 34, 35, 49, 59, 67, 71, 72, 79, 84, 85, 93, 100, 119, 148, 150, 167, 169, 177, 246 Mikalson (2003), Herodotus and Religion in the Persian Wars, 22, 142, 146, 147, 154, 155, 175, 176, 222 Munn (2006), The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion. 24, 34, 109, 133, 140, 141, 182, 183, 199, 204, 309, 333, 336, 337 Naiden (2013), Smoke Signals for the Gods: Ancient Greek Sacrifice from the Archaic through Roman Periods, 45 Raaflaub Ober and Wallace (2007), Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece, 35 Shilo (2022), Beyond Death in the Oresteia: Poetics, Ethics, and Politics, 57, 58, 59, 71, 99, 117, 123, 128 Sommerstein and Torrance (2014), Oaths and Swearing in Ancient Greece, 134, 139, 140, 144, 147, 151, 153, 216, 222, 296 Sweeney (2013), Foundation Myths and Politics in Ancient Ionia, 139 Trapp et al. (2016), In Praise of Asclepius: Selected Prose Hymns, 54, 55, 56 Verhelst and Scheijnens (2022), Greek and Latin Poetry of Late Antiquity: Form, Tradition, and Context, 44, 144 Zawanowska and Wilk (2022), The Character of David in Judaism, Christianity and Islam: Warrior, Poet, Prophet and King, 365, 370 de Bakker, van den Berg, and Klooster (2022), Emotions and Narrative in Ancient Literature and Beyond, 108, 184, 311, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 369, 550, 650, 653, 656, 657, 662, 698, 699
trojan, war cycle	Kowalzig (2007), Singing for the Gods: Performances of Myth and Ritual in Archaic and Classical Greece, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305
trojan, war cycle, and aiakids	Kowalzig (2007), Singing for the Gods: Performances of Myth and Ritual in Archaic and Classical Greece, 185, 186, 209, 221
trojan, war cycle, horse in	Kowalzig (2007), Singing for the Gods: Performances of Myth and Ritual in Archaic and Classical Greece, 302
trojan, war cycle, seven against thebes, mythical cycle, at argos, vs.	Kowalzig (2007), Singing for the Gods: Performances of Myth and Ritual in Archaic and Classical Greece, 165, 166, 167, 178
trojan, war cycle, taras, and	Kowalzig (2007), Singing for the Gods: Performances of Myth and Ritual in Archaic and Classical Greece, 324, 327
trojan, war cycle, women of	Kowalzig (2007), Singing for the Gods: Performances of Myth and Ritual in Archaic and Classical Greece, 302, 303
trojan, war in lyric	Marincola et al. (2021), Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones and Calum Maciver, Greek Notions of the Past in the Archaic and Classical Eras: History Without Historians, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82
trojan, war traditions, argos, lack of	Kowalzig (2007), Singing for the Gods: Performances of Myth and Ritual in Archaic and Classical Greece, 152, 166, 178
trojan, war, and sophocles	Jouanna (2018), Sophocles: A Study of His Theater in Its Political and Social Context, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170
trojan, war, and the returns	Finkelberg (2019), Homer and Early Greek Epic: Collected Essays, 130, 135, 273
trojan, war, antonius diogenes, the incredible things beyond thule, and dictys journal of the	Mheallaigh (2014), Reading Fiction with Lucian: Fakes, Freaks and Hyperreality, 153, 154, 155, 156
trojan, war, as a foundational myth	Finkelberg (2019), Homer and Early Greek Epic: Collected Essays, 283, 331
trojan, war, broken oaths	Sommerstein and Torrance (2014), Oaths and Swearing in Ancient Greece, 58, 295
trojan, war, dictys, journal of the	Mheallaigh (2014), Reading Fiction with Lucian: Fakes, Freaks and Hyperreality, 153, 154, 155, 156
trojan, war, egyptian story of	Gruen (2011), Rethinking the Other in Antiquity, 86, 87, 88, 89
trojan, war, first	Jouanna (2018), Sophocles: A Study of His Theater in Its Political and Social Context, 128, 131, 132
trojan, war, helen as cause of	Pucci (2016), Euripides' Revolution Under Cover: An Essay, 36, 37
trojan, war, homer, odyssey	Toloni (2022), The Story of Tobit: A Comparative Literary Analysis, 19, 22, 59
trojan, war, oaths during	Sommerstein and Torrance (2014), Oaths and Swearing in Ancient Greece, 11, 134, 140, 144, 147
trojan, war, persian legend of	Gruen (2011), Rethinking the Other in Antiquity, 38, 117, 118
trojan, war, phoenicians and	Gruen (2011), Rethinking the Other in Antiquity, 117, 118
trojan, war, pledges and oaths, in	Sommerstein and Torrance (2014), Oaths and Swearing in Ancient Greece, 61, 63
trojan, war, practice of circumcision, and	Gruen (2011), Rethinking the Other in Antiquity, 117, 118, 257, 258
trojan, war, prophecies of cassandra	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 126, 127, 129, 130
trojan, war, revisionist versions of	Finkelberg (2019), Homer and Early Greek Epic: Collected Essays, 359
trojan, war, the	Kirichenko (2022), Greek Literature and the Ideal: The Pragmatics of Space from the Archaic to the Hellenistic Age, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 78, 81, 87, 88, 223
trojan, war, tradition of	Finkelberg (2019), Homer and Early Greek Epic: Collected Essays, 146, 152, 273, 313, 314
trojan, war, troy, success in	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 95
trojan, war, zeus, and the	Jouanna (2018), Sophocles: A Study of His Theater in Its Political and Social Context, 563, 564
trojan, westward mission, east-west trajectories	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 150, 153, 154
trojan, women	de Bakker, van den Berg, and Klooster (2022), Emotions and Narrative in Ancient Literature and Beyond, 205, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334
trojan, women in troades and, eros, lament of enslaved	Pucci (2016), Euripides' Revolution Under Cover: An Essay, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76
trojan, women in troades lament of enslaved	Pucci (2016), Euripides' Revolution Under Cover: An Essay, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79
trojan, women in troades over, slavery, lament of	Pucci (2016), Euripides' Revolution Under Cover: An Essay, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79
trojan, women in troades, women in greek culture lament of enslaved	Pucci (2016), Euripides' Revolution Under Cover: An Essay, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79
trojan, women, choral voices in alexandra	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 78, 80, 81, 83, 84, 96, 97, 106
trojan, women, civil war and weddings, polyxena and dead achilles, in senecas	Panoussi(2019), Brides, Mourners, Bacchae: Women's Rituals in Roman Literature, 20, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65
trojan, women, euripides	Johnson and Parker (2009), ?Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome, 100 Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 26, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107 Seaford (2018), Tragedy, Ritual and Money in Ancient Greece: Selected Essays, 295, 298
trojan, women, euripides, action and logos	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 78, 79, 80
trojan, women, euripides, as part of trilogy	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 76, 83, 84, 104
trojan, women, euripides, cassandras communication	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 79, 80, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 106, 107
trojan, women, euripides, cassandras forward motion	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 107
trojan, women, euripides, divine allegiances in	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 81, 82
trojan, women, euripides, dramas by	Csapo et al. (2022), Theatre and Autocracy in the Ancient World, 173, 177, 198
trojan, women, euripides, final speech	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 98, 99, 100, 101
trojan, women, euripides, fire imagery	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 104, 106
trojan, women, euripides, hecubas anticipation of fame	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 103
trojan, women, euripides, historical context	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 74, 75
trojan, women, euripides, imagery	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 100, 101, 102, 103
trojan, women, euripides, in cassandras prophecy	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 90, 91
trojan, women, euripides, opening lyric	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 87, 88, 89
trojan, women, euripides, response to cassandra	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 89, 95, 96, 97, 98, 101, 103, 104
trojan, women, euripides, setting	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 75, 76
trojan, women, euripides, trimeter speech	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95
trojan, women, euripides, undressing scene	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 98, 99
trojan, women, euripides, uses of speech	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 79
trojan, women, homeric myth, and	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 81, 82, 92, 93
trojan, women, slaves/slavery, and	Braund and Most (2004), Ancient Anger: Perspectives from Homer to Galen, 141
trojan, women, the, euripides	Jouanna (2018), Sophocles: A Study of His Theater in Its Political and Social Context, 165, 591
trojan, women, the, euripides, and the mechane	Jouanna (2018), Sophocles: A Study of His Theater in Its Political and Social Context, 237
trojans	Baumann and Liotsakis (2022), Reading History in the Roman Empire, 195 Bierl (2017), Time and Space in Ancient Myth, Religion and Culture, 47, 53, 66, 68, 93, 191, 212, 257 Erker (2023), Ambiguity and Religion in Ovid’s Fasti: Religious Innovation and the Imperial Family, 42, 122, 154, 207, 208, 209, 210, 212, 215 Finkelberg (2019), Homer and Early Greek Epic: Collected Essays, 41, 82, 85, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 235, 243, 244, 258, 312, 313, 359 Naiden (2013), Smoke Signals for the Gods: Ancient Greek Sacrifice from the Archaic through Roman Periods, 15, 20, 59, 145, 151 Niehoff (2011), Jewish Exegesis and Homeric Scholarship in Alexandria, 49, 106 Papadodima (2022), Ancient Greek Literature and the Foreign: Athenian Dialogues II, 15, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, 99, 100, 114 Raaflaub Ober and Wallace (2007), Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece, 25, 31 Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 106, 112, 161, 162, 163, 165 Santangelo (2013), Roman Frugality: Modes of Moderation from the Archaic Age to the Early Empire and Beyond, 124, 226, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233 Trapp et al. (2016), In Praise of Asclepius: Selected Prose Hymns, 55
trojans, and augustus	Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 163
trojans, and caesar	Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 7, 24, 161, 163, 165, 229
trojans, and latins, intermarriage	Gruen (2020), Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter, 72, 74, 77
trojans, as barbarians	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 104, 105, 106
trojans, as carthage, troy	Giusti (2018), Disclosure and Discretion in Roman Astrology: Manilius and his Augustan Contemporaries, 100, 145, 207, 248, 265
trojans, as carthaginians, troy	Giusti (2018), Disclosure and Discretion in Roman Astrology: Manilius and his Augustan Contemporaries, 153, 155
trojans, as parthians, troy	Giusti (2018), Disclosure and Discretion in Roman Astrology: Manilius and his Augustan Contemporaries, 44
trojans, as rome, troy	Giusti (2018), Disclosure and Discretion in Roman Astrology: Manilius and his Augustan Contemporaries, 37, 47
trojans, as rome’s ancestors	Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 25, 87, 132, 270
trojans, descent of the romans, troy	Giusti (2018), Disclosure and Discretion in Roman Astrology: Manilius and his Augustan Contemporaries, 69, 129
trojans, eating their tables, prophecies of cassandra, of	Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 156
trojans, fall of troy	Giusti (2018), Disclosure and Discretion in Roman Astrology: Manilius and his Augustan Contemporaries, 47, 58, 59, 100, 134, 156, 168, 174, 223, 225, 247, 248, 256, 272
trojans, genealogy, romans’ decent from the	Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 220
trojans, horse, troy	Giusti (2018), Disclosure and Discretion in Roman Astrology: Manilius and his Augustan Contemporaries, 124, 134
trojans, in propertius, troy	Giusti (2018), Disclosure and Discretion in Roman Astrology: Manilius and his Augustan Contemporaries, 46, 47
trojans, in republican drama, troy	Giusti (2018), Disclosure and Discretion in Roman Astrology: Manilius and his Augustan Contemporaries, 69
trojans, juno, and greeks and	Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 262
trojans, teucer, ancestor of the	Giusti (2018), Disclosure and Discretion in Roman Astrology: Manilius and his Augustan Contemporaries, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140
trojans, troy	Gygax (2016), Benefaction and Rewards in the Ancient Greek City: The Origins of Euergetism, 61 Morrison (2020), Apollonius Rhodius, Herodotus and Historiography, 43, 87, 90, 173, 206 Poulsen (2021), Usages of the Past in Roman Historiography, 9, 116, 146, 200, 218, 269, 280, 281, 287, 292
trojans, troy and	Goldman (2013), Color-Terms in Social and Cultural Context in Ancient Rome, 41, 61
trojans/romans, carthaginians, as	Giusti (2018), Disclosure and Discretion in Roman Astrology: Manilius and his Augustan Contemporaries, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 153, 155
troy/trojan	Faraone (1999), Ancient Greek Love Magic, 99, 121
troy/trojan, war	Bacchi (2022), Uncovering Jewish Creativity in Book III of the Sibylline Oracles: Gender, Intertextuality, and Politics, 91, 97, 136, 138, 140, 141, 145, 152, 185, 186, 187, 189
troy/trojans	Braund and Most (2004), Ancient Anger: Perspectives from Homer to Galen, 50, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 174, 194, 195, 203 Gruen (2020), Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter, 12, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 89, 93 Ker and Wessels (2020), The Values of Nighttime in Classical Antiquity: Between Dusk and Dawn, 172, 174, 175, 176, 178, 186, 200, 293, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 301, 302, 303, 304 Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 174
troy/trojans,	Borg (2008), Paideia: the World of the Second Sophistic: The World of the Second Sophistic, 72
troy/trojans, achilles’ anger at	Braund and Most (2004), Ancient Anger: Perspectives from Homer to Galen, 186
troy/trojans, battlements of	Braund and Most (2004), Ancient Anger: Perspectives from Homer to Galen, 199
troy/trojans, fall of	Braund and Most (2004), Ancient Anger: Perspectives from Homer to Galen, 35, 141, 219, 236, 255, 256
troy/trojans, fighting against achaeans	Braund and Most (2004), Ancient Anger: Perspectives from Homer to Galen, 185, 188, 200
troy/trojans, in the aeneid	Braund and Most (2004), Ancient Anger: Perspectives from Homer to Galen, 263
troy/trojans, phoenix sent to	Braund and Most (2004), Ancient Anger: Perspectives from Homer to Galen, 190
troy/trojans, plain of	Braund and Most (2004), Ancient Anger: Perspectives from Homer to Galen, 130
troy/trojans, proposed departure from	Braund and Most (2004), Ancient Anger: Perspectives from Homer to Galen, 43, 66
troy/trojans, romans and	Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 220
troy/trojans, victims of juno’s anger	Braund and Most (2004), Ancient Anger: Perspectives from Homer to Galen, 227

List of validated texts:

49 validated results for "trojans"

1. Hesiod, Works And Days, 73-74, 137-139, 143-145, 156-178, 180, 225-229, 618-694 (8th cent. BCE - 7th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojan War • Trojan War, the • Trojan war, • Troy, Trojans • Troy/Trojan

Found in books: Albrecht (2014), The Divine Father: Religious and Philosophical Concepts of Divine Parenthood in Antiquity, 372; Edmunds (2021), Greek Myth, 65; Faraone (1999), Ancient Greek Love Magic, 99; Finkelberg (2019), Homer and Early Greek Epic: Collected Essays, 155; Kirichenko (2022), Greek Literature and the Ideal: The Pragmatics of Space from the Archaic to the Hellenistic Age, 78, 81, 87, 88; Marincola et al. (2021), Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones and Calum Maciver, Greek Notions of the Past in the Archaic and Classical Eras: History Without Historians, 49; Morrison (2020), Apollonius Rhodius, Herodotus and Historiography, 206

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73 ἀμφὶ δέ οἱ Χάριτές τε θεαὶ καὶ πότνια Πειθὼ ⁷⁴ ὅρμους χρυσείους ἔθεσαν χροΐ· ἀμφὶ δὲ τήν γε ¹³⁷ ἣ θέμις ἀνθρώποις κατὰ ἤθεα. τοὺς μὲν ἔπειτα'¹³⁸ Ζεὺς Κρονίδης ἔκρυψε χολούμενος, οὕνεκα τιμὰς ¹³⁹ οὐκ ἔδιδον μακάρεσσι θεοῖς, οἳ Ὄλυμπον ἔχουσιν. ¹⁴³ Ζεὺς δὲ πατὴρ τρίτον ἄλλο γένος μερόπων ἀνθρώπων ¹⁴⁴ χάλκειον ποίησʼ, οὐκ ἀργυρέῳ οὐδὲν ὁμοῖον, ¹⁴⁵ ἐκ μελιᾶν, δεινόν τε καὶ ὄβριμον· οἷσιν Ἄρηος ¹⁵⁶ αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ καὶ τοῦτο γένος κατὰ γαῖʼ ἐκάλυψεν, ¹⁵⁷ αὖτις ἔτʼ ἄλλο τέταρτον ἐπὶ χθονὶ πουλυβοτείρῃ ¹⁵⁸ Ζεὺς Κρονίδης ποίησε, δικαιότερον καὶ ἄρειον, ¹⁵⁹ ἀνδρῶν ἡρώων θεῖον γένος, οἳ καλέονται ¹⁶⁰ ἡμίθεοι, προτέρη γενεὴ κατʼ ἀπείρονα γαῖαν. ¹⁶¹ καὶ τοὺς μὲν πόλεμός τε κακὸς καὶ φύλοπις αἰνή, ¹⁶² τοὺς μὲν ὑφʼ ἑπταπύλῳ Θήβῃ, Καδμηίδι γαίῃ, ¹⁶³ ὤλεσε μαρναμένους μήλων ἕνεκʼ Οἰδιπόδαο, ¹⁶⁴ τοὺς δὲ καὶ ἐν νήεσσιν ὑπὲρ μέγα λαῖτμα θαλάσσης ¹⁶⁵ ἐς Τροίην ἀγαγὼν Ἑλένης ἕνεκʼ ἠυκόμοιο. ¹⁶⁶ ἔνθʼ ἤτοι τοὺς μὲν θανάτου τέλος ἀμφεκάλυψε, ¹⁶⁷ τοῖς δὲ δίχʼ ἀνθρώπων βίοτον καὶ ἤθεʼ ὀπάσσας ¹⁶⁸ Ζεὺς Κρονίδης κατένασσε πατὴρ ἐς πείρατα γαίης. ¹⁶⁹ Πέμπτον δʼ αὖτις ἔτʼ ἄ λλο γένος θῆκʼ εὐρύοπα Ζεὺς ¹⁶⁹ ἀνδρῶν, οἳ γεγάασιν ἐπὶ χθονὶ πουλυβοτείρῃ. ¹⁶⁹ τοῖσι δʼ ὁμῶς ν εάτοις τιμὴ καὶ κῦδος ὀπηδεῖ. ¹⁶⁹ τοῦ γὰρ δεσμὸ ν ἔλυσε πα τὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε. ¹⁶⁹ τηλοῦ ἀπʼ ἀθανάτων· τοῖσιν Κρόνος ἐμβασιλεύει. ¹⁷⁰ καὶ τοὶ μὲν ναίουσιν ἀκηδέα θυμὸν ἔχοντες ¹⁷¹ ἐν μακάρων νήσοισι παρʼ Ὠκεανὸν βαθυδίνην, ¹⁷² ὄλβιοι ἥρωες, τοῖσιν μελιηδέα καρπὸν ^1
73 τρὶς ἔτεος θάλλοντα φέρει ζείδωρος ἄρουρα. ¹⁷⁴ μηκέτʼ ἔπειτʼ ὤφελλον ἐγὼ πέμπτοισι μετεῖναι ¹⁷⁵ ἀνδράσιν, ἀλλʼ ἢ πρόσθε θανεῖν ἢ ἔπειτα γενέσθαι. ¹⁷⁶ νῦν γὰρ δὴ γένος ἐστὶ σιδήρεον· οὐδέ ποτʼ ἦμαρ ¹⁷⁷ παύονται καμάτου καὶ ὀιζύος, οὐδέ τι νύκτωρ ¹⁷⁸ φθειρόμενοι. χαλεπὰς δὲ θεοὶ δώσουσι μερίμνας· ¹⁸⁰ Ζεὺς δʼ ὀλέσει καὶ τοῦτο γένος μερόπων ἀνθρώπων, ²²⁵ Οἳ δὲ δίκας ξείνοισι καὶ ἐνδήμοισι διδοῦσιν ²²⁶ ἰθείας καὶ μή τι παρεκβαίνουσι δικαίου, ²²⁷ τοῖσι τέθηλε πόλις, λαοὶ δʼ ἀνθεῦσιν ἐν αὐτῇ· ²²⁸ εἰρήνη δʼ ἀνὰ γῆν κουροτρόφος, οὐδέ ποτʼ αὐτοῖς ²²⁹ ἀργαλέον πόλεμον τεκμαίρεται εὐρύοπα Ζεύς· ⁶¹⁸ εἰ δέ σε ναυτιλίης δυσπεμφέλου ἵμερος αἱρεῖ, ⁶¹⁹ εὖτʼ ἂν Πληιάδες σθένος ὄβριμον Ὠαρίωνος ⁶²⁰ φεύγουσαι πίπτωσιν ἐς ἠεροειδέα πόντον, ⁶²¹ δὴ τότε παντοίων ἀνέμων θυίουσιν ἀῆται· ⁶²² καὶ τότε μηκέτι νῆας ἔχειν ἐνὶ οἴνοπι πόντῳ, ⁶²³ γῆν ἐργάζεσθαι μεμνημένος, ὥς σε κελεύω. ⁶²⁴ νῆα δʼ ἐπʼ ἠπείρου ἐρύσαι πυκάσαι τε λίθοισι ⁶²⁵ πάντοθεν, ὄφρʼ ἴσχωσʼ ἀνέμων μένος ὑγρὸν ἀέντων, ⁶²⁶ χείμαρον ἐξερύσας, ἵνα μὴ πύθῃ Διὸς ὄμβρος. ⁶²⁷ ὅπλα δʼ ἐπάρμενα πάντα τεῷ ἐγκάτθεο οἴκῳ ⁶²⁸ εὐκόσμως στολίσας νηὸς πτερὰ ποντοπόροιο· ⁶²⁹ πηδάλιον δʼ ἐυεργὲς ὑπὲρ καπνοῦ κρεμάσασθαι. ⁶³⁰ αὐτὸς δʼ ὡραῖον μίμνειν πλόον, εἰσόκεν ἔλθῃ· ⁶³¹ καὶ τότε νῆα θοὴν ἅλαδʼ ἑλκέμεν, ἐν δέ τε φόρτον ⁶³² ἄρμενον ἐντύνασθαι, ἵνʼ οἴκαδε κέρδος ἄρηαι, ⁶³³ ὥς περ ἐμός τε πατὴρ καὶ σός, μέγα νήπιε Πέρσῃ, ⁶³⁴ πλωίζεσκʼ ἐν νηυσί, βίου κεχρημένος ἐσθλοῦ· ⁶³⁵ ὅς ποτε καὶ τῇδʼ ἦλθε, πολὺν διὰ πόντον ἀνύσσας, ⁶³⁶ Κύμην Αἰολίδα προλιπών, ἐν νηὶ μελαίνῃ· ⁶³⁷ οὐκ ἄφενος φεύγων οὐδὲ πλοῦτόν τε καὶ ὄλβον, ⁶³⁸ ἀλλὰ κακὴν πενίην, τὴν Ζεὺς ἄνδρεσσι δίδωσιν· ⁶³⁹ νάσσατο δʼ ἄγχʼ Ἑλικῶνος ὀιζυρῇ ἐνὶ κώμῃ, ⁶⁴⁰ Ἄσκρῃ, χεῖμα κακῇ, θέρει ἀργαλέῃ, οὐδέ ποτʼ ἐσθλῇ. ⁶⁴¹ τύνη δʼ, ὦ Πέρση, ἔργων μεμνημένος εἶναι ⁶⁴² ὡραίων πάντων, περὶ ναυτιλίης δὲ μάλιστα. ⁶⁴³ νῆʼ ὀλίγην αἰνεῖν, μεγάλῃ δʼ ἐνὶ φορτία θέσθαι. ⁶⁴⁴ μείζων μὲν φόρτος, μεῖζον δʼ ἐπὶ κέρδεϊ κέρδος ⁶⁴⁵ ἔσσεται, εἴ κʼ ἄνεμοί γε κακὰς ἀπέχωσιν ἀήτας. ⁶⁴⁶ εὖτʼ ἂν ἐπʼ ἐμπορίην τρέψας ἀεσίφρονα θυμὸν ⁶⁴⁷ βούληαι χρέα τε προφυγεῖν καὶ λιμὸν ἀτερπέα, ⁶⁴⁸ δείξω δή τοι μέτρα πολυφλοίσβοιο θαλάσσης, ⁶⁴⁹ οὔτε τι ναυτιλίης σεσοφισμένος οὔτε τι νηῶν. ⁶⁵⁰ οὐ γάρ πώ ποτε νηί γʼ ἐπέπλων εὐρέα πόντον, ⁶⁵¹ εἰ μὴ ἐς Εὔβοιαν ἐξ Αὐλίδος, ᾗ ποτʼ Ἀχαιοὶ ⁶⁵² μείναντες χειμῶνα πολὺν σὺν λαὸν ἄγειραν ⁶⁵³ Ἑλλάδος ἐξ ἱερῆς Τροίην ἐς καλλιγύναικα. ⁶⁵⁴ ἔνθα δʼ ἐγὼν ἐπʼ ἄεθλα δαΐφρονος Ἀμφιδάμαντος ⁶⁵⁵ Χαλκίδα τʼ εἲς ἐπέρησα· τὰ δὲ προπεφραδμένα πολλὰ ⁶⁵⁶ ἄεθλʼ ἔθεσαν παῖδες μεγαλήτορος· ἔνθα μέ φημι ⁶⁵⁷ ὕμνῳ νικήσαντα φέρειν τρίποδʼ ὠτώεντα. ⁶⁵⁸ τὸν μὲν ἐγὼ Μούσῃς Ἑλικωνιάδεσσʼ ἀνέθηκα, ⁶⁵⁹ ἔνθα με τὸ πρῶτον λιγυρῆς ἐπέβησαν ἀοιδῆς. ⁶⁶⁰ τόσσον τοι νηῶν γε πεπείρημαι πολυγόμφων· ⁶⁶¹ ἀλλὰ καὶ ὣς ἐρέω Ζηνὸς νόον αἰγιόχοιο· ⁶⁶² Μοῦσαι γάρ μʼ ἐδίδαξαν ἀθέσφατον ὕμνον ἀείδειν. ⁶⁶³ ἤματα πεντήκοντα μετὰ τροπὰς ἠελίοιο, ⁶⁶⁴ ἐς τέλος ἐλθόντος θέρεος καματώδεος ὥρης, ⁶⁶⁵ ὡραῖος πέλεται θνητοῖς πλόος· οὔτε κε νῆα ⁶⁶⁶ καυάξαις οὔτʼ ἄνδρας ἀποφθείσειε θάλασσα, ⁶⁶⁷ εἰ δὴ μὴ πρόφρων γε Ποσειδάων ἐνοσίχθων ⁶⁶⁸ ἢ Ζεὺς ἀθανάτων βασιλεὺς ἐθέλῃσιν ὀλέσσαι· ⁶⁶⁹ ἐν τοῖς γὰρ τέλος ἐστὶν ὁμῶς ἀγαθῶν τε κακῶν τε. ⁶⁷⁰ τῆμος δʼ εὐκρινέες τʼ αὖραι καὶ πόντος ἀπήμων· ⁶⁷¹ εὔκηλος τότε νῆα θοὴν ἀνέμοισι πιθήσας ⁶⁷² ἑλκέμεν ἐς πόντον φόρτον τʼ ἐς πάντα τίθεσθαι, ^6
73 σπεύδειν δʼ ὅττι τάχιστα πάλιν οἶκόνδε νέεσθαι· ⁶⁷⁴ μηδὲ μένειν οἶνόν τε νέον καὶ ὀπωρινὸν ὄμβρον ⁶⁷⁵ καὶ χειμῶνʼ ἐπιόντα Νότοιό τε δεινὰς ἀήτας, ⁶⁷⁶ ὅστʼ ὤρινε θάλασσαν ὁμαρτήσας Διὸς ὄμβρῳ ⁶⁷⁷ πολλῷ ὀπωρινῷ, χαλεπὸν δέ τε πόντον ἔθηκεν. ⁶⁷⁸ ἄλλος δʼ εἰαρινὸς πέλεται πλόος ἀνθρώποισιν· ⁶⁷⁹ ἦμος δὴ τὸ πρῶτον, ὅσον τʼ ἐπιβᾶσα κορώνη ⁶⁸⁰ ἴχνος ἐποίησεν, τόσσον πέταλʼ ἀνδρὶ φανείῃ ⁶⁸¹ ἐν κράδῃ ἀκροτάτῃ, τότε δʼ ἄμβατός ἐστι θάλασσα· ⁶⁸² εἰαρινὸς δʼ οὗτος πέλεται πλόος. οὔ μιν ἔγωγε ⁶⁸³ αἴνημʼ· οὐ γὰρ ἐμῷ θυμῷ κεχαρισμένος ἐστίν· ⁶⁸⁴ ἁρπακτός· χαλεπῶς κε φύγοις κακόν· ἀλλά νυ καὶ τὰ ⁶⁸⁵ ἄνθρωποι ῥέζουσιν ἀιδρείῃσι νόοιο· ⁶⁸⁶ χρήματα γὰρ ψυχὴ πέλεται δειλοῖσι βροτοῖσιν. ⁶⁸⁷ δεινὸν δʼ ἐστὶ θανεῖν μετὰ κύμασιν. ἀλλά σʼ ἄνωγα ⁶⁸⁸ φράζεσθαι τάδε πάντα μετὰ φρεσίν, ὡς ἀγορεύω. ⁶⁸⁹ μηδʼ ἐν νηυσὶν ἅπαντα βίον κοΐλῃσι τίθεσθαι· ⁶⁹⁰ ἀλλὰ πλέω λείπειν, τὰ δὲ μείονα φορτίζεσθαι. ⁶⁹¹ δεινὸν γὰρ πόντου μετὰ κύμασι πήματι κύρσαι. ⁶⁹² δεινὸν δʼ, εἴ κʼ ἐπʼ ἄμαξαν ὑπέρβιον ἄχθος ἀείρας ⁶⁹³ ἄξονα. καυάξαις καὶ φορτία μαυρωθείη. ⁶⁹⁴ μέτρα φυλάσσεσθαι· καιρὸς δʼ ἐπὶ πᾶσιν ἄριστος. ' None

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73 With painful passions and bone-shattering stress. ⁷⁴ Then Argus-slayer Hermes had to add ¹³⁷ A large bairn, in his mother’s custody,'¹³⁸ Just playing inside for a hundred years. ¹³⁹ But when they all reached their maturity, ¹⁴³ To sacrifice (a law kept everywhere). ¹⁴⁴ Then Zeus, since they would not give gods their due, ¹⁴⁵ In rage hid them, as did the earth – all men ¹⁵⁶ It was self-slaughter – they descended to ¹⁵⁷ Chill Hades’ mouldy house, without a name. ¹⁵⁸ Yes, black death took them off, although they’d been ¹⁵⁹ Impetuous, and they the sun’s bright flame ¹⁶⁰ Would see no more, nor would this race be seen ¹⁶¹ Themselves, screened by the earth. Cronus’ son then ¹⁶² Fashioned upon the lavish land one more, ¹⁶³ The fourth, more just and brave – of righteous men, ¹⁶⁴ Called demigods. It was the race before ¹⁶⁵ Our own upon the boundless earth. Foul war ¹⁶⁶ And dreadful battles vanquished some of these, ¹⁶⁷ While some in Cadmus’ Thebes, while looking for ¹⁶⁸ The flocks of Oedipus, found death. The sea ¹⁶⁹ Took others as they crossed to Troy fight ¹⁷⁰ For fair-tressed Helen. They were screened as well ¹⁷¹ In death. Lord Zeus arranged it that they might ¹⁷² Live far from others. Thus they came to dwell, ^1
73 Carefree, among the blessed isles, content ¹⁷⁴ And affluent, by the deep-swirling sea. ¹⁷⁵ Sweet grain, blooming three times a year, was sent ¹⁷⁶ To them by the earth, that gives vitality ¹⁷⁷ To all mankind, and Cronus was their lord, ¹⁷⁸ Far from the other gods, for Zeus, who reign ¹⁸⁰ That bound him. Though the lowest race, its gain ²²⁵ Perses – heed justice and shun haughtiness; ²²⁶ It aids no common man: nobles can’t stay ²²⁷ It easily because it will oppre ²²⁸ Us all and bring disgrace. The better way ²²⁹ Is Justice, who will outstrip Pride at last. ⁶¹⁸ At harvest-season when the sun makes dry ⁶¹⁹ One’s skin. Bring in your crops and don’t be slow. ⁶²⁰ Rise early to secure your food supply. ⁶²¹ For Dawn will cut your labour by a third, ⁶²² Who aids your journey and you toil, through whom ⁶²³ Men find the road and put on many a herd ⁶²⁴ of oxen many a yoke. When thistles bloom ⁶²⁵ And shrill cicadas chirp up in the tree ⁶²⁶ Nonstop beneath their wings, into our view ⁶²⁷ Comes summer, harbinger of drudgery, ⁶²⁸ Goats at their fattest, wine its choicest, too, ⁶²⁹ The women at their lustiest, though men ⁶³⁰ Are at their very weakest, head and knee ⁶³¹ Being dried up by Sirius, for then ⁶³² Their skin is parched. It is at times like these ⁶³³ I crave some rocky shade and Bibline wine, ⁶³⁴ A hunk of cheese, goat’s milk, meat from a beast ⁶³⁵ That’s pasture-fed, uncalved, or else I pine ⁶³⁶ For new-born kids. Contented with my feast, ⁶³⁷ I sit and drink the wine, so sparkling, ⁶³⁸ Facing the strong west wind, there in the shade, ⁶³⁹ And pour three-fourths of water from the spring, ⁶⁴⁰ A spring untroubled that will never fade, ⁶⁴¹ Then urge your men to sift the holy corn ⁶⁴² of Demeter, when Orion first we see ⁶⁴³ In all his strength, upon the windy, worn ⁶⁴⁴ Threshing-floor. Then measure well the quantity ⁶⁴⁵ And take it home in urns. Now I urge you ⁶⁴⁶ To stockpile all your year’s supplies inside. ⁶⁴⁷ Dismiss your hired man and then in lieu ⁶⁴⁸ Seek out a childless maid (you won’t abide ⁶⁴⁹ One who is nursing). You must take good care ⁶⁵⁰ of your sharp-toothed dog; do not scant his meat ⁶⁵¹ In case The One Who Sleeps by Day should dare ⁶⁵² To steal your goods. Let there be lots to eat ⁶⁵³ For both oxen and mules, and litter, too. ⁶⁵⁴ Unyoke your team and grant a holiday. ⁶⁵⁵ When rosy-fingered Dawn first gets a view ⁶⁵⁶ of Arcturus and across the sky halfway ⁶⁵⁷ Come Sirius and Orion, pluck your store ⁶⁵⁸ of grapes and bring them home; then to the sun ⁶⁵⁹ Expose them for ten days, then for five more ⁶⁶⁰ Conceal them in the dark; when this is done, ⁶⁶¹ Upon the sixth begin to pour in jar ⁶⁶² Glad Bacchus’ gift. When strong Orion’s set ⁶⁶³ And back into the sea decline the star ⁶⁶⁴ Pleiades and Hyades, it’s time to get ⁶⁶⁵ Your plough out, Perses. Then, as it should be, ⁶⁶⁶ The year is finished. If on stormy sea ⁶⁶⁷ You long to sail, when into the dark, ⁶⁶⁸ To flee Orion’s rain, the Pleiade ⁶⁶⁹ Descend, abundant winds will blow: forbear ⁶⁷⁰ To keep at that time on the wine-dark sea ⁶⁷¹ Your ships, but work your land with earnest care, ⁶⁷² As I ordain. So that the potency ^6
73 of the wet winds may not affect your craft, ⁶⁷⁴ You must protect it on dry land, and tamp ⁶⁷⁵ It tight with stones on both sides, fore and aft. ⁶⁷⁶ Take out the plug that Zeus’s rain won’t damp ⁶⁷⁷ And rot the wood. The tackle store inside ⁶⁷⁸ And neatly fold the sails and then suspend ⁶⁷⁹ The well-made rudder over smoke, then bide ⁶⁸⁰ Your time until the season’s at an end ⁶⁸¹ And you may sail. Then take down to the sea ⁶⁸² Your speedy ship and then prepare the freight ⁶⁸³ To guarantee a gain, as formerly ⁶⁸⁴ Our father would his vessels navigate. ⁶⁸⁵ In earnest, foolish Perses, to posse ⁶⁸⁶ Great riches, once he journeyed to this place ⁶⁸⁷ From Cyme, fleeing not wealth or succe ⁶⁸⁸ But grinding poverty, which many face ⁶⁸⁹ At Zeus’s hands. Near Helicon he dwelt ⁶⁹⁰ In a wretched village, Ascra, most severe ⁶⁹¹ In winter, though an equal woe one felt ⁶⁹² In summer, goods at no time. Perses, hear ⁶⁹³ My words – of every season’s toil take care, ⁶⁹⁴ Particularly sailing. Sure, approve ' None

2. Hesiod, Theogony, 22-34, 617, 901-906, 1011-1016 (8th cent. BCE - 7th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Rome and Romans, and Trojan origins • Trojan War • Trojan War in lyric, • Trojan War, the • Trojan war, • Trojans • Troy and Trojan themes in literature • Troy, Trojan War • Troy/Trojans • war, Trojan

Found in books: Bierl (2017), Time and Space in Ancient Myth, Religion and Culture, 53; Edmunds (2021), Greek Myth, 167; Gruen (2011), Rethinking the Other in Antiquity, 243; Gruen (2020), Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter, 76, 93; Johnson (2008), Ovid before Exile: Art and Punishment in the Metamorphoses, 140; Kirichenko (2022), Greek Literature and the Ideal: The Pragmatics of Space from the Archaic to the Hellenistic Age, 87; Maciver (2012), Quintus Smyrnaeus' Posthomerica: Engaging Homer in Late Antiquity, 60; Marincola et al. (2021), Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones and Calum Maciver, Greek Notions of the Past in the Archaic and Classical Eras: History Without Historians, 49, 67, 246; Mawford and Ntanou (2021), Ancient Memory: Remembrance and Commemoration in Graeco-Roman Literature, 133; Munn (2006), The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion. 34, 140; Park (2023), Reciprocity, Truth, and Gender in Pindar and Aeschylus. 76

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22 αἵ νύ ποθʼ Ἡσίοδον καλὴν ἐδίδαξαν ἀοιδήν, ²³ ἄρνας ποιμαίνονθʼ Ἑλικῶνος ὕπο ζαθέοιο. ²⁴ τόνδε δέ με πρώτιστα θεαὶ πρὸς μῦθον ἔειπον, ²⁵ Μοῦσαι Ὀλυμπιάδες, κοῦραι Διὸς αἰγιόχοιο· ²⁶ ποιμένες ἄγραυλοι, κάκʼ ἐλέγχεα, γαστέρες οἶον, ²⁷ ἴδμεν ψεύδεα πολλὰ λέγειν ἐτύμοισιν ὁμοῖα, ²⁸ ἴδμεν δʼ, εὖτʼ ἐθέλωμεν, ἀληθέα γηρύσασθαι. ²⁹ ὣς ἔφασαν κοῦραι μεγάλου Διὸς ἀρτιέπειαι· ³⁰ καί μοι σκῆπτρον ἔδον δάφνης ἐριθηλέος ὄζον ³¹ δρέψασαι, θηητόν· ἐνέπνευσαν δέ μοι αὐδὴν ³² θέσπιν, ἵνα κλείοιμι τά τʼ ἐσσόμενα πρό τʼ ἐόντα. ³³ καί μʼ ἐκέλονθʼ ὑμνεῖν μακάρων γένος αἰὲν ἐόντων, ³⁴ σφᾶς δʼ αὐτὰς πρῶτόν τε καὶ ὕστατον αἰὲν ἀείδειν. ⁶¹⁷ Βριάρεῳ δʼ ὡς πρῶτα πατὴρ ὠδύσσατο θυμῷ ⁹⁰¹ δεύτερον ἠγάγετο λιπαρὴν Θέμιν, ἣ τέκεν Ὥρας, ⁹⁰² Εὐνουμίην τε Δίκην τε καὶ Εἰρήνην τεθαλυῖαν, ⁹⁰³ αἳ ἔργʼ ὠρεύουσι καταθνητοῖσι βροτοῖσι, ⁹⁰⁴ Μοίρας θʼ, ᾗ πλείστην τιμὴν πόρε μητίετα Ζεύς, ⁹⁰⁵ Κλωθώ τε Λάχεσίν τε καὶ Ἄτροπον, αἵτε διδοῦσι ⁹⁰⁶ θνητοῖς ἀνθρώποισιν ἔχειν ἀγαθόν τε κακόν τε. ¹⁰¹¹ Κίρκη δʼ, Ἠελίου θυγάτηρ Ὑπεριονίδαο,'¹⁰¹² γείνατʼ Ὀδυσσῆος ταλασίφρονος ἐν φιλότητι ¹⁰¹³ Ἄγριον ἠδὲ Λατῖνον ἀμύμονά τε κρατερόν τε· ¹⁰¹⁴ Τηλέγονον δʼ ἄρʼ ἔτικτε διὰ χρυσέην Ἀφροδίτην. ¹⁰¹⁵ οἳ δή τοι μάλα τῆλε μυχῷ νήσων ἱεράων ¹⁰¹⁶ πᾶσιν Τυρσηνοῖσιν ἀγακλειτοῖσιν ἄνασσον. ' None

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22 Black Night and each sacred divinity ²³ That lives forever. Hesiod was taught ²⁴ By them to sing adeptly as he brought ²⁵ His sheep to pasture underneath the gaze ²⁶ of Helicon, and in those early day ²⁷ Those daughters of Lord Zeus proclaimed to me: ²⁸ “You who tend sheep, full of iniquity, ²⁹ Mere wretched bellies, we know how to tell ³⁰ False things that yet seem true, but we know well ³¹ How to speak truth at will.” Thus fluidly ³² Spoke Zeus’s daughters. Then they gave to me ³³ A sturdy laurel shoot, plucked from the ground, ³⁴ A wondrous thing, and breathed a sacred sound ⁶¹⁷ The trick and planned against humanity ⁹⁰¹ A bull, unruly, proud and furious, ⁹⁰² Would sound, sometimes a lion, mercile ⁹⁰³ At heart, sometimes – most wonderful to hear – ⁹⁰⁴ The sound of whelps was heard, sometimes the ear ⁹⁰⁵ Would catch a hissing sound, which then would change ⁹⁰⁶ To echoing along the mountain range. ¹⁰¹¹ She brought into the world a glorious son,'¹⁰¹² Hephaestus, who transcended everyone ¹⁰¹³ In Heaven in handiwork. But Zeus then lay ¹⁰¹⁴ With Ocean’s and Tethys’ fair child, away ¹⁰¹⁵ From Hera … He duped Metis, although she ¹⁰¹⁶ Was splendidly intelligent. Then he ' None

3. Homer, Iliad, 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.38, 1.42, 1.80-1.83, 1.204, 1.234, 1.236, 1.238, 1.243, 1.351-1.352, 1.401-1.406, 1.416-1.418, 1.458-1.466, 1.474, 2.6, 2.24, 2.37-2.38, 2.56, 2.73-2.76, 2.100-2.108, 2.110-2.181, 2.190-2.197, 2.211-2.282, 2.284-2.288, 2.324-2.329, 2.412-2.431, 2.461, 2.484-2.494, 2.541, 2.552, 2.554, 2.556-2.562, 2.577-2.578, 2.638, 2.641, 2.653-2.657, 2.661-2.670, 2.681, 2.689-2.691, 2.698-2.709, 2.718-2.725, 2.729-2.732, 2.734-2.737, 2.840-2.841, 3.31, 3.122, 3.126-3.128, 3.130-3.131, 3.139-3.140, 3.144, 3.156-3.160, 3.164, 3.166-3.180, 3.191-3.224, 3.229-3.231, 3.247-3.248, 3.256, 3.259-3.301, 3.308, 3.319-3.323, 3.329, 3.353-3.354, 3.399-3.403, 4.64-4.72, 4.86-4.126, 4.372-4.377, 4.387, 4.406-4.410, 5.184-5.187, 5.251, 5.266, 5.302-5.304, 5.311-5.430, 5.487-5.489, 5.633-5.654, 6.48, 6.57-6.60, 6.92, 6.208, 6.273, 6.286, 6.289-6.311, 6.356-6.358, 6.442, 6.476-6.481, 7.87-7.91, 7.141, 7.351-7.352, 7.450-7.453, 8.191-8.195, 8.399-8.408, 9.189, 9.247-9.248, 9.254-9.259, 9.274-9.276, 9.302, 9.308-9.314, 9.318-9.322, 9.337, 9.340-9.341, 9.346, 9.356-9.363, 9.388-9.400, 9.423-9.424, 9.427-9.429, 9.439-9.441, 9.443, 9.487-9.489, 9.497-9.498, 9.524-9.599, 9.618-9.619, 9.629-9.632, 9.645-9.648, 9.650-9.653, 10.379, 11.441-11.445, 11.465-11.471, 12.14-12.16, 12.21, 12.30, 12.102, 12.127, 12.131-12.134, 12.164-12.172, 12.175-12.181, 12.310-12.338, 13.624-13.625, 14.153-14.255, 14.257, 14.259-14.353, 14.364-14.369, 15.14-15.33, 15.65-15.66, 15.733-15.741, 16.30-16.32, 16.34-16.35, 16.168-16.197, 16.203, 16.233-16.248, 16.385-16.392, 16.433-16.438, 16.452-16.507, 16.852-16.853, 17.584, 18.117-18.119, 18.284, 18.288-18.296, 18.311, 18.385-18.387, 18.408, 18.509-18.540, 19.56-19.73, 19.91-19.136, 19.140-19.141, 19.146-19.275, 19.277-19.278, 20.5, 20.83-20.85, 20.92, 20.208-20.209, 20.213-20.243, 20.252-20.255, 20.307-20.308, 20.353, 20.382, 20.386, 20.428-20.429, 21.77, 21.87, 21.99-21.113, 21.140-21.183, 21.233-21.382, 21.436-21.460, 21.462-21.465, 22.99-22.107, 22.167-22.181, 22.344, 22.358-22.360, 22.363-22.364, 22.367, 22.395-22.396, 23.166-23.177, 23.195, 23.313, 23.315-23.318, 23.555, 23.581-23.585, 24.476-24.477, 24.480-24.482, 24.486-24.489, 24.491, 24.494-24.498, 24.502-24.507, 24.509, 24.511, 24.513-24.518, 24.521-24.522, 24.524-24.526, 24.529, 24.531, 24.533, 24.535, 24.537-24.539, 24.541, 24.544-24.546, 24.549, 24.551, 24.669, 24.727-24.729 (8th cent. BCE - 7th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Adrastus, Trojan ally • Aeneas, intertextual identities, Trojan • Dio Chrysostom, Trojan Or. • Dionysius of Halicarnassus, on Rome’s Trojan origins • Hera, effects broken Trojan oath • Homeric myth, and Trojan Women • Lydia and Lydians, and Trojans • Pandarus, Trojan archer • Phrygia and Phrygians, and Trojans • Troades lament of enslaved Trojan women in • Trojan Cycle • Trojan Horse ode • Trojan Horse, Troy, capture of • Trojan War • Trojan War cycle, and Aiakids • Trojan War in lyric, • Trojan War, Egyptian story of • Trojan War, Persian legend of • Trojan War, and Sophocles • Trojan War, and the Returns • Trojan War, division between mythical and historical periods • Trojan War, first • Trojan War, oaths during • Trojan War, the • Trojan War, tradition of • Trojan Women (Euripides) • Trojan Women (Euripides), Hecubas anticipation of fame • Trojan Women (Euripides), divine allegiances in • Trojan Women (Euripides), imagery • Trojan Women (Euripides), response to Cassandra • Trojan horse, the • Trojan war • Trojan war, • Trojan women • Trojans • Trojans, Trojan women • Trojans, intertextual identities • Trojans, intertextual identities, Iliadic Greeks • Trojans, intertextual identities, Phrygians • Troy and Trojan themes in literature • Troy and Trojans, and Dardanids • Troy and Trojans, and Lydians • Troy and Trojans, and Phrygians • Troy and Trojans, kingship and • Troy and Trojans, later visitors to • Troy, Trojan • Troy, Trojan War • Troy, Trojans • Troy/Trojans • Troy/Trojans, Achilles’ anger at • Troy/Trojans, Phoenix sent to • Troy/Trojans, fall of • Troy/Trojans, fighting against Achaeans • Troy/Trojans, plain of • Troy/Trojans, proposed departure from • Troy/Trojans, victims of Juno’s anger • choral voices in Alexandra, Trojan Women • eros, lament of enslaved Trojan women in Troades and • horse, Trojan • kingship, Trojan • pledges and oaths, in Trojan War • slavery, lament of Trojan women in Troades over • unification of Latins and Trojans • war, Trojan • war, Trojan War • war, Trojan, • women in Greek culture lament of enslaved Trojan women in Troades

Found in books: Bernabe et al. (2013), Redefining Dionysos, 402; Bierl (2017), Time and Space in Ancient Myth, Religion and Culture, 68; Bowie (2021), Essays on Ancient Greek Literature and Culture, 232, 484; Braund and Most (2004), Ancient Anger: Perspectives from Homer to Galen, 35, 43, 50, 60, 61, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 130, 185, 186, 188, 190, 200, 203, 227; Cairns (1989), Virgil's Augustan Epic. 206; Edmunds (2021), Greek Myth, 38, 47, 81, 113; Eidinow and Kindt (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Greek Religion, 11; Farrell (2021), Juno's Aeneid: A Battle for Heroic Identity, 12, 48, 53, 54, 56, 62, 63, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 87, 101, 117, 122, 179, 191, 231, 247, 253, 254, 256, 257, 259, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 267, 270, 271, 272, 274, 278, 279, 283; Finkelberg (2019), Homer and Early Greek Epic: Collected Essays, 82, 85, 130, 133, 134, 137, 140, 142, 152, 175, 177, 200, 218, 238, 243, 244, 258, 267, 291, 299; Gale (2000), Virgil on the Nature of Things: The Georgics, Lucretius and the Didactic Tradition, 237; Gianvittorio-Ungar and Schlapbach (2021), Choreonarratives: Dancing Stories in Greek and Roman Antiquity and Beyond, 171; Gruen (2011), Rethinking the Other in Antiquity, 38, 87, 241; Hunter (2018), The Measure of Homer: The Ancient Reception of the Iliad, 168; Johnson (2008), Ovid before Exile: Art and Punishment in the Metamorphoses, 91, 140, 143; Jouanna (2018), Sophocles: A Study of His Theater in Its Political and Social Context, 128, 132, 170; Ker and Wessels (2020), The Values of Nighttime in Classical Antiquity: Between Dusk and Dawn, 163, 293, 295, 298; Kirichenko (2022), Greek Literature and the Ideal: The Pragmatics of Space from the Archaic to the Hellenistic Age, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 43, 49, 52, 56, 57, 78, 81; Kneebone (2020), Orthodoxy and the Courts in Late Antiquity, 137; Konig and Wiater (2022), Late Hellenistic Greek Literature in Dialogue, 198; Kowalzig (2007), Singing for the Gods: Performances of Myth and Ritual in Archaic and Classical Greece, 186, 209; König and Wiater (2022), Late Hellenistic Greek Literature in Dialogue, 198; Lalone (2019), Athena Itonia: Geography and Meaning of an Ancient Greek War Goddess, 97; Maciver (2012), Quintus Smyrnaeus' Posthomerica: Engaging Homer in Late Antiquity, 54, 76, 117, 132; Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 92; Marincola et al. (2021), Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones and Calum Maciver, Greek Notions of the Past in the Archaic and Classical Eras: History Without Historians, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 23, 68, 72, 76, 80, 167, 169; Mawford and Ntanou (2021), Ancient Memory: Remembrance and Commemoration in Graeco-Roman Literature, 124, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 135, 153, 260; Morrison (2020), Apollonius Rhodius, Herodotus and Historiography, 43; Munn (2006), The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion. 27, 34, 110, 111, 140, 141, 182, 183, 204, 333, 337; Naiden (2013), Smoke Signals for the Gods: Ancient Greek Sacrifice from the Archaic through Roman Periods, 15, 20, 59, 145, 151; Papadodima (2022), Ancient Greek Literature and the Foreign: Athenian Dialogues II, 40, 41, 44, 45; Park (2023), Reciprocity, Truth, and Gender in Pindar and Aeschylus. 11, 34, 183, 186; Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 81, 103; Pucci (2016), Euripides' Revolution Under Cover: An Essay, 74, 77, 79; Raaflaub Ober and Wallace (2007), Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece, 25, 31; Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 162; Sommerstein and Torrance (2014), Oaths and Swearing in Ancient Greece, 11, 56, 61, 63, 134, 139, 140, 144, 147, 153, 154, 216, 222, 296; Trapp et al. (2016), In Praise of Asclepius: Selected Prose Hymns, 54, 55, 56; Zawanowska and Wilk (2022), The Character of David in Judaism, Christianity and Islam: Warrior, Poet, Prophet and King, 365; de Bakker, van den Berg, and Klooster (2022), Emotions and Narrative in Ancient Literature and Beyond, 205, 650, 653, 662, 699

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1.1 μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος ^1.3 πολλὰς δʼ ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν' ... ^24.727 ὃν τέκομεν σύ τʼ ἐγώ τε δυσάμμοροι, οὐδέ μιν οἴω ^24.728 ἥβην ἵξεσθαι· πρὶν γὰρ πόλις ἥδε κατʼ ἄκρης ^24.729 πέρσεται· ἦ γὰρ ὄλωλας ἐπίσκοπος, ὅς τέ μιν αὐτὴν' ' None

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1.1 The wrath sing, goddess, of Peleus' son, Achilles, that destructive wrath which brought countless woes upon the Achaeans, and sent forth to Hades many valiant souls of heroes, and made them themselves spoil for dogs and every bird; thus the plan of Zeus came to fulfillment, " "^1.5 The wrath sing, goddess, of Peleus' son, Achilles, that destructive wrath which brought countless woes upon the Achaeans, and sent forth to Hades many valiant souls of heroes, and made them themselves spoil for dogs and every bird; thus the plan of Zeus came to fulfillment, " ... '^24.728 Husband, perished from out of life art thou, yet in thy youth, and leavest me a widow in thy halls; and thy son is still but a babe, the son born of thee and me in our haplessness; neither do I deem that he will come to manhood, for ere that shall this city be wasted utterly. For thou hast perished that didst watch thereover, ^24.729 Husband, perished from out of life art thou, yet in thy youth, and leavest me a widow in thy halls; and thy son is still but a babe, the son born of thee and me in our haplessness; neither do I deem that he will come to manhood, for ere that shall this city be wasted utterly. For thou hast perished that didst watch thereover, ' " None

4. None, None, nan (8th cent. BCE - 7th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojan War in lyric, • Trojan War, Egyptian story of • Trojan war,

Found in books: Gruen (2011), Rethinking the Other in Antiquity, 88; Marincola et al. (2021), Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones and Calum Maciver, Greek Notions of the Past in the Archaic and Classical Eras: History Without Historians, 67

5. None, None, nan (8th cent. BCE - 7th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Carthaginians, as Trojans/Romans • Euryalus, in Trojan war, • Homer, Odyssey, Trojan War • Troades lament of enslaved Trojan women in • Trojan War • Trojan War, Persian legend of • Trojan War, Phoenicians and • Trojan War, and the Returns • Trojan War, frescoes described in Virgil’s Aeneid • Trojan War, the • Trojan War, tradition of • Trojan Women, The (Euripides) • Trojan horse, the • Trojan war • Trojan war, • Trojans • Trojans, Trojan horse • Tros • Troy and Trojan themes in literature • Troy and Trojans, kingship and • Troy, Trojans • Troy/Trojans • cycle, Trojan, • pledges and oaths, in Trojan War • practice of circumcision, and Trojan War • slavery, lament of Trojan women in Troades over • unification of Latins and Trojans • war, Trojan • war, Trojan War • war, Trojan, • women in Greek culture lament of enslaved Trojan women in Troades

Found in books: Bowie (2021), Essays on Ancient Greek Literature and Culture, 98, 99, 101, 232, 651; Braund and Most (2004), Ancient Anger: Perspectives from Homer to Galen, 59, 60; Cairns (1989), Virgil's Augustan Epic. 206, 214; Edmunds (2021), Greek Myth, 38, 145, 153; Elsner (2007), Roman Eyes: Visuality and Subjectivity in Art and Text, 80; Farrell (2021), Juno's Aeneid: A Battle for Heroic Identity, 60, 61, 63, 67, 83, 87, 94, 101, 107, 117, 129, 130, 203, 206, 209, 220, 235, 284; Finkelberg (2019), Homer and Early Greek Epic: Collected Essays, 115, 116, 136, 227, 235, 238, 273; Gale (2000), Virgil on the Nature of Things: The Georgics, Lucretius and the Didactic Tradition, 237; Giusti (2018), Disclosure and Discretion in Roman Astrology: Manilius and his Augustan Contemporaries, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146; Gruen (2011), Rethinking the Other in Antiquity, 117; Johnson (2008), Ovid before Exile: Art and Punishment in the Metamorphoses, 36; Jouanna (2018), Sophocles: A Study of His Theater in Its Political and Social Context, 591; Kirichenko (2022), Greek Literature and the Ideal: The Pragmatics of Space from the Archaic to the Hellenistic Age, 11, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61; Maciver (2012), Quintus Smyrnaeus' Posthomerica: Engaging Homer in Late Antiquity, 157, 164, 168; Marincola et al. (2021), Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones and Calum Maciver, Greek Notions of the Past in the Archaic and Classical Eras: History Without Historians, 21; Mawford and Ntanou (2021), Ancient Memory: Remembrance and Commemoration in Graeco-Roman Literature, 5; Morrison (2020), Apollonius Rhodius, Herodotus and Historiography, 43, 87; Munn (2006), The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion. 107, 140; Naiden (2013), Smoke Signals for the Gods: Ancient Greek Sacrifice from the Archaic through Roman Periods, 145; Pucci (2016), Euripides' Revolution Under Cover: An Essay, 79; Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 106, 112; Sommerstein and Torrance (2014), Oaths and Swearing in Ancient Greece, 61; Toloni (2022), The Story of Tobit: A Comparative Literary Analysis, 59; Trapp et al. (2016), In Praise of Asclepius: Selected Prose Hymns, 54; Zawanowska and Wilk (2022), The Character of David in Judaism, Christianity and Islam: Warrior, Poet, Prophet and King, 370; de Bakker, van den Berg, and Klooster (2022), Emotions and Narrative in Ancient Literature and Beyond, 108

6. None, None, nan (8th cent. BCE - 8th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojan War • Trojans • war, Trojan

Found in books: Mawford and Ntanou (2021), Ancient Memory: Remembrance and Commemoration in Graeco-Roman Literature, 5; Trapp et al. (2016), In Praise of Asclepius: Selected Prose Hymns, 55

7. None, None, nan (7th cent. BCE - 6th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojan War in lyric, • war, Trojan,

Found in books: Bowie (2021), Essays on Ancient Greek Literature and Culture, 479; Marincola et al. (2021), Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones and Calum Maciver, Greek Notions of the Past in the Archaic and Classical Eras: History Without Historians, 69, 73, 74, 75, 76, 82

8. None, None, nan (7th cent. BCE - 6th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojan War in lyric, • Trojan war, • war, Trojan,

Found in books: Bowie (2021), Essays on Ancient Greek Literature and Culture, 479, 480; Marincola et al. (2021), Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones and Calum Maciver, Greek Notions of the Past in the Archaic and Classical Eras: History Without Historians, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74

9. Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 1099-1129, 1142, 1156-1161, 1181, 1186-1193, 1206 (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojan War • Trojan Women (Euripides) • Trojan Women (Euripides), Cassandras communication • Trojan Women (Euripides), and Trojan futures • Trojan Women (Euripides), final speech • Trojan Women (Euripides), imagery • Trojan Women (Euripides), opening lyric • Trojan Women (Euripides), response to Cassandra • Trojan Women (Euripides),trimeter speech • Troy, Trojan War • barbarians, Trojans as • prophecies of Cassandra, Trojan War

Found in books: Fertik (2019), The Ruler's House: Contesting Power and Privacy in Julio-Claudian Rome, 100; Park (2023), Reciprocity, Truth, and Gender in Pindar and Aeschylus. 181, 183; Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 89, 100, 101, 105, 127, 130; Shilo (2022), Beyond Death in the Oresteia: Poetics, Ethics, and Politics, 71

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1099 ἦμεν· προφήτας δʼ οὔτινας ματεύομεν. Κασάνδρα'¹¹⁰⁰ ἰὼ πόποι, τί ποτε μήδεται; ¹¹⁰¹ τί τόδε νέον ἄχος μέγα ¹¹⁰² μέγʼ ἐν δόμοισι τοῖσδε μήδεται κακὸν ¹¹⁰³ ἄφερτον φίλοισιν, δυσίατον; ἀλκὰ δʼ ¹¹⁰⁴ ἑκὰς ἀποστατεῖ. Χορός ¹¹⁰⁵ τούτων ἄιδρίς εἰμι τῶν μαντευμάτων. ¹¹⁰⁶ ἐκεῖνα δʼ ἔγνων· πᾶσα γὰρ πόλις βοᾷ. Κασάνδρα ¹¹⁰⁷ ἰὼ τάλαινα, τόδε γὰρ τελεῖς, ¹¹⁰⁸ τὸν ὁμοδέμνιον πόσιν ¹¹⁰⁹ λουτροῖσι φαιδρύνασα—πῶς φράσω τέλος; ¹¹¹⁰ τάχος γὰρ τόδʼ ἔσται· προτείνει δὲ χεὶρ ἐκ ¹¹¹¹ χερὸς ὀρέγματα. Χορός ¹¹¹² οὔπω ξυνῆκα· νῦν γὰρ ἐξ αἰνιγμάτων ¹¹¹³ ἐπαργέμοισι θεσφάτοις ἀμηχανῶ. Κασάνδρα ¹¹¹⁴ ἒ ἔ, παπαῖ παπαῖ, τί τόδε φαίνεται; ¹¹¹⁵ ἦ δίκτυόν τί γʼ Ἅιδου; ¹¹¹⁶ ἀλλʼ ἄρκυς ἡ ξύνευνος, ἡ ξυναιτία ¹¹¹⁷ φόνου. στάσις δʼ ἀκόρετος γένει ¹¹¹⁸ κατολολυξάτω θύματος λευσίμου. Χορός ¹¹¹⁹ ποίαν Ἐρινὺν τήνδε δώμασιν κέλῃ ¹¹²⁰ ἐπορθιάζειν; οὔ με φαιδρύνει λόγος. ¹¹²¹ ἐπὶ δὲ καρδίαν ἔδραμε κροκοβαφὴς ¹¹²² σταγών, ἅτε καιρία πτώσιμος ¹¹²³ ξυνανύτει βίου δύντος αὐγαῖς· ¹¹²⁴ ταχεῖα δʼ ἄτα πέλει. Κασάνδρα ¹¹²⁵ ἆ ἆ, ἰδοὺ ἰδού· ἄπεχε τῆς βοὸς ¹¹²⁶ τὸν ταῦρον· ἐν πέπλοισι ¹¹²⁷ μελαγκέρῳ λαβοῦσα μηχανήματι ¹¹²⁸ τύπτει· πίτνει δʼ ἐν ἐνύδρῳ τεύχει. ¹¹²⁹ δολοφόνου λέβητος τύχαν σοι λέγω. Χορός ¹¹⁴² νόμον ἄνομον, οἷά τις ξουθὰ ¹¹⁵⁶ ἰὼ γάμοι γάμοι Πάριδος ὀλέθριοι φίλων. ¹¹⁵⁷ ἰὼ Σκαμάνδρου πάτριον ποτόν. ¹¹⁵⁸ τότε μὲν ἀμφὶ σὰς ἀϊόνας τάλαινʼ ¹¹⁵⁹ ἠνυτόμαν τροφαῖς· ¹¹⁶⁰ νῦν δʼ ἀμφὶ Κωκυτόν τε κἀχερουσίους ¹¹⁶¹ ὄχθας ἔοικα θεσπιῳδήσειν τάχα. Χορός ¹¹⁸¹ πνέων ἐσᾴξειν, ὥστε κύματος δίκην ¹¹⁸⁶ τὴν γὰρ στέγην τήνδʼ οὔποτʼ ἐκλείπει χορὸς ¹¹⁸⁷ ξύμφθογγος οὐκ εὔφωνος· οὐ γὰρ εὖ λέγει. ¹¹⁸⁸ καὶ μὴν πεπωκώς γʼ, ὡς θρασύνεσθαι πλέον, ¹¹⁸⁹ βρότειον αἷμα κῶμος ἐν δόμοις μένει, ¹¹⁹⁰ δύσπεμπτος ἔξω, συγγόνων Ἐρινύων. ¹¹⁹¹ ὑμνοῦσι δʼ ὕμνον δώμασιν προσήμεναι ¹¹⁹² πρώταρχον ἄτην· ἐν μέρει δʼ ἀπέπτυσαν ¹¹⁹³ εὐνὰς ἀδελφοῦ τῷ πατοῦντι δυσμενεῖς. ¹²⁰⁶ ἀλλʼ ἦν παλαιστὴς κάρτʼ ἐμοὶ πνέων χάριν. Χορός ' None

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1099 Doubtless: but prophets none are we in scent of! KASSANDRA. '¹¹⁰⁰ Ah, gods, what ever does she meditate? ¹¹⁰⁰ What this new anguish great? ¹¹⁰¹ Great in the house here she meditates ill ¹¹⁰² Such as friends cannot bear, cannot cure it: and still ¹¹⁰³ off stands all Resistance ¹¹⁰⁴ Afar in the distance! CHOROS. ¹¹⁰⁵ of these I witless am — these prophesyings. ¹¹⁰⁶ But those I knew: for the whole city bruits them. KASSANDRA. ¹¹⁰⁷ Ah, unhappy one, this thou consummatest? ¹¹⁰⁷ Thy husband, thy bed’s common guest, ¹¹⁰⁸ In the bath having brightened. .. How shall I declare ¹¹⁰⁹ Consummation? It soon will be there: ¹¹¹⁰ For hand after hand she outstretches, ¹¹¹¹ At life as she reaches! CHOROS. ¹¹¹² Nor yet I’ve gone with thee! for — after riddles — ¹¹¹³ Now, in blind oracles, I feel resourceless. KASSANDRA. ¹¹¹⁴ Eh, eh, papai, papai, ¹¹¹⁴ What this, I espy? ¹¹¹⁵ Some net of Haides undoubtedly ¹¹¹⁶ In his bed, who takes part in the murder there! ¹¹¹⁶ Is she who has share ¹¹¹⁶ Nay, rather, the snare ¹¹¹⁷ But may a revolt — ¹¹¹⁷ On the Race, raise a shout ¹¹¹⁷ Unceasing assault — ¹¹¹⁸ A victim — by stoning — ¹¹¹⁸ For murder atoning! CHOROS. ¹¹¹⁸ Sacrificial, about ¹¹¹⁹ What this Erinus which i’ the house thou callest ¹¹²⁰ To raise her cry? Not me thy word enlightens! ¹¹²¹ To my heart has run ¹¹²² A drop of the crocus-dye: ¹¹²² Which makes for those ¹¹²³ A common close ¹¹²³ On earth by the spear that lie, ¹¹²³ With life’s descending sun. ¹¹²⁴ Swift is the curse begun! KASSANDRA. ¹¹²⁵ How! How! ¹¹²⁵ Keep the bull from the cow! ¹¹²⁵ See — see quick! ¹¹²⁶ In the vesture she catching him, strikes him now ¹¹²⁷ With the black-horned trick, ¹¹²⁸ And he falls in the watery vase! ¹¹²⁹ of the craft-killing cauldron I tell thee the case! CHOROS. ¹¹⁴² A lay — no lay! ¹¹⁴² Like some brown nightingale ¹¹⁵⁶ Ah me, the nuptials, the nuptials of Paris, the deadly to friends! ¹¹⁵⁷ Ah me, of Skamandros the draught ¹¹⁵⁸ Paternal! There once, to these ends, ¹¹⁵⁹ On thy banks was I brought, ¹¹⁶⁰ The unhappy! And now, by Kokutos and Acheron’s shore ¹¹⁶¹ I shall soon be, it seems, these my oracles singing once more! CHOROS. ¹¹⁸¹ Breathing, to penetrate thee: so as, wave-like, ¹¹⁸⁶ For, this same roof here — never quits a Choros ¹¹⁸⁷ One-voiced, not well-tuned since no 1188 And truly having drunk, to get more courage, ¹¹⁸⁹ Man’s blood — the Komos keeps within the household ¹¹⁹⁰ — Hard to be sent outside — of sister Furies: ¹¹⁹¹ They hymn their hymn — within the house close sitting — ¹¹⁹² The first beginning curse: in turn spit forth at ¹¹⁹³ The Brother’s bed, to him who spurned it hostile. ¹²⁰⁶ But he was athlete to me — huge grace breathing! CHOROS. ' None

10. None, None, nan (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojan War • war, Trojan,

Found in books: Bowie (2021), Essays on Ancient Greek Literature and Culture, 314, 656, 694; Raaflaub Ober and Wallace (2007), Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece, 35

11. None, None, nan (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojan Horse • war, Trojan,

Found in books: Bowie (2021), Essays on Ancient Greek Literature and Culture, 474; Jouanna (2018), Sophocles: A Study of His Theater in Its Political and Social Context, 596

12. None, None, nan (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojan Cycle • Trojan War • Troy, Trojan War

Found in books: Ker and Wessels (2020), The Values of Nighttime in Classical Antiquity: Between Dusk and Dawn, 163; Park (2023), Reciprocity, Truth, and Gender in Pindar and Aeschylus. 132

13. None, None, nan (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojan War cycle, and Aiakids • Zeus, and the Trojan War

Found in books: Jouanna (2018), Sophocles: A Study of His Theater in Its Political and Social Context, 564; Kowalzig (2007), Singing for the Gods: Performances of Myth and Ritual in Archaic and Classical Greece, 185, 186

14. Euripides, Hecuba, 466-470 (5th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Troades lament of enslaved Trojan women in • Troy and Trojan themes in literature • slavery, lament of Trojan women in Troades over • women in Greek culture lament of enslaved Trojan women in Troades

Found in books: Johnson (2008), Ovid before Exile: Art and Punishment in the Metamorphoses, 90; Pucci (2016), Euripides' Revolution Under Cover: An Essay, 78

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466 ἢ Παλλάδος ἐν πόλει'⁴⁶⁷ τὰς καλλιδίφρους ̓Αθα- ⁴⁶⁸ ναίας ἐν κροκέῳ πέπλῳ ⁴⁶⁹ ζεύξομαι ἆρα πώλους ἐν' "⁴⁷⁰ δαιδαλέαισι ποικίλλους'" '' None

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466 Or in the city of Pallas, the home of Athena of the lovely chariot, shall I then upon her saffron robe yoke horses,'⁴⁶⁷ Or in the city of Pallas, the home of Athena of the lovely chariot, shall I then upon her saffron robe yoke horses, ⁴⁷⁰ embroidering them on my web in brilliant varied shades, or the race of Titans, put to sleep by Zeus the son of Cronos with bolt of flashing flame? Choru ' None

15. Euripides, Helen, 18-19, 23-48 (5th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojan War • Trojan War in lyric, • Trojan War, Egyptian story of • Trojan women

Found in books: Edmunds (2021), Greek Myth, 113; Gruen (2011), Rethinking the Other in Antiquity, 89; Marincola et al. (2021), Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones and Calum Maciver, Greek Notions of the Past in the Archaic and Classical Eras: History Without Historians, 70; de Bakker, van den Berg, and Klooster (2022), Emotions and Narrative in Ancient Literature and Beyond, 333, 334

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18 λόγος τις ὡς Ζεὺς μητέρ' ἔπτατ' εἰς ἐμὴν" ¹⁹ Λήδαν κύκνου μορφώματ' ὄρνιθος λαβών," "³¹ ̔́Ηρα δὲ μεμφθεῖς' οὕνεκ' οὐ νικᾷ θεάς," "³² ἐξηνέμωσε τἄμ' ̓Αλεξάνδρῳ λέχη," "³³ δίδωσι δ' οὐκ ἔμ', ἀλλ' ὁμοιώσας' ἐμοὶ" "³⁴ εἴδωλον ἔμπνουν οὐρανοῦ ξυνθεῖς' ἄπο," "³⁵ Πριάμου τυράννου παιδί: καὶ δοκεῖ μ' ἔχειν —" "³⁶ κενὴν δόκησιν, οὐκ ἔχων. τὰ δ' αὖ Διὸς" '³⁹ καὶ Φρυξὶ δυστήνοισιν, ὡς ὄχλου βροτῶν ⁴⁰ πλήθους τε κουφίσειε μητέρα χθόνα ⁴¹ γνωτόν τε θείη τὸν κράτιστον ̔Ελλάδος.' "" None

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18 My own fatherland, Sparta , is not without fame, and my father is Tyndareus; but there is indeed a story that Zeus flew to my mother Leda, taking the form of a bird, a swan,' ¹⁹ My own fatherland, Sparta , is not without fame, and my father is Tyndareus; but there is indeed a story that Zeus flew to my mother Leda, taking the form of a bird, a swan, ³¹ But Hera, indigt at not defeating the goddesses, made an airy nothing of my marriage with Paris ; she gave to the son of king Priam not me, but an image, alive and breathing, that she fashioned out of the sky and made to look like me; ³⁵ and he thinks he has me—an idle fancy, for he doesn’t have me. And in turn the plans of Zeus added further troubles to these; for he brought a war upon the land of the Hellenes and the unhappy Phrygians, so that he might lighten mother earth ⁴⁰ of her crowded mass of mortals, and bring fame to the bravest man of Hellas . So I was set up as the Hellenes’ spear-prize, to test the courage of the Trojans; or rather not me, but my name. Hermes caught me up in the folds of the air and ' None

16. Euripides, Hippolytus, 545 (5th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojan War • Trojan War, Helen as cause of

Found in books: Pucci (2016), Euripides' Revolution Under Cover: An Essay, 37; de Bakker, van den Berg, and Klooster (2022), Emotions and Narrative in Ancient Literature and Beyond, 699

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545 τὰν μὲν Οἰχαλίᾳ'' None

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545 There was that maiden Iole, daughter of Eurytus, king of Oechalia. Her father refused, after promising, to give her to Heracles, who thereupon took her by force. in Oechalia, a girl unwed, that knew no wooer yet nor married joys; her did the queen of Love There is some corruption here. It is probable the doubtful εἰρεσίᾳ conceals an allusion to Euryptus, as Monk indeed suggest; but the passage is not yet satisfactorily emended. snatch from her home across the sea'' None

17. Euripides, Trojan Women, 6-9, 11, 18, 25, 29, 105-110, 114, 348-352, 355-410, 417-419, 429-430, 452, 525, 538-539, 764-765, 923-931, 987-997, 1020-1021, 1242-1245 (5th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Homeric myth, and Trojan Women • Troades lament of enslaved Trojan women in • Trojan Horse • Trojan Horse ode • Trojan War • Trojan Women (Euripides) • Trojan Women (Euripides), Cassandras communication • Trojan Women (Euripides), Cassandras forward motion • Trojan Women (Euripides), Hecubas anticipation of fame • Trojan Women (Euripides), action and logos • Trojan Women (Euripides), and Trojan futures • Trojan Women (Euripides), divine allegiances in • Trojan Women (Euripides), final speech • Trojan Women (Euripides), historical context • Trojan Women (Euripides), imagery • Trojan Women (Euripides), in Cassandras prophecy • Trojan Women (Euripides), opening lyric • Trojan Women (Euripides), response to Cassandra • Trojan Women (Euripides), setting • Trojan Women (Euripides), undressing scene • Trojan Women (Euripides), uses of speech • Trojan Women (Euripides),trimeter speech • Trojan horse • Trojan women • Trojans • Troy, success in Trojan War • barbarians, Trojans as • choral voices in Alexandra, Trojan Women • eros, lament of enslaved Trojan women in Troades and • motif, Trojan horse as a ship • prophecies of Cassandra, Trojan War • slavery, lament of Trojan women in Troades over • women in Greek culture lament of enslaved Trojan women in Troades

Found in books: Cueva et al. (2018b), Re-Wiring the Ancient Novel. Volume 2: Roman Novels and Other Important Texts, 25; Fabre-Serris et al. (2021), Identities, Ethnicities and Gender in Antiquity, 158; Naiden (2013), Smoke Signals for the Gods: Ancient Greek Sacrifice from the Archaic through Roman Periods, 43, 45; Papadodima (2022), Ancient Greek Literature and the Foreign: Athenian Dialogues II, 15, 100, 114; Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 75, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 103, 105, 107, 127; Pucci (2016), Euripides' Revolution Under Cover: An Essay, 76, 77, 78, 79; de Bakker, van den Berg, and Klooster (2022), Emotions and Narrative in Ancient Literature and Beyond, 328, 329, 331, 333, 334

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6 ὀρθοῖσιν ἔθεμεν κανόσιν, οὔποτ' ἐκ φρενῶν" "⁷ εὔνοι' ἀπέστη τῶν ἐμῶν Φρυγῶν πόλει:" "⁸ ἣ νῦν καπνοῦται καὶ πρὸς ̓Αργείου δορὸς' "⁹ ὄλωλε πορθηθεῖς': ὁ γὰρ Παρνάσιος" ¹¹ ἐγκύμον' ἵππον τευχέων ξυναρμόσας," "¹⁸ πολὺς δὲ χρυσὸς Φρύγιά τε σκυλεύματα' "²⁵ λείπω τὸ κλεινὸν ̓́Ιλιον βωμούς τ' ἐμούς:" ²⁹ βοᾷ Σκάμανδρος δεσπότας κληρουμένων.' "¹⁰⁸ ὦ πολὺς ὄγκος συστελλόμενος' "³⁴⁸ γάμους γαμεῖσθαι τούσδ' ἐδόξαζόν ποτε." '³⁴⁹ παράδος ἐμοὶ φῶς: οὐ γὰρ ὀρθὰ πυρφορεῖς' "³⁵⁰ μαινὰς θοάζους', οὐδέ ς' αἱ τύχαι, τέκνον," "³⁵⁰ † ἐσωφρονήκας' †, ἀλλ' ἔτ' ἐν ταὐτῷ μένεις." "³⁵¹ ἐσφέρετε πεύκας, δάκρυά τ' ἀνταλλάξατε" '³⁵² τοῖς τῆσδε μέλεσι, Τρῳάδες, γαμηλίοις.' "³⁵⁵ καὶ πέμπε, κἂν μὴ τἀμά σοι πρόθυμά γ' ᾖ," '^35
6 ὤθει βιαίως: εἰ γὰρ ἔστι Λοξίας, ³⁵⁷ ̔Ελένης γαμεῖ με δυσχερέστερον γάμον ³⁵⁸ ὁ τῶν ̓Αχαιῶν κλεινὸς ̓Αγαμέμνων ἄναξ. ³⁵⁹ κτενῶ γὰρ αὐτόν, κἀντιπορθήσω δόμους' "^3
60 ποινὰς ἀδελφῶν καὶ πατρὸς λαβοῦς' ἐμοῦ" "^3
61 ἀλλ' ἄττ' ἐάσω: πέλεκυν οὐχ ὑμνήσομεν," '^3
62 ὃς ἐς τράχηλον τὸν ἐμὸν εἶσι χἁτέρων:' "^3
63 μητροκτόνους τ' ἀγῶνας, οὓς οὑμοὶ γάμοι" "^3
64 θήσουσιν, οἴκων τ' ̓Ατρέως ἀνάστασιν." '^3
65 πόλιν δὲ δείξω τήνδε μακαριωτέραν' "^3
6
6 ἢ τοὺς ̓Αχαιούς, ἔνθεος μέν, ἀλλ' ὅμως" "^3
67 τοσόνδε γ' ἔξω στήσομαι βακχευμάτων:" '^3
68 οἳ διὰ μίαν γυναῖκα καὶ μίαν Κύπριν, ^3
69 θηρῶντες ̔Ελένην, μυρίους ἀπώλεσαν. ³⁷⁰ ὁ δὲ στρατηγὸς ὁ σοφὸς ἐχθίστων ὕπερ' "³⁷¹ τὰ φίλτατ' ὤλες', ἡδονὰς τὰς οἴκοθεν" '³⁷² τέκνων ἀδελφῷ δοὺς γυναικὸς οὕνεκα,' "³⁷³ καὶ ταῦθ' ἑκούσης κοὐ βίᾳ λελῃσμένης." "³⁷⁴ ἐπεὶ δ' ἐπ' ἀκτὰς ἤλυθον Σκαμανδρίους," "³⁷⁵ ἔθνῃσκον, οὐ γῆς ὅρι' ἀποστερούμενοι" "^37
6 οὐδ' ὑψίπυργον πατρίδ': οὓς δ' ̓́Αρης ἕλοι," '³⁷⁷ οὐ παῖδας εἶδον, οὐ δάμαρτος ἐν χεροῖν ³⁷⁸ πέπλοις συνεστάλησαν, ἐν ξένῃ δὲ γῇ' "³⁷⁹ κεῖνται. τὰ δ' οἴκοι τοῖσδ' ὅμοι' ἐγίγνετο:" "³⁸⁰ χῆραί τ' ἔθνῃσκον, οἳ δ' ἄπαιδες ἐν δόμοις" "³⁸¹ ἄλλοις τέκν' ἐκθρέψαντες: οὐδὲ πρὸς τάφοις" "³⁸² ἔσθ' ὅστις αὐτῶν αἷμα γῇ δωρήσεται." "³⁸³ ἦ τοῦδ' ἐπαίνου τὸ στράτευμ' ἐπάξιον. —" '³⁸⁴ σιγᾶν ἄμεινον τᾀσχρά, μηδὲ μοῦσά μοι' "³⁸⁵ γένοιτ' ἀοιδὸς ἥτις ὑμνήσει κακά." '^38
6 Τρῶες δὲ πρῶτον μέν, τὸ κάλλιστον κλέος,' "³⁸⁷ ὑπὲρ πάτρας ἔθνῃσκον: οὓς δ' ἕλοι δόρυ," "³⁸⁸ νεκροί γ' ἐς οἴκους φερόμενοι φίλων ὕπο" '³⁸⁹ ἐν γῇ πατρῴᾳ περιβολὰς εἶχον χθονός, ³⁹⁰ χερσὶν περισταλέντες ὧν ἐχρῆν ὕπο: ³⁹¹ ὅσοι δὲ μὴ θάνοιεν ἐν μάχῃ Φρυγῶν,' "³⁹² ἀεὶ κατ' ἦμαρ σὺν δάμαρτι καὶ τέκνοις" '³⁹³ ᾤκουν, ̓Αχαιοῖς ὧν ἀπῆσαν ἡδοναί.' "³⁹⁴ τὰ δ' ̔́Εκτορός σοι λύπρ' ἄκουσον ὡς ἔχει:" '³⁹⁵ δόξας ἀνὴρ ἄριστος οἴχεται θανών,' "^39
6 καὶ τοῦτ' ̓Αχαιῶν ἵξις ἐξεργάζεται:" "³⁹⁷ εἰ δ' ἦσαν οἴκοι, χρηστὸς ὢν ἐλάνθανεν." "³⁹⁸ Πάρις δ' ἔγημε τὴν Διός: γήμας δὲ μή," '³⁹⁹ σιγώμενον τὸ κῆδος εἶχεν ἐν δόμοις. ⁴⁰⁰ φεύγειν μὲν οὖν χρὴ πόλεμον ὅστις εὖ φρονεῖ:' "⁴⁰¹ εἰ δ' ἐς τόδ' ἔλθοι, στέφανος οὐκ αἰσχρὸς πόλει" '⁴⁰² καλῶς ὀλέσθαι, μὴ καλῶς δὲ δυσκλεές.' "⁴⁰³ ὧν οὕνεκ' οὐ χρή, μῆτερ, οἰκτίρειν σε γῆν," '⁴⁰⁴ οὐ τἀμὰ λέκτρα: τοὺς γὰρ ἐχθίστους ἐμοὶ ⁴⁰⁵ καὶ σοὶ γάμοισι τοῖς ἐμοῖς διαφθερῶ. ^40
6 ὡς ἡδέως κακοῖσιν οἰκείοις γελᾷς,' "⁴⁰⁷ μέλπεις θ' ἃ μέλπους' οὐ σαφῆ δείξεις ἴσως." "⁴⁰⁸ εἰ μή ς' ̓Απόλλων ἐξεβάκχευεν φρένας," '⁴⁰⁹ οὔ τἂν ἀμισθὶ τοὺς ἐμοὺς στρατηλάτας ⁴¹⁰ τοιαῖσδε φήμαις ἐξέπεμπες ἂν χθονός. ⁴¹⁷ καὶ σοὶ μέν — οὐ γὰρ ἀρτίας ἔχεις φρένας —' "^4
18 ̓Αργεῖ' ὀνείδη καὶ Φρυγῶν ἐπαινέσεις" "⁴¹⁹ ἀνέμοις φέρεσθαι παραδίδωμ': ἕπου δέ μοι" "^4
29 οἵ φασιν αὐτὴν εἰς ἔμ' ἡρμηνευμένοι" "⁴³⁰ αὐτοῦ θανεῖσθαι; τἄλλα δ' οὐκ ὀνειδιῶ." "⁴⁵² χαίρετ': ἐκλέλοιφ' ἑορτάς, αἷς πάροιθ' ἠγαλλόμην." "^5
25 τόδ' ἱερὸν ἀνάγετε ξόανον" "⁵³⁸ κλωστοῦ δ' ἀμφιβόλοις λίνοιο ναὸς ὡσεὶ" '⁵³⁹ σκάφος κελαινόν, εἰς ἕδρανα' "^7
64 ὦ βάρβαρ' ἐξευρόντες ̔́Ελληνες κακά," "^7
65 τί τόνδε παῖδα κτείνετ' οὐδὲν αἴτιον;" '⁹²⁴ ἔκρινε τρισσὸν ζεῦγος ὅδε τριῶν θεῶν: ^9
25 καὶ Παλλάδος μὲν ἦν ̓Αλεξάνδρῳ δόσις' "^92
6 Φρυξὶ στρατηγοῦνθ' ̔Ελλάδ' ἐξανιστάναι," "⁹²⁷ ̔́Ηρα δ' ὑπέσχετ' ̓Ασιάδ' Εὐρώπης θ' ὅρους" "⁹²⁸ τυραννίδ' ἕξειν, εἴ σφε κρίνειεν Πάρις:" '^9
29 Κύπρις δὲ τοὐμὸν εἶδος ἐκπαγλουμένη' "⁹³⁰ δώσειν ὑπέσχετ', εἰ θεὰς ὑπερδράμοι" "⁹³¹ κάλλει. τὸν ἔνθεν δ' ὡς ἔχει σκέψαι λόγον:" ⁹⁸⁷ ἦν οὑμὸς υἱὸς κάλλος ἐκπρεπέστατος,' "⁹⁸⁸ ὁ σὸς δ' ἰδών νιν νοῦς ἐποιήθη Κύπρις:" "⁹⁸⁹ τὰ μῶρα γὰρ πάντ' ἐστὶν ̓Αφροδίτη βροτοῖς," "⁹⁹⁰ καὶ τοὔνομ' ὀρθῶς ἀφροσύνης ἄρχει θεᾶς." '⁹⁹¹ ὃν εἰσιδοῦσα βαρβάροις ἐσθήμασι ⁹⁹² χρυσῷ τε λαμπρὸν ἐξεμαργώθης φρένας.' "⁹⁹³ ἐν μὲν γὰρ ̓́Αργει μίκρ' ἔχους' ἀνεστρέφου," "⁹⁹⁴ Σπάρτης δ' ἀπαλλαχθεῖσα τὴν Φρυγῶν πόλιν" '⁹⁹⁵ χρυσῷ ῥέουσαν ἤλπισας κατακλύσειν' "^99
6 δαπάναισιν: οὐδ' ἦν ἱκανά σοι τὰ Μενέλεω" '⁹⁹⁷ μέλαθρα ταῖς σαῖς ἐγκαθυβρίζειν τρυφαῖς. ¹⁰²⁰ ἐν τοῖς ̓Αλεξάνδρου γὰρ ὕβριζες δόμοις' ¹⁰²¹ καὶ προσκυνεῖσθαι βαρβάρων ὕπ' ἤθελες:" ¹²⁴² μάτην δ' ἐβουθυτοῦμεν. εἰ δὲ μὴ θεὸς" '¹²⁴³ ἔστρεψε τἄνω περιβαλὼν κάτω χθονός, ¹²⁴⁴ ἀφανεῖς ἂν ὄντες οὐκ ἂν ὑμνήθημεν ἂν ¹²⁴⁵ μούσαις ἀοιδὰς δόντες ὑστέρων βροτῶν. " None

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6 et towers of stone about this land of Troy and ringed it round, never from my heart has passed away a kindly feeling for my Phrygian town, which now is smouldering and overthrown, a prey to Argive might. For, from his home beneath Parnassus , ¹¹ Phocian Epeus, aided by the craft of Pallas, framed a horse to bear within its womb an armed army, and sent it within the battlements, a deadly statue; from which in days to come men shall tell of the Wooden Horse, with its hidden load of warriors. ¹⁸ Groves stand forsaken and temples of the gods run down with blood, and at the altar’s very base, before the god who watched his home, Priam lies dead. While to Achaean ships great store of gold and Phrygian spoils are being conveyed, ²⁵ I am leaving Ilium , that famous town, and my altars; for when dreary desolation seizes on a town, the worship of the gods decays and tends to lose respect. Scamander’s banks re-echo long and loud the screams of captive maids, as they by lot receive their masters. ¹⁰⁸ Ah me! ah me! What else but tears is now my hapless lot, whose country, children, husband, all are lost? Ah! the high-blown pride of ancestors, humbled! how brought to nothing after all! ³⁴⁸ beyond my blackest expectation. Ah, my child! how little did I ever dream that such would be your marriage, a captive, and of Argos too! Give up the torch to me; you do not bear its blaze aright in your wild frantic course, nor have your afflictions left you in your sober senses, ³⁵⁰ but still you are as frantic as before. Take in those torches, Trojan friends, and for her wedding madrigals weep your tears instead. Cassandra ³⁵⁵ and if you find me unwilling at all, thrust me there by force; for if Loxias is indeed a prophet, Agamemnon, that famous king of the Achaeans, will find in me a bride more vexatious than Helen. For I will slay him and lay waste his home ^3
60 to avenge my father’s and my brothers’ death. But let that go; I will not tell of that axe which shall sever my neck and the necks of others, or of the conflict ending in a mother’s death, which my marriage shall cause, nor of the overthrow of Atreus’ house. ^3
65 But I, for all my frenzy, will so far rise above my frantic fit, that I will prove this city happier far than those Achaeans, who for the sake of one woman and one passion have lost a countless army in hunting Helen. ³⁷⁰ Their captain too, whom men call wise, has lost for what he hated most what most he prized, yielding to his brother for a woman’s sake—and she was willing and not taken by force—the joy he had of his own children in his home. For from the day that they landed upon Scamander’s strand, their doom began, ³⁷⁵ not for loss of stolen frontier nor yet for fatherland with high towers; whomever Ares took, those never saw their children again, nor were they shrouded for the tomb by hand of wife, but in a foreign land they lie. At home the case was still the same; ³⁸⁰ wives were dying widows, parents were left childless in their homes, having reared their sons for others, and none is left to make libations of blood upon the ground before their tombs. Truly to such praise as this their army can make an ample claim. It is better to pass by their shame in silence, nor may mine be the Muse ³⁸⁵ to tell that evil tale. ^38
6 But the Trojans were dying, first for their fatherland, fairest fame to win; whomever the sword took, all these found friends to bear their bodies home and were laid to rest in the embrace of their native land, ³⁹⁰ their funeral rites all duly paid by duteous hands. And all such Phrygians as escaped the warrior’s death lived always day by day with wife and children by them, joys the Achaeans had left behind. As for Hector and his griefs, hear how the case stands; ³⁹⁵ he is dead and gone, but still his fame remains as bravest of the brave, and this was a result of the Achaeans’ coming; for had they remained at home, his worth would have gone unnoticed. And Paris married the daughter of Zeus, whereas, had he never done so, the alliance he made in his family would have been forgotten. ⁴⁰⁰ Whoever is wise should fly from making war; but if he come to this, a noble death will crown his city with glory, a coward’s end with shame. Therefore, mother, you should not pity your country or my bed, for this my marriage ⁴⁰⁵ will destroy those whom you and I most hate. Chorus Leader ^40
6 How sweetly at your own sad lot you smile, chanting a strain, which, in spite of you, may prove you wrong! Talthybiu ⁴⁰⁸ Had not Apollo turned your wits to maenad revelry, you would not for nothing have sent my chief ⁴¹⁰ with such ominous predictions forth on their way. But, after all, these lofty minds, reputed wise, are nothing better than those that are held as nothing. For that mighty king of all Hellas , dear son of Atreus, has yielded to a passion ⁴¹⁷ for this mad maiden of all others; though I am poor enough, yet would I never have chosen such a wife as this. As for you, since your senses are not whole, I give your taunts against Argos and your praise of Troy to the winds to carry away. Follow me now ^4
29 the name they do? All men unite in hating with one common hate the attendants of kings or governments. You say my mother shall come to the halls of Odysseus? Where then are Apollo’s words, so clear to me in their interpretation, which declare ⁴³⁰ that she shall die here? What else remains, I will not taunt her with. Unhappy Odysseus, he does not know the sufferings that await him; or how these ills I and my Phrygians endure shall one day seem to him precious as gold. For beyond the ten long years spent at Troy he shall drag out other ten and then come to his country all alone . . . ⁴⁵² near my husband’s tomb, I, Apollo’s servant. O garlands of that god most dear to me! farewell, you mystic symbols! I here resign your feasts, my joy in days gone by. Go, I tear you from my body, that, while yet mine honor is intact, I may give them to the rushing winds to waft to you, my prince of prophecy! ^5
25 and drag this sacred image to the shrine of the Zeus-born maiden, goddess of our Ilium ! Forth from his house came every youth and every grey-head too; and with songs of joy ⁵³⁸ Dardania’s ruin, a welcome gift to be to her, the virgin queen of deathless steeds; and with nooses of cord they dragged it, as it had been a ship’s dark hull, to the stone-built ^7
64 all for nothing I used to toil and wear myself away! Kiss your mother now for the last time, nestle to her that bore you, twine your arms about my neck and join your lips to mine! O you Hellenes, cunning to devise new forms of cruelty, ^7
65 why slay this child who never wronged any? You daughter of Tyndareus, you are no child of Zeus, but I say you were born of many a father, first of some evil demon, next of Envy, then of Murder and of Death, and every horror that the earth breeds. ⁹²⁴ by giving birth to Paris ; next, old Priam ruined Troy and me, because he did not slay his child Alexander, baleful semblance of a fire-brand, Hecuba had dreamed she would hear a son who would cause the ruin of Troy ; on the birth of Paris an oracle confirmed her fears. long ago. Hear what followed. This man was to judge the claims of three rival goddesses; ^9
25 o Pallas offered him command of all the Phrygians, and the destruction of Hellas ; Hera promised he should spread his dominion over Asia , and the utmost bounds of Europe , if he would decide for her; but Cypris spoke in rapture of my loveliness, ⁹³⁰ and promised him this gift, if she should have the preference over those two for beauty. Now mark the inference I deduce from this; Cypris won the day over the goddesses, and thus far has my marriage proved of benefit to Hellas , that you are not subject to barbarian rule, neither vanquished in the strife, nor yet by tyrants crushed. ⁹⁸⁷ No! my son was exceedingly handsome, and when you saw him your mind straight became your Aphrodite; for every folly that men commit, they lay upon this goddess, ⁹⁹⁰ and rightly does her name It is almost impossible to reproduce the play on words in Ἀφροδίτη and ἀφροσύνη ; perhaps the nearest approach would be sensuality and senseless. begin the word for senselessness ; so when you caught sight of him in gorgeous foreign clothes, ablaze with gold, your senses utterly forsook you. Yes, for in Argos you had moved in simple state, but, once free of Sparta , ⁹⁹⁵ it was your hope to deluge by your lavish outlay Phrygia ’s town, that flowed with gold; nor was the palace of Menelaus rich enough for your luxury to riot in. ¹⁰²⁰ For you were wantoning in Alexander’s house, wishing to have obeisance done you by barbarians. Yes, it was a proud time for you; and now after all this you have adorned yourself, and come forth and have dared to appear under the same sky as your husband, revolting wretch!' ¹⁰²¹ For you were wantoning in Alexander’s house, wishing to have obeisance done you by barbarians. Yes, it was a proud time for you; and now after all this you have adorned yourself, and come forth and have dared to appear under the same sky as your husband, revolting wretch! ¹²⁴² It seems the only things that heaven concerns itself about are my troubles and Troy hateful in their eyes above all other cities. In vain did we sacrifice to them. But if the god had not caught us in his grip and plunged us headlong beneath the earth, we should have been unheard of, and not ever sung in Muses’ songs, ¹²⁴⁵ furnishing to bards of after-days a subject for their minstrelsy. Go, bury now in his poor tomb the dead, wreathed all duly as befits a corpse. And yet I think it makes little difference to the dead, if they get a gorgeous funeral; ' None

18. Herodotus, Histories, 1.1-1.5, 1.5.2, 1.7, 1.8.1, 1.65-1.67, 1.170.3, 1.171, 2.1-2.3, 2.54-2.57, 2.112-2.120, 2.142-2.143, 3.124-3.125, 4.33-4.35, 4.42, 4.44, 4.205, 5.12, 5.22, 5.67, 5.94, 6.53-6.55, 6.81, 7.89-7.90, 7.94, 7.137, 8.122, 9.27 (5th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Argos, lack of Trojan War traditions • Carthaginians, as Trojans/Romans • Phrygia and Phrygians, and Trojans • Seven against Thebes (mythical cycle), at Argos, vs. Trojan War Cycle • Taras, and Trojan War cycle • Trojan War • Trojan War cycle • Trojan War cycle, and Aiakids • Trojan War cycle, horse in • Trojan War cycle, women of • Trojan War, Persian legend of • Trojan War, Phoenicians and • Trojan war, • Trojans • Troy and Trojans, and Dardanids • Troy and Trojans, and Lydians • Troy and Trojans, and Phrygians • Troy and Trojans, later visitors to • Troy, Trojan • Troy, Trojan War • Troy, Trojans • kingship, Trojan • practice of circumcision, and Trojan War

Found in books: Bernabe et al. (2013), Redefining Dionysos, 402; Borg (2008), Paideia: the World of the Second Sophistic: The World of the Second Sophistic, 37; Finkelberg (2019), Homer and Early Greek Epic: Collected Essays, 143, 144; Gagne (2021), Cosmography and the Idea of Hyperborea in Ancient Greece, 382; Giusti (2018), Disclosure and Discretion in Roman Astrology: Manilius and his Augustan Contemporaries, 134; Gruen (2011), Rethinking the Other in Antiquity, 117, 118, 258; Gruen (2020), Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter, 44; Kingsley Monti and Rood (2022), The Authoritative Historian: Tradition and Innovation in Ancient Historiography, 75, 159; Kowalzig (2007), Singing for the Gods: Performances of Myth and Ritual in Archaic and Classical Greece, 152, 165, 166, 167, 178, 221, 302, 324; Marincola et al. (2021), Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones and Calum Maciver, Greek Notions of the Past in the Archaic and Classical Eras: History Without Historians, 19, 34, 35, 100, 177; Mikalson (2003), Herodotus and Religion in the Persian Wars, 22, 146, 147, 154, 155, 175, 176; Morrison (2020), Apollonius Rhodius, Herodotus and Historiography, 43, 173, 206; Munn (2006), The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion. 27, 110, 183, 199, 336; Naiden (2013), Smoke Signals for the Gods: Ancient Greek Sacrifice from the Archaic through Roman Periods, 145; Park (2023), Reciprocity, Truth, and Gender in Pindar and Aeschylus. 57; Poulsen (2021), Usages of the Past in Roman Historiography, 269; de Bakker, van den Berg, and Klooster (2022), Emotions and Narrative in Ancient Literature and Beyond, 369

1.8 οὗτος δὴ ὦν ὁ Κανδαύλης ἠράσθη τῆς ἑωυτοῦ γυναικός, ἐρασθεὶς δὲ ἐνόμιζέ οἱ εἶναι γυναῖκα πολλὸν πασέων καλλίστην. ὥστε δὲ ταῦτα νομίζων, ἦν γάρ οἱ τῶν αἰχμοφόρων Γύγης ὁ Δασκύλου ἀρεσκόμενος μάλιστα, τούτῳ τῷ Γύγῃ καὶ τὰ σπουδαιέστερα τῶν πρηγμάτων ὑπερετίθετο ὁ Κανδαύλης καὶ δὴ καὶ τὸ εἶδος τῆς γυναικὸς ὑπερεπαινέων. χρόνου δὲ οὐ πολλοῦ διελθόντος ʽχρῆν γὰρ Κανδαύλῃ γενέσθαι κακῶσ̓ ἔλεγε πρὸς τὸν Γύγην τοιάδε. “Γύγη, οὐ γὰρ σε δοκέω πείθεσθαι μοι λέγοντι περὶ τοῦ εἴδεος τῆς γυναικός ʽὦτα γὰρ τυγχάνει ἀνθρώποισι ἐόντα ἀπιστότερα ὀφθαλμῶν̓, ποίεε ὅκως ἐκείνην θεήσεαι γυμνήν.” ὃ δʼ ἀμβώσας εἶπε “δέσποτα, τίνα λέγεις λόγον οὐκ ὑγιέα, κελεύων με δέσποιναν τὴν ἐμὴν θεήσασθαι γυμνήν; ἅμα δὲ κιθῶνι ἐκδυομένῳ συνεκδύεται καὶ τὴν αἰδῶ γυνή. πάλαι δὲ τὰ καλὰ ἀνθρώποισι ἐξεύρηται, ἐκ τῶν μανθάνειν δεῖ· ἐν τοῖσι ἓν τόδε ἐστί, σκοπέειν τινὰ τὰ ἑωυτοῦ. ἐγὼ δὲ πείθομαι ἐκείνην εἶναι πασέων γυναικῶν καλλίστην, καὶ σέο δέομαι μὴ δέεσθαι ἀνόμων.”
1.170 κεκακωμένων δὲ Ἰώνων καὶ συλλεγομένων οὐδὲν ἧσσον ἐς τὸ Πανιώνιον, πυνθάνομαι γνώμην Βίαντα ἄνδρα Πριηνέα ἀποδέξασθαι Ἴωσι χρησιμωτάτην, τῇ εἰ ἐπείθοντο, παρεῖχε ἂν σφι εὐδαιμονέειν Ἑλλήνων μάλιστα· ὃς ἐκέλευε κοινῷ στόλῳ Ἴωνας ἀερθέντας πλέειν ἐς Σαρδὼ καὶ ἔπειτα πόλιν μίαν κτίζειν πάντων Ἰώνων, καὶ οὕτω ἀπαλλαχθέντας σφέας δουλοσύνης εὐδαιμονήσειν, νήσων τε ἁπασέων μεγίστην νεμομένους καὶ ἄρχοντας ἄλλων· μένουσι δέ σφι ἐν τῇ Ἰωνίῃ οὐκ ἔφη ἐνορᾶν ἐλευθερίην ἔτι ἐσομένην. αὕτη μὲν Βίαντος τοῦ Πριηνέος γνώμη ἐπὶ διεφθαρμένοισι Ἴωσι γενομένη, χρηστὴ δὲ καὶ πρὶν ἢ διαφθαρῆναι Ἰωνίην Θάλεω ἀνδρὸς Μιλησίου ἐγένετο, τὸ ἀνέκαθεν γένος ἐόντος Φοίνικος, ὃς ἐκέλευε ἓν βουλευτήριον Ἴωνας ἐκτῆσθαι, τὸ δὲ εἶναι ἐν Τέῳ ʽΤέων γὰρ μέσον εἶναι Ἰωνίησ̓, τὰς δὲ ἄλλας πόλιας οἰκεομένας μηδὲν ἧσσον νομίζεσθαι κατά περ ἐς δῆμοι εἶεν· οὗτοι μὲν δή σφι γνώμας τοιάσδε ἀπεδέξαντο.^1.1 Ἡροδότου Ἁλικαρνησσέος ἱστορίης ἀπόδεξις ἥδε, ὡς μήτε τὰ γενόμενα ἐξ ἀνθρώπων τῷ χρόνῳ ἐξίτηλα γένηται, μήτε ἔργα μεγάλα τε καὶ θωμαστά, τὰ μὲν Ἕλλησι τὰ δὲ βαρβάροισι ἀποδεχθέντα, ἀκλεᾶ γένηται, τά τε ἄλλα καὶ διʼ ἣν αἰτίην ἐπολέμησαν ἀλλήλοισι. Περσέων μέν νυν οἱ λόγιοι Φοίνικας αἰτίους φασὶ γενέσθαι τῆς διαφορῆς. τούτους γὰρ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἐρυθρῆς καλεομένης θαλάσσης ἀπικομένους ἐπὶ τήνδε τὴν θάλασσαν, καὶ οἰκήσαντας τοῦτον τὸν χῶρον τὸν καὶ νῦν οἰκέουσι, αὐτίκα ναυτιλίῃσι μακρῇσι ἐπιθέσθαι, ἀπαγινέοντας δὲ φορτία Αἰγύπτιά τε καὶ Ἀσσύρια τῇ τε ἄλλῃ ἐσαπικνέεσθαι καὶ δὴ καὶ ἐς Ἄργος. τὸ δὲ Ἄργος τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον προεῖχε ἅπασι τῶν ἐν τῇ νῦν Ἑλλάδι καλεομένῃ χωρῇ. ἀπικομένους δὲ τούς Φοίνικας ἐς δὴ τὸ Ἄργος τοῦτο διατίθεσθαι τὸν φόρτον. πέμπτῃ δὲ ἢ ἕκτῃ ἡμέρῃ ἀπʼ ἧς ἀπίκοντο, ἐξεμπολημένων σφι σχεδόν πάντων, ἐλθεῖν ἐπὶ τὴν θάλασσαν γυναῖκας ἄλλας τε πολλάς καὶ δὴ καὶ τοῦ βασιλέος θυγατέρα· τὸ δέ οἱ οὔνομα εἶναι, κατὰ τὠυτὸ τὸ καὶ Ἕλληνές λέγουσι, Ἰοῦν τὴν Ἰνάχου· ταύτας στάσας κατά πρύμνην τῆς νεὸς ὠνέεσθαι τῶν φορτίων τῶν σφι ἦν θυμός μάλιστα· καὶ τοὺς Φοίνικας διακελευσαμένους ὁρμῆσαι ἐπʼ αὐτάς. τὰς μὲν δὴ πλεῦνας τῶν γυναικῶν ἀποφυγεῖν, τὴν δὲ Ἰοῦν σὺν ἄλλῃσι ἁρπασθῆναι. ἐσβαλομένους δὲ ἐς τὴν νέα οἴχεσθαι ἀποπλέοντας ἐπʼ Αἰγύπτου. ^1.2 οὕτω μὲν Ἰοῦν ἐς Αἴγυπτον ἀπικέσθαι λέγουσι Πέρσαι, οὐκ ὡς Ἕλληνές, καὶ τῶν ἀδικημάτων πρῶτον τοῦτο ἄρξαι. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα Ἑλλήνων τινάς ʽοὐ γὰρ ἔχουσι τοὔνομα ἀπηγήσασθαἰ φασὶ τῆς Φοινίκης ἐς Τύρον προσσχόντας ἁρπάσαι τοῦ βασιλέος τὴν θυγατέρα Εὐρώπην. εἴησαν δʼ ἄν οὗτοι Κρῆτες. ταῦτα μὲν δὴ ἴσα πρὸς ἴσα σφι γενέσθαι, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα Ἕλληνας αἰτίους τῆς δευτέρης ἀδικίης γενέσθαι· καταπλώσαντας γὰρ μακρῇ νηί ἐς Αἶαν τε τὴν Κολχίδα καὶ ἐπὶ Φᾶσιν ποταμόν, ἐνθεῦτεν, διαπρηξαμένους καὶ τἄλλα τῶν εἵνεκεν ἀπίκατο, ἁρπάσαι τοῦ βασιλέος τὴν θυγατέρα Μηδείην. πέμψαντά δὲ τὸν Κόλχων βασιλέα ἐς τὴν Ἑλλάδα κήρυκα αἰτέειν τε δίκας τῆς ἁρπαγῆς καὶ ἀπαιτέειν τὴν θυγατέρα. τοὺς δὲ ὑποκρίνασθαι ὡς οὐδὲ ἐκεῖνοι Ἰοῦς τῆς Ἀργείης ἔδοσάν σφι δίκας τῆς ἁρπαγῆς· οὐδὲ ὤν αὐτοὶ δώσειν ἐκείνοισι. ^1.3 δευτέρῃ δὲ λέγουσι γενεῇ μετὰ ταῦτα Ἀλέξανδρον τὸν Πριάμου, ἀκηκοότα ταῦτα, ἐθελῆσαί οἱ ἐκ τῆς Ἑλλάδος διʼ ἁρπαγῆς γενέσθαι γυναῖκα, ἐπιστάμενον πάντως ὅτι οὐ δώσει δίκας. οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐκείνους διδόναι. οὕτω δὴ ἁρπάσαντος αὐτοῦ Ἑλένην, τοῖσι Ἕλλησι δόξαι πρῶτὸν πέμψαντας ἀγγέλους ἀπαιτέειν τε Ἑλένην καὶ δίκας τῆς ἁρπαγῆς αἰτέειν. τοὺς δέ, προϊσχομένων ταῦτα, προφέρειν σφι Μηδείης τὴν ἁρπαγήν, ὡς οὐ δόντες αὐτοὶ δίκας οὐδὲ ἐκδόντες ἀπαιτεόντων βουλοίατό σφι παρʼ ἄλλων δίκας γίνεσθαι. ^1.4 μέχρι μὲν ὤν τούτου ἁρπαγάς μούνας εἶναι παρʼ ἀλλήλων, τὸ δὲ ἀπὸ τούτου Ἕλληνας δὴ μεγάλως αἰτίους γενέσθαι· προτέρους γὰρ ἄρξαι στρατεύεσθαι ἐς τὴν Ἀσίην ἢ σφέας ἐς τὴν Εὐρώπην. τὸ μέν νυν ἁρπάζειν γυναῖκας ἀνδρῶν ἀδίκων νομίζειν ἔργον εἶναι, τὸ δὲ ἁρπασθεισέων σπουδήν ποιήσασθαι τιμωρέειν ἀνοήτων, τὸ δὲ μηδεμίαν ὤρην ἔχειν ἁρπασθεισέων σωφρόνων· δῆλα γὰρ δὴ ὅτι, εἰ μὴ αὐταὶ ἐβούλοντο, οὐκ ἂν ἡρπάζοντο. σφέας μὲν δὴ τοὺς ἐκ τῆς Ἀσίης λέγουσι Πέρσαι ἁρπαζομενέων τῶν γυναικῶν λόγον οὐδένα ποιήσασθαι, Ἕλληνας δὲ Λακεδαιμονίης εἵνεκεν γυναικὸς στόλον μέγαν συναγεῖραι καὶ ἔπειτα ἐλθόντας ἐς τὴν Ἀσίην τὴν Πριάμου δύναμιν κατελεῖν. ἀπὸ τούτου αἰεὶ ἡγήσασθαι τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν σφίσι εἶναι πολέμιον. τὴν γὰρ Ἀσίην καὶ τὰ ἐνοικέοντα ἔθνεα βάρβαρα 1 οἰκηιεῦνται οἱ Πέρσαι, τὴν δὲ Εὐρώπην καὶ τὸ Ἑλληνικόν ἥγηνται κεχωρίσθαι. ^1.5 οὕτω μὲν Πέρσαι λέγουσι γενέσθαι, καὶ διὰ τὴν Ἰλίου ἅλωσιν εὑρίσκουσι σφίσι ἐοῦσαν τὴν ἀρχήν τῆς ἔχθρης τῆς ἐς τοὺς Ἕλληνας. περὶ δὲ τῆς Ἰοῦς οὐκ ὁμολογέουσι Πέρσῃσι οὕτω Φοίνικες· οὐ γὰρ ἁρπαγῇ σφέας χρησαμένους λέγουσι ἀγαγεῖν αὐτήν ἐς Αἴγυπτον, ἀλλʼ ὡς ἐν τῷ Ἄργεϊ ἐμίσγετο τῷ ναυκλήρῳ τῆς νέος· ἐπεὶ δʼ ἔμαθε ἔγκυος ἐοῦσα, αἰδεομένη τοὺς τοκέας οὕτω δὴ ἐθελοντήν αὐτήν τοῖσι Φοίνιξι συνεκπλῶσαι, ὡς ἂν μὴ κατάδηλος γένηται. ταῦτα μέν νυν Πέρσαι τε καὶ Φοίνικες λέγουσι· ἐγὼ δὲ περὶ μὲν τούτων οὐκ ἔρχομαι ἐρέων ὡς οὕτω ἢ ἄλλως κως ταῦτα ἐγένετο, τὸν δὲ οἶδα αὐτὸς πρῶτον ὑπάρξαντα ἀδίκων ἔργων ἐς τοὺς Ἕλληνας, τοῦτον σημήνας προβήσομαι ἐς τὸ πρόσω τοῦ λόγου, ὁμοίως σμικρὰ καὶ μεγάλα ἄστεα ἀνθρώπων ἐπεξιών. τὰ γὰρ τὸ πάλαι μεγάλα ἦν, τὰ πολλὰ σμικρὰ αὐτῶν γέγονε· τὰ δὲ ἐπʼ ἐμεῦ ἦν μεγάλα, πρότερον ἦν σμικρά. τὴν ἀνθρωπηίην ὤν ἐπιστάμενος εὐδαιμονίην οὐδαμὰ ἐν τὠυτῷ μένουσαν, ἐπιμνήσομαι ἀμφοτέρων ὁμοίως.' ^1.7 ἡ δὲ ἡγεμονίη οὕτω περιῆλθε, ἐοῦσα Ἡρακλειδέων ἐς τὸ γένος τὸ Κροίσου, καλεομένους δὲ Μερμνάδας. ἦν Κανδαύλης, τὸν οἱ Ἕλληνές Μυρσίλον ὀνομάζουσι, τύραννος Σαρδίων, ἀπόγονος δὲ Ἀλκαίου τοῦ Ἡρακλέος. Ἄγρων μὲν γὰρ ὁ Νίνου τοῦ Βήλου τοῦ Ἀλκαίου πρῶτος Ἡρακλειδέων βασιλεὺς ἐγένετο Σαρδίων, Κανδαύλης δὲ ὁ Μύρσου ὕστατος. οἱ δὲ πρότερον Ἄγρωνος βασιλεύσαντες ταύτης τῆς χώρης ἦσαν ἀπόγονοὶ Λυδοῦ τοῦ Ἄτυος, ἀπʼ ὅτευ ὁ δῆμος Λύδιος ἐκλήθη ὁ πᾶς οὗτος, πρότερον Μηίων καλεόμενος. παρὰ τούτων Ἡρακλεῖδαι ἐπιτραφθέντες ἔσχον τὴν ἀρχήν ἐκ θεοπροπίου, ἐκ δούλης τε τῆς Ἰαρδάνου γεγονότες καὶ Ἡρακλέος, ἄρξαντες μὲν ἐπὶ δύο τε καὶ εἴκοσι γενεᾶς ἀνδρῶν ἔτεα πέντε τε καὶ πεντακόσια, παῖς παρὰ πατρὸς ἐκδεκόμενος τὴν ἀρχήν, μέχρι Κανδαύλεω τοῦ Μύρσου. ^1.65 τοὺς μέν νυν Ἀθηναίους τοιαῦτα τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον ἐπυνθάνετο ὁ Κροῖσος κατέχοντα, τοὺς δὲ Λακεδαιμονίους ἐκ κακῶν τε μεγάλων πεφευγότας καὶ ἐόντας ἤδη τῷ πολέμῳ κατυπερτέρους Τεγεητέων. ἐπὶ γὰρ Λέοντος βασιλεύοντος καὶ Ἡγησικλέος ἐν Σπάρτῃ τοὺς ἄλλους πολέμους εὐτυχέοντες οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι πρὸς Τεγεήτας μούνους προσέπταιον. τὸ δὲ ἔτι πρότερον τούτων καί κακονομώτατοι ἦσαν σχεδὸν πάντων Ἑλλήνων κατά τε σφέας αὐτοὺς καὶ ξείνοισι ἀπρόσμικτοι· μετέβαλον δὲ ὧδε ἐς εὐνομίην. Λυκούργου τῶν Σπαρτιητέων δοκίμου ἀνδρὸς ἐλθόντος ἐς Δελφοὺς ἐπὶ τὸ χρηστήριον, ὡς ἐσήιε ἐς τὸ μέγαρον, εὐθὺς ἡ Πυθίη λέγει τάδε. ἥκεις ὦ Λυκόοργε ἐμὸν ποτὶ πίονα νηόν Ζηνὶ φίλος καὶ πᾶσιν Ὀλύμπια δώματʼ ἔχουσι. δίζω ἤ σε θεὸν μαντεύσομαι ἢ ἄνθρωπον. ἀλλʼ ἔτι καὶ μᾶλλον θεὸν ἔλπομαι, ὦ Λυκόοργε. οἳ μὲν δή τινες πρὸς τούτοισι λέγουσι καὶ φράσαι αὐτῷ τὴν Πυθίην τὸν νῦν κατεστεῶτα κόσμον Σπαρτιήτῃσι. ὡς δʼ αὐτοὶ Λακεδαιμόνιοι λέγουσι, Λυκοῦργον ἐπιτροπεύσαντα Λεωβώτεω, ἀδελφιδέου μὲν ἑωυτοῦ βασιλεύοντος δὲ Σπαρτιητέων, ἐκ Κρήτης ἀγαγέσθαι ταῦτα. ὡς γὰρ ἐπετρόπευσε τάχιστα, μετέστησε τὰ νόμιμα πάντα, καὶ ἐφύλαξε ταῦτα μὴ παραβαίνειν· μετὰ δὲ τὰ ἐς πόλεμον ἔχοντα, ἐνωμοτίας καὶ τριηκάδας καὶ συσσίτια, πρός τε τούτοισι τοὺς ἐφόρους καὶ γέροντας ἔστησε Λυκοῦργος. ^1.66 οὕτω μὲν μεταβαλόντες εὐνομήθησαν, τῷ δὲ Λυκούργῳ τελευτήσαντι ἱρὸν εἱσάμενοι σέβονται μεγάλως. οἷα δὲ ἐν τε χώρῃ ἀγαθῇ καὶ πλήθεϊ οὐκ ὀλίγων ἀνδρῶν, ἀνά τε ἔδραμον αὐτίκα καὶ εὐθηνήθησαν, καὶ δή σφι οὐκέτι ἀπέχρα ἡσυχίην ἄγειν, ἀλλὰ καταφρονήσαντες Ἀρκάδων κρέσσονες εἶναι ἐχρηστηριάζοντο ἐν Δελφοῖσι ἐπὶ πάσῃ τῇ Ἀρκάδων χωρῇ. ἡ δὲ Πυθίη σφι χρᾷ τάδε. Ἀρκαδίην μʼ αἰτεῖς· μέγα μʼ αἰτεῖς· οὐ τοι δώσω. πολλοὶ ἐν Ἀρκαδίῃ βαλανηφάγοι ἄνδρες ἔασιν, οἵ σʼ ἀποκωλύσουσιν. ἐγὼ δὲ τοι οὔτι μεγαίρω· δώσω τοί Τεγέην ποσσίκροτον ὀρχήσασθαι καὶ καλὸν πεδίον σχοίνῳ διαμετρήσασθαι. ταῦτα ὡς ἀπενειχθέντα ἤκουσαν οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι,Ἀρκάδων μὲν τῶν ἄλλων ἀπείχοντο, οἳ δὲ πέδας φερόμενοι ἐπὶ Τεγεήτας ἐστρατεύοντο, χρησμῷ κιβδήλῳ πίσυνοι, ὡς δὴ ἐξανδραποδιούμενοι τοὺς Τεγεήτας. ἑσσωθέντες δὲ τῇ συμβολῇ, ὅσοι αὐτῶν ἐζωγρήθησαν, πέδας τε ἔχοντες τὰς ἐφέροντο αὐτοὶ καὶ σχοίνῳ διαμετρησάμενοι τὸ πεδίον τὸ Τεγεητέων ἐργάζοντο. αἱ δὲ πέδαι αὗται ἐν τῇσι ἐδεδέατο ἔτι καὶ ἐς ἐμὲ ἦσαν σόαι ἐν Τεγέῃ περὶ τὸν νηὸν τῆς Ἀλέης Ἀθηναίης κρεμάμεναι. ^1.67 κατὰ μὲν δὴ τὸν πρότερον πόλεμον συνεχέως αἰεὶ κακῶς ἀέθλεον πρὸς τοὺς Τεγεήτας, κατὰ δὲ τὸν κατὰ Κροῖσον χρόνον καὶ τὴν Ἀναξανδρίδεώ τε καὶ Ἀρίστωνος βασιληίην ἐν Λακεδαίμονι ἤδη οἱ Σπαρτιῆται κατυπέρτεροι τῷ πολέμῳ ἐγεγόνεσαν, τρόπῳ τοιῷδε γενόμενοι. ἐπειδὴ αἰεὶ τῷ πολέμῳ ἑσσοῦντο ὑπὸ Τεγεητέων, πέμψαντες θεοπρόπους ἐς Δελφοὺς ἐπειρώτων τίνα ἂν θεῶν ἱλασάμενοι κατύπερθε τῷ πολέμῳ Τεγεητέων γενοίατο. ἡ δὲ Πυθίη σφι ἔχρησε τὰ Ὀρέστεω τοῦ Ἀγαμέμνονος ὀστέα ἐπαγαγομένους. ὡς δὲ ἀνευρεῖν οὐκ οἷοί τε ἐγίνοντο τὴν θήκην τοῦ Ὀρέστεω ἔπεμπον αὖτις τὴν ἐς θεὸν ἐπειρησομένους τὸν χῶρον ἐν τῷ κέοιτο Ὀρέστης. εἰρωτῶσι δὲ ταῦτα τοῖσι θεοπρόποισι λέγει ἡ Πυθίη τάδε. ἔστι τις Ἀρκαδίης Τεγέη λευρῷ ἐνὶ χώρῳ, ἔνθʼ ἄνεμοι πνείουσι δύω κρατερῆς ὑπʼ ἀνάγκης, καὶ τύπος ἀντίτυπος, καὶ πῆμʼ ἐπὶ πήματι κεῖται. ἔνθʼ Ἀγαμεμνονίδην κατέχει φυσίζοος αἶα, τὸν σὺ κομισσάμενος Τεγέης ἐπιτάρροθος ἔσσῃ. ὡς δὲ καὶ ταῦτα ἤκουσαν οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, ἀπεῖχον τῆς ἐξευρέσιος οὐδὲν ἔλασσον, πάντα διζήμενοι, ἐς οὗ δὴ Λίχης τῶν ἀγαθοεργῶν καλεομένων Σπαρτιητέων ἀνεῦρε, οἱ δὲ ἀγαθοεργοὶ εἰσὶ τῶν ἀστῶν, ἐξιόντες ἐκ τῶν ἱππέων αἰεὶ οἱ πρεσβύτατοι, πέντε ἔτεος ἑκάστου· τοὺς δεῖ τοῦτὸν τὸν ἐνιαυτόν, τὸν ἂν ἐξίωσι ἐκ τῶν ἱππέων, Σπαρτιητέων τῷ κοινῷ διαπεμπομένους μὴ ἐλινύειν ἄλλους ἄλλῃ. ^1.171 Ἅρπαγος δὲ καταστρεψάμενος Ἰωνίην ἐποιέετο στρατηίην ἐπὶ Κᾶρας καὶ Καυνίους καὶ Λυκίους, ἅμα ἀγόμενος καὶ Ἴωνας καὶ Αἰολέας. εἰσὶ δὲ τούτων Κᾶρες μὲν ἀπιγμένοι ἐς τὴν ἤπειρον ἐκ τῶν νήσων. τὸ γὰρ παλαιὸν ἐόντες Μίνω κατήκοοι καὶ καλεόμενοι Λέλεγες εἶχον τὰς νήσους, φόρον μὲν οὐδένα ὑποτελέοντες, ὅσον καὶ ἐγὼ δυνατός εἰμι ἐπὶ μακρότατον ἐξικέσθαι ἀκοῇ· οἳ δέ, ὅκως Μίνως δέοιτο, ἐπλήρουν οἱ τὰς νέας. ἅτε δὴ Μίνω τε κατεστραμμένου γῆν πολλὴν καὶ εὐτυχέοντος τῷ πολέμῳ, τὸ Καρικὸν ἦν ἔθνος λογιμώτατον τῶν ἐθνέων ἁπάντων κατὰ τοῦτον ἅμα τὸν χρόνον μακρῷ μάλιστα. καί σφι τριξὰ ἐξευρήματα ἐγένετο, τοῖσι οἱ Ἕλληνες ἐχρήσαντο· καὶ γὰρ ἐπὶ τὰ κράνεα λόφους ἐπιδέεσθαι Κᾶρες εἰσὶ οἱ καταδέξαντες καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς ἀσπίδας τὰ σημήια ποιέεσθαι, καὶ ὄχανα ἀσπίσι οὗτοι εἰσὶ οἱ ποιησάμενοι πρῶτοι· τέως δὲ ἄνευ ὀχάνων ἐφόρεον τὰς ἀσπίδας πάντες οἳ περ ἐώθεσαν ἀσπίσι χρᾶσθαι, τελαμῶσι σκυτίνοισι οἰηκίζοντες, περὶ τοῖσι αὐχέσι τε καὶ τοῖσι ἀριστεροῖσι ὤμοισι περικείμενοι. μετὰ δὲ τοὺς Κᾶρας χρόνῳ ὕστερον πολλῷ Δωριέες τε καὶ Ἴωνες ἐξανέστησαν ἐκ τῶν νήσων, καὶ οὕτω ἐς τὴν ἤπειρον ἀπίκοντο. κατὰ μὲν δὴ Κᾶρας οὕτω Κρῆτες λέγουσι γενέσθαι· οὐ μέντοι αὐτοί γε ὁμολογέουσι τούτοισι οἱ Κᾶρες, ἀλλὰ νομίζουσι αὐτοὶ ἑωυτοὺς εἶναι αὐτόχθονας ἠπειρώτας, καὶ τῷ οὐνόματι τῷ αὐτῷ αἰεὶ διαχρεωμένους τῷ περ νῦν. ἀποδείκνῦσι δὲ ἐν Μυλάσοισι Διὸς Καρίου ἱρὸν ἀρχαῖον, τοῦ Μυσοῖσι μὲν καὶ Λυδοῖσι μέτεστι ὡς κασιγνήτοισι ἐοῦσι τοῖσι Καρσί· τὸν γὰρ Λυδὸν καὶ τὸν Μυσὸν λέγουσι εἶναι Καρὸς ἀδελφεούς. τούτοισι μὲν δὴ μέτεστι, ὅσοι δὲ ἐόντες ἄλλου ἔθνεος ὁμόγλωσσοι τοῖσι Καρσὶ ἐγένοντο, τούτοισι δὲ οὐ μέτα. ^2.1 τελευτήσαντος δὲ Κύρου παρέλαβε τὴν βασιληίην Καμβύσης, Κύρου ἐὼν παῖς καὶ Κασσανδάνης τῆς Φαρνάσπεω θυγατρός, τῆς προαποθανούσης Κῦρος αὐτός τε μέγα πένθος ἐποιήσατο καὶ τοῖσι ἄλλοισι προεῖπε πᾶσι τῶν ἦρχε πένθος ποιέεσθαι. ταύτης δὴ τῆς γυναικὸς ἐὼν παῖς καὶ Κύρου Καμβύσης Ἴωνας μὲν καὶ Αἰολέας ὡς δούλους πατρωίους ἐόντας ἐνόμιζε, ἐπὶ δὲ Αἴγυπτον ἐποιέετο στρατηλασίην ἄλλους τε παραλαβὼν τῶν ἦρχε καὶ δὴ καὶ Ἑλλήνων τῶν ἐπεκράτεε. ^2.2 οἱ δὲ Αἰγύπτιοι, πρὶν μὲν ἢ Ψαμμήτιχον σφέων βασιλεῦσαι, ἐνόμιζον ἑωυτοὺς πρώτους γενέσθαι πάντων ἀνθρώπων· ἐπειδὴ δὲ Ψαμμήτιχος βασιλεύσας ἠθέλησε εἰδέναι οἵτινες γενοίατο πρῶτοι, ἀπὸ τούτου νομίζουσι Φρύγας προτέρους γενέσθαι ἑωυτῶν, τῶν δὲ ἄλλων ἑωυτούς. Ψαμμήτιχος δὲ ὡς οὐκ ἐδύνατο πυνθανόμενος πόρον οὐδένα τούτου ἀνευρεῖν, οἳ γενοίατο πρῶτοι ἀνθρώπων, ἐπιτεχνᾶται τοιόνδε. παιδία δύο νεογνὰ ἀνθρώπων τῶν ἐπιτυχόντων δίδωσι ποιμένι τρέφειν ἐς τὰ ποίμνια τροφήν τινα τοιήνδε, ἐντειλάμενος μηδένα ἀντίον αὐτῶν μηδεμίαν φωνὴν ἱέναι, ἐν στέγῃ δὲ ἐρήμῃ ἐπʼ ἑωυτῶν κέεσθαι αὐτά, καὶ τὴν ὥρην ἐπαγινέειν σφι αἶγας, πλήσαντα δὲ γάλακτος τἆλλα διαπρήσσεσθαι· ταῦτα δὲ ἐποίεέ τε καὶ ἐνετέλλετο Ψαμμήτιχος θέλων ἀκοῦσαι τῶν παιδίων, ἀπαλλαχθέντων τῶν ἀσήμων κνυζημάτων, ἥντινα φωνὴν ῥήξουσι πρώτην· τά περ ὦν καὶ ἐγένετο. ὡς γὰρ διέτης χρόνος ἐγεγόνεε ταῦτα τῷ ποιμένι πρήσσοντι, ἀνοίγοντι τὴν θύρην καὶ ἐσιόντι τὰ παιδία ἀμφότερα προσπίπτοντα βεκὸς ἐφώνεον, ὀρέγοντα τὰς χεῖρας. τὰ μὲν δὴ πρῶτα ἀκούσας ἥσυχος ἦν ὁ ποιμήν· ὡς δὲ πολλάκις φοιτέοντι καὶ ἐπιμελομένῳ πολλὸν ἦν τοῦτο τὸ ἔπος, οὕτω δὴ σημήνας τῷ δεσπότῃ ἤγαγε τὰ παιδία κελεύσαντος ἐς ὄψιν τὴν ἐκείνου. ἀκούσας δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ Ψαμμήτιχος ἐπυνθάνετο οἵτινες ἀνθρώπων βεκός τι καλέουσι, πυνθανόμενος δὲ εὕρισκε Φρύγας καλέοντας τὸν ἄρτον. οὕτω συνεχώρησαν Αἰγύπτιοι καὶ τοιούτῳ σταθμησάμενοι πρήγματι τοὺς Φρύγας πρεσβυτέρους εἶναι ἑωυτῶν. ὧδε μὲν γενέσθαι τῶν ἱρέων τοῦ Ἡφαίστου τοῦ ἐν Μέμφι ἤκουον· Ἕλληνες δὲ λέγουσι ἄλλα τε μάταια πολλὰ καὶ ὡς γυναικῶν τὰς γλώσσας ὁ Ψαμμήτιχος ἐκταμὼν τὴν δίαιταν οὕτω ἐποιήσατο τῶν παίδων παρὰ ταύτῃσι τῇσι γυναιξί. ^2.3 κατὰ μὲν δὴ τὴν τροφὴν τῶν παίδων τοσαῦτα ἔλεγον, ἤκουσα δὲ καὶ ἄλλα ἐν Μέμφι ἐλθὼν ἐς λόγους τοῖσι ἱρεῦσι τοῦ Ἡφαίστου. καὶ δὴ καὶ ἐς Θήβας τε καὶ ἐς Ἡλίου πόλιν αὐτῶν τούτων εἵνεκεν ἐτραπόμην, ἐθέλων εἰδέναι εἰ συμβήσονται τοῖσι λόγοισι τοῖσι ἐν Μέμφι· οἱ γὰρ Ἡλιοπολῖται λέγονται Αἰγυπτίων εἶναι λογιώτατοι. τὰ μέν νυν θεῖα τῶν ἀπηγημάτων οἷα ἤκουον οὐκ εἰμὶ πρόθυμος ἐξηγέεσθαι, ἔξω ἢ τὰ οὐνόματα αὐτῶν μοῦνον, νομίζων πάντας ἀνθρώπους ἴσον περὶ αὐτῶν ἐπίστασθαι· τὰ δʼ ἂν ἐπιμνησθέω αὐτῶν, ὑπὸ τοῦ λόγου ἐξαναγκαζόμενος ἐπιμνησθήσομαι. ^2.54 χρηστηρίων δὲ πέρι τοῦ τε ἐν Ἕλλησι καὶ τοῦ ἐν Λιβύῃ τόνδε Αἰγύπτιοι λόγον λέγουσι. ἔφασαν οἱ ἱρέες τοῦ Θηβαιέος Διὸς δύο γυναῖκας ἱρείας ἐκ Θηβέων ἐξαχθῆναι ὑπὸ Φοινίκων, καὶ τὴν μὲν αὐτέων πυθέσθαι ἐς Λιβύην πρηθεῖσαν τὴν δὲ ἐς τοὺς Ἕλληνας· ταύτας δὲ τὰς γυναῖκας εἶναι τὰς ἱδρυσαμένας τὰ μαντήια πρώτας ἐν τοῖσι εἰρημένοισι ἔθνεσι. εἰρομένου δέ μευ ὁκόθεν οὕτω ἀτρεκέως ἐπιστάμενοι λέγουσι, ἔφασαν πρὸς ταῦτα ζήτησιν μεγάλην ἀπὸ σφέων γενέσθαι τῶν γυναικῶν τουτέων, καὶ ἀνευρεῖν μὲν σφέας οὐ δυνατοὶ γενέσθαι, πυθέσθαι δὲ ὕστερον ταῦτα περὶ αὐτέων τά περ δὴ ἔλεγον. ^2.55 ταῦτα μέν νυν τῶν ἐν Θήβῃσι ἱρέων ἤκουον, τάδε δὲ Δωδωναίων φασὶ αἱ προμάντιες· δύο πελειάδας μελαίνας ἐκ Θηβέων τῶν Αἰγυπτιέων ἀναπταμένας τὴν μὲν αὐτέων ἐς Λιβύην τὴν δὲ παρὰ σφέας ἀπικέσθαι, ἱζομένην δέ μιν ἐπὶ φηγὸν αὐδάξασθαι φωνῇ ἀνθρωπηίῃ ὡς χρεὸν εἴη μαντήιον αὐτόθι Διὸς γενέσθαι, καὶ αὐτοὺς ὑπολαβεῖν θεῖον εἶναι τὸ ἐπαγγελλόμενον αὐτοῖσι, καί σφεας ἐκ τούτου ποιῆσαι. τὴν δὲ ἐς τοὺς Λίβυας οἰχομένην πελειάδα λέγουσι Ἄμμωνος χρηστήριον κελεῦσαι τοὺς Λίβυας ποιέειν· ἔστι δὲ καὶ τοῦτο Διός. Δωδωναίων δὲ αἱ ἱρεῖαι, τῶν τῇ πρεσβυτάτῃ οὔνομα ἦν Προμένεια, τῇ δὲ μετὰ ταύτην Τιμαρέτη, τῇ δὲ νεωτάτῃ Νικάνδρη, ἔλεγον ταῦτα· συνωμολόγεον δέ σφι καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι Δωδωναῖοι οἱ περὶ τὸ ἱρόν. ^2.56 ἐγὼ δʼ ἔχω περὶ αὐτῶν γνώμην τήνδε· εἰ ἀληθέως οἱ Φοίνικες ἐξήγαγον τὰς ἱρὰς γυναῖκας καὶ τὴν μὲν αὐτέων ἐς Λιβύην τὴν δὲ ἐς τὴν Ἐλλάδα ἀπέδοντο, δοκέει ἐμοί ἡ γυνὴ αὕτη τῆς νῦν Ἑλλάδος, πρότερον δὲ Πελασγίης καλευμένης τῆς αὐτῆς ταύτης, πρηθῆναι ἐς Θεσπρωτούς, ἔπειτα δουλεύουσα αὐτόθι ἱδρύσασθαι ὑπὸ φηγῷ πεφυκυίῃ ἱρὸν Διός, ὥσπερ ἦν οἰκὸς ἀμφιπολεύουσαν ἐν Θήβῃσι ἱρὸν Διός, ἔνθα ἀπίκετο, ἐνθαῦτα μνήμην αὐτοῦ ἔχειν· ἐκ δὲ τούτου χρηστήριον κατηγήσατο, ἐπείτε συνέλαβε τὴν Ἑλλάδα γλῶσσαν· φάναι δέ οἱ ἀδελφεὴν ἐν Λιβύῃ πεπρῆσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν αὐτῶν Φοινίκων ὑπʼ ὧν καὶ αὐτὴ ἐπρήθη. ^2.57 πελειάδες δέ μοι δοκέουσι κληθῆναι πρὸς Δωδωναίων ἐπὶ τοῦδε αἱ γυναῖκες, διότι βάρβαροι ἦσαν, ἐδόκεον δέ σφι ὁμοίως ὄρνισι φθέγγεσθαι· μετὰ δὲ χρόνον τὴν πελειάδα ἀνθρωπηίῃ φωνῇ αὐδάξασθαι λέγουσι, ἐπείτε συνετά σφι ηὔδα ἡ γυνή· ἕως δὲ ἐβαρβάριζε, ὄρνιθος τρόπον ἐδόκεέ σφι φθέγγεσθαι, ἐπεὶ τέῳ ἂν τρόπῳ πελειάς γε ἀνθρωπηίῃ φωνῇ φθέγξαιτο; μέλαιναν δὲ λέγοντες εἶναι τὴν πελειάδα σημαίνουσι ὅτι Αἰγυπτίη ἡ γυνὴ ἦν. ἡ δὲ μαντηίη ἥ τε ἐν Θήβῃσι τῇσι Αἰγυπτίῃσι καὶ ἐν Δωδώνῃ παραπλήσιαι ἀλλήλῃσι τυγχάνουσι ἐοῦσαι. ἔστι δὲ καὶ τῶν ἱρῶν ἡ μαντικὴ ἀπʼ Αἰγύπτου ἀπιγμένη. ^2.112 τούτου δὲ ἐκδέξασθαι τὴν βασιληίην ἔλεγον ἄνδρα Μεμφίτην, τῷ κατὰ τὴν Ἑλλήνων γλῶσσαν οὔνομα Πρωτέα εἶναι· τοῦ νῦν τέμενος ἐστὶ ἐν Μέμφι κάρτα καλόν τε καὶ εὖ ἐσκευασμένον, τοῦ Ἡφαιστείου πρὸς νότον ἄνεμον κείμενον. περιοικέουσι δὲ τὸ τέμενος τοῦτο Φοίνικες Τύριοι, καλέεται δὲ ὁ χῶρος οὗτος ὁ συνάπας Τυρίων στρατόπεδον. ἔστι δὲ ἐν τῷ τεμένεϊ τοῦ Πρωτέος ἱρὸν τὸ καλέεται ξείνης Ἀφροδίτης· συμβάλλομαι δὲ τοῦτο τὸ ἱρὸν εἶναι Ἑλένης τῆς Τυνδάρεω, καὶ τὸν λόγον ἀκηκοὼς ὡς διαιτήθη Ἑλένη παρὰ Πρωτέι, καὶ δὴ καὶ ὅτι ξείνης Ἀφροδίτης ἐπώνυμον ἐστί· ὅσα γὰρ ἄλλα Ἀφροδίτης ἱρά ἐστι, οὐδαμῶς ξείνης ἐπικαλέεται. ^2.113 ἔλεγον δέ μοι οἱ ἱρέες ἱστορέοντι τὰ περὶ Ἑλένην γενέσθαι ὧδε. Ἀλέξανδρον ἁρπάσαντα Ἑλένην ἐκ Σπάρτης ἀποπλέειν ἐς τὴν ἑωυτοῦ· καί μιν, ὡς ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ Αἰγαίῳ, ἐξῶσται ἄνεμοι ἐκβάλλουσι ἐς τὸ Αἰγύπτιον πέλαγος, ἐνθεῦτεν δέ, οὐ γὰρ ἀνιεῖ τὰ πνεύματα, ἀπικνέεται ἐς Αἴγυπτον καὶ Αἰγύπτου ἐς τὸ νῦν Κανωβικὸν καλεύμενον στόμα τοῦ Νείλου καὶ ἐς Ταριχείας. ἦν δὲ ἐπὶ τῆς ἠιόνος τὸ καὶ νῦν ἐστι Ἡρακλέος ἱρόν, ἐς τὸ ἢν καταφυγὼν οἰκέτης ὅτευ ὦν ἀνθρώπων ἐπιβάληται στίγματα ἱρά, ἑωυτὸν διδοὺς τῷ θεῷ, οὐκ ἔξεστι τούτου ἅψασθαι. ὁ νόμος οὗτος διατελέει ἐὼν ὅμοιος μέχρι ἐμεῦ τῷ ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς· τοῦ ὦν δὴ Ἀλεξάνδρου ἀπιστέαται θεράποντες πυθόμενοι τὸν περὶ τὸ ἱρὸν ἔχοντα νόμον, ἱκέται δὲ ἱζόμενοι τοῦ θεοῦ κατηγόρεον τοῦ Ἀλεξάνδρου, βουλόμενοι βλάπτειν αὐτόν, πάντα λόγον ἐξηγεύμενοι ὡς εἶχε περὶ τὴν Ἑλένην τε καὶ τὴν ἐς Μενέλεων ἀδικίην· κατηγόρεον δὲ ταῦτα πρός τε τοὺς ἱρέας καὶ τὸν στόματος τούτου φύλακον, τῷ οὔνομα ἦν Θῶνις. ^2.114 ἀκούσας δὲ τούτων ὁ Θῶνις πέμπει τὴν ταχίστην ἐς Μέμφιν παρὰ Πρωτέα ἀγγελίην λέγουσαν τάδε. “ἥκει ξεῖνος γένος μὲν Τευκρός, ἔργον δὲ ἀνόσιον ἐν τῇ Ἑλλάδι ἐξεργασμένος· ξείνου γὰρ τοῦ ἑωυτοῦ ἐξαπατήσας τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτήν τε ταύτην ἄγων ἥκει καὶ πολλὰ κάρτα χρήματα, ὑπὸ ἀνέμων ἐς γῆν ταύτην ἀπενειχθείς. κότερα δῆτα τοῦτον ἐῶμεν ἀσινέα ἐκπλέειν ἢ ἀπελώμεθα τὰ ἔχων ἦλθε;” ἀντιπέμπει πρὸς ταῦτα ὁ Πρωτεὺς λέγοντα τάδε. “ἄνδρα τοῦτον, ὅστις κοτὲ ἐστὶ ἀνόσια ἐργασμένος ξεῖνον τὸν ἑωυτοῦ, συλλαβόντες ἀπάγετε παρʼ ἐμέ, ἵνα εἰδέω ὅ τι κοτὲ καὶ λέξει.” ^2.115 ἀκούσας δὲ ταῦτα ὁ Θῶνις συλλαμβάνει τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον καὶ τὰς νέας αὐτοῦ κατίσχει, μετὰ δὲ αὐτόν τε τοῦτον ἀνήγαγε ἐς Μέμφιν καὶ τὴν Ἑλένην τε καὶ τὰ χρήματα, πρὸς δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἱκέτας. ἀνακομισθέντων δὲ πάντων, εἰρώτα τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον ὁ Πρωτεὺς τίς εἴη καὶ ὁκόθεν πλέοι. ὁ δέ οἱ καὶ τὸ γένος κατέλεξε καὶ τῆς πάτρης εἶπε τὸ οὔνομα, καὶ δὴ καὶ τὸν πλόον ἀπηγήσατο ὁκόθεν πλέοι. μετὰ δὲ ὁ Πρωτεὺς εἰρώτα αὐτὸν ὁκόθεν τὴν Ἑλένην λάβοι· πλανωμένου δὲ τοῦ Ἀλεξάνδρου ἐν τῷ λόγῳ καὶ οὐ λέγοντος τὴν ἀληθείην, ἤλεγχον οἱ γενόμενοι ἱκέται, ἐξηγεύμενοι πάντα λόγον τοῦ ἀδικήματος. τέλος δὲ δή σφι λόγον τόνδε ἐκφαίνει ὁ Πρωτεύς, λέγων ὅτι “ἐγὼ εἰ μὴ περὶ πολλοῦ ἡγεύμην μηδένα ξείνων κτείνειν, ὅσοι ὑπʼ ἀνέμων ἤδη ἀπολαμφθέντες ἦλθον ἐς χώρην τὴν ἐμήν, ἐγὼ ἄν σε ὑπὲρ τοῦ Ἕλληνος ἐτισάμην, ὅς, ὦ κάκιστε ἀνδρῶν, ξεινίων τυχὼν ἔργον ἀνοσιώτατον ἐργάσαο· παρὰ τοῦ σεωυτοῦ ξείνου τὴν γυναῖκα ἦλθες. καὶ μάλα ταῦτά τοι οὐκ ἤρκεσε, ἀλλʼ ἀναπτερώσας αὐτὴν οἴχεαι ἔχων ἐκκλέψας. καὶ οὐδὲ ταῦτά τοι μοῦνα ἤρκεσε, ἀλλὰ καὶ οἰκία τοῦ ξείνου κεραΐσας ἥκεις. νῦν ὦν ἐπειδὴ περὶ πολλοῦ ἥγημαι μὴ ξεινοκτονέειν, γυναῖκα μὲν ταύτην καὶ τὰ χρήματα οὔ τοι προήσω ἀπάγεσθαι, ἀλλʼ αὐτὰ ἐγὼ τῷ Ἕλληνι ξείνῳ φυλάξω, ἐς ὃ ἂν αὐτὸς ἐλθὼν ἐκεῖνος ἀπαγαγέσθαι ἐθέλῃ· αὐτὸν δέ σε καὶ τοὺς σοὺς συμπλόους τριῶν ἡμερέων προαγορεύω ἐκ τῆς ἐμῆς γῆς ἐς ἄλλην τινὰ μετορμίζεσθαι, εἰ δὲ μή, ἅτε πολεμίους περιέψεσθαι.” ^2.116 Ἑλένης μὲν ταύτην ἄπιξιν παρὰ Πρωτέα ἔλεγον οἱ ἱρέες γενέσθαι· δοκέει δέ μοι καὶ Ὅμηρος τὸν λόγον τοῦτον πυθέσθαι· ἀλλʼ οὐ γὰρ ὁμοίως ἐς τὴν ἐποποιίην εὐπρεπὴς ἦν τῷ ἑτέρῳ τῷ περ ἐχρήσατο, ἑκὼν μετῆκε αὐτόν, δηλώσας ὡς καὶ τοῦτον ἐπίσταιτο τὸν λόγον· δῆλον δὲ κατὰ γὰρ 1 ἐποίησε ἐν Ἰλιάδι ʽκαὶ οὐδαμῇ ἄλλῃ ἀνεπόδισε ἑωυτόν’ πλάνην τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρου, ὡς ἀπηνείχθη ἄγων Ἑλένην τῇ τε δὴ ἄλλῃ πλαζόμενος καὶ ὡς ἐς Σιδῶνα τῆς Φοινίκης ἀπίκετο. ἐπιμέμνηται δὲ αὐτοῦ ἐν Διομήδεος ἀριστείῃ· λέγει δὲ τὰ ἔπεα ὧδε. ἔνθʼ ἔσαν οἱ πέπλοι παμποίκιλοι, ἔργα γυναικῶν Σιδονίων, τὰς αὐτὸς Ἀλέξανδρος θεοειδής ἤγαγε Σιδονίηθεν, ἐπιπλὼς εὐρέα πόντον, τὴν ὁδὸν ἣν Ἑλένην περ ἀνήγαγεν εὐπατέρειαν. homer, Iliad, 6.289-292 ἐπιμέμνηται δὲ καὶ ἐν Ὀδυσσείῃ ἐν τοῖσιδε τοῖσι ἔπεσι. τοῖα Διὸς θυγάτηρ ἔχε φάρμακα μητιόεντα, ἐσθλά, τά οἱ Πολύδαμνα πόρεν Θῶνος παράκοιτις Αἰγυπτίη, τῇ πλεῖστα φέρει ζείδωρος ἄρουρα φάρμακα, πολλὰ μὲν ἐσθλὰ μεμιγμένα, πολλὰ δὲ λυγρά. Homer, Odyssey, 4.227-230 καὶ τάδε ἕτερα πρὸς Τηλέμαχον Μενέλεως λέγει. Αἰγύπτῳ μʼ ἔτι δεῦρο θεοὶ μεμαῶτα νέεσθαι ἔσχον, ἐπεὶ οὔ σφιν ἔρεξα τεληέσσας ἑκατόμβας. Homer,Odyssey, 4.351-352 ἐν τούτοισι τοῖσι ἔπεσι δηλοῖ ὅτι ἠπίστατο τὴν ἐς Αἴγυπτον Ἀλεξάνδρου πλάνην· ὁμουρέει γὰρ ἡ Συρίη Αἰγύπτῶ, οἱ δὲ Φοίνικες, τῶν ἐστὶ ἡ Σιδών, ἐν τῇ Συρίῃ οἰκέουσι. ^2.117 κατὰ ταῦτα δὲ τὰ ἔπεα καὶ τόδε τὸ χωρίον οὐκ ἥκιστα ἀλλὰ μάλιστα δηλοῖ ὅτι οὐκ Ὁμήρου τὰ Κύπρια ἔπεα ἐστὶ ἀλλʼ ἄλλου τινός. ἐν μὲν γὰρ τοῖσι Κυπρίοισι εἴρηται ὡς τριταῖος ἐκ Σπάρτης Ἀλέξανδρος ἀπίκετο ἐς τὸ Ἴλιον ἄγων Ἑλένην, εὐαέι τε πνεύματι χρησάμενος καὶ θαλάσσῃ λείῃ· ἐν δὲ Ἰλιάδι λέγει ὡς ἐπλάζετο ἄγων αὐτήν. ^2.118 ὅμηρος μέν νυν καὶ τὰ Κύπρια ἔπεα χαιρέτω. εἰρομένου δέ μευ τοὺς ἱρέας εἰ μάταιον λόγον λέγουσι οἱ Ἕλληνες τὰ περὶ Ἴλιον γενέσθαι ἢ οὔ, ἔφασαν πρὸς ταῦτα τάδε, ἱστορίῃσι φάμενοι εἰδέναι παρʼ αὐτοῦ Μενέλεω. ἐλθεῖν μὲν γὰρ μετὰ τὴν Ἑλένης ἁρπαγὴν ἐς τὴν Τευκρίδα γῆν Ἑλλήνων στρατιὴν πολλὴν βοηθεῦσαν Μενέλεῳ, ἐκβᾶσαν δὲ ἐς γῆν καὶ ἱδρυθεῖσαν τὴν στρατιὴν πέμπειν ἐς τὸ Ἴλιον ἀγγέλους, σὺν δέ σφι ἰέναι καὶ αὐτὸν Μενέλεων· τοὺς δʼ ἐπείτε ἐσελθεῖν ἐς τὸ τεῖχος, ἀπαιτέειν Ἑλένην τε καὶ τὰ χρήματα τά οἱ οἴχετο κλέψας Ἀλέξανδρος, τῶν τε ἀδικημάτων δίκας αἰτέειν· τοὺς δὲ Τευκροὺς τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον λέγειν τότε καὶ μετέπειτα, καὶ ὀμνύντας καὶ ἀνωμοτί, μὴ μὲν ἔχειν Ἑλένην μηδὲ τὰ ἐπικαλεύμενα χρήματα, ἀλλʼ εἶναι αὐτὰ πάντα ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ, καὶ οὐκ ἂν δικαίως αὐτοὶ δίκας ὑπέχειν τῶν Πρωτεὺς ὁ Αἰγύπτιος βασιλεὺς ἔχει. οἱ δὲ Ἕλληνες καταγελᾶσθαι δοκέοντες ὑπʼ αὐτῶν οὕτω δὴ ἐπολιόρκεον, ἐς ὃ ἐξεῖλον· ἑλοῦσι δὲ τὸ τεῖχος ὡς οὐκ ἐφαίνετο ἡ Ἑλένη, ἀλλὰ τὸν αὐτὸν λόγου τῷ προτέρῳ ἐπυνθάνοντο, οὕτω δὴ πιστεύσαντες τῷ λόγῳ τῷ πρώτῳ οἱ Ἕλληνες αὐτὸν Μενέλεων ἀποστέλλουσι παρὰ Πρωτέα. ^2.119 ἀπικόμενος δὲ ὁ Μενέλεως ἐς τὴν Αἴγυπτον καὶ ἀναπλώσας ἐς τὴν Μέμφιν, εἴπας τὴν ἀληθείην τῶν πρηγμάτων, καὶ ξεινίων ἤντησε μεγάλων καὶ Ἑλένην ἀπαθέα κακῶν ἀπέλαβε, πρὸς δὲ καὶ τὰ ἑωυτοῦ χρήματα πάντα. τυχὼν μέντοι τούτων ἐγένετο Μενέλεως ἀνὴρ ἄδικος ἐς Αἰγυπτίους. ἀποπλέειν γὰρ ὁρμημένον αὐτὸν ἶσχον ἄπλοιαι· ἐπειδὴ δὲ τοῦτο ἐπὶ πολλὸν τοιοῦτον ἦν, ἐπιτεχνᾶται πρῆγμα οὐκ ὅσιον· λαβὼν γὰρ δύο παιδία ἀνδρῶν ἐπιχωρίων ἔντομα σφέα ἐποίησε. μετὰ δὲ ὡς ἐπάιστος ἐγένετο τοῦτο ἐργασμένος, μισηθείς τε καὶ διωκόμενος οἴχετο φεύγων τῇσι νηυσὶ ἐπὶ Λιβύης· τὸ ἐνθεῦτεν δὲ ὅκου ἔτι ἐτράπετο οὐκ εἶχον εἰπεῖν Αἰγύπτιοι. τούτων δὲ τὰ μὲν ἱστορίῃσι ἔφασαν ἐπίστασθαι, τὰ δὲ παρʼ ἑωυτοῖσι γενόμενα ἀτρεκέως ἐπιστάμενοι λέγειν. ^2.120 ταῦτα μὲν Αἰγυπτίων οἱ ἱρέες ἔλεγον· ἐγὼ δὲ τῷ λόγῳ τῷ περὶ Ἑλένης λεχθέντι καὶ αὐτὸς προστίθεμαι, τάδε ἐπιλεγόμενος, εἰ ἦν Ἑλένη ἐν Ἰλίῳ, ἀποδοθῆναι ἂν αὐτὴν τοῖσι Ἕλλησι ἤτοι ἑκόντος γε ἢ ἀέκοντος Ἀλεξάνδρου. οὐ γὰρ δὴ οὕτω γε φρενοβλαβὴς ἦν ὁ Πρίαμος οὐδὲ οἱ ἄλλοι οἱ προσήκοντες αὐτῷ, ὥστε τοῖσι σφετέροισι σώμασι καὶ τοῖσι τέκνοισι καὶ τῇ πόλι κινδυνεύειν ἐβούλοντο, ὅκως Ἀλέξανδρος Ἑλένῃ συνοικέῃ. εἰ δέ τοι καὶ ἐν τοῖσι πρώτοισι χρόνοισι ταῦτα ἐγίνωσκον, ἐπεὶ πολλοὶ μὲν τῶν ἄλλων Τρώων, ὁκότε συμμίσγοιεν τοῖσι Ἕλλησι, ἀπώλλυντο, αὐτοῦ δὲ Πριάμου οὐκ ἔστι ὅτε οὐ δύο ἢ τρεῖς ἢ καὶ ἔτι πλέους τῶν παίδων μάχης γινομένης ἀπέθνησκον, εἰ χρή τι τοῖσι ἐποποιοῖσι χρεώμενον λέγειν, τούτων δὲ τοιούτων συμβαινόντων ἐγὼ μὲν ἔλπομαι, εἰ καὶ αὐτὸς Πρίαμος συνοίκεε Ἑλένῃ, ἀποδοῦναι ἂν αὐτὴν τοῖσι Ἀχαιοῖσι, μέλλοντά γε δὴ τῶν παρεόντων κακῶν ἀπαλλαγήσεσθαι. οὐ μὲν οὐδὲ ἡ βασιληίη ἐς Ἀλέξανδρον περιήιε, ὥστε γέροντος Πριάμου ἐόντος ἐπʼ ἐκείνῳ τὰ πρήγματα εἶναι, ἀλλὰ Ἕκτωρ καὶ πρεσβύτερος καὶ ἀνὴρ ἐκείνου μᾶλλον ἐὼν ἔμελλε αὐτὴν Πριάμου ἀποθανόντος παραλάμψεσθαι, τὸν οὐ προσῆκε ἀδικέοντι τῷ ἀδελφεῷ ἐπιτρέπειν, καὶ ταῦτα μεγάλων κακῶν διʼ αὐτὸν συμβαινόντων ἰδίῃ τε αὐτῷ καὶ τοῖσι ἄλλοισι πᾶσι Τρωσί. ἀλλʼ οὐ γὰρ εἶχον Ἑλένην ἀποδοῦναι, οὐδὲ λέγουσι αὐτοῖσι τὴν ἀληθείην ἐπίστευον οἱ Ἕλληνες, ὡς μὲν ἐγὼ γνώμην ἀποφαίνομαι, τοῦ δαιμονίου παρασκευάζοντος, ὅκως πανωλεθρίῃ ἀπολόμενοι καταφανὲς τοῦτο τοῖσι ἀνθρώποισι ποιήσωσι, ὡς τῶν μεγάλων ἀδικημάτων μεγάλαι εἰσὶ καὶ αἱ τιμωρίαι παρὰ τῶν θεῶν. καὶ ταῦτα μὲν τῇ ἐμοὶ δοκέει εἴρηται. ^2.142 ἐς μὲν τοσόνδε τοῦ λόγου Αἰγύπτιοί τε καὶ οἱ ἱρέες ἔλεγον, ἀποδεικνύντες ἀπὸ τοῦ πρώτου βασιλέος ἐς τοῦ Ἡφαίστου τὸν ἱρέα τοῦτον τὸν τελευταῖον βασιλεύσαντα μίαν τε καὶ τεσσεράκοντα καὶ τριηκοσίας γενεὰς ἀνθρώπων γενομένας, καὶ ἐν ταύτῃσι ἀρχιερέας καὶ βασιλέας ἑκατέρους τοσούτους γενομένους. καίτοι τριηκόσιαι μὲν ἀνδρῶν γενεαὶ δυνέαται μύρια ἔτεα· γενεαὶ γὰρ τρεῖς ἀνδρῶν ἑκατὸν ἔτεα ἐστί· μιῆς δὲ καὶ τεσσεράκοντα ἔτι τῶν ἐπιλοίπων γενεέων, αἳ ἐπῆσαν τῇσι τριηκοσίῃσι, ἐστὶ τεσσεράκοντα καὶ τριηκόσια καὶ χίλια ἔτεα. οὕτω ἐν μυρίοισί τε ἔτεσι καὶ χιλίοισι καὶ τριηκοσίοισί τε καὶ τεσσεράκοντα ἔλεγον θεὸν ἀνθρωποειδέα οὐδένα γενέσθαι· οὐ μέντοι οὐδὲ πρότερον οὐδὲ ὕστερον ἐν τοῖσι ὑπολοίποισι Αἰγύπτου βασιλεῦσι γενομένοισι ἔλεγον οὐδὲν τοιοῦτο. ἐν τοίνυν τούτῳ τῷ χρόνῳ τετράκις ἔλεγον ἐξ ἠθέων τὸν ἥλιον ἀνατεῖλαι· ἔνθα τε νῦν καταδύεται, ἐνθεῦτεν δὶς ἐπαντεῖλαι, καὶ ἔνθεν νῦν ἀνατέλλει, ἐνθαῦτα δὶς καταδῦναι. καὶ οὐδὲν τῶν κατʼ Αἴγυπτον ὑπὸ ταῦτα ἑτεροιωθῆναι, οὔτε τὰ ἐκ τῆς γῆς οὔτε τὰ ἐκ τοῦ ποταμοῦ σφι γινόμενα, οὔτε τὰ ἀμφὶ νούσους οὔτε τὰ κατὰ τοὺς θανάτους. ^2.143 πρότερον δὲ Ἑκαταίῳ τῷ λογοποιῷ ἐν Θήβῃσι γενεηλογήσαντί τε ἑωυτὸν καὶ ἀναδήσαντι τὴν πατριὴν ἐς ἑκκαιδέκατον θεὸν ἐποίησαν οἱ ἱρέες τοῦ Διὸς οἷόν τι καὶ ἐμοὶ οὐ γενεηλογήσαντι ἐμεωυτόν· ἐσαγαγόντες ἐς τὸ μέγαρον ἔσω ἐὸν μέγα ἐξηρίθμεον δεικνύντες κολοσσοὺς ξυλίνους τοσούτους ὅσους περ εἶπον· ἀρχιερεὺς γὰρ ἕκαστος αὐτόθι ἱστᾷ ἐπὶ τῆς ἑωυτοῦ ζόης εἰκόνα ἑωυτοῦ· ἀριθμέοντες ὦν καὶ δεικνύντες οἱ ἱρέες ἐμοὶ ἀπεδείκνυσαν παῖδα πατρὸς ἑωυτῶν ἕκαστον ἐόντα, ἐκ τοῦ ἄγχιστα ἀποθανόντος τῆς εἰκόνος διεξιόντες διὰ πασέων, ἕως οὗ ἀπέδεξαν ἁπάσας αὐτάς. Ἑκαταίῳ δὲ γενεηλογήσαντι ἑωυτὸν καὶ ἀναδήσαντι ἐς ἑκκαιδέκατον θεὸν ἀντεγενεηλόγησαν ἐπὶ τῇ ἀριθμήσι, οὐ δεκόμενοι παρʼ αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ θεοῦ γενέσθαι ἄνθρωπον· ἀντεγενεηλόγησαν δὲ ὧδε, φάμενοι ἕκαστον τῶν κολοσσῶν πίρωμιν ἐκ πιρώμιος γεγονέναι, ἐς ὃ τοὺς πέντε καὶ τεσσεράκοντα καὶ τριηκοσίους ἀπέδεξαν κολοσσούς πίρωμιν ἐπονομαζόμενον 1,καὶ οὔτε ἐς θεὸν οὔτε ἐς ἥρωα ἀνέδησαν αὐτούς. πίρωμις δὲ ἐστὶ κατὰ Ἑλλάδα γλῶσσαν καλὸς κἀγαθός. ^3.124 ὁ δὲ πολλὰ μὲν τῶν μαντίων ἀπαγορευόντων πολλὰ δὲ τῶν φίλων ἐστέλλετο αὐτόσε, πρὸς δὲ καὶ ἰδούσης τῆς θυγατρὸς ὄψιν ἐνυπνίου τοιήνδε· ἐδόκεε οἷ τὸν πατέρα ἐν τῷ ἠέρι μετέωρον ἐόντα λοῦσθαι μὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ Διός, χρίεσθαι δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου. ταύτην ἰδοῦσα τὴν ὄψιν παντοίη ἐγίνετο μὴ ἀποδημῆσαι τὸν Πολυκράτεα παρὰ τὸν Ὀροίτεα, καὶ δὴ καὶ ἰόντος αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὴν πεντηκόντερον ἐπεφημίζετο. ὁ δέ οἱ ἠπείλησε, ἢν σῶς ἀπονοστήσῃ, πολλόν μιν χρόνον παρθενεύεσθαι. ἣ δὲ ἠρήσατο ἐπιτελέα ταῦτα γενέσθαι· βούλεσθαι γὰρ παρθενεύεσθαι πλέω χρόνον ἢ τοῦ πατρὸς ἐστερῆσθαι. ^3.125 Πολυκράτης δὲ πάσης συμβουλίης ἀλογήσας ἔπλεε παρὰ τὸν Ὀροίτεα, ἅμα ἀγόμενος ἄλλους τε πολλοὺς τῶν ἑταίρων, ἐν δὲ δὴ καὶ Δημοκήδεα τὸν Καλλιφῶντος Κροτωνιήτην ἄνδρα, ἰητρόν τε ἐόντα καὶ τὴν τέχνην ἀσκέοντα ἄριστα τῶν κατʼ ἑωυτόν. ἀπικόμενος δὲ ἐς τὴν Μαγνησίην ὁ Πολυκράτης διεφθάρη κακῶς, οὔτε ἑωυτοῦ ἀξίως οὔτε τῶν ἑωυτοῦ φρονημάτων· ὅτι γὰρ μὴ οἱ Συρηκοσίων γενόμενοι τύραννοι οὐδὲ εἷς τῶν ἄλλων Ἑλληνικῶν τυράννων ἄξιος ἐστὶ Πολυκράτεϊ μεγαλοπρεπείην συμβληθῆναι. ἀποκτείνας δέ μιν οὐκ ἀξίως ἀπηγήσιος Ὀροίτης ἀνεσταύρωσε· τῶν δέ οἱ ἑπομένων ὅσοι μὲν ἦσαν Σάμιοι, ἀπῆκε, κελεύων σφέας ἑωυτῷ χάριν εἰδέναι ἐόντας ἐλευθέρους, ὅσοι δὲ ἦσαν ξεῖνοί τε καὶ δοῦλοι τῶν ἑπομένων, ἐν ἀνδραπόδων λόγῳ ποιεύμενος εἶχε. Πολυκράτης δὲ ἀνακρεμάμενος ἐπετέλεε πᾶσαν τὴν ὄψιν τῆς θυγατρός· ἐλοῦτο μὲν γὰρ ὑπὸ τοῦ Διὸς ὅκως ὕοι, ἐχρίετο δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου, ἀνιεὶς αὐτὸς ἐκ τοῦ σώματος ἰκμάδα. ^4.33 πολλῷ δέ τι πλεῖστα περὶ αὐτῶν Δήλιοι λέγουσι, φάμενοι ἱρὰ ἐνδεδεμένα ἐν καλάμῃ πυρῶν ἐξ Ὑπερβορέων φερόμενα ἀπικνέεσθαι ἐς Σκύθας, ἀπὸ δὲ Σκυθέων ἤδη δεκομένους αἰεὶ τοὺς πλησιοχώρους ἑκάστους κομίζειν αὐτὰ τὸ πρὸς ἑσπέρης ἑκαστάτω ἐπὶ τὸν Ἀδρίην, ἐνθεῦτεν δὲ πρὸς μεσαμβρίην προπεμπόμενα πρώτους Δωδωναίους Ἑλλήνων δέκεσθαι, ἀπὸ δὲ τούτων καταβαίνειν ἐπὶ τὸν Μηλιέα κόλπον καὶ διαπορεύεσθαι ἐς Εὔβοιαν, πόλιν τε ἐς πόλιν πέμπειν μέχρι Καρύστου, τὸ δʼ ἀπὸ ταύτης ἐκλιπεῖν Ἄνδρον· Καρυστίους γὰρ εἶναι τοὺς κομίζοντας ἐς Τῆνον, Τηνίους δὲ ἐς Δῆλον. ἀπικνέεσθαι μέν νυν οὕτω ταῦτα τὰ ἱρὰ λέγουσι ἐς Δῆλον· πρῶτον δὲ τοὺς Ὑπερβορέους πέμψαι φερούσας τὰ ἱρὰ δὺο κόρας, τὰς ὀνομάζουσι Δήλιοι εἶναι Ὑπερόχην τε καὶ Λαοδίκην· ἅμα δὲ αὐτῇσι ἀσφαλείης εἵνεκεν πέμψαι τοὺς Ὑπερβορέους τῶν ἀστῶν ἄνδρας πέντε πομπούς, τούτους οἳ νῦν Περφερέες καλέονται τιμὰς μεγάλας ἐν Δήλῳ ἔχοντες. ἐπεὶ δὲ τοῖσι Ὑπερβορέοισι τοὺς ἀποπεμφθέντας ὀπίσω οὐκ ἀπονοστέειν, δεινὰ ποιευμένους εἰ σφέας αἰεὶ καταλάμψεται ἀποστέλλοντας μὴ ἀποδέκεσθαι, οὕτω δὴ φέροντας ἐς τοὺς οὔρους τὰ ἱρὰ ἐνδεδεμένα ἐν πυρῶν καλάμῃ τοὺς πλησιοχώρους ἐπισκήπτειν κελεύοντας προπέμπειν σφέα ἀπὸ ἑωυτῶν ἐς ἄλλο ἔθνος. καὶ ταῦτα μὲν οὕτω προπεμπόμενα ἀπικνέεσθαι λέγουσι ἐς Δῆλον. οἶδα δὲ αὐτὸς τούτοισι τοῖσι ἱροῖσι τόδε ποιεύμενον προσφερές, τὰς Θρηικίας καὶ τὰς Παιονίδας γυναῖκας, ἐπεὰν θύωσι τῇ Ἀρτέμιδι τῇ βασιλείῃ, οὐκ ἄνευ πυρῶν καλάμης ἐχούσας τὰ ἱρά. ^4.34 καὶ ταῦτα μὲν δὴ ταύτας οἶδα ποιεύσας· τῇσι δὲ παρθένοισι ταύτῃσι τῇσι ἐξ Ὑπερβορέων τελευτησάσῃσι ἐν Δήλῳ κείρονται καὶ αἱ κόραι καὶ οἱ παῖδες οἱ Δηλίων· αἱ μὲν πρὸ γάμου πλόκαμον ἀποταμνόμεναι καὶ περὶ ἄτρακτον εἱλίξασαι ἐπὶ τὸ σῆμα τιθεῖσι ʽτὸ δὲ σῆμα ἐστὶ ἔσω ἐς τὸ Ἀρτεμίσιον ἐσιόντι ἀριστερῆς χειρός, ἐπιπέφυκε δέ οἱ ἐλαίἠ, ὅσοι δὲ παῖδες τῶν Δηλίων, περὶ χλόην τινὰ εἱλίξαντες τῶν τριχῶν τιθεῖσι καὶ οὗτοι ἐπὶ τὸ σῆμα. ^4.35 αὗται μὲν δὴ ταύτην τιμὴν ἔχουσι πρὸς τῶν Δήλου οἰκητόρων. φασὶ δὲ οἱ αὐτοὶ οὗτοι καὶ τὴν Ἄργην τε καὶ τὴν Ὦπιν ἐούσας παρθένους ἐξ Ὑπερβορέων κατὰ τοὺς αὐτοὺς τούτους ἀνθρώπους πορευομένας ἀπικέσθαι ἐς Δῆλον ἔτι πρότερον Ὑπερόχης τε καὶ Λαοδίκης. ταύτας μέν νυν τῇ Εἰλειθυίῃ ἀποφερούσας ἀντὶ τοῦ ὠκυτόκου τὸν ἐτάξαντο φόρον ἀπικέσθαι, τὴν δὲ Ἄργην τε καὶ τὴν Ὦπιν ἅμα αὐτοῖσι θεοῖσι ἀπικέσθαι λέγουσι καὶ σφι τιμὰς ἄλλας δεδόσθαι πρὸς σφέων· καὶ γὰρ ἀγείρειν σφι τὰς γυναῖκας ἐπονομαζούσας τὰ οὐνόματα ἐν τῷ ὕμνῳ τόν σφι Ὠλὴν ἀνὴρ Λύκιος ἐποίησε, παρὰ δὲ σφέων μαθόντας νησιώτας τε καὶ Ἴωνας ὑμνέειν Ὦπίν τε καὶ Ἄργην ὀνομάζοντάς τε καὶ ἀγείροντας ʽοὗτος δὲ ὁ Ὠλὴν καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους τοὺς παλαιοὺς ὕμνους ἐποίησε ἐκ Λυκίης ἐλθὼν τοὺς ἀειδομένους ἐν Δήλᾠ, καὶ τῶν μηρίων καταγιζομένων ἐπὶ τῷ βωμῷ τὴν σποδὸν ταύτην ἐπὶ τὴν θήκην τῆς Ὤπιός τε καὶ Ἄργης ἀναισιμοῦσθαι ἐπιβαλλομένην. ἡ δὲ θήκη αὐτέων ἐστὶ ὄπισθε τοῦ Ἀρτεμισίου, πρὸς ἠῶ τετραμμένη, ἀγχοτάτω τοῦ Κηίων ἱστιητορίου. ^4.42 θωμάζω ὦν τῶν διουρισάντων καὶ διελόντων Λιβύην τε καὶ Ἀσίην καὶ Εὐρώπην· οὐ γὰρ σμικρὰ τὰ διαφέροντα αὐτέων ἐστί· μήκεϊ μὲν γὰρ παρʼ ἀμφοτέρας παρήκει ἡ Εὐρώπη, εὔρεος δὲ πέρι οὐδὲ συμβάλλειν ἀξίη φαίνεταί μοι εἶναι. Λιβύη μὲν γὰρ δηλοῖ ἑωυτὴν 1 ἐοῦσα περίρρυτος, πλὴν ὅσον αὐτῆς πρὸς τὴν Ἀσίην οὐρίζει, Νεκῶ τοῦ Αἰγυπτίων βασιλέος πρώτου τῶν ἡμεῖς ἴδμεν καταδέξαντος· ὃς ἐπείτε τὴν διώρυχα ἐπαύσατο ὀρύσσων τὴν ἐκ τοῦ Νείλου διέχουσαν ἐς τὸν Ἀράβιον κόλπον, ἀπέπεμψε Φοίνικας ἄνδρας πλοίοισι, ἐντειλάμενος ἐς τὸ ὀπίσω διʼ Ἡρακλέων στηλέων ἐκπλέειν ἕως ἐς τὴν βορηίην θάλασσαν καὶ οὕτω ἐς Αἴγυπτον ἀπικνέεσθαι. ὁρμηθέντες ὦν οἱ Φοίνικες ἐκ τῆς Ἐρυθρῆς θαλάσσης ἔπλεον τὴν νοτίην θάλασσαν· ὅκως δὲ γίνοιτο φθινόπωρον προσσχόντες ἂν σπείρεσκον τὴν γῆν, ἵνα ἑκάστοτε τῆς Λιβύης πλέοντες γινοίατο, καὶ μένεσκον τὸν ἄμητον· θερίσαντες δʼ ἂν τὸν σῖτον ἔπλεον, ὥστε δύο ἐτέων διεξελθόντων τρίτῳ ἔτεϊ κάμψαντες Ἡρακλέας στήλας ἀπίκοντο ἐς Αἴγυπτον. καὶ ἔλεγον ἐμοὶ μὲν οὐ πιστά, ἄλλῳ δὲ δή τεῳ, ὡς περιπλώοντες τὴν Λιβύην τὸν ἥλιον ἔσχον ἐς τὰ δεξιά. ^4.44 τῆς δὲ Ἀσίης τὰ πολλὰ ὑπὸ Δαρείου ἐξευρέθη, ὃς βουλόμενος Ἰνδὸν ποταμόν, ὃς κροκοδείλους δεύτερος οὗτος ποταμῶν πάντων παρέχεται, τοῦτον τὸν ποταμὸν εἰδέναι τῇ ἐς θάλασσαν ἐκδιδοῖ, πέμπει πλοίοισι ἄλλους τε τοῖσι ἐπίστευε τὴν ἀληθείην ἐρέειν καὶ δὴ καὶ Σκύλακα ἄνδρα Καρυανδέα. οἳ δὲ ὁρμηθέντες ἐκ Κασπατύρου τε πόλιος καὶ τῆς Πακτυικῆς γῆς ἔπλεον κατὰ ποταμὸν πρὸς ἠῶ τε καὶ ἡλίου ἀνατολὰς ἐς θάλασσαν, διὰ θαλάσσης δὲ πρὸς ἑσπέρην πλέοντες τριηκοστῷ μηνὶ ἀπικνέονται ἐς τοῦτον τὸν χῶρον ὅθεν ὁ Αἰγυπτίων βασιλεὺς τοὺς Φοίνικας τοὺς πρότερον εἶπα ἀπέστειλε περιπλώειν Λιβύην. μετὰ δὲ τούτους περιπλώσαντας Ἰνδούς τε κατεστρέψατο Δαρεῖος καὶ τῇ θαλάσσῃ ταύτῃ ἐχρᾶτο. οὕτω καὶ τῆς Ἀσίης, πλὴν τὰ πρὸς ἥλιον ἀνίσχοντα, τὰ ἄλλα ἀνεύρηται ὃμοια παρεχομένη τῇ Λιβύῃ. ^4.205 οὐ μὲν οὐδὲ ἡ Φερετίμη εὖ τὴν ζόην κατέπλεξε. ὡς γὰρ δὴ τάχιστα ἐκ τῆς Λιβύης τισαμένη τοὺς Βαρκαίους ἀπενόστησε ἐς τὴν Αἴγυπτον, ἀπέθανε κακῶς· ζῶσα γὰρ εὐλέων ἐξέζεσε, ὡς ἄρα ἀνθρώποισι αἱ λίην ἰσχυραὶ τιμωρίαι πρὸς θεῶν ἐπίφθονοι γίνονται·ἐκ μὲν δὴ Φερετίμης τῆς Βάττου τοιαύτη τε καὶ τοσαύτη τιμωρίη ἐγένετο ἐς Βαρκαίους. ^5.22 ὁ μέν νυν τῶν Περσέων τούτων θάνατος οὕτω καταλαμφθεὶς ἐσιγήθη. Ἕλληνας δὲ εἶναι τούτους τοὺς ἀπὸ Περδίκκεω γεγονότας, κατά περ αὐτοὶ λέγουσι, αὐτός τε οὕτω τυγχάνω ἐπιστάμενος καὶ δὴ καὶ ἐν τοῖσι ὄπισθε λόγοισι ἀποδέξω ὡς εἰσὶ Ἕλληνες, πρὸς δὲ καὶ οἱ τὸν ἐν Ὀλυμπίῃ διέποντες ἀγῶνα Ἑλληνοδίκαι οὕτω ἔγνωσαν εἶναι. Ἀλεξάνδρου γὰρ ἀεθλεύειν ἑλομένου καὶ καταβάντος ἐπʼ αὐτὸ τοῦτο, οἱ ἀντιθευσόμενοι Ἑλλήνων ἐξεῖργόν μιν, φάμενοι οὐ βαρβάρων ἀγωνιστέων εἶναι τὸν ἀγῶνα ἀλλὰ Ἑλλήνων· Ἀλέξανδρος δὲ ἐπειδὴ ἀπέδεξε ὡς εἴη Ἀργεῖος, ἐκρίθη τε εἶναι Ἕλλην καὶ ἀγωνιζόμενος στάδιον συνεξέπιπτε τῷ πρώτῳ. ^5.67 ταῦτα δέ, δοκέειν ἐμοί, ἐμιμέετο ὁ Κλεισθένης οὗτος τὸν ἑωυτοῦ μητροπάτορα Κλεισθένεα τὸν Σικυῶνος τύραννον. Κλεισθένης γὰρ Ἀργείοισι πολεμήσας τοῦτο μὲν ῥαψῳδοὺς ἔπαυσε ἐν Σικυῶνι ἀγωνίζεσθαι τῶν Ὁμηρείων ἐπέων εἵνεκα, ὅτι Ἀργεῖοί τε καὶ Ἄργος τὰ πολλὰ πάντα ὑμνέαται· τοῦτο δέ, ἡρώιον γὰρ ἦν καὶ ἔστι ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ ἀγορῇ τῶν Σικυωνίων Ἀδρήστου τοῦ Ταλαοῦ, τοῦτον ἐπεθύμησε ὁ Κλεισθένης ἐόντα Ἀργεῖον ἐκβαλεῖν ἐκ τῆς χώρης. ἐλθὼν δὲ ἐς Δελφοὺς ἐχρηστηριάζετο εἰ ἐκβάλοι τὸν Ἄδρηστον· ἡ δὲ Πυθίη οἱ χρᾷ φᾶσα Ἄδρηστον μὲν εἶναι Σικυωνίων βασιλέα, κεῖνον δὲ λευστῆρα. ἐπεὶ δὲ ὁ θεὸς τοῦτό γε οὐ παρεδίδου, ἀπελθὼν ὀπίσω ἐφρόντιζε μηχανὴν τῇ αὐτὸς ὁ Ἄδρηστος ἀπαλλάξεται. ὡς δέ οἱ ἐξευρῆσθαι ἐδόκεε, πέμψας ἐς Θήβας τὰς Βοιωτίας ἔφη θέλειν ἐπαγαγέσθαι Μελάνιππον τὸν Ἀστακοῦ· οἱ δὲ Θηβαῖοι ἔδοσαν. ἐπαγαγόμενος δὲ ὁ Κλεισθένης τὸν Μελάνιππον τέμενός οἱ ἀπέδεξε ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ πρυτανηίῳ καί μιν ἵδρυσε ἐνθαῦτα ἐν τῷ ἰσχυροτάτῳ. ἐπηγάγετο δὲ τὸν Μελάνιππον ὁ Κλεισθένης ʽ καὶ γὰρ τοῦτο δεῖ ἀπηγήσασθαἰ ὡς ἔχθιστον ἐόντα Ἀδρήστῳ, ὃς τόν τε ἀδελφεόν οἱ Μηκιστέα ἀπεκτόνεε καὶ τὸν γαμβρὸν Τυδέα. ἐπείτε δέ οἱ τὸ τέμενος ἀπέδεξε, θυσίας τε καὶ ὁρτὰς Ἀδρήστου ἀπελόμενος ἔδωκε τῷ Μελανίππῳ. οἱ δὲ Σικυώνιοι ἐώθεσαν μεγαλωστὶ κάρτα τιμᾶν τὸν Ἄδρηστον· ἡ γὰρ χώρη ἦν αὕτη Πολύβου, ὁ δὲ Ἄδρηστος ἦν Πολύβου θυγατριδέος, ἄπαις δὲ Πόλυβος τελευτῶν διδοῖ Ἀδρήστῳ τὴν ἀρχήν. τά τε δὴ ἄλλα οἱ Σικυώνιοι ἐτίμων τὸν Ἄδρηστον καὶ δὴ πρὸς τὰ πάθεα αὐτοῦ τραγικοῖσι χοροῖσι ἐγέραιρον, τὸν μὲν Διόνυσον οὐ τιμῶντες, τὸν δὲ Ἄδρηστον. Κλεισθένης δὲ χοροὺς μὲν τῷ Διονύσῳ ἀπέδωκε, τὴν δὲ ἄλλην θυσίην Μελανίππῳ. ^5.94 οὕτω μὲν τοῦτο ἐπαύσθη. Ἱππίῃ δὲ ἐνθεῦτεν ἀπελαυνομένῳ ἐδίδου μὲν Ἀμύντης ὁ Μακεδόνων βασιλεὺς Ἀνθεμοῦντα, ἐδίδοσαν δὲ Θεσσαλοὶ Ἰωλκόν. ὁ δὲ τούτων μὲν οὐδέτερα αἱρέετο, ἀνεχώρεε δὲ ὀπίσω ἐς Σίγειον, τὸ εἷλε Πεισίστρατος αἰχμῇ παρὰ Μυτιληναίων, κρατήσας δὲ αὐτοῦ κατέστησε τύραννον εἶναι παῖδα τὸν ἑωυτοῦ νόθον Ἡγησίστρατον, γεγονότα ἐξ Ἀργείης γυναικός, ὃς οὐκ ἀμαχητὶ εἶχε τὰ παρέλαβε παρὰ Πεισιστράτου. ἐπολέμεον γὰρ ἔκ τε Ἀχιλληίου πόλιος ὁρμώμενοι καὶ Σιγείου ἐπὶ χρόνον συχνὸν Μυτιληναῖοί τε καὶ Ἀθηναῖοι, οἳ μὲν ἀπαιτέοντες τὴν χώρην, Ἀθηναῖοι δὲ οὔτε συγγινωσκόμενοι ἀποδεικνύντες τε λόγῳ οὐδὲν μᾶλλον Αἰολεῦσι μετεὸν τῆς Ἰλιάδος χώρης ἢ οὐ καὶ σφίσι καὶ τοῖσι ἄλλοισι, ὅσοι Ἑλλήνων συνεπρήξαντο Μενέλεῳ τὰς Ἑλένης ἁρπαγάς. ^6.53 ταῦτα μὲν Λακεδαιμόνιοι λέγουσι μοῦνοι Ἑλλήνων· τάδε δὲ κατὰ τὰ λεγόμενα ὑπʼ Ἑλλήνων ἐγὼ γράφω, τούτους τοὺς Δωριέων βασιλέας μέχρι μὲν δὴ Περσέος τοῦ Δανάης, τοῦ θεοῦ ἀπεόντος, καταλεγομένους ὀρθῶς ὑπʼ Ἑλλήνων καὶ ἀποδεικνυμένους ὡς εἰσὶ Ἕλληνες· ἤδη γὰρ τηνικαῦτα ἐς Ἕλληνας οὗτοι ἐτέλεον. ἔλεξα δὲ μέχρι Περσέος τοῦδε εἵνεκα, ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἀνέκαθεν ἔτι ἔλαβον, ὅτι οὐκ ἔπεστι ἐπωνυμίη Περσέι οὐδεμία πατρὸς θνητοῦ, ὥσπερ Ἡρακλέι Ἀμφιτρύων. ἤδη ὦν ὀρθῷ χρεωμένῳ μέχρι Περσέος ὀρθῶς εἴρηταί μοι· ἀπὸ δὲ Δανάης τῆς Ἀκρισίου καταλέγοντι τοὺς ἄνω αἰεὶ πατέρας αὐτῶν φαινοίατο ἂν ἐόντες οἱ τῶν Δωριέων ἡγεμόνες Αἰγύπτιοι ἰθαγενέες. ^6.54 ταῦτα μέν νυν κατὰ τὰ Ἕλληνες λέγουσι γεγενεηλόγηται· ὡς δὲ ὁ παρὰ Περσέων λόγος λέγεται, αὐτὸς ὁ Περσεὺς ἐὼν Ἀσσύριος ἐγένετο Ἕλλην, ἀλλʼ οὐκ οἱ Περσέος πρόγονοι· τοὺς δὲ Ἀκρισίου γε πατέρας ὁμολογέοντας κατʼ οἰκηιότητα Περσέι οὐδέν, τούτους δὲ εἶναι, κατά περ Ἕλληνες λέγουσι, Αἰγυπτίους. ^6.55 καὶ ταῦτα μέν νυν περὶ τούτων εἰρήσθω. ὅ τι δὲ ἐόντες Αἰγύπτιοι καὶ ὅ τι ἀποδεξάμενοι ἔλαβον τὰς Δωριέων βασιληίας, ἄλλοισι γὰρ περὶ αὐτῶν εἴρηται, ἐάσομεν αὐτά· τὰ δὲ ἄλλοι οὐ κατελάβοντο, τούτων μνήμην ποιήσομαι. ^6.81 μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα ὁ Κλεομένης τὴν μὲν πλέω στρατιὴν ἀπῆκε ἀπιέναι ἐς Σπάρτην, χιλίους δὲ αὐτὸς λαβὼν τοὺς ἀριστέας ἤιε ἐς τὸ Ἥραιον θύσων· βουλόμενον δὲ αὐτὸν θύειν ἐπὶ τοῦ βωμοῦ ὁ ἱρεὺς ἀπηγόρευε, φὰς οὐκ ὅσιον εἶναι ξείνῳ αὐτόθι θύειν. ὁ δὲ Κλεομένης τὸν ἱρέα ἐκέλευε τοὺς εἵλωτας ἀπὸ τοῦ βωμοῦ ἀπάγοντας μαστιγῶσαι, καὶ αὐτὸς ἔθυσε· ποιήσας δὲ ταῦτα ἀπήιε ἐς τὴν Σπάρτην. ^7.89 τῶν δὲ τριηρέων ἀριθμὸς μὲν ἐγένετο ἑπτὰ καὶ διηκόσιαι καὶ χίλιαι, παρείχοντο δὲ αὐτὰς οἵδε, Φοίνικες μὲν σὺν Σύροισι τοῖσι ἐν τῇ Παλαιστίνῃ τριηκοσίας, ὧδε ἐσκευασμένοι· περὶ μὲν τῇσι κεφαλῇσι κυνέας εἶχον ἀγχοτάτω πεποιημένας τρόπον τὸν Ἑλληνικόν, ἐνδεδυκότες δὲ θώρηκας λινέους, ἀσπίδας δὲ ἴτυς οὐκ ἐχούσας εἶχον καὶ ἀκόντια. οὗτοι δὲ οἱ Φοίνικες τὸ παλαιὸν οἴκεον, ὡς αὐτοὶ λέγουσι, ἐπὶ τῇ Ἐρυθρῇ θαλάσσῃ, ἐνθεῦτεν δὲ ὑπερβάντες τῆς Συρίης οἰκέουσι τὸ παρὰ θάλασσαν· τῆς δὲ Συρίης τοῦτο τὸ χωρίον καὶ τὸ μέχρι Αἰγύπτου πᾶν Παλαιστίνη καλέεται. Αἰγύπτιοι δὲ νέας παρείχοντο διηκοσίας. οὗτοι δὲ εἶχον περὶ μὲν τῇσι κεφαλῇσι κράνεα χηλευτά, ἀσπίδας δὲ κοίλας, τὰς ἴτυς μεγάλας ἐχούσας, καὶ δόρατά τε ναύμαχα καὶ τύχους μεγάλους. τὸ δὲ πλῆθος αὐτῶν θωρηκοφόροι ἦσαν, μαχαίρας δὲ μεγάλας εἶχον. ^7.90 οὗτοι μὲν οὕτω ἐστάλατο, Κύπριοι δὲ παρείχοντο νέας πεντήκοντα καὶ ἑκατόν, ἐσκευασμένοι ὧδε· τὰς μὲν κεφαλὰς εἱλίχατο μίτρῃσι οἱ βασιλέες αὐτῶν, οἱ δὲ ἄλλοι εἶχον κιθῶνας, τὰ δὲ ἄλλα κατά περ Ἕλληνες. τούτων δὲ τοσάδε ἔθνεα εἰσί, οἳ μὲν ἀπὸ Σαλαμῖνος καὶ Ἀθηνέων, οἳ δὲ ἀπʼ Ἀρκαδίης, οἳ δὲ ἀπὸ Κύθνου, οἳ δὲ ἀπὸ Φοινίκης, οἳ δὲ ἀπὸ Αἰθιοπίης, ὡς αὐτοὶ Κύπριοι λέγουσι. ^7.94 Ἴωνες δὲ ἑκατὸν νέας παρείχοντο ἐσκευασμένοι ὡς Ἕλληνες. Ἴωνες δὲ ὅσον μὲν χρόνον ἐν Πελοποννήσῳ οἴκεον τὴν νῦν καλεομένην Ἀχαιίην, καὶ πρὶν ἢ Δαναόν τε καὶ Ξοῦθον ἀπικέσθαι ἐς Πελοπόννησον, ὡς Ἕλληνες λέγουσι, ἐκαλέοντο Πελασγοὶ Αἰγιαλέες, ἐπὶ δὲ Ἴωνος τοῦ Ξούθου Ἴωνες. ^7.137 οὕτω ἡ Ταλθυβίου μῆνις καὶ ταῦτα ποιησάντων Σπαρτιητέων ἐπαύσατο τὸ παραυτίκα, καίπερ ἀπονοστησάντων ἐς Σπάρτην Σπερθίεώ τε καὶ Βούλιος. χρόνῳ δὲ μετέπειτα πολλῷ ἐπηγέρθη κατὰ τὸν Πελοποννησίων καὶ Ἀθηναίων πόλεμον, ὡς λέγουσι Λακεδαιμόνιοι. τοῦτο μοι ἐν τοῖσι θειότατον φαίνεται γενέσθαι. ὅτι μὲν γὰρ κατέσκηψε ἐς ἀγγέλους ἡ Ταλθυβίου μῆνις οὐδὲ ἐπαύσατο πρὶν ἢ ἐξῆλθε, τὸ δίκαιον οὕτω ἔφερε· τὸ δὲ συμπεσεῖν ἐς τοὺς παῖδας τῶν ἀνδρῶν τούτων τῶν ἀναβάντων πρὸς βασιλέα διὰ τὴν μῆνιν, ἐς Νικόλαν τε τὸν Βούλιος καὶ ἐς Ἀνήριστον τὸν Σπερθίεω, ὃς εἷλε Ἁλιέας τοὺς ἐκ Τίρυνθος ὁλκάδι καταπλώσας πλήρεϊ ἀνδρῶν, δῆλον ὦν μοι ὅτι θεῖον ἐγένετο τὸ πρῆγμα ἐκ τῆς μήνιος· οἳ γὰρ πεμφθέντες ὑπὸ Λακεδαιμονίων ἄγγελοι ἐς τὴν Ἀσίην, προδοθέντες δὲ ὑπὸ Σιτάλκεω τοῦ Τήρεω Θρηίκων βασιλέος καὶ Νυμφοδώρου τοῦ Πύθεω ἀνδρὸς Ἀβδηρίτεω, ἥλωσαν κατὰ Βισάνθην τὴν ἐν Ἑλλησπόντῳ, καὶ ἀπαχθέντες ἐς τὴν Ἀττικὴν ἀπέθανον ὑπὸ Ἀθηναίων, μετὰ δὲ αὐτῶν καὶ Ἀριστέας ὁ Ἀδειμάντου Κορίνθιος ἀνήρ. ταῦτα μέν νυν πολλοῖσι ἔτεσι ὕστερον ἐγένετο τοῦ βασιλέος στόλου, ἐπάνειμι δὲ ἐπὶ τὸν πρότερον λόγον. ^8.122 πέμψαντες δὲ ἀκροθίνια οἱ Ἕλληνες ἐς Δελφοὺς ἐπειρώτων τὸν θεὸν κοινῇ εἰ λελάβηκε πλήρεα καὶ ἀρεστὰ τὰ ἀκροθίνια. ὁ δὲ παρʼ Ἑλλήνων μὲν τῶν ἄλλων ἔφησε ἔχειν, παρὰ Αἰγινητέων δὲ οὔ, ἀλλὰ ἀπαίτεε αὐτοὺς τὰ ἀριστήια τῆς ἐν Σαλαμῖνι ναυμαχίης. Αἰγινῆται δὲ πυθόμενοι ἀνέθεσαν ἀστέρας χρυσέους, οἳ ἐπὶ ἱστοῦ χαλκέου ἑστᾶσι τρεῖς ἐπὶ τῆς γωνίης, ἀγχοτάτω τοῦ Κροίσου κρητῆρος. ^9.27 οἳ μὲν ταῦτα ἔλεγον, Ἀθηναῖοι δὲ πρὸς ταῦτα ὑπεκρίναντο τάδε. “ἐπιστάμεθα μὲν σύνοδον τήνδε μάχης εἵνεκα συλλεγῆναι πρὸς τὸν βάρβαρον, ἀλλʼ οὐ λόγων· ἐπεὶ δὲ ὁ Τεγεήτης προέθηκε παλαιὰ καὶ καινὰ λέγειν τὰ ἑκατέροισι ἐν τῷ παντὶ χρόνῳ κατέργασται χρηστά, ἀναγκαίως ἡμῖν ἔχει δηλῶσαι πρὸς ὑμέας ὅθεν ἡμῖν πατρώιον ἐστὶ ἐοῦσι χρηστοῖσι αἰεὶ πρώτοισι εἶναι μᾶλλον ἢ Ἀρκάσι. Ἡρακλείδας, τῶν οὗτοι φασὶ ἀποκτεῖναι τὸν ἡγεμόνα ἐν Ἰσθμῷ, τοῦτο μὲν τούτους, πρότερον ἐξελαυνομένους ὑπὸ πάντων Ἑλλήνων ἐς τοὺς ἀπικοίατο φεύγοντες δουλοσύνην πρὸς Μυκηναίων, μοῦνοι ὑποδεξάμενοι τὴν Εὐρυσθέος ὕβριν κατείλομεν, σὺν ἐκείνοισι μάχῃ νικήσαντες τοὺς τότε ἔχοντας Πελοπόννησον. τοῦτο δὲ Ἀργείους τοὺς μετὰ Πολυνείκεος ἐπὶ Θήβας ἐλάσαντας, τελευτήσαντας τὸν αἰῶνα καὶ ἀτάφους κειμένους, στρατευσάμενοι ἐπὶ τοὺς Καδμείους ἀνελέσθαι τε τοὺς νεκροὺς φαμὲν καὶ θάψαι τῆς ἡμετέρης ἐν Ἐλευσῖνι. ἔστι δὲ ἡμῖν ἔργον εὖ ἔχον καὶ ἐς Ἀμαζονίδας τὰς ἀπὸ Θερμώδοντος ποταμοῦ ἐσβαλούσας κοτὲ ἐς γῆν τὴν Ἀττικήν, καὶ ἐν τοῖσι Τρωικοῖσι πόνοισι οὐδαμῶν ἐλειπόμεθα. ἀλλʼ οὐ γάρ τι προέχει τούτων ἐπιμεμνῆσθαι· καὶ γὰρ ἂν χρηστοὶ τότε ἐόντες ὡυτοὶ νῦν ἂν εἶεν φλαυρότεροι, καὶ τότε ἐόντες φλαῦροι νῦν ἂν εἶεν ἀμείνονες. παλαιῶν μέν νυν ἔργων ἅλις ἔστω· ἡμῖν δὲ εἰ μηδὲν ἄλλο ἐστὶ ἀποδεδεγμένον, ὥσπερ ἐστὶ πολλά τε καὶ εὖ ἔχοντα εἰ τεοῖσι καὶ ἄλλοισι Ἑλλήνων, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐν Μαραθῶνι ἔργου ἄξιοι εἰμὲν τοῦτο τὸ γέρας ἔχειν καὶ ἄλλα πρὸς τούτῳ, οἵτινες μοῦνοι Ἑλλήνων δὴ μουνομαχήσαντες τῷ Πέρσῃ καὶ ἔργῳ τοσούτῳ ἐπιχειρήσαντες περιεγενόμεθα καὶ ἐνικήσαμεν ἔθνεα ἕξ τε καὶ τεσσεράκοντα. ἆρʼ οὐ δίκαιοι εἰμὲν ἔχειν ταύτην τὴν τάξιν ἀπὸ τούτου μούνου τοῦ ἔργου; ἀλλʼ οὐ γὰρ ἐν τῷ τοιῷδε τάξιος εἵνεκα στασιάζειν πρέπει, ἄρτιοι εἰμὲν πείθεσθαι ὑμῖν ὦ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, ἵνα δοκέει ἐπιτηδεότατον ἡμέας εἶναι ἑστάναι καὶ κατʼ οὕστινας· πάντῃ γὰρ τεταγμένοι πειρησόμεθα εἶναι χρηστοί. ἐξηγέεσθε δὲ ὡς πεισομένων.” ' None

1.8 This Candaules, then, fell in love with his own wife, so much so that he believed her to be by far the most beautiful woman in the world; and believing this, he praised her beauty beyond measure to Gyges son of Dascylus, who was his favorite among his bodyguard; for it was to Gyges that he entrusted all his most important secrets. ,After a little while, Candaules, doomed to misfortune, spoke to Gyges thus: “Gyges, I do not think that you believe what I say about the beauty of my wife; men trust their ears less than their eyes: so you must see her naked.” Gyges protested loudly at this. ,“Master,” he said, “what an unsound suggestion, that I should see my mistress naked! When a woman's clothes come off, she dispenses with her modesty, too. ,Men have long ago made wise rules from which one ought to learn; one of these is that one should mind one's own business. As for me, I believe that your queen is the most beautiful of all women, and I ask you not to ask of me what is lawless.” " '
1.170 When the Ionians, despite their evil plight, nonetheless assembled at the Panionion, Bias of Priene, I have learned, gave them very useful advice, and had they followed it they might have been the most prosperous of all Greeks: ,for he advised them to put out to sea and sail all together to Sardo and then found one city for all Ionians: thus, possessing the greatest island in the world and ruling others, they would be rid of slavery and have prosperity; but if they stayed in Ionia he could see (he said) no hope of freedom for them. ,This was the advice which Bias of Priene gave after the destruction of the Ionians; and that given before the destruction by Thales of Miletus, a Phoenician by descent, was good too; he advised that the Ionians have one place of deliberation, and that it be in Teos (for that was the center of Ionia ), and that the other cities be considered no more than demes.Thus Bias and Thales advised. ' ^1.1 The Persian learned men say that the Phoenicians were the cause of the dispute. These (they say) came to our seas from the sea which is called Red, and having settled in the country which they still occupy, at once began to make long voyages. Among other places to which they carried Egyptian and Assyrian merchandise, they came to Argos, ,which was at that time preeminent in every way among the people of what is now called Hellas . The Phoenicians came to Argos, and set out their cargo. ,On the fifth or sixth day after their arrival, when their wares were almost all sold, many women came to the shore and among them especially the daughter of the king, whose name was Io (according to Persians and Greeks alike), the daughter of Inachus. ,As these stood about the stern of the ship bargaining for the wares they liked, the Phoenicians incited one another to set upon them. Most of the women escaped: Io and others were seized and thrown into the ship, which then sailed away for Egypt . ' "^1.2 In this way, the Persians say (and not as the Greeks), was how Io came to Egypt, and this, according to them, was the first wrong that was done. Next, according to their story, some Greeks (they cannot say who) landed at Tyre in Phoenicia and carried off the king's daughter Europa. These Greeks must, I suppose, have been Cretans. So far, then, the account between them was balanced. But after this (they say), it was the Greeks who were guilty of the second wrong. ,They sailed in a long ship to Aea, a city of the Colchians, and to the river Phasis : and when they had done the business for which they came, they carried off the king's daughter Medea. ,When the Colchian king sent a herald to demand reparation for the robbery and restitution of his daughter, the Greeks replied that, as they had been refused reparation for the abduction of the Argive Io, they would not make any to the Colchians. " '^1.3 Then (they say), in the second generation after this, Alexandrus, son of Priam, who had heard this tale, decided to get himself a wife from Hellas by capture; for he was confident that he would not suffer punishment. ,So he carried off Helen. The Greeks first resolved to send messengers demanding that Helen be restored and atonement made for the seizure; but when this proposal was made, the Trojans pleaded the seizure of Medea, and reminded the Greeks that they asked reparation from others, yet made none themselves, nor gave up the booty when asked. ^1.4 So far it was a matter of mere seizure on both sides. But after this (the Persians say), the Greeks were very much to blame; for they invaded Asia before the Persians attacked Europe . ,“We think,” they say, “that it is unjust to carry women off. But to be anxious to avenge rape is foolish: wise men take no notice of such things. For plainly the women would never have been carried away, had they not wanted it themselves. ,We of Asia did not deign to notice the seizure of our women; but the Greeks, for the sake of a Lacedaemonian woman, recruited a great armada, came to Asia, and destroyed the power of Priam. ,Ever since then we have regarded Greeks as our enemies.” For the Persians claim Asia for their own, and the foreign peoples that inhabit it; Europe and the Greek people they consider to be separate from them. ^1.5.2 But the Phoenicians do not tell the same story about Io as the Persians. They say that they did not carry her off to Egypt by force. She had intercourse in Argos with the captain of the ship. Then, finding herself pregt, she was ashamed to have her parents know it, and so, lest they discover her condition, she sailed away with the Phoenicians of her own accord. ^1.5 Such is the Persian account; in their opinion, it was the taking of Troy which began their hatred of the Greeks. ,But the Phoenicians do not tell the same story about Io as the Persians. They say that they did not carry her off to Egypt by force. She had intercourse in Argos with the captain of the ship. Then, finding herself pregt, she was ashamed to have her parents know it, and so, lest they discover her condition, she sailed away with the Phoenicians of her own accord. ,These are the stories of the Persians and the Phoenicians. For my part, I shall not say that this or that story is true, but I shall identify the one who I myself know did the Greeks unjust deeds, and thus proceed with my history, and speak of small and great cities of men alike. ,For many states that were once great have now become small; and those that were great in my time were small before. Knowing therefore that human prosperity never continues in the same place, I shall mention both alike. ^1.7 Now the sovereign power that belonged to the descendants of Heracles fell to the family of Croesus, called the Mermnadae, in the following way. ,Candaules, whom the Greeks call Myrsilus, was the ruler of Sardis ; he was descended from Alcaeus, son of Heracles; Agron son of Ninus, son of Belus, son of Alcaeus, was the first Heraclid king of Sardis and Candaules son of Myrsus was the last. ,The kings of this country before Agron were descendants of Lydus, son of Atys, from whom this whole Lydian district got its name; before that it was called the land of the Meii. ,The Heraclidae, descendants of Heracles and a female slave of Iardanus, received the sovereignty from these and held it, because of an oracle; and they ruled for twenty-two generations, or five hundred and five years, son succeeding father, down to Candaules son of Myrsus. ^1.65 So Croesus learned that at that time such problems were oppressing the Athenians, but that the Lacedaemonians had escaped from the great evils and had mastered the Tegeans in war. In the kingship of Leon and Hegesicles at Sparta, the Lacedaemonians were successful in all their other wars but met disaster only against the Tegeans. ,Before this they had been the worst-governed of nearly all the Hellenes and had had no dealings with strangers, but they changed to good government in this way: Lycurgus, a man of reputation among the Spartans, went to the oracle at Delphi . As soon as he entered the hall, the priestess said in hexameter: ,1.66 Thus they changed their bad laws to good ones, and when Lycurgus died they built him a temple and now worship him greatly. Since they had good land and many men, they immediately flourished and prospered. They were not content to live in peace, but, confident that they were stronger than the Arcadians, asked the oracle at Delphi about gaining all the Arcadian land. ,She replied in hexameter: 1.67 In the previous war the Lacedaemonians continually fought unsuccessfully against the Tegeans, but in the time of Croesus and the kingship of Anaxandrides and Ariston in Lacedaemon the Spartans had gained the upper hand. This is how: ,when they kept being defeated by the Tegeans, they sent ambassadors to Delphi to ask which god they should propitiate to prevail against the Tegeans in war. The Pythia responded that they should bring back the bones of Orestes, son of Agamemnon. ,When they were unable to discover Orestes\' tomb, they sent once more to the god to ask where he was buried. The Pythia responded in hexameter to the messengers: ,

1.171 Harpagus, after subjugating Ionia, made an expedition against the Carians, Caunians, and Lycians, taking Ionians and Aeolians with him. ,of these, the Carians have come to the mainland from the islands; for in the past they were islanders, called Leleges and under the rule of Minos, not (as far as I can learn by report) paying tribute, but manning ships for him when he needed them. ,Since Minos had subjected a good deal of territory for himself and was victorious in war, this made the Carians too at that time by far the most respected of all nations. ,They invented three things in which they were followed by the Greeks: it was the Carians who originated wearing crests on their helmets and devices on their shields, and who first made grips for their shields; until then all who used shields carried them without these grips, and guided them with leather belts which they slung round the neck and over the left shoulder. ,Then, a long time afterwards, the Carians were driven from the islands by Dorians and Ionians and so came to the mainland. This is the Cretan story about the Carians; but the Carians themselves do not subscribe to it, but believe that they are aboriginal inhabitants of the mainland and always bore the name which they bear now; ,and they point to an ancient shrine of Carian Zeus at Mylasa, to which Mysians and Lydians, as brethren of the Carians (for Lydus and Mysus, they say, were brothers of Car), are admitted, but not those who spoke the same language as the Carians but were of another people. ^2.1 After the death of Cyrus, Cambyses inherited his throne. He was the son of Cyrus and of Cassandane, the daughter of Pharnaspes, for whom Cyrus mourned deeply when she died before him, and had all his subjects mourn also. ,Cambyses was the son of this woman and of Cyrus. He considered the Ionians and Aeolians slaves inherited from his father, and prepared an expedition against Egypt, taking with him some of these Greek subjects besides others whom he ruled. ' "^2.2 Now before Psammetichus became king of Egypt, the Egyptians believed that they were the oldest people on earth. But ever since Psammetichus became king and wished to find out which people were the oldest, they have believed that the Phrygians were older than they, and they than everybody else. ,Psammetichus, when he was in no way able to learn by inquiry which people had first come into being, devised a plan by which he took two newborn children of the common people and gave them to a shepherd to bring up among his flocks. He gave instructions that no one was to speak a word in their hearing; they were to stay by themselves in a lonely hut, and in due time the shepherd was to bring goats and give the children their milk and do everything else necessary. ,Psammetichus did this, and gave these instructions, because he wanted to hear what speech would first come from the children, when they were past the age of indistinct babbling. And he had his wish; for one day, when the shepherd had done as he was told for two years, both children ran to him stretching out their hands and calling “Bekos!” as he opened the door and entered. ,When he first heard this, he kept quiet about it; but when, coming often and paying careful attention, he kept hearing this same word, he told his master at last and brought the children into the king's presence as required. Psammetichus then heard them himself, and asked to what language the word “Bekos” belonged; he found it to be a Phrygian word, signifying bread. ,Reasoning from this, the Egyptians acknowledged that the Phrygians were older than they. This is the story which I heard from the priests of Hephaestus' temple at Memphis ; the Greeks say among many foolish things that Psammetichus had the children reared by women whose tongues he had cut out. " '^2.3 Besides this story of the rearing of the children, I also heard other things at Memphis in conversation with the priests of Hephaestus; and I visited Thebes and Heliopolis, too, for this very purpose, because I wished to know if the people of those places would tell me the same story as the priests at Memphis ; for the people of Heliopolis are said to be the most learned of the Egyptians. ,Now, such stories as I heard about the gods I am not ready to relate, except their names, for I believe that all men are equally knowledgeable about them; and I shall say about them what I am constrained to say by the course of my history. ^2.54 But about the oracles in Hellas, and that one which is in Libya, the Egyptians give the following account. The priests of Zeus of Thebes told me that two priestesses had been carried away from Thebes by Phoenicians; one, they said they had heard was taken away and sold in Libya, the other in Hellas ; these women, they said, were the first founders of places of divination in the aforesaid countries. ,When I asked them how it was that they could speak with such certain knowledge, they said in reply that their people had sought diligently for these women, and had never been able to find them, but had learned later the story which they were telling me. ^2.55 That, then, I heard from the Theban priests; and what follows, the prophetesses of Dodona say: that two black doves had come flying from Thebes in Egypt, one to Libya and one to Dodona ; ,the latter settled on an oak tree, and there uttered human speech, declaring that a place of divination from Zeus must be made there; the people of Dodona understood that the message was divine, and therefore established the oracular shrine. ,The dove which came to Libya told the Libyans (they say) to make an oracle of Ammon; this also is sacred to Zeus. Such was the story told by the Dodonaean priestesses, the eldest of whom was Promeneia and the next Timarete and the youngest Nicandra; and the rest of the servants of the temple at Dodona similarly held it true. ^2.56 But my own belief about it is this. If the Phoenicians did in fact carry away the sacred women and sell one in Libya and one in Hellas, then, in my opinion, the place where this woman was sold in what is now Hellas, but was formerly called Pelasgia, was Thesprotia ; ,and then, being a slave there, she established a shrine of Zeus under an oak that was growing there; for it was reasonable that, as she had been a handmaid of the temple of Zeus at Thebes , she would remember that temple in the land to which she had come. ,After this, as soon as she understood the Greek language, she taught divination; and she said that her sister had been sold in Libya by the same Phoenicians who sold her. ^2.57 I expect that these women were called “doves” by the people of Dodona because they spoke a strange language, and the people thought it like the cries of birds; ,then the woman spoke what they could understand, and that is why they say that the dove uttered human speech; as long as she spoke in a foreign tongue, they thought her voice was like the voice of a bird. For how could a dove utter the speech of men? The tale that the dove was black signifies that the woman was Egyptian . ,The fashions of divination at Thebes of Egypt and at Dodona are like one another; moreover, the practice of divining from the sacrificed victim has also come from Egypt . ' "^2.112 Pheros was succeeded (they said) by a man of Memphis, whose name in the Greek tongue was Proteus. This Proteus has a very attractive and well-appointed temple precinct at Memphis, south of the temple of Hephaestus. ,Around the precinct live Phoenicians of Tyre, and the whole place is called the Camp of the Tyrians. There is in the precinct of Proteus a temple called the temple of the Stranger Aphrodite; I guess this is a temple of Helen, daughter of Tyndarus, partly because I have heard the story of Helen's abiding with Proteus, and partly because it bears the name of the Foreign Aphrodite: for no other of Aphrodite's temples is called by that name. " "^2.113 When I inquired of the priests, they told me that this was the story of Helen. After carrying off Helen from Sparta, Alexandrus sailed away for his own country; violent winds caught him in the Aegean and drove him into the Egyptian sea; and from there (as the wind did not let up) he came to Egypt, to the mouth of the Nile called the Canopic mouth, and to the Salters'. ,Now there was (and still is) on the coast a temple of Heracles; if a servant of any man takes refuge there and is branded with certain sacred marks, delivering himself to the god, he may not be touched. This law continues today the same as it has always been from the first. ,Hearing of the temple law, some of Alexandrus' servants ran away from him, threw themselves on the mercy of the god, and brought an accusation against Alexandrus meaning to injure him, telling the whole story of Helen and the wrong done Menelaus. They laid this accusation before the priests and the warden of the Nile mouth, whose name was Thonis. " "^2.114 When Thonis heard it, he sent this message the quickest way to Proteus at Memphis : ,“A stranger has come, a Trojan, who has committed an impiety in Hellas . After defrauding his guest-friend, he has come bringing the man's wife and a very great deal of wealth, driven to your country by the wind. Are we to let him sail away untouched, or are we to take away what he has come with?” ,Proteus sent back this message: “Whoever this is who has acted impiously against his guest-friend, seize him and bring him to me, that I may know what he will say.” " "^2.115 Hearing this, Thonis seized Alexandrus and detained his ships there, and then brought him with Helen and all the wealth, and the suppliants too, to Memphis . ,When all had arrived, Proteus asked Alexandrus who he was and whence he sailed; Alexandrus told him his lineage and the name of his country, and about his voyage, whence he sailed. ,Then Proteus asked him where he had got Helen; when Alexandrus was evasive in his story and did not tell the truth, the men who had taken refuge with the temple confuted him, and related the whole story of the wrong. ,Finally, Proteus declared the following judgment to them, saying, “If I did not make it a point never to kill a stranger who has been caught by the wind and driven to my coasts, I would have punished you on behalf of the Greek, you most vile man. You committed the gravest impiety after you had had your guest-friend's hospitality: you had your guest-friend's wife. ,And as if this were not enough, you got her to fly with you and went off with her. And not just with her, either, but you plundered your guest-friend's wealth and brought it, too. ,Now, then, since I make it a point not to kill strangers, I shall not let you take away this woman and the wealth, but I shall watch them for the Greek stranger, until he come and take them away; but as for you and your sailors, I warn you to leave my country for another within three days, and if you do not, I will declare war on you.”" ^2.116 This, the priests said, was how Helen came to Proteus. And, in my opinion, Homer knew this story, too; but seeing that it was not so well suited to epic poetry as the tale of which he made use, he rejected it, showing that he knew it. ,This is apparent from the passage in the
2.117 These verses and this passage prove most clearly that the Cyprian poems are not the work of Homer but of someone else. For the Cyprian poems relate that Alexandrus reached Ilion with Helen in three days from Sparta, having a fair wind and a smooth sea; but according to the
2.118 Enough, then, of Homer and the Cyprian poems. But, when I asked the priests whether the Greek account of what happened at Troy were idle or not, they gave me the following answer, saying that they had inquired and knew from Menelaus himself. ,After the rape of Helen, a great force of Greeks came to the Trojan land on Menelaus' behalf. After disembarking and disposing their forces, they sent messengers to Ilion, one of whom was Menelaus himself. ,When these were let inside the city walls, they demanded the restitution of Helen and of the property which Alexandrus had stolen from Menelaus and carried off, and they demanded reparation for the wrongs; but the Trojans gave the same testimony then and later, sworn and unsworn: that they did not have Helen or the property claimed, but all of that was in Egypt, and they could not justly make reparation for what Proteus the Egyptian had. ,But the Greeks, thinking that the Trojans were mocking them, laid siege to the city, until they took it; but there was no Helen there when they breached the wall, but they heard the same account as before; so, crediting the original testimony, they sent Menelaus himself to Proteus. " ^2.119 Menelaus then went to Egypt and up the river to Memphis ; there, relating the truth of the matter, he met with great hospitality and got back Helen, who had not been harmed, and also all his wealth, besides. ,Yet, although getting this, Menelaus was guilty of injustice toward the Egyptians. For adverse weather detained him when he tried to sail away; after this continued for some time, he carried out something impious, ,taking two native children and sacrificing them. When it became known that he had done this, he fled with his ships straight to Libya, hated and hunted; and where he went from there, the Egyptians could not say. The priests told me that they had learned some of this by inquiry, but that they were sure of what had happened in their own country. ' "^2.120 The Egyptians' priests said this, and I myself believe their story about Helen, for I reason thus: had Helen been in Ilion, then with or without the will of Alexandrus she would have been given back to the Greeks. ,For surely Priam was not so mad, or those nearest to him, as to consent to risk their own persons and their children and their city so that Alexandrus might cohabit with Helen. ,Even if it were conceded that they were so inclined in the first days, yet when not only many of the Trojans were slain in fighting against the Greeks, but Priam himself lost to death two or three or even more of his sons in every battle (if the poets are to be believed), in this turn of events, had Helen been Priam's own wife, I cannot but think that he would have restored her to the Greeks, if by so doing he could escape from the evils besetting him. ,Alexandrus was not even heir to the throne, in which case matters might have been in his hands since Priam was old, but Hector, who was an older and a better man than Alexandrus, was going to receive the royal power at Priam's death, and ought not have acquiesced in his brother's wrongdoing, especially when that brother was the cause of great calamity to Hector himself and all the rest of the Trojans. ,But since they did not have Helen there to give back, and since the Greeks would not believe them although they spoke the truth—I am convinced and declare—the divine powers provided that the Trojans, perishing in utter destruction, should make this clear to all mankind: that retribution from the gods for terrible wrongdoing is also terrible. This is what I think, and I state it. " ^2.142 Thus far went the record given by the Egyptians and their priests; and they showed me that the time from the first king to that priest of Hephaestus, who was the last, covered three hundred and forty-one generations, and that in this time this also had been the number of their kings, and of their high priests. ,Now three hundred generations are ten thousand years, three generations being equal to a hundred. And over and above the three hundred, the remaining forty-one cover thirteen hundred and forty years. ,Thus the whole period is eleven thousand three hundred and forty years; in all of which time (they said) they had had no king who was a god in human form, nor had there been any such either before or after those years among the rest of the kings of Egypt . ,Four times in this period (so they told me) the sun rose contrary to experience; twice he came up where he now goes down, and twice went down where he now comes up; yet Egypt at these times underwent no change, either in the produce of the river and the land, or in the matter of sickness and death. ^2.143 Hecataeus the historian was once at Thebes , where he made a genealogy for himself that had him descended from a god in the sixteenth generation. But the priests of Zeus did with him as they also did with me (who had not traced my own lineage). ,They brought me into the great inner court of the temple and showed me wooden figures there which they counted to the total they had already given, for every high priest sets up a statue of himself there during his lifetime; ,pointing to these and counting, the priests showed me that each succeeded his father; they went through the whole line of figures, back to the earliest from that of the man who had most recently died. ,Thus, when Hecataeus had traced his descent and claimed that his sixteenth forefather was a god, the priests too traced a line of descent according to the method of their counting; for they would not be persuaded by him that a man could be descended from a god; they traced descent through the whole line of three hundred and forty-five figures, not connecting it with any ancestral god or hero, but declaring each figure to be a “Piromis” the son of a “Piromis”; in Greek, one who is in all respects a good man. ^3.124 Polycrates then prepared to visit Oroetes, despite the strong dissuasion of his diviners and friends, and a vision seen by his daughter in a dream; she dreamt that she saw her father in the air overhead being washed by Zeus and anointed by Helios; ,after this vision she used all means to persuade him not to go on this journey to Oroetes; even as he went to his fifty-oared ship she prophesied evil for him. When Polycrates threatened her that if he came back safe, she would long remain unmarried, she answered with a prayer that his threat might be fulfilled: for she would rather, she said, long remain unmarried than lose her father. ' "^3.125 But Polycrates would listen to no advice. He sailed to meet Oroetes, with a great retinue of followers, among whom was Democedes, son of Calliphon, a man of Croton and the most skillful physician of his time. ,But no sooner had Polycrates come to Magnesia than he was horribly murdered in a way unworthy of him and of his aims; for, except for the sovereigns of Syracuse, no sovereign of Greek race is fit to be compared with Polycrates for magnificence. ,Having killed him in some way not fit to be told, Oroetes then crucified him; as for those who had accompanied him, he let the Samians go, telling them to thank him that they were free; those who were not Samians, or were servants of Polycrates' followers, he kept for slaves. ,And Polycrates hanging in the air fulfilled his daughter's vision in every detail; for he was washed by Zeus when it rained, and he was anointed by Helios as he exuded sweat from his body. " ^4.33 But the Delians say much more about them than any others do. They say that offerings wrapped in straw are brought from the Hyperboreans to Scythia; when these have passed Scythia, each nation in turn receives them from its neighbors until they are carried to the Adriatic sea, which is the most westerly limit of their journey; ,from there, they are brought on to the south, the people of Dodona being the first Greeks to receive them. From Dodona they come down to the Melian gulf, and are carried across to Euboea, and one city sends them on to another until they come to Carystus; after this, Andros is left out of their journey, for Carystians carry them to Tenos, and Tenians to Delos. ,Thus (they say) these offerings come to Delos. But on the first journey, the Hyperboreans sent two maidens bearing the offerings, to whom the Delians give the names Hyperoche and Laodice, and five men of their people with them as escort for safe conduct, those who are now called Perpherees and greatly honored at Delos. ,But when those whom they sent never returned, they took it amiss that they should be condemned always to be sending people and not getting them back, and so they carry the offerings, wrapped in straw, to their borders, and tell their neighbors to send them on from their own country to the next; ,and the offerings, it is said, come by this conveyance to Delos. I can say of my own knowledge that there is a custom like these offerings; namely, that when the Thracian and Paeonian women sacrifice to the Royal Artemis, they have straw with them while they sacrifice. ^4.34 I know that they do this. The Delian girls and boys cut their hair in honor of these Hyperborean maidens, who died at Delos; the girls before their marriage cut off a tress and lay it on the tomb, wound around a spindle ,(this tomb is at the foot of an olive-tree, on the left hand of the entrance of the temple of Artemis); the Delian boys twine some of their hair around a green stalk, and lay it on the tomb likewise. ^4.35 In this way, then, these maidens are honored by the inhabitants of Delos. These same Delians relate that two virgins, Arge and Opis, came from the Hyperboreans by way of the aforesaid peoples to Delos earlier than Hyperoche and Laodice; ,these latter came to bring to Eileithyia the tribute which they had agreed to pay for easing child-bearing; but Arge and Opis, they say, came with the gods themselves, and received honors of their own from the Delians. ,For the women collected gifts for them, calling upon their names in the hymn made for them by Olen of Lycia; it was from Delos that the islanders and Ionians learned to sing hymns to Opis and Arge, calling upon their names and collecting gifts (this Olen, after coming from Lycia, also made the other and ancient hymns that are sung at Delos). ,Furthermore, they say that when the thighbones are burnt in sacrifice on the altar, the ashes are all cast on the burial-place of Opis and Arge, behind the temple of Artemis, looking east, nearest the refectory of the people of Ceos. ^4.42 I wonder, then, at those who have mapped out and divided the world into Libya, Asia, and Europe; for the difference between them is great, seeing that in length Europe stretches along both the others together, and it appears to me to be wider beyond all comparison. ,For Libya shows clearly that it is bounded by the sea, except where it borders on Asia. Necos king of Egypt first discovered this and made it known. When he had finished digging the canal which leads from the Nile to the Arabian Gulf, he sent Phoenicians in ships, instructing them to sail on their return voyage past the Pillars of Heracles until they came into the northern sea and so to Egypt. ,So the Phoenicians set out from the Red Sea and sailed the southern sea; whenever autumn came they would put in and plant the land in whatever part of Libya they had reached, and there await the harvest; ,then, having gathered the crop, they sailed on, so that after two years had passed, it was in the third that they rounded the pillars of Heracles and came to Egypt. There they said (what some may believe, though I do not) that in sailing around Libya they had the sun on their right hand. ^4.44 But as to Asia, most of it was discovered by Darius. There is a river, Indus, second of all rivers in the production of crocodiles. Darius, desiring to know where this Indus empties into the sea, sent ships manned by Scylax, a man of Caryanda, and others whose word he trusted; ,these set out from the city of Caspatyrus and the Pactyic country, and sailed down the river toward the east and the sunrise until they came to the sea; and voyaging over the sea west, they came in the thirtieth month to that place from which the Egyptian king sent the above-mentioned Phoenicians to sail around Libya. ,After this circumnavigation, Darius subjugated the Indians and made use of this sea. Thus it was discovered that Asia, except the parts toward the rising sun, was in other respects like Libya. ^4.205 But Pheretime did not end well, either. For as soon as she had revenged herself on the Barcaeans and returned to Egypt, she met an awful death. For while still alive she teemed with maggots: thus does over-brutal human revenge invite retribution from the gods. That of Pheretime, daughter of Battus, against the Barcaeans was revenge of this nature and this brutality. ^5.22 Now that these descendants of Perdiccas are Greeks, as they themselves say, I myself chance to know and will prove it in the later part of my history. Furthermore, the Hellenodicae who manage the contest at Olympia determined that it is so, ,for when Alexander chose to contend and entered the lists for that purpose, the Greeks who were to run against him wanted to bar him from the race, saying that the contest should be for Greeks and not for foreigners. Alexander, however, proving himself to be an Argive, was judged to be a Greek. He accordingly competed in the furlong race and tied step for first place. This, then, is approximately what happened. ' "^5.67 In doing this, to my thinking, this Cleisthenes was imitating his own mother's father, Cleisthenes the tyrant of Sicyon, for Cleisthenes, after going to war with the Argives, made an end of minstrels' contests at Sicyon by reason of the Homeric poems, in which it is the Argives and Argos which are primarily the theme of the songs. Furthermore, he conceived the desire to cast out from the land Adrastus son of Talaus, the hero whose shrine stood then as now in the very marketplace of Sicyon because he was an Argive. ,He went then to Delphi, and asked the oracle if he should cast Adrastus out, but the priestess said in response: “Adrastus is king of Sicyon, and you but a stone thrower.” When the god would not permit him to do as he wished in this matter, he returned home and attempted to devise some plan which might rid him of Adrastus. When he thought he had found one, he sent to Boeotian Thebes saying that he would gladly bring Melanippus son of Astacus into his country, and the Thebans handed him over. ,When Cleisthenes had brought him in, he consecrated a sanctuary for him in the government house itself, where he was established in the greatest possible security. Now the reason why Cleisthenes brought in Melanippus, a thing which I must relate, was that Melanippus was Adrastus' deadliest enemy, for Adrastus had slain his brother Mecisteus and his son-in-law Tydeus. ,Having then designated the precinct for him, Cleisthenes took away all Adrastus' sacrifices and festivals and gave them to Melanippus. The Sicyonians had been accustomed to pay very great honor to Adrastus because the country had once belonged to Polybus, his maternal grandfather, who died without an heir and bequeathed the kingship to him. ,Besides other honors paid to Adrastus by the Sicyonians, they celebrated his lamentable fate with tragic choruses in honor not of Dionysus but of Adrastus. Cleisthenes, however, gave the choruses back to Dionysus and the rest of the worship to Melanippus. " "^5.94 His plan, then, came to nothing, and Hippias was forced to depart. Amyntas king of the Macedonians offered him Anthemus, and the Thessalians Iolcus, but he would have neither. He withdrew to Sigeum, which Pisistratus had taken at the spear's point from the Mytilenaeans and where he then established as tyrant Hegesistratus, his own bastard son by an Argive woman. Hegesistratus, however, could not keep what Pisistratus had given him without fighting, ,for there was constant war over a long period of time between the Athenians at Sigeum and the Mytilenaeans at Achilleum. The Mytilenaeans were demanding the place back, and the Athenians, bringing proof to show that the Aeolians had no more part or lot in the land of Ilium than they themselves and all the other Greeks who had aided Menelaus to avenge the rape of Helen, would not consent. " "^6.53 The Lacedaemonians are the only Greeks who tell this story. But in what I write I follow the Greek report, and hold that the Greeks correctly recount these kings of the Dorians as far back as Perseus son of Danae—they make no mention of the god —and prove these kings to be Greek; for by that time they had come to be classified as Greeks. ,I said as far back as Perseus, and I took the matter no further than that, because no one is named as the mortal father of Perseus, as Amphitryon is named father of Heracles. So I used correct reasoning when I said that the Greek record is correct as far back as Perseus; farther back than that, if the king's ancestors in each generation, from Danae daughter of Acrisius upward, be reckoned, then the leaders of the Dorians will be shown to be true-born Egyptians. " '^6.54 Thus have I traced their lineage according to the Greek story; but the Persian tale is that Perseus himself was an Assyrian, and became a Greek, which his forebears had not been; the Persians say that the ancestors of Acrisius had no bond of kinship with Perseus, and they indeed were, as the Greeks say, Egyptians. ^6.55 Enough of these matters. Why and for what achievements these men, being Egyptian, won the kingship of the Dorians has been told by others, so I will let it go, and will make mention of matters which others have not touched. ^6.81 Then Cleomenes sent most of his army back to Sparta, while he himself took a thousand of the best warriors and went to the temple of Hera to sacrifice. When he wished to sacrifice at the altar the priest forbade him, saying that it was not holy for a stranger to sacrifice there. Cleomenes ordered the helots to carry the priest away from the altar and whip him, and he performed the sacrifice. After doing this, he returned to Sparta. ^7.89 The number of the triremes was twelve hundred and seven, and they were furnished by the following: the Phoenicians with the Syrians of Palestine furnished three hundred; for their equipment, they had on their heads helmets very close to the Greek in style; they wore linen breastplates, and carried shields without rims, and javelins. ,These Phoenicians formerly dwelt, as they themselves say, by the Red Sea; they crossed from there and now inhabit the seacoast of Syria. This part of Syria as far as Egypt is all called Palestine. ,The Egyptians furnished two hundred ships. They wore woven helmets and carried hollow shields with broad rims, and spears for sea-warfare, and great battle-axes. Most of them wore cuirasses and carried long swords. ^7.90 Such was their armor. The Cyprians furnished a hundred and fifty ships; for their equipment, their princes wore turbans wrapped around their heads, and the people wore tunics, but in all else they were like the Greeks. These are their tribes: some are from Salamis and Athens, some from Arcadia, some from Cythnus, some from Phoenice, and some from Ethiopia, as the Cyprians themselves say. ^7.94 The Ionians furnished a hundred ships; their equipment was like the Greek. These Ionians, as long as they were in the Peloponnese, dwelt in what is now called Achaia, and before Danaus and Xuthus came to the Peloponnese, as the Greeks say, they were called Aegialian Pelasgians. They were named Ionians after Ion the son of Xuthus. ' "^7.137 This conduct on the part of the Spartans succeeded for a time in allaying the anger of Talthybius, in spite of the fact that Sperthias and Bulis returned to Sparta. Long after that, however, it rose up again in the war between the Peloponnesians and Athenians, as the Lacedaemonians say. That seems to me to be an indication of something divine. ,It was just that the wrath of Talthybius descended on ambassadors, nor abated until it was satisfied. The venting of it, however, on the sons of those men who went up to the king to appease it, namely on Nicolas son of Bulis and Aneristus son of Sperthias (that Aneristus who landed a merchant ships crew at the Tirynthian settlement of Halia and took it), makes it plain to me that this was the divine result of Talthybius' anger. ,These two had been sent by the Lacedaemonians as ambassadors to Asia, and betrayed by the Thracian king Sitalces son of Tereus and Nymphodorus son of Pytheas of Abdera, they were made captive at Bisanthe on the Hellespont, and carried away to Attica, where the Athenians put them, and with them Aristeas son of Adimantus, a Corinthian, to death. This happened many years after the king's expedition, and I return now to the course of my history. " "^8.122 Having sent the first-fruits to Delphi, the Greeks, in the name of the country generally, made inquiry of the god whether the first-fruits which he had received were of full measure and whether he was content. To this he said that he was content with what he had received from all other Greeks, but not from the Aeginetans. From these he demanded the victor's prize for the sea-fight of Salamis. When the Aeginetans learned that, they dedicated three golden stars which are set on a bronze mast, in the angle, nearest to Croesus' bowl. " ^9.27 To these words the Athenians replied: “It is our belief that we are gathered for battle with the barbarian, and not for speeches; but since the man of Tegea has made it his business to speak of all the valorous deeds, old and new, which either of our nations has at any time achieved, we must prove to you how we, rather than Arcadians, have by virtue of our valor a hereditary right to the place of honor. These Tegeans say that they killed the leader of the Heraclidae at the Isthmus. ,Now when those same Heraclidae had been rejected by every Greek people to whom they resorted to escape the tyranny of the Mycenaeans, we alone received them. With them we vanquished those who then inhabited the Peloponnese, and we broke the pride of Eurystheus. ,Furthermore, when the Argives who had marched with Polynices against Thebes had there made an end of their lives and lay unburied, know that we sent our army against the Cadmeans and recovered the dead and buried them in Eleusis. ,We also have on record our great victory against the Amazons, who once came from the river Thermodon and broke into Attica, and in the hard days of Troy we were second to none. But since it is useless to recall these matters—for those who were previously valiant may now be of lesser mettle, and those who lacked mettle then may be better men now— ,enough of the past. Supposing that we were known for no achievement (although the fact is that we have done more than any other of the Greeks), we nevertheless deserve to have this honor and more beside because of the role we played at Marathon, seeing that alone of all Greeks we met the Persian singlehandedly and did not fail in that enterprise, but overcame forty-six nations. ,Is it not then our right to hold this post, for that one feat alone? Yet seeing that this is no time for wrangling about our place in the battle, we are ready to obey you, men of Lacedaemon and take whatever place and face whatever enemy you think fitting. Wherever you set us, we will strive to be valiant men. Command us then, knowing that we will obey.” ' "' None

19. Sophocles, Ajax, 434-446 (5th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojan War, first • Tros

Found in books: Edmunds (2021), Greek Myth, 31; Jouanna (2018), Sophocles: A Study of His Theater in Its Political and Social Context, 128

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434 Aiai! Who would ever have thought that my name would so descriptively suit my troubles? For well now may Ajax cry Aiai —yes, twice and three times. Such are the harsh troubles with which I have met. Look, I am one whose father’'⁴³⁵ prowess won him the fairest prize of all the army, whose father brought every glory home from this same land of Ida; but I, his son, who came after him to this same ground of Troy with no less might and proved the service of my hand in no meaner deeds, ⁴⁴⁰ I am ruined as you see by dishonor from the Greeks. And yet of this much I feel sure: if Achilles lived, and had been called to award the first place in valor to any claimant of his arms, no one would have grasped them before me. ⁴⁴⁵ But now the Atreidae have made away with them to a man without scruples and thrust away the triumphs of Ajax. And if these eyes and this warped mind had not swerved from the purpose that was mine, they would have never in this way procured votes in judgment against another man. ' None

20. Thucydides, The History of The Peloponnesian War, 1.9.2, 1.10.3, 1.11, 1.97.2, 6.2.1 (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojan War • Trojan War, Helen as cause of • Trojan war, • Trojans • Troy and Trojans, and Lydians • Troy, Trojans

Found in books: Farrell (2021), Juno's Aeneid: A Battle for Heroic Identity, 94; Finkelberg (2019), Homer and Early Greek Epic: Collected Essays, 144; Marincola et al. (2021), Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones and Calum Maciver, Greek Notions of the Past in the Archaic and Classical Eras: History Without Historians, 14; Munn (2006), The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion. 182, 309; Poulsen (2021), Usages of the Past in Roman Historiography, 269; Pucci (2016), Euripides' Revolution Under Cover: An Essay, 36

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1.9.2 λέγουσι δὲ καὶ οἱ τὰ σαφέστατα Πελοποννησίων μνήμῃ παρὰ τῶν πρότερον δεδεγμένοι Πέλοπά τε πρῶτον πλήθει χρημάτων, ἃ ἦλθεν ἐκ τῆς Ἀσίας ἔχων ἐς ἀνθρώπους ἀπόρους, δύναμιν περιποιησάμενον τὴν ἐπωνυμίαν τῆς χώρας ἔπηλυν ὄντα ὅμως σχεῖν, καὶ ὕστερον τοῖς ἐκγόνοις ἔτι μείζω ξυνενεχθῆναι,Εὐρυσθέως μὲν ἐν τῇ Ἀττικῇ ὑπὸ Ἡρακλειδῶν ἀποθανόντος, Ἀτρέως δὲ μητρὸς ἀδελφοῦ ὄντος αὐτῷ, καὶ ἐπιτρέψαντος Εὐρυσθέως, ὅτ᾽ ἐστράτευε, Μυκήνας τε καὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν κατὰ τὸ οἰκεῖον Ἀτρεῖ ʽτυγχάνειν δὲ αὐτὸν φεύγοντα τὸν πατέρα διὰ τὸν Χρυσίππου θάνατον̓, καὶ ὡς οὐκέτι ἀνεχώρησεν Εὐρυσθεύς, βουλομένων καὶ τῶν Μυκηναίων φόβῳ τῶν Ἡρακλειδῶν καὶ ἅμα δυνατὸν δοκοῦντα εἶναι καὶ τὸ πλῆθος τεθεραπευκότα τῶν Μυκηναίων τε καὶ ὅσων Εὐρυσθεὺς ἦρχε τὴν βασιλείαν Ἀτρέα παραλαβεῖν, καὶ τῶν Περσειδῶν τοὺς Πελοπίδας μείζους καταστῆναι. ^1.10.3 οὔκουν ἀπιστεῖν εἰκός, οὐδὲ τὰς ὄψεις τῶν πόλεων μᾶλλον σκοπεῖν ἢ τὰς δυνάμεις, νομίζειν δὲ τὴν στρατείαν ἐκείνην μεγίστην μὲν γενέσθαι τῶν πρὸ αὑτῆς, λειπομένην δὲ τῶν νῦν, τῇ Ὁμήρου αὖ ποιήσει εἴ τι χρὴ κἀνταῦθα πιστεύειν, ἣν εἰκὸς ἐπὶ τὸ μεῖζον μὲν ποιητὴν ὄντα κοσμῆσαι, ὅμως δὲ φαίνεται καὶ οὕτως ἐνδεεστέρα. ^1.97.2 ἔγραψα δὲ αὐτὰ καὶ τὴν ἐκβολὴν τοῦ λόγου ἐποιησάμην διὰ τόδε, ὅτι τοῖς πρὸ ἐμοῦ ἅπασιν ἐκλιπὲς τοῦτο ἦν τὸ χωρίον καὶ ἢ τὰ πρὸ τῶν Μηδικῶν Ἑλληνικὰ ξυνετίθεσαν ἢ αὐτὰ τὰ Μηδικά: τούτων δὲ ὅσπερ καὶ ἥψατο ἐν τῇ Ἀττικῇ ξυγγραφῇ Ἑλλάνικος, βραχέως τε καὶ τοῖς χρόνοις οὐκ ἀκριβῶς ἐπεμνήσθη. ἅμα δὲ καὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς ἀπόδειξιν ἔχει τῆς τῶν Ἀθηναίων ἐν οἵῳ τρόπῳ κατέστη. ^6.2.1 ᾠκίσθη δὲ ὧδε τὸ ἀρχαῖον, καὶ τοσάδε ἔθνη ἔσχε τὰ ξύμπαντα. παλαίτατοι μὲν λέγονται ἐν μέρει τινὶ τῆς χώρας Κύκλωπες καὶ Λαιστρυγόνες οἰκῆσαι, ὧν ἐγὼ οὔτε γένος ἔχω εἰπεῖν οὔτε ὁπόθεν ἐσῆλθον ἢ ὅποι ἀπεχώρησαν: ἀρκείτω δὲ ὡς ποιηταῖς τε εἴρηται καὶ ὡς ἕκαστός πῃ γιγνώσκει περὶ αὐτῶν.' ' None

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1.9.2 Indeed, the account given by those Peloponnesians who have been the recipients of the most credible tradition is this. First of all Pelops, arriving among a needy population from Asia with vast wealth, acquired such power that, stranger though he was, the country was called after him; and this power fortune saw fit materially to increase in the hands of his descendants. Eurystheus had been killed in Attica by the Heraclids. Atreus was his mother's brother; and to the hands of his relation, who had left his father on account of the death of Chrysippus, Eurystheus, when he set out on his expedition, had committed Mycenae and the government. As time went on and Eurystheus did not return, Atreus complied with the wishes of the Mycenaeans, who were influenced by fear of the Heraclids,—besides, his power seemed considerable, and he had not neglected to court the favour of the populace,—and assumed the sceptre of Mycenae and the rest of the dominions of Eurystheus. And so the power of the descendants of Pelops came to be greater than that of the descendants of Perseus. " "^1.10.3 We have therefore no right to be skeptical, nor to content ourselves with an inspection of a town to the exclusion of a consideration of its power; but we may safely conclude that the armament in question surpassed all before it, as it fell short of modern efforts; if we can here also accept the testimony of Homer's poems, in which, without allowing for the exaggeration which a poet would feel himself licensed to employ, we can see that it was far from equalling ours. " ^1.97.2 My excuse for relating these events, and for venturing on this digression, is that this passage of history has been omitted by all my predecessors, who have confined themselves either to Hellenic history before the Median war, or to the Median war itself. Hellanicus, it is true, did touch on these events in his Athenian history; but he is somewhat concise and not accurate in his dates. Besides, the history of these events contains an explanation of the growth of the Athenian empire. ^6.2.1 It was settled originally as follows, and the peoples that occupied it are these. The earliest inhabitants spoken of in any part of the country are the Cyclopes and Laestrygones; but I cannot tell of what race they were, or whence they came or whither they went, and must leave my readers to what the poets have said of them and to what may be generally known concerning them. ' " None

21. None, None, nan (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojan War, Helen as cause of • Trojans

Found in books: Bierl (2017), Time and Space in Ancient Myth, Religion and Culture, 212; Pucci (2016), Euripides' Revolution Under Cover: An Essay, 36

22. None, None, nan (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Phrygia and Phrygians, and Trojans • Trojan War • Trojans • Troy and Trojans, and Phrygians

Found in books: Munn (2006), The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion. 74; Naiden (2013), Smoke Signals for the Gods: Ancient Greek Sacrifice from the Archaic through Roman Periods, 15; Rutter and Sparkes (2012), Word and Image in Ancient Greece, 62

23. None, None, nan (5th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojans • horse, Trojan

Found in books: Farrell (2021), Juno's Aeneid: A Battle for Heroic Identity, 211; Gianvittorio-Ungar and Schlapbach (2021), Choreonarratives: Dancing Stories in Greek and Roman Antiquity and Beyond, 171, 172

24. None, None, nan (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojan War in lyric, • war, Trojan,

Found in books: Bowie (2021), Essays on Ancient Greek Literature and Culture, 504; Marincola et al. (2021), Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones and Calum Maciver, Greek Notions of the Past in the Archaic and Classical Eras: History Without Historians, 66

25. None, None, nan (4th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojan War, the • Troy/Trojans

Found in books: Ker and Wessels (2020), The Values of Nighttime in Classical Antiquity: Between Dusk and Dawn, 200; Kirichenko (2022), Greek Literature and the Ideal: The Pragmatics of Space from the Archaic to the Hellenistic Age, 223

26. None, None, nan (4th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojan War • Trojan women • Trojans

Found in books: Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 112; de Bakker, van den Berg, and Klooster (2022), Emotions and Narrative in Ancient Literature and Beyond, 324

27. None, None, nan (4th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojan War • Trojan women • Troy/Trojans

Found in books: Braund and Most (2004), Ancient Anger: Perspectives from Homer to Galen, 57; de Bakker, van den Berg, and Klooster (2022), Emotions and Narrative in Ancient Literature and Beyond, 326, 328

28. Anon., Sibylline Oracles, 3.350-3.380, 3.388-3.432, 3.774 (1st cent. BCE - 5th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Dio Chrysostom, Trojan Oration • Trojan War • Troy/Trojan War

Found in books: Bacchi (2022), Uncovering Jewish Creativity in Book III of the Sibylline Oracles: Gender, Intertextuality, and Politics, 136, 140, 145, 152, 186, 187, 189; Konig and Wiater (2022), Late Hellenistic Greek Literature in Dialogue, 179, 195, 196, 197, 198, 201; König and Wiater (2022), Late Hellenistic Greek Literature in Dialogue, 179, 195, 196, 197, 198, 201

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3.350 350 In the great God's pure laws, when he shall lift" '^3.351 Thy wearied knee upright unto the light. ^3.352 And then will God from heaven send a king ^3.353 To judge each man in blood and light of fire. ^3.354 There is a royal tribe, the race of which ^3.355 355 Shall be unfailing; and as times revolve ^3.356 This race shall bear rule and begin to build' "^3.357 God's temple new. And all the Persian king" '^3.358 Shall aid with bronze and gold and well-wrought iron. ^3.359 For God himself will give the holy dream ^3.360 360 By night. And then the temple shall again ^3.361 Be, as it was before. . . . ^3.362 Now when my soul had rest from inspired song, ^3.363 And I prayed the great Father for a rest ^3.364 From constraint; even in my heart again ^3.365 365 Was set a message of the mighty God ^3.366 And he bade me proclaim through all the earth ^3.367 And plant in royal minds things yet to be. ^3.368 And in my mind God put this first to say ^3.369 How many lamentable suffering ^3.370 370 The Immortal purposed upon Babylon ^3.371 Because she his great temple had destroyed. ^3.372 Alas, alas for thee! O Babylon, ^3.373 And for the offspring of the Assyrian men! ^3.374 Through all the earth the rush of sinful men ^3.375 375 Shall some time come, and shout of mortal men ^3.376 And stroke of the great God, who inspires songs, ^3.377 Shall ruin every land. For high in air to thee ^3.378 O Babylon, shall it come from above, ^3.379 And out of heaven from holy ones to thee ^3.380 380 Shall it come down, and the soul in thy children ^3.388 And dreadful, to thy homes, which thou didst hope ^3.389 Might never fall on thee. For through thy midst ^3.390 390 A sword shall pass, and scattering and death ^3.391 And famine shall prevail until of king ^3.392 The seventh generation, and then cease. ^3.393 Alas for thee, O land of Gog and Magog ^3.394 In the midst of the rivers of Ethiopia! ^3.395 395 What pouring out of blood shalt thou receive, ^3.396 And house of judgment among men be called, ^3.397 And thy land of much dew shall drink black blood! ^3.398 Alas for thee, O Libya, and alas, ^3.399 Both sea and land! O daughters of the west, ^3.400 400 So shall ye come unto a bitter day. ^3.401 And ye shall come pursued by grievous strife, ^3.402 Dreadful and grievous; there shall be again ^3.403 A dreadful judgment, and ye all shall come ^3.404 By force unto destruction, for ye tore ^3.405 405 In pieces the great house of the Immortal, ^3.406 And with iron teeth ye chewed it dreadfully. ^3.407 Therefore shalt thou then look upon thy land ^3.408 Full of the dead, some of them fallen by war ^3.409 And by the demon of all violence, ^3.410 410 Famine and plague, and some by barbarous foes. ^3.411 And all thy land shall be a wilderness, ^3.412 And desolations shall thy cities be. ^3.413 And in the west there shall a star shine forth ^3.414 Which they will call a comet, sign to men ^3.415 415 of the sword and of famine and of death, ^3.416 And murder of great leaders and chief men. ^3.417 And yet again there shall be among men ^3.418 Greatest signs; for deep-eddying Tanai' "^3.419 Shall leave Mæotis's lake, and there shall be" "^3.420 420 Down the deep stream a fruitful, furrow's track," '^3.421 And the vast flow shall hold a neck of land. ^3.422 And there are hollow chasms and yawning pits; ^3.423 And many cities, men and all, shall fall:– ^3.424 In Asia–Iassus, Cebren, Pandonia, ^3.425 425 Colophon, Ephesus, Nicæa, Antioch, ^3.426 Syagra, Sinope, Smyrna, Myrina, ^3.427 Most happy Gaza, Hierapolis, . ^3.428 Astypalaia; and in Europe–Tanagra, ^3.429 Clitor, Basilis, Meropeia, Antigone, ^3.430 430 Magnessa, Mykene, Oiantheia. ^3.431 Know then that the destructive race of Egypt ^3.432 Is near destruction, and the past year then ^3.774 Over the spacious surface of the sea.' " None

29. Diodorus Siculus, Historical Library, 4.66, 7.5.4-7.5.5 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Rome and Romans, and Trojan origins • Trojan War • Troy/Trojans • intermarriage, Trojans and Latins

Found in books: Gruen (2011), Rethinking the Other in Antiquity, 244; Gruen (2020), Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter, 77; Konig and Wiater (2022), Late Hellenistic Greek Literature in Dialogue, 201; König and Wiater (2022), Late Hellenistic Greek Literature in Dialogue, 201

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4.66 1. \xa0As for The Seven against Thebes, such, then, was the outcome of their campaign. But their sons, who were known as Epigoni, being intent upon avenging the death of their fathers, decided to make common cause in a campaign against Thebes, having received an oracle from Apollo that they should make war upon this city, and with Alcmaeon, the son of AmphiaraÃ¼s, as their supreme commander.,2. \xa0Alcmaeon, after they had chosen him to be their commander, inquired of the god concerning the campaign against Thebes and also concerning the punishment of his mother EriphylÃª.,3. \xa0And Apollo replied that he should perform both these deeds, not only because EriphylÃª had accepted the golden necklace in return for working the destruction of his father, but also because she had received a robe as a reward for securing the death of her son. For AphroditÃª, as we are told, in ancient times had given both the necklace and a robe as presents to Harmonia, the daughter of Cadmus, and EriphylÃª had accepted both of them, receiving the necklace from Polyneices and the robe from Thersandrus, the son of Polyneices, who had given it to her in order to induce her to persuade her son to make the campaign against Thebes. Alcmaeon, accordingly, gathered soldiers, not only from Argos but from the neighbouring cities as well, and so had a notable army as he set out on the campaign against Thebes.,4. \xa0The Thebans drew themselves up against him and a mighty battle took place in which Alcmaeon and his allies were victorious; and the Thebans, since they had been worsted in the battle and had lost many of their citizens, found their hopes shattered. And since they were not strong enough to offer further resistance, they consulted the seer Teiresias, who advised them to flee from the city, for only in this way, he said, could they save their lives.,5. \xa0Consequently the Cadmeans left the city, as the seer had counselled them to do, and gathered for refuge by month in a place in Boeotia called Tilphossaeum. Thereupon the Epigoni took the city and sacked it, and capturing DaphnÃª, the daughter of Teiresias, they dedicated her, in accordance with a certain vow, to the service of the temple at Delphi as an offering to the god of the first-fruits of the booty.,6. \xa0This maiden possessed no less knowledge of prophecy than her father, and in the course of her stay at Delphi she developed her skill to a far greater degree; moreover, by virtue of the employment of a marvellous natural gift, she also wrote oracular responses of every sort, excelling in their composition; and indeed it was from her poetry, they say, that the poet Homer took many verses which he appropriated as his own and with them adorned his own poesy. And since she was often like one inspired when she delivered oracles, they say that she was also called Sibylla, for to be inspired in one's tongue is expressed by the word sibyllainein." ^7.5.4 \xa0As for the name of the city, however, Fabius, who wrote a history of the Romans, presents a different story. This is what he says: An oracle was given to Aeneas, stating that a four-footed animal would lead him to the place where he should found a city. And once, when he was in the act of sacrificing a sow, white in colour, which was pregt, it escaped from his hands and was pursued to a certain hill, where it dropped a farrow of thirty pigs. ^7.5.5 \xa0Aeneas was astounded at this strange happening, and then, calling to mind the oracle, he made preparations to found a city on the spot. But in his sleep he saw a vision which strictly forbade him to do so and counselled him to found the city thirty years hence, corresponding to the number of the farrow of pigs, and so he gave up his design.'" None

30. Dionysius of Halycarnassus, Roman Antiquities, 1.61-1.62, 1.74.1, 2.49.2 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Rome and Romans, and Trojan origins • Trojan War • Troy/Trojans • intermarriage, Trojans and Latins

Found in books: Gruen (2011), Rethinking the Other in Antiquity, 244, 247, 248; Gruen (2020), Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter, 73, 76, 77

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1.61 1. \xa0That the Trojans, too, were a nation as truly Greek as any and formerly came from the Peloponnesus has long been asserted by some authors and shall be briefly related by me also. The account concerning them is as follows. Atlas was the first king of the country now called Arcadia, and he lived near the mountain called Thaumasius. He had seven daughters, who are said to be numbered now among the constellations under the name of the Pleiades; Zeus married one of these, Electra, and had by her two sons, Iasus and Dardanus.,2. \xa0Iasus remained unmarried, but Dardanus married ChrysÃª, the daughter of Pallas, by whom he had two sons, Idaeus and Deimas; and these, succeeding Atlas in the kingdom, reign for some time in Arcadia. Afterwards, a great deluge occurring throughout Arcadia, the plains were overflowed and for a long time could not be tilled; and the inhabitants, living upon the mountains and eking out a sorry livelihood, decided that the land remaining would not be sufficient for the support of them all, and so divided themselves into two groups, one of which remained in Arcadia, after making Deimas, the son of Dardanus, their king, while the other left the Peloponnesus on board a large fleet.,3. \xa0And sailing along the coast of Europe, they came to a gulf called Melas and chanced to land on a certain island of Thrace, as to which I\xa0am unable to say whether it was previously inhabited or not. They called the island Samothrace, a name compounded of the name of a man and the name of a place. For it belongs to Thrace and its first settler was Samon, the son of Hermes and a nymph of CyllenÃª, named RhenÃª.,4. \xa0Here they remained but a short time, since the life proved to be no easy one for them, forced to contend, as they were, with both a poor soil and a boisterous sea; but leaving some few of their people in the island, the greater part of them removed once more and went to Asia under Dardanus as leader of their colony (for Iasus had died in the island, being struck with a thunderbolt for desiring to have intercourse with Demeter), and disembarking in the strait now called the Hellespont, they settled in the region which was afterwards called Phrygia. Idaeus, the son of Dardanus, with part of the company occupied the mountains which are now called after him the Idaean mountains, and there built a temple to the Mother of the Gods and instituted mysteries and ceremonies which are observed to this day throughout all Phrygia. And Dardanus built a city named after himself in the region now called the Troad; the land was given to him by Teucer, the king, after whom the country was anciently called Teucris.,5. \xa0Many authors, and particularly Phanodemus, who wrote about the ancient lore of Attica, say that Teucer had come into Asia from Attica, where he had been chief of the deme called XypetÃª, and of this tale they offer many proofs. They add that, having possessed himself of a large and fertile country with but a small native population, he was glad to see Dardanus and the Greeks who came with him, both because he hoped for their assistance in his wars against the barbarians and because he desired that the land should not remain unoccupied. But the subject requires that I\xa0relate also how Aeneas was descended: this, too, I\xa0shall do briefly. Dardanus, after the death of ChrysÃª, the daughter of Pallas, by whom he had his first sons, married Bateia, the daughter of Teucer, and by her had Erichthonius, who is said to have been the most fortunate of all men, since he inherited both the kingdom of his father and that of his maternal grandfather. ^1.62 2. \xa0of Erichthonius and CallirrhoÃª, the daughter of Scamander, was born Tros, from whom the nation has received its name; of Tros and Acallaris, the daughter of Eumedes, Assaracus; of Assaracus and Clytodora, the daughter of Laomedon, Capys; of Capys and a Naiad nymph, HieromnemÃª, Anchises; of Anchises and AphroditÃª, Aeneas. Thus I\xa0have shown that the Trojan race, too, was originally Greek. ^1.74.1 \xa0As to the last settlement or founding of the city, or whatever we ought to call it, Timaeus of Sicily, following what principle I\xa0do not know, places it at the same time as the founding of Carthage, that is, in the thirty-eighth year before the first Olympiad; Lucius Cincius, a member of the senate, places it about the fourth year of the twelfth Olympiad, and Quintus Fabius in the first year of the eighth Olympiad. < ^2.49.2 \xa0But Porcius Cato says that the Sabine race received its name from Sabus, the son of Sancus, a divinity of that country, and that this Sancus was by some called Jupiter Fidius. He says also that their first place of abode was a certain village called Testruna, situated near the city of Amiternum; that from there the Sabines made an incursion at that time into the Reatine territory, which was inhabited by the Aborigines together with the Pelasgians, and took their most famous city, Cutiliae, by force of arms and occupied it; <'' None

31. Ovid, Fasti, 6.424, 6.437-6.454 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Augustus,Trojan ancestry of • Dionysius of Halicarnassus, on Rome’s Trojan origins • Julius Caesar, C., and Trojan ancestry • Procopius, on Rome’s Trojan origins • Trojan(s) • Trojans • Trojans, and Augustus • Trojans, and Caesar

Found in books: Erker (2023), Ambiguity and Religion in Ovid’s Fasti: Religious Innovation and the Imperial Family, 215; Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 162, 163

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6.424 hoc superest illic, Pallada Roma tenet. ^6.437 heu quantum timuere patres, quo tempore Vesta ^6.438 arsit et est tectis obruta paene suis! ^6.439 flagrabant sancti sceleratis ignibus ignes, ^6.440 mixtaque erat flammae flamma profana piae. ^6.441 attonitae flebant demisso crine ministrae: ^6.442 abstulerat vires corporis ipse timor, ^6.443 provolat in medium, et magna succurrite! voce ^6.444 non est auxilium flere Metellus ait. ^6.445 ‘pignora virgineis fatalia tollite palmis: ^6.446 non ea sunt voto, sed rapienda manu. ^6.447 me miserum! dubitatis?’ ait. dubitare videbat ^6.448 et pavidas posito procubuisse genu. ^6.449 haurit aquas tollensque manus, ignoscite, dixit ^6.450 ‘sacra! vir intrabo non adeunda viro. ^6.451 si scelus est, in me commissi poena redundet: ^6.452 sit capitis damno Roma soluta mei.’ ^6.453 dixit et inrupit, factum dea rapta probavit ^6.454 pontificisque sui munere tuta fuit.'' None

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6.424 That’s all that’s left there: Rome has the Palladium.) ^6.437 How worried the Senate was, when Vesta’s temple ^6.438 Caught fire: and she was nearly buried by her own roof! ^6.439 Holy fires blazed, fed by sinful fires, ^6.440 Sacred and profane flames were merged. ^6.441 The priestesses with streaming hair, wept in amazement: ^6.442 Fear had robbed them of their bodily powers. ^6.443 Metellus rushed into their midst, crying in a loud voice: ^6.444 ‘Run and help, there’s no use in weeping. ^6.445 Seize fate’s pledges in your virgin hands: ^6.446 They won’t survive by prayers, but by action. ^6.447 Ah me! Do you hesitate?’ he said. He saw them, ^6.448 Hesitating, sinking in terror to their knees. ^6.449 He took up water, and holding his hands aloft, cried: ^6.450 ‘Forgive me, holy relics! A man enters where no man should. ^6.451 If it’s wrong, let the punishment fall on me: ^6.452 Let my life be the penalty, so Rome is free of harm.’ ^6.453 He spoke and entered. The goddess he carried away ^6.454 Was saved by her priest’s devotion, and she approved.'' None

32. None, None, nan (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojan Myth • Troy, Trojans

Found in books: Poulsen (2021), Usages of the Past in Roman Historiography, 280, 281, 292; Woolf (2011). Tales of the Barbarians: Ethnography and Empire in the Roman West. 57

33. None, None, nan (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojan Sibyl • Trojans

Found in books: Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 172; Santangelo (2013), Roman Frugality: Modes of Moderation from the Archaic Age to the Early Empire and Beyond, 230

34. None, None, nan (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Aeschylus, synthesis of Greek and Romano-Trojan narratives • Paris, Trojan prince • tragedy, Trojans, degeneracy of

Found in books: Cairns (1989), Virgil's Augustan Epic. 127; Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 208; Price, Finkelberg and Shahar (2021), Rome: An Empire of Many Nations: New Perspectives on Ethnic Diversity and Cultural Identity, 88

35. None, None, nan (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Augustus,Trojan ancestry of • Dionysius of Halicarnassus, on Rome’s Trojan origins • Julius Caesar, C., and Trojan ancestry • Procopius, on Rome’s Trojan origins • Trojan(s) • Trojans • Trojans, and Augustus • Trojans, and Caesar

Found in books: Erker (2023), Ambiguity and Religion in Ovid’s Fasti: Religious Innovation and the Imperial Family, 208; Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 163

36. None, None, nan (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojans • war, Trojan War

Found in books: Gale (2000), Virgil on the Nature of Things: The Georgics, Lucretius and the Didactic Tradition, 239; Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 112

37. Apollodorus, Bibliotheca, 2.5.9, 2.6.4 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojan War • Troy and Trojans, and Lydians • Troy/Trojans

Found in books: Ker and Wessels (2020), The Values of Nighttime in Classical Antiquity: Between Dusk and Dawn, 295, 296; Munn (2006), The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion. 182

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2.5.9 ἔνατον ἆθλον Ἡρακλεῖ ἐπέταξε ζωστῆρα κομίζειν τὸν Ἱππολύτης. αὕτη δὲ ἐβασίλευεν Ἀμαζόνων, αἳ κατῴκουν περὶ τὸν Θερμώδοντα ποταμόν, ἔθνος μέγα τὰ κατὰ πόλεμον· ἤσκουν γὰρ ἀνδρίαν, καὶ εἴ ποτε μιγεῖσαι γεννήσειαν, τὰ θήλεα ἔτρεφον, καὶ τοὺς μὲν δεξιοὺς μαστοὺς ἐξέθλιβον, ἵνα μὴ κωλύωνται ἀκοντίζειν, τοὺς δὲ ἀριστεροὺς εἴων, ἵνα τρέφοιεν. εἶχε δὲ Ἱππολύτη τὸν Ἄρεος ζωστῆρα, σύμβολον τοῦ πρωτεύειν ἁπασῶν. ἐπὶ τοῦτον τὸν ζωστῆρα Ἡρακλῆς ἐπέμπετο, λαβεῖν αὐτὸν ἐπιθυμούσης τῆς Εὐρυσθέως θυγατρὸς Ἀδμήτης. παραλαβὼν οὖν ἐθελοντὰς συμμάχους ἐν μιᾷ νηὶ ἔπλει, 2 -- καὶ προσίσχει νήσῳ Πάρῳ, ἣν 3 -- κατῴκουν οἱ Μίνωος υἱοὶ Εὐρυμέδων Χρύσης Νηφαλίων Φιλόλαος. ἀποβάντων 4 -- δὲ δύο τῶν ἐν τῇ 5 -- νηὶ συνέβη τελευτῆσαι ὑπὸ τῶν Μίνωος υἱῶν· ὑπὲρ ὧν ἀγανακτῶν Ἡρακλῆς τούτους μὲν παραχρῆμα ἀπέκτεινε, τοὺς δὲ λοιποὺς κατακλείσας ἐπολιόρκει, ἕως ἐπιπρεσβευσάμενοι παρεκάλουν ἀντὶ τῶν ἀναιρεθέντων δύο λαβεῖν, οὓς ἂν αὐτὸς θελήσειεν. ὁ δὲ λύσας τὴν πολιορκίαν, καὶ τοὺς Ἀνδρόγεω τοῦ Μίνωος υἱοὺς ἀνελόμενος Ἀλκαῖον καὶ Σθένελον, ἧκεν εἰς Μυσίαν πρὸς Λύκον τὸν Δασκύλου, καὶ ξενισθεὶς ὑπὸ 1 -- τοῦ Βεβρύκων βασιλέως συμβαλόντων, βοηθῶν Λύκῳ πολλοὺς ἀπέκτεινε, μεθʼ ὧν καὶ τὸν βασιλέα Μύγδονα, ἀδελφὸν Ἀμύκου. καὶ τῆς 2 -- Βεβρύκων πολλὴν 3 -- ἀποτεμόμενος γῆν ἔδωκε Λύκῳ· ὁ δὲ πᾶσαν ἐκείνην ἐκάλεσεν Ἡράκλειαν. καταπλεύσαντος δὲ εἰς τὸν ἐν Θεμισκύρᾳ λιμένα, παραγενομένης εἰς 4 -- αὐτὸν Ἱππολύτης καὶ τίνος ἥκοι χάριν πυθομένης, καὶ δώσειν τὸν ζωστῆρα ὑποσχομένης, 5 -- Ἥρα μιᾷ τῶν Ἀμαζόνων εἰκασθεῖσα τὸ πλῆθος ἐπεφοίτα, λέγουσα ὅτι 6 -- τὴν βασιλίδα ἀφαρπάζουσιν 7 -- οἱ προσελθόντες ξένοι. αἱ δὲ μεθʼ ὅπλων ἐπὶ τὴν ναῦν κατέθεον σὺν ἵπποις. 8 -- ὡς δὲ εἶδεν αὐτὰς καθωπλισμένας Ἡρακλῆς, νομίσας ἐκ δόλου τοῦτο γενέσθαι, τὴν μὲν Ἱππολύτην κτείνας τὸν ζωστῆρα ἀφαιρεῖται, πρὸς δὲ τὰς λοιπὰς ἀγωνισάμενος ἀποπλεῖ, καὶ προσίσχει Τροίᾳ. συνεβεβήκει δὲ τότε κατὰ μῆνιν Ἀπόλλωνος καὶ Ποσειδῶνος ἀτυχεῖν τὴν πόλιν. Ἀπόλλων γὰρ καὶ Ποσειδῶν τὴν Λαομέδοντος ὕβριν πειράσαι θέλοντες, εἰκασθέντες ἀνθρώποις ὑπέσχοντο ἐπὶ μισθῷ τειχιεῖν τὸ Πέργαμον. τοῖς δὲ τειχίσασι τὸν μισθὸν οὐκ ἀπεδίδου. διὰ τοῦτο Ἀπόλλων μὲν λοιμὸν ἔπεμψε, Ποσειδῶν δὲ κῆτος ἀναφερόμενον ὑπὸ πλημμυρίδος, ὃ τοὺς ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ συνήρπαζεν ἀνθρώπους. χρησμῶν δὲ λεγόντων ἀπαλλαγὴν ἔσεσθαι τῶν συμφορῶν, ἐὰν προθῇ 1 -- Λαομέδων Ἡσιόνην τὴν θυγατέρα αὐτοῦ τῷ κήτει βοράν, οὗτος 2 -- προύθηκε ταῖς πλησίον τῆς θαλάσσης πέτραις προσαρτήσας. ταύτην ἰδὼν ἐκκειμένην Ἡρακλῆς ὑπέσχετο σώσειν, 1 -- εἰ τὰς ἵππους παρὰ Λαομέδοντος λήψεται ἃς Ζεὺς ποινὴν τῆς Γανυμήδους ἁρπαγῆς ἔδωκε. δώσειν δὲ Λαομέδοντος εἰπόντος, κτείνας τὸ κῆτος Ἡσιόνην ἔσωσε. μὴ βουλομένου δὲ τὸν μισθὸν ἀποδοῦναι, πολεμήσειν Τροίᾳ 2 -- ἀπειλήσας ἀνήχθη. καὶ προσίσχει Αἴνῳ, ἔνθα ξενίζεται ὑπὸ Πόλτυος. ἀποπλέων δὲ ἐπὶ τῆς ἠιόνος τῆς Αἰνίας Σαρπηδόνα, Ποσειδῶνος μὲν υἱὸν ἀδελφὸν δὲ Πόλτυος, ὑβριστὴν ὄντα τοξεύσας ἀπέκτεινε. καὶ παραγενόμενος εἰς Θάσον καὶ χειρωσάμενος τοὺς ἐνοικοῦντας Θρᾷκας ἔδωκε τοῖς Ἀνδρόγεω παισὶ κατοικεῖν. ἐκ Θάσου δὲ ὁρμηθεὶς ἐπὶ Τορώνην Πολύγονον καὶ Τηλέγονον, τοὺς Πρωτέως τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος υἱούς, παλαίειν προκαλουμένους κατὰ τὴν πάλην ἀπέκτεινε. κομίσας δὲ τὸν ζωστῆρα εἰς Μυκήνας ἔδωκεν Εὐρυσθεῖ.' ' None

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2.5.9 The ninth labour he enjoined on Hercules was to bring the belt of Hippolyte. She was queen of the Amazons, who dwelt about the river Thermodon, a people great in war; for they cultivated the manly virtues, and if ever they gave birth to children through intercourse with the other sex, they reared the females; and they pinched off the right breasts that they might not be trammelled by them in throwing the javelin, but they kept the left breasts, that they might suckle. Now Hippolyte had the belt of Ares in token of her superiority to all the rest. Hercules was sent to fetch this belt because Admete, daughter of Eurystheus, desired to get it. So taking with him a band of volunteer comrades in a single ship he set sail and put in to the island of Paros, which was inhabited by the sons of Minos, to wit, Eurymedon, Chryses, Nephalion, and Philolaus. But it chanced that two of those in the ship landed and were killed by the sons of Minos. Indigt at this, Hercules killed the sons of Minos on the spot and besieged the rest closely, till they sent envoys to request that in the room of the murdered men he would take two, whom he pleased. So he raised the siege, and taking on board the sons of Androgeus, son of Minos, to wit, Alcaeus and Sthenelus, he came to Mysia, to the court of Lycus, son of Dascylus, and was entertained by him; and in a battle between him and the king of the Bebryces Hercules sided with Lycus and slew many, amongst others King Mygdon, brother of Amycus. And he took much land from the Bebryces and gave it to Lycus, who called it all Heraclea . Having put in at the harbor of Themiscyra, he received a visit from Hippolyte, who inquired why he was come, and promised to give him the belt. But Hera in the likeness of an Amazon went up and down the multitude saying that the strangers who had arrived were carrying off the queen. So the Amazons in arms charged on horseback down on the ship. But when Hercules saw them in arms, he suspected treachery, and killing Hippolyte stripped her of her belt. And after fighting the rest he sailed away and touched at Troy . But it chanced that the city was then in distress consequently on the wrath of Apollo and Poseidon. For desiring to put the wantonness of Laomedon to the proof, Apollo and Poseidon assumed the likeness of men and undertook to fortify Pergamum for wages. But when they had fortified it, he would not pay them their wages. Therefore Apollo sent a pestilence, and Poseidon a sea monster, which, carried up by a flood, snatched away the people of the plain. But as oracles foretold deliverance from these calamities if Laomedon would expose his daughter Hesione to be devoured by the sea monster, he exposed her by fastening her to the rocks near the sea. Seeing her exposed, Hercules promised to save her on condition of receiving from Laomedon the mares which Zeus had given in compensation for the rape of Ganymede. On Laomedon's saying that he would give them, Hercules killed the monster and saved Hesione. But when Laomedon would not give the stipulated reward, Hercules put to sea after threatening to make war on Troy . And he touched at Aenus, where he was entertained by Poltys. And as he was sailing away he shot and killed on the Aenian beach a lewd fellow, Sarpedon, son of Poseidon and brother of Poltys. And having come to Thasos and subjugated the Thracians who dwelt in the island, he gave it to the sons of Androgeus to dwell in. From Thasos he proceeded to Torone, and there, being challenged to wrestle by Polygonus and Telegonus, sons of Proteus, son of Poseidon, he killed them in the wrestling match. And having brought the belt to Mycenae he gave it to Eurystheus." " None

38. Plutarch, Alexander The Great, 15.4, 15.8 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Athena, Trojan • Trojans • Troy and Trojans, later visitors to

Found in books: Athanassaki and Titchener (2022), Plutarch's Cities, 223, 315; Baumann and Liotsakis (2022), Reading History in the Roman Empire, 195; Munn (2006), The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion. 27

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15.4 ἀναβὰς δὲ εἰς Ἴλιον ἔθυσε τῇ Ἀθηνᾷ καὶ τοῖς ἥρωσιν ἔσπεισε. τὴν δὲ Ἀχιλλέως στήλην ἀλειψάμενος λίπα καὶ μετὰ τῶν ἑταίρων συναναδραμὼν γυμνὸς, ὥσπερ ἔθος ἐστίν, ἐστεφάνωσε, μακαρίσας αὐτόν ὅτι καὶ ζῶν φίλου πιστοῦ καὶ δὲ τελευτήσας μεγάλου κήρυκος ἔτυχεν.' ' None

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15.4 Then, going up to Ilium, he sacrificed to Athena and poured libations to the heroes. Furthermore, the gravestone of Achilles he anointed with oil, ran a race by it with his companions, naked, as is the custom, and then crowned it with garlands, pronouncing the hero happy in having, while he lived, a faithful friend, and after death, a great herald of his fame. ' ' None

39. Plutarch, Romulus, 3.1-3.3 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Rome and Romans, and Trojan origins • Troy/Trojans • intermarriage, Trojans and Latins

Found in books: Gruen (2011), Rethinking the Other in Antiquity, 244; Gruen (2020), Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter, 77

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3.1 τοῦ δὲ πίστιν ἔχοντος λόγου μάλιστα καὶ πλείστους μάρτυρας τὰ μὲν κυριώτατα πρῶτος εἰς τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἐξέδωκε Διοκλῆς Πεπαρήθιος, ᾧ καὶ Φάβιος ὁ Πίκτωρ ἐν τοῖς πλείστοις ἐπηκολούθηκε. γεγόνασι δὲ καὶ περὶ τούτων ἕτεραι διαφοραί· τύπῳ δʼ εἰπεῖν τοιοῦτός ἐστι. ^3.2 τῶν ἀπʼ Αἰνείου γεγονότων ἐν Ἄλβῃ βασιλέων εἰς ἀδελφοὺς δύο, Νομήτορα καὶ Ἀμούλιον, ἡ διαδοχὴ καθῆκεν. Ἀμουλίου δὲ νείμαντος τὰ πάντα δίχα, τῇ δὲ βασιλείᾳ τὰ χρήματα καὶ τὸν ἐκ Τροίας κομισθέντα χρυσὸν ἀντιθέντος, εἵλετο τὴν βασιλείαν ὁ Νομήτωρ. ἔχων οὖν ὁ Ἀμούλιος τὰ χρήματα καὶ πλέον ἀπʼ αὐτῶν δυνάμενος τοῦ Νομήτορος, τήν τε βασιλείαν ἀφείλετο ῥᾳδίως, καὶ φοβούμενος ἐκ τῆς θυγατρὸς αὐτοῦ γενέσθαι παῖδας, ἱέρειαν τῆς Ἑστίας ἀπέδειξεν, ἄγαμον καὶ παρθένον ἀεὶ βιωσομένην. ^3.3 ταύτην οἱ μὲν Ἰλίαν, οἱ δὲ Ῥέαν, οἱ δὲ Σιλουίαν ὀνομάζουσι. φωρᾶται δὲ μετʼ οὐ πολὺν χρόνον κυοῦσα παρὰ τὸν καθεστῶτα ταῖς Ἑστιάσι νόμον, καὶ τὸ μὲν ἀνήκεστα μὴ παθεῖν αὐτὴν ἡ τοῦ βασιλέως θυγάτηρ Ἀνθὼ παρῃτήσατο, δεηθεῖσα τοῦ πατρός, εἵρχθη δὲ καὶ δίαιταν εἶχεν ἀνεπίμεικτον, ὅπως μὴ λάθοι τεκοῦσα τὸν Ἀμούλιον. ἔτεκε δὲ δύο παῖδας ὑπερφυεῖς μεγέθει καὶ κάλλει.'' None

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3.1 But the story which has the widest credence and the greatest number of vouchers was first published among the Greeks, in its principal details, by Diodes of Peparethus, and Fabius Pictor follows him in most points. Here again there are variations in the story, but its general outline is as follows. ^3.2 The descendants of Aeneas reigned as kings in Alba, and the succession devolved at length upon two brothers, Numitor and Amulius. Cf. Livy, i. 3. Amulius divided the whole inheritance into two parts, setting the treasures and the gold which had been brought from Troy over against the kingdom, and Numitor chose the kingdom. Amulius, then, in possession of the treasure, and made more powerful by it than Numitor, easily took the kingdom away from his brother, and fearing lest that brother’s daughter should have children, made her a priestess of Vesta, bound to live unwedded and a virgin all her days. ^3.3 Her name is variously given as Ilia, or Rhea, or Silvia. Not long after this, she was discovered to be with child, contrary to the established law for the Vestals. Cf. Livy, i. 4, 1-5. She did not, however, suffer the capital punishment which was her due, because the king’s daughter, Antho, interceded successfully in her behalf, but she was kept in solitary confinement, that she might not be delivered without the knowledge of Amulius. Delivered she was of two boys, and their size and beauty were more than human.'' None

40. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Augustus,Trojan ancestry of • Paris, Trojan prince

Found in books: Price, Finkelberg and Shahar (2021), Rome: An Empire of Many Nations: New Perspectives on Ethnic Diversity and Cultural Identity, 88; Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 234

41. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojan War, division between mythical and historical periods • Trojan war,

Found in books: Farrell (2021), Juno's Aeneid: A Battle for Heroic Identity, 179; Marincola et al. (2021), Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones and Calum Maciver, Greek Notions of the Past in the Archaic and Classical Eras: History Without Historians, 19

42. Pausanias, Description of Greece, 2.20.6, 2.24.2, 3.20.9, 5.15.10, 9.3.5, 10.10.3, 10.31.2 (2nd cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Euryalus, in Trojan war, • Seven against Thebes (mythical cycle), at Argos, vs. Trojan War Cycle • Trojan Horse • Trojan War • Trojan War, and Sophocles • Trojan War, tradition of • Trojan war, • Trojans • cycle, Trojan, • war, Trojan,

Found in books: Borg (2008), Paideia: the World of the Second Sophistic: The World of the Second Sophistic, 37; Bowie (2021), Essays on Ancient Greek Literature and Culture, 651, 693; Eidinow and Kindt (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Greek Religion, 44; Finkelberg (2019), Homer and Early Greek Epic: Collected Essays, 312, 314; Jouanna (2018), Sophocles: A Study of His Theater in Its Political and Social Context, 168; Kowalzig (2007), Singing for the Gods: Performances of Myth and Ritual in Archaic and Classical Greece, 165; Marincola et al. (2021), Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones and Calum Maciver, Greek Notions of the Past in the Archaic and Classical Eras: History Without Historians, 84; Naiden (2013), Smoke Signals for the Gods: Ancient Greek Sacrifice from the Archaic through Roman Periods, 43, 59, 145; Sommerstein and Torrance (2014), Oaths and Swearing in Ancient Greece, 139

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2.20.6 τῶν δὲ ἀνδριάντων οὐ πόρρω δείκνυται Δαναοῦ μνῆμα καὶ Ἀργείων τάφος κενὸς ὁπόσους ἔν τε Ἰλίῳ καὶ ὀπίσω κομιζομένους ἐπέλαβεν ἡ τελευτή. καὶ Διός ἐστιν ἐνταῦθα ἱερὸν Σωτῆρος καὶ παριοῦσίν ἐστιν οἴκημα· ἐνταῦθα τὸν Ἄδωνιν αἱ γυναῖκες Ἀργείων ὀδύρονται. ἐν δεξιᾷ δὲ τῆς ἐσόδου τῷ Κηφισῷ πεποίηται τὸ ἱερόν· τῷ δὲ ποταμῷ τούτῳ τὸ ὕδωρ φασὶν οὐ καθάπαξ ὑπὸ τοῦ Ποσειδῶνος ἀφανισθῆναι, ἀλλὰ ἐνταῦθα δὴ μάλιστα, ἔνθα καὶ τὸ ἱερόν ἐστι, συνιᾶσιν ὑπὸ γῆν ῥέοντος. ^2.24.2 τοῦ Δειραδιώτου δὲ Ἀπόλλωνος ἔχεται μὲν ἱερὸν Ἀθηνᾶς Ὀξυδερκοῦς καλουμένης, Διομήδους ἀνάθημα, ὅτι οἱ μαχομένῳ ποτὲ ἐν Ἰλίῳ τὴν ἀχλὺν ἀφεῖλεν ἡ θεὸς ἀπὸ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν· ἔχεται δὲ τὸ στάδιον, ἐν ᾧ τὸν ἀγῶνα τῷ Νεμείῳ Διὶ καὶ τὰ Ἡραῖα ἄγουσιν. ἐς δὲ τὴν ἀκρόπολιν ἰοῦσίν ἐστιν ἐν ἀριστερᾷ τῆς ὁδοῦ τῶν Αἰγύπτου παίδων καὶ ταύτῃ μνῆμα. χωρὶς μὲν γὰρ ἀπὸ τῶν σωμάτων ἐνταῦθα αἱ κεφαλαί, χωρὶς δὲ ἐν Λέρνῃ σώματα τὰ λοιπά· ἐν Λέρνῃ γὰρ καὶ ὁ φόνος ἐξειργάσθη τῶν νεανίσκων, ἀποθανόντων δὲ ἀποτέμνουσιν αἱ γυναῖκες τὰς κεφαλὰς ἀπόδειξιν πρὸς τὸν πατέρα ὧν ἐτόλμησαν. ^3.20.9 προϊοῦσι δὲ Ἵππου καλούμενον μνῆμά ἐστι. Τυνδάρεως γὰρ θύσας ἐνταῦθα ἵππον τοὺς Ἑλένης ἐξώρκου μνηστῆρας ἱστὰς ἐπὶ τοῦ ἵππου τῶν τομίων· ὁ δὲ ὅρκος ἦν Ἑλένῃ καὶ τῷ γῆμαι προκριθέντι Ἑλένην ἀμυνεῖν ἀδικουμένοις· ἐξορκώσας δὲ τὸν ἵππον κατώρυξεν ἐνταῦθα. κίονες δὲ ἑπτὰ οἳ τοῦ μνήματος τούτου διέχουσιν οὐ πολύ, κατὰ τρόπον οἶμαι τὸν ἀρχαῖον, οὓς ἀστέρων τῶν πλανητῶν φασιν ἀγάλματα. καὶ Κρανίου τέμενος κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν ἐπίκλησιν Στεμματίου καὶ Μυσίας ἐστὶν ἱερὸν Ἀρτέμιδος. ^5.15.10 ἑκάστου δὲ ἅπαξ τοῦ μηνὸς θύουσιν ἐπὶ πάντων Ἠλεῖοι τῶν κατειλεγμένων βωμῶν. θύουσι δὲ ἀρχαῖόν τινα τρόπον· λιβανωτὸν γὰρ ὁμοῦ πυροῖς μεμαγμένοις μέλιτι θυμιῶσιν ἐπὶ τῶν βωμῶν, τιθέασι δὲ καὶ κλῶνας ἐλαίας ἐπʼ αὐτῶν καὶ οἴνῳ χρῶνται σπονδῇ. μόναις δὲ ταῖς Νύμφαις οὐ νομίζουσιν οἶνον οὐδὲ ταῖς Δεσποίναις σπένδειν οὐδὲ ἐπὶ τῷ βωμῷ τῷ κοινῷ πάντων θεῶν. μέλει δὲ τὰ ἐς θυσίας θεηκόλῳ τε, ὃς ἐπὶ μηνὶ ἑκάστῳ τὴν τιμὴν ἔχει, καὶ μάντεσι καὶ σπονδοφόροις, ἔτι δὲ ἐξηγητῇ τε καὶ αὐλητῇ καὶ τῷ ξυλεῖ· ^9.3.5 ταύτην μὲν ἰδίᾳ οἱ Πλαταιεῖς ἑορτὴν ἄγουσι, Δαίδαλα μικρὰ ὀνομάζοντες· Δαιδάλων δὲ ἑορτὴν τῶν μεγάλων καὶ Βοιωτοί σφισι συνεορτάζουσι, διʼ ἑξηκοστοῦ δὲ ἄγουσιν ἔτους· ἐκλιπεῖν γὰρ τοσοῦτον χρόνον τὴν ἑορτήν φασιν, ἡνίκα οἱ Πλαταιεῖς ἔφευγον. ξόανα δὲ τεσσαρεσκαίδεκα ἕτοιμά σφισίν ἐστι κατʼ ἐνιαυτὸν ἕκαστον παρασκευασθέντα ἐν Δαιδάλοις τοῖς μικροῖς. ^10.10.3 πλησίον δὲ τοῦ ἵππου καὶ ἄλλα ἀναθήματά ἐστιν Ἀργείων, οἱ ἡγεμόνες τῶν ἐς Θήβας ὁμοῦ Πολυνείκει στρατευσάντων, Ἄδραστός τε ὁ Ταλαοῦ καὶ Τυδεὺς Οἰνέως καὶ οἱ ἀπόγονοι Προίτου καὶ Καπανεὺς Ἱππόνου καὶ Ἐτέοκλος ὁ Ἴφιος, Πολυνείκης τε καὶ ὁ Ἱππομέδων ἀδελφῆς Ἀδράστου παῖς· Ἀμφιαράου δὲ καὶ ἅρμα ἐγγὺς πεποίηται καὶ ἐφεστηκὼς Βάτων ἐπὶ τῷ ἅρματι ἡνίοχός τε τῶν ἵππων καὶ τῷ Ἀμφιαράῳ καὶ ἄλλως προσήκων κατὰ οἰκειότητα· τελευταῖος δὲ Ἀλιθέρσης ἐστὶν αὐτῶν. ^10.31.2 ἐς δὲ τὸ αὐτὸ ἐπίτηδες τοῦ Ὀδυσσέως τοὺς ἐχθροὺς ἤγαγεν ὁ Πολύγνωτος· ἀφίκετο δὲ ἐς Ὀδυσσέως δυσμένειαν ὁ τοῦ Ὀιλέως Αἴας, ὅτι τοῖς Ἕλλησιν Ὀδυσσεὺς παρῄνει καταλιθῶσαι τὸν Αἴαντα ἐπὶ τῷ ἐς Κασσάνδραν τολμήματι· Παλαμήδην δὲ ἀποπνιγῆναι προελθόντα ἐπὶ ἰχθύων θήραν, Διομήδην δὲ τὸν ἀποκτείναντα εἶναι καὶ Ὀδυσσέα ἐπιλεξάμενος ἐν ἔπεσιν οἶδα τοῖς Κυπρίοις.'' None

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2.20.6 Not far from the statues are shown the tomb of Danaus and a cenotaph of the Argives who met their death at Troy or on the journey home. Here there is also a sanctuary of Zeus the Saviour. Beyond it is a building where the Argive women bewail Adonis. On the right of the entrance is the sanctuary of Cephisus. It is said that the water of this river was not utterly destroyed by Poseidon, but that just in this place, where the sanctuary is, it can be heard flowing under the earth. ^2.24.2 Adjoining the temple of Apollo Deiradiotes is a sanctuary of Athena Oxyderces (Sharp-sighted), dedicated by Diomedes, because once when he was fighting at Troy the goddess removed the mist from his eyes. Adjoining it is the race-course, in which they hold the games in honor of Nemean Zeus and the festival of Hera. As you go to the citadel there is on the left of the road another tomb of the children of Aegyptus . For here are the heads apart from the bodies, which are at Lerna . For it was at Lerna that the youths were murdered, and when they were dead their wives cut off their heads, to prove to their father that they had done the dreadful deed. ^3.20.9 Further on is what is called the Tomb of Horse. For Tyndareus, having sacrificed a horse here, administered an oath to the suitors of Helen, making them stand upon the pieces of the horse. The oath was to defend Helen and him who might be chosen to marry her if ever they should be wronged. When he had sworn the suitors he buried the horse here. Seven pillars, which are not far from this tomb ... in the ancient manner, I believe, which they say are images of the planets. On the road is a precinct of Cranius surnamed Stemmatias, and a sanctuary of Mysian Artemis. ^5.15.10 Each month the Eleans sacrifice once on all the altars I have enumerated. They sacrifice in an ancient manner; for they burn on the altars incense with wheat which has been kneaded with honey, placing also on the altars twigs of olive, and using wine for a libation. Only to the Nymphs and the Mistresses are they not wont to pour wine in libation, nor do they pour it on the altar common to all the gods. The care of the sacrifices is given to a priest, holding office for one month, to soothsayers and libation-bearers, and also to a guide, a flute-player and the woodman. ^9.3.5 This feast the Plataeans celebrate by themselves, calling it the Little Daedala, but the Great Daedala, which is shared with them by the Boeotians, is a festival held at intervals of fifty-nine years, for that is the period during which, they say, the festival could not be held, as the Plataeans were in exile. There are fourteen wooden images ready, having been provided each year at the Little Daedala. ^10.10.3 Near the horse are also other votive offerings of the Argives, likenesses of the captains of those who with Polyneices made war on Thebes : Adrastus, the son of Talaus, Tydeus, son of Oeneus, the descendants of Proetus, namely, Capaneus, son of Hipponous, and Eteoclus, son of Iphis, Polyneices, and Hippomedon, son of the sister of Adrastus. Near is represented the chariot of Amphiaraus, and in it stands Baton, a relative of Amphiaraus who served as his charioteer. The last of them is Alitherses. ^10.31.2 Polygnotus has intentionally gathered into one group the enemies of Odysseus. Ajax, son of Oileus, conceived a hatred of Odysseus, because Odysseus urged the Greeks to stone him for the outrage on Cassandra. Palamedes, as I know from reading the epic poem Cypria, was drowned when he put out to catch fish, and his murderers were Diomedes and Odysseus.'' None

43. Philostratus The Athenian, Life of Apollonius, 4.16 (2nd cent. CE - missingth cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojan War

Found in books: Demoen and Praet (2009), Theios Sophistes: Essays on Flavius Philostratus' Vita Apollonii, 75, 77, 79, 86, 89, 91, 92; de Bakker, van den Berg, and Klooster (2022), Emotions and Narrative in Ancient Literature and Beyond, 653, 656, 657

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4.16 δεομένων δὲ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τοῦ λόγου τούτου καὶ φιληκόως ἐχόντων αὐτοῦ “ἀλλ' οὐχὶ βόθρον” εἶπεν “̓Οδυσσέως ὀρυξάμενος, οὐδὲ ἀρνῶν αἵματι ψυχαγωγήσας ἐς διάλεξιν τοῦ ̓Αχιλλέως ἦλθον, ἀλλ' εὐξάμενος, ὁπόσα τοῖς ἥρωσιν ̓Ινδοί φασιν εὔχεσθαι, “ὦ ̓Αχιλλεῦ,” ἔφην “τεθνάναι σε οἱ πολλοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων φασίν, ἐγὼ δὲ οὐ ξυγχωρῶ τῷ λόγῳ, οὐδὲ Πυθαγόρας σοφίας ἐμῆς πρόγονος. εἰ δὴ ἀληθεύομεν, δεῖξον ἡμῖν τὸ σεαυτοῦ εἶδος, καὶ γὰρ ἂν ὄναιο ἄγαν τῶν ἐμῶν ὀφθαλμῶν, εἰ μάρτυσιν αὐτοῖς τοῦ εἶναι χρήσαιο.” ἐπὶ τούτοις σεισμὸς μὲν περὶ τὸν κολωνὸν βραχὺς ἐγένετο, πεντάπηχυς δὲ νεανίας ἀνεδόθη Θετταλικὸς τὴν χλαμύδα, τὸ δὲ εἶδος οὐκ ἀλαζών τις ἐφαίνετο, ὡς ἐνίοις ὁ ̓Αχιλλεὺς δοκεῖ, δεινός τε ὁρώμενος οὐκ ἐξήλλαττε τοῦ φαιδροῦ, τὸ δὲ κάλλος οὔπω μοι δοκεῖ ἐπαινέτου ἀξίου ἐπειλῆφθαι καίτοι ̔Ομήρου πολλὰ ἐπ' αὐτῷ εἰπόντος, ἀλλὰ ἄρρητον εἶναι καὶ καταλύεσθαι μᾶλλον ὑπὸ τοῦ ὑμνοῦντος ἢ παραπλησίως ἑαυτῷ ᾅδεσθαι. ὁρώμενος δέ, ὁπόσον εἶπον, μείζων ἐγίγνετο καὶ διπλάσιος καὶ ὑπὲρ τοῦτο, δωδεκάπηχυς γοῦν ἐφάνη μοι, ὅτε δὴ τελεώτατος ἑαυτοῦ ἐγένετο, καὶ τὸ κάλλος ἀεὶ ξυνεπεδίδου τῷ μήκει. τὴν μὲν δὴ κόμην οὐδὲ κείρασθαί ποτε ἔλεγεν, ἀλλὰ ἄσυλον φυλάξαι τῷ Σπερχειῷ, ποταμῶν γὰρ πρώτῳ Σπερχειῷ χρήσασθαι, τὰ γένεια δ' αὐτῷ πρώτας ἐκβολὰς εἶχε. προσειπὼν δέ με “ἀσμένως” εἶπεν “ἐντετύχηκά σοι, πάλαι δεόμενος ἀνδρὸς τοιῦδε: Θετταλοὶ γὰρ τὰ ἐναγίσματα χρόνον ἤδη πολὺν ἐκλελοίπασί μοι, καὶ μηνίειν μὲν οὔπω ἀξιῶ, μηνίσαντος γὰρ ἀπολοῦνται μᾶλλον ἢ οἱ ἐνταῦθά ποτε ̔́Ελληνες, ξυμβουλίᾳ δὲ ἐπιεικεῖ χρῶμαι, μὴ ὑβρίζειν σφᾶς ἐς τὰ νόμιμα, μηδὲ κακίους ἐλέγχεσθαι τουτωνὶ τῶν Τρώων, οἳ τοσούσδε ἄνδρας ὑπ' ἐμοῦ ἀφαιρεθέντες δημοσίᾳ τε θύουσί μοι καὶ ὡραίων ἀπάρχονται καὶ ἱκετηρίαν τιθέμενοι σπονδὰς αἰτοῦσιν, ἃς ἐγὼ οὐ δώσω: τὰ γὰρ ἐπιορκηθέντα τούτοις ἐπ' ἐμὲ οὐκ ἐάσει τὸ ̓́Ιλιόν ποτε τὸ ἀρχαῖον ἀναλαβεῖν εἶδος, οὐδὲ τυχεῖν ἀκμῆς, ὁπόση περὶ πολλὰς τῶν καθῃρημένων ἐγένετο, ἀλλ' οἰκήσουσιν αὐτὸ βελτίους οὐδὲν ἢ εἰ χθὲς ἥλωσαν. ἵν' οὖν μὴ καὶ τὰ Θετταλῶν ἀποφαίνω ὅμοια, πρέσβευε παρὰ τὸ κοινὸν αὐτῶν ὑπὲρ ὧν εἶπον.” “πρεσβεύσω”, ἔφην “ὁ γὰρ νοῦς τῆς πρεσβείας ἦν μὴ ἀπολέσθαι αὐτούς. ἀλλ' ἐγώ τί σου, ̓Αχιλλεῦ, δέομαι.” “ξυνίημι”, ἔφη “δῆλος γὰρ εἶ περὶ τῶν Τρωικῶν ̔ἐρωτήσων': ἐρώτα δὲ λόγους πέντε, οὓς αὐτός τε βούλει καὶ Μοῖραι ξυγχωροῦσιν.” ἠρόμην οὖν πρῶτον, εἰ κατὰ τὸν τῶν ποιητῶν λόγον ἔτυχε τάφου. “κεῖμαι μέν,” εἶπεν “ὡς ἔμοιγε ἥδιστον καὶ Πατρόκλῳ ἐγένετο, ξυνέβημεν γὰρ δὴ κομιδῇ νέοι, ξυνέχει δὲ ἄμφω χρυσοῦς ἀμφορεὺς κειμένους, ὡς ἕνα. Μουσῶν δὲ θρῆνοι καὶ Νηρηίδων, οὓς ἐπ' ἐμοὶ γενέσθαι φασί, Μοῦσαι μὲν οὐδ' ἀφίκοντό ποτε ἐνταῦθα, Νηρηίδες δὲ ἔτι φοιτῶσι.” μετὰ ταῦτα δὲ ἠρόμην, εἰ ἡ Πολυξένη ἐπισφαγείη αὐτῷ, ὁ δὲ ἀληθὲς μὲν ἔφη τοῦτο εἶναι, σφαγῆναι δὲ αὐτὴν οὐχ ὑπὸ τῶν ̓Αχαιῶν, ἀλλ' ἑκοῦσαν ἐπὶ τὸ σῆμα ἐλθοῦσαν καὶ τὸν ἑαυτῆς τε κἀκείνου ἔρωτα μεγάλων ἀξιῶσαι προσπεσοῦσαν ξίφει ὀρθῷ. τρίτον ἠρόμην: ἡ ̔Ελένη, ὦ ̓Αχιλλεῦ, ἐς Τροίαν ἦλθεν ἢ ̔Ομήρῳ ἔδοξεν ὑποθέσθαι ταῦτα;” “πολὺν” ἔφη “χρόνον ἐξηπατώμεθα πρεσβευόμενοί τε παρὰ τοὺς Τρῶας καὶ ποιούμενοι τὰς ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς μάχας, ὡς ἐν τῷ ̓Ιλίῳ οὔσης, ἡ δ' Αἴγυπτὸν τε ᾤκει καὶ τὸν Πρωτέως οἶκον ἁρπασθεῖσα ὑπὸ τοῦ Πάριδος. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἐπιστεύθη τοῦτο, ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς τῆς Τροίας λοιπὸν ἐμαχόμεθα, ὡς μὴ αἰσχρῶς ἀπέλθοιμεν.” ἡψάμην καὶ τετάρτης ἐρωτήσεως καὶ θαυμάζειν ἔφην, εἰ τοσούσδε ὁμοῦ καὶ τοιούσδε ἄνδρας ἡ ̔Ελλὰς ἤνεγκεν, ὁπόσους ̔́Ομηρος ἐπὶ τὴν Τροίαν ξυντάττει. ὁ δὲ ̓Αχιλλεὺς “οὐδὲ οἱ βάρβαροι” ἔφη “πολὺ ἡμῶν ἐλείποντο, οὕτως ἡ γῆ πᾶσα ἀρετῆς ἤνθησε.” πέμπτον δ' ἠρόμην: τί παθὼν ̔́Ομηρος τὸν Παλαμήδην οὐκ οἶδεν, ἢ οἶδε μέν, ἐξαιρεῖ δὲ τοῦ περὶ ὑμῶν λόγου; “εἰ Παλαμήδης” εἶπεν “ἐς Τροίαν οὐκ ἦλθεν, οὐδὲ Τροία ἐγένετο: ἐπεὶ δὲ ἀνὴρ σοφώτατός τε καὶ μαχιμώτατος ἀπέθανεν, ὡς ̓Οδυσσεῖ ἔδοξεν, οὐκ ἐσάγεται αὐτὸν ἐς τὰ ποιήματα ̔́Ομηρος, ὡς μὴ τὰ ὀνείδη τοῦ ̓Οδυσσέως ᾅδοι.” καὶ ἐπολοφυράμενος αὐτῷ ὁ ̓Αχιλλεὺς ὡς μεγίστῳ τε καὶ καλλίστῳ νεωτάτῳ τε καὶ πολεμικωτάτῳ σωφροσύνῃ τε ὑπερβαλομένῳ πάντας καὶ πολλὰ ξυμβαλομένῳ ταῖς Μούσαις “ἀλλὰ σύ,” ἔφη “̓Απολλώνιε, σοφοῖς γὰρ πρὸς σοφοὺς ἐπιτήδεια, τοῦ τε τάφου ἐπιμελήθητι καὶ τὸ ἄγαλμα τοῦ Παλαμήδους ἀνάλαβε φαύλως ἐρριμμένον: κεῖται δὲ ἐν τῇ Αἰολίδι κατὰ Μήθυμναν τὴν ἐν Λέσβῳ.” ταῦτα εἰπὼν καὶ ἐπὶ πᾶσι τὰ περὶ τὸν νεανίαν τὸν ἐκ Πάρου ἀπῆλθε ξὺν ἀστραπῇ μετρίᾳ, καὶ γὰρ δὴ καὶ ἀλεκτρυόνες ἤδη ᾠδῆς ἥπτοντο."" 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4.16 Therest of the company also besought him to tell them all about it, and as they were in a mood to listen to him, he said: Well, it was not by digging a ditch like Odysseus, nor by tempting souls with the blood of sheep, that I obtained a conversation with Achilles; but I offered up the prayer which the Indians say they use in approaching their heroes. “O Achilles,' I said, “most of mankind declare that you are dead, but I cannot agree with them, nor can Pythagoras, my spiritual ancestor. If then we hold the truth, show to us your own form; for you would profit not a little by showing yourself to my eyes, if you should be able to use them to attest your existence.” Thereupon a slight earthquake shook the neighborhood of the barrow, and a youth issued forth five cubits high, wearing a cloak ofThessalian fashion; but in appearance he was by no means the braggart figure which some imagine Achilles to have been. Though he was stern to look upon, he had never lost his bright look; and it seems to me that his beauty has never received its meed of praise, even though Homer dwelt at length upon it; for it was really beyond the power of words, and it is easier for the singer to ruin his fame in this respect than to praise him as he deserved. At first sight he was of the size which I have mentioned, but he grew bigger, till he was twice as large and even more than that; at any rate he appeared to me to be twelve cubits high just at that moment when he reached his complete stature, and his beauty grew apace with his length. He told me then that he had never at any time shorn off his hair, bit preserved it to inviolate for the river Spercheus, for this was the river of his first intimacy; but on his cheeks you saw the first down.And he addressed me and said: “I am pleased to have met you, since I have long wanted a man like yourself. For the Thessalians for a long time past have failed to present their offerings to my tomb, and I do not yet wish to show my wrath against them; for if I did so, they would perish more thoroughly than ever the Hellenes did on this spot; accordingly I resort to gentle advice, and would warn them not to violate ancient custom, nor to prove themselves worse men than the Trojans here, who though they were robbed of so many of their heroes by myself, yet sacrifice publicly to me, and also give me the tithes of their fruits of season, and olive branch in hand ask for a truce from my hostility. But this I will not grant, for the perjuries which they committed against me will not suffer Ilium ever to resume its pristine beauty, nor to regain the prosperity which yet has favored many a city that was destroyed of old; nay, if they rebuild it, things shall go as hard with them as if their city had been captured only yesterday. In order then to save me from bringing the Thessalian polity then to the same condition, you must go as my envoy to their council in behalf of the object I have mentioned.” “I will be your envoy,” I replied, “for the object of my embassy were to save them from ruin. But, O Achilles, I would ask something of you.” “I understand,” said he, “for it is plain you are going to ask about the Trojan war. So ask me five questions about whatever you like, and that the Fates approve of.” I accordingly asked him firstly, if he had obtained burial in accordance with the story of the poets. “I lie here,” he answered, “as was most delightful to myself and Patroclus; for you know we met in mere youth, and a single golden jar holds the remains of both of us, as if we were one. But as for the dirges of the Muses and Nereids, which they say are sung over me, the Muses, I may tell you, never once came here at all, though the Nereids still resort to the spot.” Next I asked him, if Polyxena was really slaughtered over his tomb; and he replied that this was true, but that she was not slain by the Achaeans, but that she came of her own free will to the sepulcher, and that so high was the value she set on her passion for him and she for her, that she threw herself upon an upright sword. The third questions was this: “Did Helen, O Achilles, really come to Troy or was it Homer that was pleased to make up the story?' “For a long time,” he replied, “we were deceived and tricked into sending envoys to the Trojans and fighting battles in her behalf, in the belief that she was in Ilium, whereas she really was living in Egypt and in the house of Proteus, whither she had been snatched away by Paris. But when we became convinced thereof, we continued to fight to win Troy itself, so as not to disgrace ourselves by retreat.” The fourth question which I ventured upon was this: “I wonder,” I said, “that Greece ever produced at any one time so many and such distinguished heroes as Homer says were gathered against Troy.' But Achilles answered: “Why even the barbarians did not fall far short of us, so abundantly then did excellence flourish all over the earth.” And my fifth question was this: “Why was it that Homer knew nothing about Palamedes, or if he knew him, then kept him out of your story?' “If Palamedes,' he answered, “never came to Troy, then Troy never existed either. But since this wisest and most warlike hero fell in obedience to Odysseus' whim, Homer does not introduce him into his poems, lest he should have to record the shame of Odysseus in his song.” And withal Achilles raised a wail over him as over one who was the greatest and most beautiful of men, the youngest and also the most warlike, one who in sobriety surpassed all others, and had often foregathered with the Muses. “But you,” he added, “O Apollonius, since sages have a tender regard for one another, you must care for his tomb and restore the image of Palamedes that has been so contemptuously cast aside; and it lies in Aeolis close to Methymna in Lesbos.' Wit these words and with the closing remarks concerning the youth from Paros, Achilles vanished with a flash of summer lightning, for indeed the cocks were already beginning their chant."" None

44. None, None, nan (2nd cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Dio Chrysostom, Trojan Oration • Trojan War

Found in books: Konig and Wiater (2022), Late Hellenistic Greek Literature in Dialogue, 184, 197; König and Wiater (2022), Late Hellenistic Greek Literature in Dialogue, 184, 197

45. None, None, nan (2nd cent. CE - missingth cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojan War • war, Trojan,

Found in books: Bowie (2021), Essays on Ancient Greek Literature and Culture, 693; de Bakker, van den Berg, and Klooster (2022), Emotions and Narrative in Ancient Literature and Beyond, 657

46. None, None, nan (4th cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Rome and Romans, and Trojan origins • Troy/Trojans • intermarriage, Trojans and Latins

Found in books: Gruen (2011), Rethinking the Other in Antiquity, 245, 247; Gruen (2020), Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter, 77

47. None, None, nan (5th cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Trojan War in lyric, • Troy, Trojan War

Found in books: Marincola et al. (2021), Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones and Calum Maciver, Greek Notions of the Past in the Archaic and Classical Eras: History Without Historians, 80; Park (2023), Reciprocity, Truth, and Gender in Pindar and Aeschylus. 183

48. Strabo, Geography, 12.3.21, 13.1.27
Tagged with subjects: • Athena, Trojan • Trojan War • Trojans

Found in books: Athanassaki and Titchener (2022), Plutarch's Cities, 224; Baumann and Liotsakis (2022), Reading History in the Roman Empire, 195; Bianchetti et al. (2015), Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition, 264; Sweeney (2013), Foundation Myths and Politics in Ancient Ionia, 139

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12.3.21 Some change the text and make it read Alazones, others Amazones, and for the words from Alybe they read from Alope, or from Alobe, calling the Scythians beyond the Borysthenes River Alazones, and also Callipidae and other names — names which Hellanicus and Herodotus and Eudoxus have foisted on us — and placing the Amazons between Mysia and Caria and Lydia near Cyme, which is the opinion also of Ephorus, who was a native of Cyme. And this opinion might perhaps not be unreasonable, for he may mean the country which was later settled by the Aeolians and the Ionians, but earlier by the Amazons. And there are certain cities, it is said, which got their names from the Amazons, I mean Ephesus, Smyrna, Cyme, and Myrina. But how could Alybe, or, as some call it, Alope or Alobe, be found in this region, and how about far away, and how about the birthplace of silver?' "^13.1.27 Also the Ilium of today was a kind of village-city when the Romans first set foot on Asia and expelled Antiochus the Great from the country this side of Taurus. At any rate, Demetrius of Scepsis says that, when as a lad he visited the city about that time, he found the settlement so neglected that the buildings did not so much as have tiled roofs. And Hegesianax says that when the Galatae crossed over from Europe they needed a stronghold and went up into the city for that reason, but left it at once because of its lack of walls. But later it was greatly improved. And then it was ruined again by the Romans under Fimbria, who took it by siege in the course of the Mithridatic war. Fimbria had been sent as quaestor with Valerius Flaccus the consul when the latter was appointed to the command against Mithridates; but Fimbria raised a mutiny and slew the consul in the neighborhood of Bithynia, and was himself set up as lord of the army; and when he advanced to Ilium, the Ilians would not admit him, as being a brigand, and therefore he applied force and captured the place on the eleventh day. And when he boasted that he himself had overpowered on the eleventh day the city which Agamemnon had only with difficulty captured in the tenth year, although the latter had with him on his expedition the fleet of a thousand vessels and the whole of Greece, one of the Ilians said: Yes, for the city's champion was no Hector. Now Sulla came over and overthrew Fimbria, and on terms of agreement sent Mithridates away to his homeland, but he also consoled the Ilians by numerous improvements. In my time, however, the deified Caesar was far more thoughtful of them, at the same time also emulating the example of Alexander; for Alexander set out to provide for them on the basis of a renewal of ancient kinship, and also because at the same time he was fond of Homer; at any rate, we are told of a recension of the poetry of Homer, the Recension of the Casket, as it is called, which Alexander, along with Callisthenes and Anaxarchus, perused and to a certain extent annotated, and then deposited in a richly wrought casket which he had found amongst the Persian treasures. Accordingly, it was due both to his zeal for the poet and to his descent from the Aeacidae who reigned as kings of the Molossians — where, as we are also told, Andromache, who had been the wife of Hector, reigned as queen — that Alexander was kindly disposed towards the Ilians. But Caesar, not only being fond of Alexander, but also having better known evidences of kinship with the Ilians, felt encouraged to bestow kindness upon them with all the zest of youth: better known evidences, first, because he was a Roman, and because the Romans believe Aeneias to have been their original founder; and secondly, because the name Iulius was derived from that of a certain Iulus who was one of his ancestors, and this Iulus got his appellation from the Iulus who was one of the descendants of Aeneas. Caesar therefore allotted territory to them end also helped them to preserve their freedom and their immunity from taxation; and to this day they remain in possession of these favors. But that this is not the site of the ancient Ilium, if one considers the matter in accordance with Homer's account, is inferred from the following considerations. But first I must give a general description of the region in question, beginning at that point on the coast where I left off."' None

49. Vergil, Aeneis, 1.4, 1.14, 1.28, 1.35, 1.41, 1.87, 1.94-1.96, 1.159-1.164, 1.168, 1.198-1.207, 1.235, 1.250, 1.254-1.277, 1.279-1.296, 1.302-1.304, 1.344, 1.349, 1.364, 1.378-1.379, 1.418-1.429, 1.437, 1.441-1.495, 1.539-1.541, 1.749-1.756, 2.1, 2.3, 2.6-2.8, 2.10, 2.62, 2.65-2.66, 2.77-2.78, 2.81-2.100, 2.104, 2.114-2.119, 2.122, 2.128, 2.164, 2.189-2.198, 2.263, 2.294-2.295, 2.314-2.317, 2.375-2.376, 2.402, 2.428, 2.501-2.502, 2.504, 2.781, 3.5, 3.96, 3.246, 3.252, 3.388-3.395, 4.165-4.166, 4.168, 4.215-4.218, 4.260-4.264, 4.376, 4.471, 5.295-5.296, 5.407, 5.545-5.603, 5.636-5.638, 5.767, 6.14-6.41, 6.83-6.97, 6.102-6.129, 6.135, 6.348, 6.450, 6.456, 6.460, 6.469, 6.474, 6.585-6.594, 6.695-6.696, 6.755-6.818, 6.820-6.886, 7.81-7.101, 7.107-7.129, 7.321, 7.345, 7.377, 7.392, 7.803-7.817, 8.42, 8.431-8.432, 8.505-8.506, 8.521, 8.608-8.728, 8.730, 9.364-9.365, 9.599, 9.602-9.603, 9.617, 9.706, 9.791-9.796, 10.8, 10.67-10.68, 10.107-10.113, 10.565-10.570, 11.314, 11.429, 12.138-12.159, 12.257-12.265, 12.435-12.440, 12.606, 12.793, 12.804-12.806, 12.821, 12.823-12.825, 12.827-12.828, 12.833, 12.835-12.839, 12.841-12.842, 12.942-12.946, 12.948
Tagged with subjects: • Aeneas, intertextual identities, Trojan • Aeschylus, synthesis of Greek and Romano-Trojan narratives • Carthaginians, as Trojans/Romans • Dionysius of Halicarnassus, on Rome’s Trojan origins • Euripides, Trojan Women • Julius Caesar, C., and Trojan ancestry • Pandarus, Trojan archer • Trojan Horse • Trojan War • Trojan War, and Sophocles • Trojan War, frescoes described in Virgil’s Aeneid • Trojan War, in Petronius’ Satyrica • Trojan(s) • Trojans • Trojans, Trojan horse • Trojans, Trojan women • Trojans, War • Trojans, and Caesar • Trojans, intertextual identities • Trojans, intertextual identities, Iliadic Greeks • Trojans, intertextual identities, Phrygians • Troy and Trojan themes in literature • Troy and Trojans • Troy, Trojans • Troy/Trojans • Troy/Trojans, fall of • Troy/Trojans, in the Aeneid • Troy/Trojans, victims of Juno’s anger • civil war and weddings, Polyxena and dead Achilles, in Senecas Trojan Women • east-west trajectories, Trojan westward mission • prophecies of Cassandra, of Trojan Sicily (supposed) • prophecies of Cassandra, of Trojans eating their tables • tragedy, Trojan subjects • tragedy, Trojans, degeneracy of • unification of Latins and Trojans

Found in books: Bierl (2017), Time and Space in Ancient Myth, Religion and Culture, 93; Braund and Most (2004), Ancient Anger: Perspectives from Homer to Galen, 227, 236, 255, 263; Cairns (1989), Virgil's Augustan Epic. 124, 125, 127, 128, 153, 228; Elsner (2007), Roman Eyes: Visuality and Subjectivity in Art and Text, 79, 80, 81, 82, 195; Erker (2023), Ambiguity and Religion in Ovid’s Fasti: Religious Innovation and the Imperial Family, 42, 209; Fabre-Serris et al. (2021), Identities, Ethnicities and Gender in Antiquity, 102, 168, 183, 184, 185, 187; Farrell (2021), Juno's Aeneid: A Battle for Heroic Identity, 48, 56, 67, 69, 70, 71, 86, 91, 94, 101, 109, 118, 122, 125, 126, 128, 130, 146, 154, 165, 166, 175, 177, 187, 200, 201, 203, 204, 206, 209, 210, 212, 220, 221, 222, 223, 227, 231, 232, 233, 235, 236, 242, 244, 245, 247, 248, 252, 253, 254, 256, 259, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 272, 273, 278, 279, 280, 282, 283, 284, 285, 288, 290; Faure (2022), Conceptions of Time in Greek and Roman Antiquity, 123, 129; Giusti (2018), Disclosure and Discretion in Roman Astrology: Manilius and his Augustan Contemporaries, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 142, 143, 144, 146, 153; Goldman (2013), Color-Terms in Social and Cultural Context in Ancient Rome, 41; Gruen (2020), Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter, 93; Johnson (2008), Ovid before Exile: Art and Punishment in the Metamorphoses, 31, 91, 140; Jouanna (2018), Sophocles: A Study of His Theater in Its Political and Social Context, 166, 595, 596; Maciver (2012), Quintus Smyrnaeus' Posthomerica: Engaging Homer in Late Antiquity, 161; Panoussi(2019), Brides, Mourners, Bacchae: Women's Rituals in Roman Literature, 62; Pillinger (2019), Cassandra and the Poetics of Prophecy in Greek and Latin Literature, 150, 153, 154, 156, 157, 201, 202, 203, 208; Poulsen (2021), Usages of the Past in Roman Historiography, 218; Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 112, 161; Santangelo (2013), Roman Frugality: Modes of Moderation from the Archaic Age to the Early Empire and Beyond, 124, 226, 229, 232, 233; Trapp et al. (2016), In Praise of Asclepius: Selected Prose Hymns, 55; de Bakker, van den Berg, and Klooster (2022), Emotions and Narrative in Ancient Literature and Beyond, 550

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1.4 vi superum saevae memorem Iunonis ob iram; ^1.14 ostia, dives opum studiisque asperrima belli; ^1.28 et genus invisum, et rapti Ganymedis honores. ^1.35 vela dabant laeti, et spumas salis aere ruebant, ^1.41 unius ob noxam et furias Aiacis Oilei? ^1.87 Insequitur clamorque virum stridorque rudentum. ^1.94 talia voce refert: O terque quaterque beati, ^1.95 quis ante ora patrum Troiae sub moenibus altis ^1.96 contigit oppetere! O Danaum fortissime gentis ^1.159 Est in secessu longo locus: insula portum ^1.160 efficit obiectu laterum, quibus omnis ab alto ^1.161 frangitur inque sinus scindit sese unda reductos. ^1.162 Hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique mitur ^1.163 in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late ^1.168 nympharum domus: hic fessas non vincula navis ^1.198 O socii—neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum— ^1.199 O passi graviora, dabit deus his quoque finem. ^1.200 Vos et Scyllaeam rabiem penitusque sotis ^1.201 accestis scopulos, vos et Cyclopea saxa ^1.202 experti: revocate animos, maestumque timorem ^1.203 mittite: forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvabit. ^1.204 Per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum ^1.205 tendimus in Latium; sedes ubi fata quietas ^1.206 ostendunt; illic fas regna resurgere Troiae. ^1.207 Durate, et vosmet rebus servate secundis. ^1.235 hinc fore ductores, revocato a sanguine Teucri, ^1.250 nos, tua progenies, caeli quibus adnuis arcem, ^1.254 Olli subridens hominum sator atque deorum, ^1.255 voltu, quo caelum tempestatesque serenat, ^1.256 oscula libavit natae, dehinc talia fatur: ^1.257 Parce metu, Cytherea: manent immota tuorum ^1.258 fata tibi; cernes urbem et promissa Lavini ^1.259 moenia, sublimemque feres ad sidera caeli ^1.260 magimum Aenean; neque me sententia vertit. ^1.261 Hic tibi (fabor enim, quando haec te cura remordet, ^1.262 longius et volvens fatorum arcana movebo) ^1.263 bellum ingens geret Italia, populosque feroces ^1.264 contundet, moresque viris et moenia ponet, ^1.266 ternaque transierint Rutulis hiberna subactis. ^1.267 At puer Ascanius, cui nunc cognomen Iulo ^1.268 additur,—Ilus erat, dum res stetit Ilia regno,— ^1.269 triginta magnos volvendis mensibus orbis ^1.270 imperio explebit, regnumque ab sede Lavini ^1.271 transferet, et longam multa vi muniet Albam. ^1.272 Hic iam ter centum totos regnabitur annos ^1.273 gente sub Hectorea, donec regina sacerdos, ^1.274 Marte gravis, geminam partu dabit Ilia prolem. ^1.275 Inde lupae fulvo nutricis tegmine laetus ^1.276 Romulus excipiet gentem, et Mavortia condet ^1.277 moenia, Romanosque suo de nomine dicet. ^1.279 imperium sine fine dedi. Quin aspera Iuno, ^1.280 quae mare nunc terrasque metu caelumque fatigat, ^1.281 consilia in melius referet, mecumque fovebit ^1.282 Romanos rerum dominos gentemque togatam: ^1.283 sic placitum. Veniet lustris labentibus aetas, ^1.284 cum domus Assaraci Phthiam clarasque Mycenas ^1.285 servitio premet, ac victis dominabitur Argis. ^1.286 Nascetur pulchra Troianus origine Caesar, ^1.287 imperium oceano, famam qui terminet astris,— ^1.288 Iulius, a magno demissum nomen Iulo. ^1.289 Hunc tu olim caelo, spoliis Orientis onustum, ^1.290 accipies secura; vocabitur hic quoque votis. ^1.291 Aspera tum positis mitescent saecula bellis; ^1.292 cana Fides, et Vesta, Remo cum fratre Quirinus, ^1.293 iura dabunt; dirae ferro et compagibus artis ^1.294 claudentur Belli portae; Furor impius intus, ^1.295 saeva sedens super arma, et centum vinctus aenis ^1.296 post tergum nodis, fremet horridus ore cruento. ^1.302 Et iam iussa facit, ponuntque ferocia Poeni ^1.303 corda volente deo; in primis regina quietum ^1.304 accipit in Teucros animum mentemque benignam. ^1.344 Phoenicum, et magno miserae dilectus amore, ^1.349 impius ante aras, atque auri caecus amore, ^1.364 Pygmalionis opes pelago; dux femina facti. ^1.378 Sum pius Aeneas, raptos qui ex hoste Penates ^1.379 classe veho mecum, fama super aethera notus. ^1.418 Corripuere viam interea, qua semita monstrat. ^1.419 Iamque ascendebant collem, qui plurimus urbi ^1.420 imminet, adversasque adspectat desuper arces. ^1.421 Miratur molem Aeneas, magalia quondam, ^1.422 miratur portas strepitumque et strata viarum. ^1.423 Instant ardentes Tyrii pars ducere muros, ^1.424 molirique arcem et manibus subvolvere saxa, ^1.425 pars optare locum tecto et concludere sulco. ^1.426
1.427 hic portus alii effodiunt; hic alta theatris ^1.428 fundamenta locant alii, immanisque columnas ^1.429 rupibus excidunt, scaenis decora alta futuris. ^1.437 O fortunati, quorum iam moenia surgunt! ^1.441 Lucus in urbe fuit media, laetissimus umbra, ^1.442 quo primum iactati undis et turbine Poeni ^1.443 effodere loco signum, quod regia Iuno ^1.444 monstrarat, caput acris equi; sic nam fore bello ^1.445 egregiam et facilem victu per saecula gentem. ^1.446 Hic templum Iunoni ingens Sidonia Dido ^1.448 aerea cui gradibus surgebant limina, nexaeque ^1.449 aere trabes, foribus cardo stridebat aenis. ^1.450 Hoc primum in luco nova res oblata timorem ^1.451 leniit, hic primum Aeneas sperare salutem ^1.452 ausus, et adflictis melius confidere rebus. ^1.453 Namque sub ingenti lustrat dum singula templo, ^1.454 reginam opperiens, dum, quae fortuna sit urbi, ^1.455 artificumque manus inter se operumque laborem ^1.456 miratur, videt Iliacas ex ordine pugnas, ^1.457 bellaque iam fama totum volgata per orbem, ^1.458 Atridas, Priamumque, et saevum ambobus Achillem. ^1.459 Constitit, et lacrimans, Quis iam locus inquit Achate, ^1.461 En Priamus! Sunt hic etiam sua praemia laudi; ^1.462 sunt lacrimae rerum et mentem mortalia tangunt. ^1.463 Solve metus; feret haec aliquam tibi fama salutem. ^1.464 Sic ait, atque animum pictura pascit ii, ^1.465 multa gemens, largoque umectat flumine voltum. ^1.466 Namque videbat, uti bellantes Pergama circum ^1.467 hac fugerent Graii, premeret Troiana iuventus, ^1.468 hac Phryges, instaret curru cristatus Achilles. ^1.469 Nec procul hinc Rhesi niveis tentoria velis ^1.470 adgnoscit lacrimans, primo quae prodita somno ^1.471 Tydides multa vastabat caede cruentus, ^1.472 ardentisque avertit equos in castra, prius quam ^1.473 pabula gustassent Troiae Xanthumque bibissent. ^1.474 Parte alia fugiens amissis Troilus armis, ^1.475 infelix puer atque impar congressus Achilli, ^1.476 fertur equis, curruque haeret resupinus ii, ^1.477 lora tenens tamen; huic cervixque comaeque trahuntur ^1.478 per terram, et versa pulvis inscribitur hasta. ^1.479 Interea ad templum non aequae Palladis ibant ^1.480 crinibus Iliades passis peplumque ferebant, ^1.481 suppliciter tristes et tunsae pectora palmis; ^1.482 diva solo fixos oculos aversa tenebat. ^1.483 Ter circum Iliacos raptaverat Hectora muros, ^1.484 exanimumque auro corpus vendebat Achilles. ^1.485 Tum vero ingentem gemitum dat pectore ab imo, ^1.486 ut spolia, ut currus, utque ipsum corpus amici, ^1.487 tendentemque manus Priamum conspexit inermis. ^1.488 Se quoque principibus permixtum adgnovit Achivis, ^1.489 Eoasque acies et nigri Memnonis arma. ^1.490 Ducit Amazonidum lunatis agmina peltis ^1.491 Penthesilea furens, mediisque in milibus ardet, ^1.492 aurea subnectens exsertae cingula mammae, ^1.493 bellatrix, audetque viris concurrere virgo. ^1.494 Haec dum Dardanio Aeneae miranda videntur, ^1.495 dum stupet, obtutuque haeret defixus in uno, ^1.539 Quod genus hoc hominum? Quaeve hunc tam barbara morem ^1.541 bella cient, primaque vetant consistere terra. ^1.749 infelix Dido, longumque bibebat amorem, ^1.750 multa super Priamo rogitans, super Hectore multa; ^1.751 nunc quibus Aurorae venisset filius armis, ^1.752 nunc quales Diomedis equi, nunc quantus Achilles. ^1.753 Immo age, et a prima dic, hospes, origine nobis ^1.754 insidias, inquit, Danaum, casusque tuorum, ^1.755 erroresque tuos; nam te iam septima portat ^1.756 omnibus errantem terris et fluctibus aestas.
2.3 Infandum, regina, iubes renovare dolorem, ^2.6 et quorum pars magna fui. Quis talia fando ^2.7 Myrmidonum Dolopumve aut duri miles Ulixi ^2.8 temperet a lacrimis? Et iam nox umida caelo ^2.10 Sed si tantus amor casus cognoscere nostros ^2.62 seu versare dolos, seu certae occumbere morti. ^2.65 Accipe nunc Danaum insidias, et crimine ab uno ^2.66 disce omnes. ^2.77 Cuncta equidem tibi, Rex, fuerit quodcumque, fatebor ^2.78 vera, inquit; neque me Argolica de gente negabo: ^2.81 Fando aliquod si forte tuas pervenit ad auris ^2.82 Belidae nomen Palamedis et incluta fama ^2.83 gloria, quem falsa sub proditione Pelasgi ^2.84 insontem infando indicio, quia bella vetabat, ^2.85 demisere neci, nunc cassum lumine lugent. ^2.86 Illi me comitem et consanguinitate propinquum ^2.87 pauper in arma pater primis huc misit ab annis, ^2.88 dum stabat regno incolumis regumque vigebat ^2.89 consiliis, et nos aliquod nomenque decusque ^2.90 gessimus. Invidia postquam pellacis Ulixi— ^2.91 haud ignota loquor—superis concessit ab oris, ^2.92 adflictus vitam in tenebris luctuque trahebam, ^2.93 et casum insontis mecum indignabar amici. ^2.94 Nec tacui demens, et me, fors si qua tulisset, ^2.95 si patrios umquam remeassem victor ad Argos, ^2.96 promisi ultorem, et verbis odia aspera movi. ^2.97 Hinc mihi prima mali labes, hinc semper Ulixes ^2.98 criminibus terrere novis, hinc spargere voces ^2.99 in volgum ambiguas, et quaerere conscius arma. ^2.100 Nec requievit enim, donec, Calchante ministro— ^2.104 hoc Ithacus velit, et magno mercentur Atridae. ^2.114 Suspensi Eurypylum scitantem oracula Phoebi ^2.115 mittimus, isque adytis haec tristia dicta reportat: ^2.116 Sanguine placastis ventos et virgine caesa, ^2.117 cum primum Iliacas, Danai, venistis ad oras; ^2.118 sanguine quaerendi reditus, animaque litandum ^2.119 Argolica. ^2.122 Hic Ithacus vatem magno Calchanta tumultu ^2.128 Vix tandem, magnis Ithaci clamoribus actus, ^2.164 Tydides sed enim scelerumque inventor Ulixes, ^2.189 Nam si vestra manus violasset dona Minervae, ^2.190 tum magnum exitium (quod di prius omen in ipsum ^2.191 convertant!) Priami imperio Phrygibusque futurum; ^2.192 sin manibus vestris vestram ascendisset in urbem, ^2.193 ultro Asiam magno Pelopea ad moenia bello ^2.194 venturam, et nostros ea fata manere nepotes. ^2.195 Talibus insidiis periurique arte Sinonis ^2.196 credita res, captique dolis lacrimisque coactis, ^2.197 quos neque Tydides, nec Larisaeus Achilles, ^2.198 non anni domuere decem, non mille carinae. ^2.263 Pelidesque Neoptolemus, primusque Machaon, ^2.294 hos cape fatorum comites, his moenia quaere ^2.295 magna, pererrato statues quae denique ponto. ^2.314 Arma amens capio; nec sat rationis in armis, ^2.315 sed glomerare manum bello et concurrere in arcem ^2.316 cum sociis ardent animi; furor iraque mentem ^2.317 praecipitant, pulchrumque mori succurrit in armis. ^2.375 Pergama; vos celsis nunc primum a navibus itis. ^2.376 Dixit, et extemplo, neque enim responsa dabantur ^2.402 Heu nihil invitis fas quemquam fidere divis! ^2.428 dis aliter visum; pereunt Hypanisque Dymasque ^2.501 vidi Hecubam centumque nurus, Priamumque per aras ^2.502 sanguine foedantem, quos ipse sacraverat, ignis. ^2.504 barbarico postes auro spoliisque superbi, ^3.5 auguriis agimur divom, classemque sub ipsa ^3.96 accipiet reduces. Antiquam exquirite matrem: ^3.246 infelix vates, rumpitque hanc pectore vocem: ^3.252 praedixit, vobis Furiarum ego maxuma pando. ^3.388 signa tibi dicam, tu condita mente teneto: ^3.390 litoreis ingens inventa sub ilicibus sus ^3.391 triginta capitum fetus enixa iacebit. ^3.392 alba, solo recubans, albi circum ubera nati, ^3.393 is locus urbis erit, requies ea certa laborum. ^3.394 Nec tu mensarum morsus horresce futuros: ^3.395 fata viam invenient, aderitque vocatus Apollo. ^4.165 Speluncam Dido dux et Troianus eandem ^4.166 deveniunt: prima et Tellus et pronuba Iuno ^4.168 conubiis, summoque ulularunt vertice nymphae. ^4.215 Et nunc ille Paris cum semiviro comitatu, ^4.216 Maeonia mentum mitra crinemque madentem ^4.217 subnexus, rapto potitur: nos munera templis ^4.260 Aenean fundantem arces ac tecta novantem ^4.261 conspicit; atque illi stellatus iaspide fulva ^4.262 ensis erat, Tyrioque ardebat murice laena ^4.263 demissa ex umeris, dives quae munera Dido ^4.264 fecerat, et tenui telas discreverat auro. ^4.376 Heu furiis incensa feror! Nunc augur Apollo, ^4.471 aut Agamemnonius scaenis agitatus Orestes ^5.295 Euryalus forma insignis viridique iuventa, ^5.296 Nisus amore pio pueri; quos deinde secutus ^5.407 magimusque Anchisiades et pondus et ipsa ^5.545 At pater Aeneas, nondum certamine misso, ^5.546 custodem ad sese comitemque impubis Iuli ^5.547 Epytiden vocat, et fidam sic fatur ad aurem: ^5.548 Vade age, et Ascanio, si iam puerile paratum ^5.549 agmen habet secum, cursusque instruxit equorum, ^5.550 ducat avo turmas, et sese ostendat in armis, ^5.551 dic ait. Ipse omnem longo decedere circo ^5.552 infusum populum, et campos iubet esse patentes. ^5.553 Incedunt pueri, pariterque ante ora parentum ^5.554 frenatis lucent in equis, quos omnis euntes ^5.555 Trinacriae mirata fremit Troiaeque iuventus. ^5.556 omnibus in morem tonsa coma pressa corona; ^5.557 cornea bina ferunt praefixa hastilia ferro; ^5.558 pars levis umero pharetras; it pectore summo ^5.559 flexilis obtorti per collum circulus auri. ^5.560 Tres equitum numero turmae, ternique vagantur ^5.561 ductores: pueri bis seni quemque secuti ^5.562 agmine partito fulgent paribusque magistris. ^5.563 Una acies iuvenum, ducit quam parvus ovantem ^5.564 nomen avi referens Priamus,—tua clara, Polite, ^5.565 progenies, auctura Italos,—quem Thracius albis ^5.566 portat equus bicolor maculis, vestigia primi ^5.567 alba pedis frontemque ostentans arduus albam. ^5.568 Alter Atys, genus unde Atii duxere Latini, ^5.569 parvus Atys, pueroque puer dilectus Iulo. ^5.570 Extremus, formaque ante omnis pulcher, Iulus ^5.571 Sidonio est invectus equo, quem candida Dido ^5.572 esse sui dederat monumentum et pignus amoris. ^5.573 Cetera Trinacrii pubes senioris Acestae ^5.574 fertur equis. ^5.575 Excipiunt plausu pavidos, gaudentque tuentes ^5.576 Dardanidae, veterumque adgnoscunt ora parentum. ^5.577 Postquam omnem laeti consessum oculosque suorum ^5.578 lustravere in equis, signum clamore paratis ^5.579 Epytides longe dedit insonuitque flagello. ^5.580 Olli discurrere pares, atque agmina terni ^5.581 diductis solvere choris, rursusque vocati ^5.582 convertere vias infestaque tela tulere. ^5.583 Inde alios ineunt cursus aliosque recursus ^5.584 adversi spatiis, alternosque orbibus orbes ^5.585 impediunt, pugnaeque cient simulacra sub armis; ^5.586 et nunc terga fuga nudant, nunc spicula vertunt ^5.587 infensi, facta pariter nunc pace feruntur. ^5.588 Ut quondam Creta fertur Labyrinthus in alta ^5.589 parietibus textum caecis iter, ancipitemque ^5.590 mille viis habuisse dolum, qua signa sequendi ^5.591 falleret indeprensus et inremeabilis error; ^5.592 haud alio Teucrum nati vestigia cursu ^5.593 impediunt texuntque fugas et proelia ludo, ^5.594 delphinum similes, qui per maria umida do ^5.595 Carpathium Libycumque secant, 5.596 Hunc morem cursus atque haec certamina primus ^5.597 Ascanius, Longam muris cum cingeret Albam, ^5.598 rettulit, et priscos docuit celebrare Latinos, ^5.600 Albani docuere suos; hinc maxima porro ^5.601 accepit Roma, et patrium servavit honorem; ^5.602 Troiaque nunc pueri, Troianum dicitur agmen. ^5.603 Hac celebrata tenus sancto certamina patri. ^5.636 Nam mihi Cassandrae per somnum vatis imago ^5.637 ardentes dare visa faces: Hic quaerite Troiam; ^5.638 hic domus est inquit vobis. Iam tempus agi res, ^6.14 Daedalus, ut fama est, fugiens Minoïa regna, ^6.15 praepetibus pennis ausus se credere caelo, ^6.16 insuetum per iter gelidas enavit ad Arctos, ^6.17 Chalcidicaque levis tandem super adstitit arce. ^6.18 Redditus his primum terris, tibi, Phoebe, sacravit ^6.20 In foribus letum Androgeo: tum pendere poenas ^6.21 Cecropidae iussi—miserum!—septena quotannis ^6.22 corpora natorum; stat ductis sortibus urna. ^6.23 Contra elata mari respondet Gnosia tellus: ^6.24 hic crudelis amor tauri, suppostaque furto ^6.25 Pasiphaë, mixtumque genus prolesque biformis ^6.26 Minotaurus inest, Veneris monumenta nefandae; ^6.27 hic labor ille domus et inextricabilis error; ^6.28 magnum reginae sed enim miseratus amorem ^6.29 Daedalus ipse dolos tecti ambagesque resolvit, ^6.30 caeca regens filo vestigia. Tu quoque magnam ^6.31 partem opere in tanto, sineret dolor, Icare, haberes. ^6.32 Bis conatus erat casus effingere in auro; ^6.33 bis patriae cecidere manus. Quin protinus omnia ^6.34 perlegerent oculis, ni iam praemissus Achates ^6.35 adforet, atque una Phoebi Triviaeque sacerdos, ^6.36 Deiphobe Glauci, fatur quae talia regi: ^6.37 Non hoc ista sibi tempus spectacula poscit; ^6.38 nunc grege de intacto septem mactare iuvencos' '^6.40 Talibus adfata Aenean (nec sacra morantur ^6.41 iussa viri), Teucros vocat alta in templa sacerdos. ^6.83 O tandem magnis pelagi defuncte periclis! ^6.84 Sed terrae graviora manent. In regna Lavini ^6.85 Dardanidae venient; mitte hanc de pectore curam; ^6.86 sed non et venisse volent. Bella, horrida bella, ^6.87 et Thybrim multo spumantem sanguine cerno. ^6.88 Non Simois tibi, nec Xanthus, nec Dorica castra ^6.89 defuerint; alius Latio iam partus Achilles, ^6.90 natus et ipse dea; nec Teucris addita Iuno ^6.91 usquam aberit; cum tu supplex in rebus egenis ^6.92 quas gentes Italum aut quas non oraveris urbes! ^6.93 Causa mali tanti coniunx iterum hospita Teucris ^6.94 externique iterum thalami. ^6.95 Tu ne cede malis, sed contra audentior ito, ^6.96 qua tua te Fortuna sinet. Via prima salutis, ^6.97 quod minime reris, Graia pandetur ab urbe. ^6.102 Ut primum cessit furor et rabida ora quierunt, ^6.103 incipit Aeneas heros: Non ulla laborum, ^6.104 O virgo, nova mi facies inopinave surgit; ^6.105 omnia praecepi atque animo mecum ante peregi. ^6.106 Unum oro: quando hic inferni ianua regis ^6.107 dicitur, et tenebrosa palus Acheronte refuso, ^6.108 ire ad conspectum cari genitoris et ora ^6.109 contingat; doceas iter et sacra ostia pandas. ^6.110 Illum ego per flammas et mille sequentia tela ^6.111 eripui his umeris, medioque ex hoste recepi; ^6.112 ille meum comitatus iter, maria omnia mecum ^6.113 atque omnes pelagique minas caelique ferebat, ^6.114 invalidus, vires ultra sortemque senectae. ^6.115 Quin, ut te supplex peterem et tua limina adirem, ^6.116 idem orans mandata dabat. Gnatique patrisque, ^6.117 alma, precor, miserere;—potes namque omnia, nec te ^6.118 nequiquam lucis Hecate praefecit Avernis;— ^6.119 si potuit Manes arcessere coniugis Orpheus, ^6.120 Threïcia fretus cithara fidibusque canoris, ^6.121 si fratrem Pollux alterna morte redemit, ^6.122 itque reditque viam totiens. Quid Thesea, magnum ^6.123 quid memorem Alciden? Et mi genus ab Iove summo. ^6.124 Talibus orabat dictis, arasque tenebat, ^6.125 cum sic orsa loqui vates: Sate sanguine divom, ^6.126 Tros Anchisiade, facilis descensus Averno; ^6.127 noctes atque dies patet atri ianua Ditis; ^6.128 sed revocare gradum superasque evadere ad auras, ^6.129 hoc opus, hic labor est. Pauci, quos aequus amavit ^6.135 Tartara, et insano iuvat indulgere labori, ^6.348 dux Anchisiade, nec me deus aequore mersit. ^6.450 Inter quas Phoenissa recens a volnere Dido ^6.456 Infelix Dido, verus mihi nuntius ergo ^6.460 invitus, regina, tuo de litore cessi. ^6.469 Illa solo fixos oculos aversa tenebat, ^6.474 respondet curis aequatque Sychaeus amorem. ^6.585 Vidi et crudeles dantem Salmonea poenas, ^6.586 dum flammas Iovis et sonitus imitatur Olympi. ^6.587 Quattuor hic invectus equis et lampada quassans ^6.588 per Graium populos mediaeque per Elidis urbem ^6.589 ibat ovans, divomque sibi poscebat honorem,— ^6.590 demens, qui nimbos et non imitabile fulmen ^6.591 aere et cornipedum pulsu simularet equorum. ^6.592 At pater omnipotens densa inter nubila telum ^6.593 contorsit, non ille faces nec fumea taedis ^6.594 lumina, praecipitemque immani turbine adegit. ^6.695 Ille autem: Tua me, genitor, tua tristis imago, ^6.696 saepius occurrens, haec limina tendere adegit: ^6.755 adversos legere, et venientum discere vultus. ^6.756 Nunc age, Dardaniam prolem quae deinde sequatur ^6.757 gloria, qui maneant Itala de gente nepotes, ^6.758 inlustris animas nostrumque in nomen ituras, ^6.759 expediam dictis, et te tua fata docebo. ^6.760 Ille, vides, pura iuvenis qui nititur hasta, ^6.761 proxuma sorte tenet lucis loca, primus ad auras ^6.762 aetherias Italo commixtus sanguine surget, ^6.763 silvius, Albanum nomen, tua postuma proles, ^6.764 quem tibi longaevo serum Lavinia coniunx ^6.765 educet silvis regem regumque parentem, ^6.766 unde genus Longa nostrum dominabitur Alba. ^6.767 Proxumus ille Procas, Troianae gloria gentis, ^6.768 et Capys, et Numitor, et qui te nomine reddet ^6.769 Silvius Aeneas, pariter pietate vel armis ^6.770 egregius, si umquam regdam acceperit Albam. ^6.771 Qui iuvenes! Quantas ostentant, aspice, vires, ^6.772 atque umbrata gerunt civili tempora quercu! ^6.773 Hi tibi Nomentum et Gabios urbemque Fidenam, ^6.774 hi Collatinas imponent montibus arces, ^6.775 Pometios Castrumque Inui Bolamque Coramque. ^6.776 Haec tum nomina erunt, nunc sunt sine nomine terrae. ^6.777 Quin et avo comitem sese Mavortius addet ^6.778 Romulus, Assaraci quem sanguinis Ilia mater ^6.779 educet. Viden, ut geminae stant vertice cristae, ^6.780 et pater ipse suo superum iam signat honore? ^6.781 En, huius, nate, auspiciis illa incluta Roma ^6.782 imperium terris, animos aequabit Olympo, ^6.783 septemque una sibi muro circumdabit arces, ^6.784 felix prole virum: qualis Berecyntia mater ^6.785 invehitur curru Phrygias turrita per urbes, ^6.786 laeta deum partu, centum complexa nepotes, ^6.787 omnes caelicolas, omnes supera alta tenentes. ^6.788 Huc geminas nunc flecte acies, hanc aspice gentem ^6.789 Romanosque tuos. Hic Caesar et omnis Iuli ^6.790 progenies magnum caeli ventura sub axem. ^6.791 Hic vir, hic est, tibi quem promitti saepius audis, ^6.792 Augustus Caesar, Divi genus, aurea condet ^6.793 saecula qui rursus Latio regnata per arva ^6.794 Saturno quondam, super et Garamantas et Indos ^6.795 proferet imperium: iacet extra sidera tellus, ^6.796 extra anni solisque vias, ubi caelifer Atlas ^6.797 axem umero torquet stellis ardentibus aptum. ^6.798 Huius in adventum iam nunc et Caspia regna ^6.799 responsis horrent divom et Maeotia tellus, ^6.800 et septemgemini turbant trepida ostia Nili. ^6.801 Nec vero Alcides tantum telluris obivit, ^6.802 fixerit aeripedem cervam licet, aut Erymanthi ^6.803 pacarit nemora, et Lernam tremefecerit arcu; ^6.804 nec, qui pampineis victor iuga flectit habenis, ^6.805 Liber, agens celso Nysae de vertice tigres. ^6.806 Et dubitamus adhuc virtute extendere vires, ^6.807 aut metus Ausonia prohibet consistere terra? ^6.809 sacra ferens? Nosco crines incanaque menta ^6.810 regis Romani, primus qui legibus urbem ^6.811 fundabit, Curibus parvis et paupere terra ^6.812 missus in imperium magnum. Cui deinde subibit, ^6.813 otia qui rumpet patriae residesque movebit ^6.814 Tullus in arma viros et iam desueta triumphis ^6.815 agmina. Quem iuxta sequitur iactantior Ancus, ^6.816 nunc quoque iam nimium gaudens popularibus auris. ^6.817 Vis et Tarquinios reges, animamque superbam ^6.818 ultoris Bruti, fascesque videre receptos? ^6.820 accipiet, natosque pater nova bella moventes ^6.821 ad poenam pulchra pro libertate vocabit. ^6.822 Infelix, utcumque ferent ea facta minores, ^6.823 vincet amor patriae laudumque immensa cupido. ^6.824 Quin Decios Drusosque procul saevumque securi ^6.825 aspice Torquatum et referentem signa Camillum. ^6.826 Illae autem, paribus quas fulgere cernis in armis, ^6.827 concordes animae nunc et dum nocte premuntur, ^6.828 heu quantum inter se bellum, si lumina vitae ^6.829 attigerint, quantas acies stragemque ciebunt! ^6.830 Aggeribus socer Alpinis atque arce Monoeci ^6.831 descendens, gener adversis instructus Eois. ^6.832 Ne, pueri, ne tanta animis adsuescite bella, ^6.833 neu patriae validas in viscera vertite vires; ^6.834 tuque prior, tu parce, genus qui ducis Olympo, ^6.835 proice tela manu, sanguis meus!— ^6.836 Ille triumphata Capitolia ad alta Corintho ^6.837 victor aget currum, caesis insignis Achivis. ^6.838 Eruet ille Argos Agamemnoniasque Mycenas, ^6.839 ipsumque Aeaciden, genus armipotentis Achilli, ^6.840 ultus avos Troiae, templa et temerata Minervae. ^6.841 Quis te, magne Cato, tacitum, aut te, Cosse, relinquat? ^6.842 Quis Gracchi genus, aut geminos, duo fulmina belli, ^6.843 Scipiadas, cladem Libyae, parvoque potentem ^6.844 Fabricium vel te sulco Serrane, serentem? ^6.845 quo fessum rapitis, Fabii? Tu Maxumus ille es, ^6.846 unus qui nobis cunctando restituis rem. ^6.847 Excudent alii spirantia mollius aera, ^6.848 credo equidem, vivos ducent de marmore voltus, ^6.849 orabunt causas melius, caelique meatus ^6.850 describent radio, et surgentia sidera dicent: ^6.851 tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento; ^6.852 hae tibi erunt artes; pacisque imponere morem, ^6.853 parcere subiectis, et debellare superbos. ^6.854 Sic pater Anchises, atque haec mirantibus addit: ^6.855 Aspice, ut insignis spoliis Marcellus opimis ^6.856 ingreditur, victorque viros supereminet omnes! ^6.857 Hic rem Romanam, magno turbante tumultu, ^6.858 sistet, eques sternet Poenos Gallumque rebellem, ^6.859 tertiaque arma patri suspendet capta Quirino. ^6.860 Atque hic Aeneas; una namque ire videbat ^6.861 egregium forma iuvenem et fulgentibus armis, ^6.862 sed frons laeta parum, et deiecto lumina voltu: ^6.863 Quis, pater, ille, virum qui sic comitatur euntem? ^6.864 Filius, anne aliquis magna de stirpe nepotum? ^6.865 Quis strepitus circa comitum! Quantum instar in ipso! ^6.866 Sed nox atra caput tristi circumvolat umbra. ^6.867 Tum pater Anchises, lacrimis ingressus obortis: ^6.868 O gnate, ingentem luctum ne quaere tuorum; ^6.869 ostendent terris hunc tantum fata, neque ultra ^6.870 esse sinent. Nimium vobis Romana propago ^6.871 visa potens, Superi, propria haec si dona fuissent. ^6.872 Quantos ille virum magnam Mavortis ad urbem ^6.873 campus aget gemitus, vel quae, Tiberine, videbis ^6.874 funera, cum tumulum praeterlabere recentem! ^6.875 Nec puer Iliaca quisquam de gente Latinos ^6.876 in tantum spe tollet avos, nec Romula quondam ^6.877 ullo se tantum tellus iactabit alumno. ^6.878 Heu pietas, heu prisca fides, invictaque bello ^6.879 dextera! Non illi se quisquam impune tulisset ^6.880 obvius armato, seu cum pedes iret in hostem, ^6.881 seu spumantis equi foderet calcaribus armos. ^6.882 Heu, miserande puer, si qua fata aspera rumpas, ^6.883 tu Marcellus eris. Manibus date lilia plenis, ^6.884 purpureos spargam flores, animamque nepotis ^6.885 his saltem adcumulem donis, et fungar ii ^6.886 munere—Sic tota passim regione vagantur ^7.81 At rex sollicitus monstris oracula Fauni, ^7.82 fatidici genitoris, adit lucosque sub alta ^7.83 consulit Albunea, nemorum quae maxima sacro ^7.84 fonte sonat saevamque exhalat opaca mephitim. ^7.85 Hinc Italae gentes omnisque Oenotria tellus ^7.86 in dubiis responsa petunt; huc dona sacerdos ^7.87 cum tulit et caesarum ovium sub nocte silenti ^7.88 pellibus incubuit stratis somnosque petivit, ^7.89 multa modis simulacra videt volitantia miris ^7.90 et varias audit voces fruiturque deorum ^7.91 conloquio atque imis Acheronta adfatur Avernis. ^7.92 Hic et tum pater ipse petens responsa Latinus ^7.93 centum lanigeras mactabat rite bidentis ^7.94 atque harum effultus tergo stratisque iacebat ^7.95 velleribus: subita ex alto vox reddita luco est: ^7.96 Ne pete conubiis natam sociare Latinis, ^7.107 Aeneas primique duces et pulcher Iulus ^7.108 corpora sub ramis deponunt arboris altae ^7.109 instituuntque dapes et adorea liba per herbam ^7.110 subiciunt epulis (sic Iuppiter ipse monebat) ^7.111 et Cereale solum pomis agrestibus augent. ^7.112 Consumptis hic forte aliis ut vertere morsus ^7.113 exiguam in Cererem penuria adegit edendi ^7.114 et violare manu malisque audacibus orbem ^7.115 fatalis crusti patulis nec parcere quadris: ^7.116 Heus ! etiam mensas consumimus, inquit Iulus, ^7.117 nec plura adludens. Ea vox audita laborum ^7.118 prima tulit finem, primamque loquentis ab ore ^7.119 eripuit pater ac stupefactus numine pressit. ^7.120 Continuo: Salve fatis mihi debita tellus ^7.122 hic domus, haec patria est. Genitor mihi talia namque ^7.123 (nunc repeto) Anchises fatorum arcana reliquit: ^7.124 cum te, nate, fames ignota ad litora vectum ^7.125 accisis coget dapibus consumere mensas, ^7.126 tum sperare domos defessus ibique memento ^7.127 prima locare manu molirique aggere tecta. ^7.128 Haec erat illa fames; haec nos suprema manebat, ^7.129 exiliis positura modum. ^7.321 quin idem Veneri partus suus et Paris alter ^7.345 femineae ardentem curaeque iraeque coquebant. ^7.377 immensam sine more furit lymphata per urbem. ^7.392 Fama volat, furiisque accensas pectore matres ^7.803 Hos super advenit Volsca de gente Camilla ^7.804 agmen agens equitum et florentis aere catervas, ^7.805 bellatrix, non illa colo calathisve Minervae ^7.806 femineas adsueta manus, sed proelia virgo ^7.807 dura pati cursuque pedum praevertere ventos. ^7.808 Illa vel intactae segetis per summa volaret ^7.809 gramina nec teneras cursu laesisset aristas, ^7.810 vel mare per medium fluctu suspensa tumenti ^7.811 ferret iter celeris nec tingueret aequore plantas. ^7.812 Illam omnis tectis agrisque effusa iuventus ^7.813 turbaque miratur matrum et prospectat euntem, ^7.814 attonitis inhians animis, ut regius ostro ^7.815 velet honos levis umeros, ut fibula crinem ^7.816 auro internectat, Lyciam ut gerat ipsa pharetram ^7.817 et pastoralem praefixa cuspide myrtum.
8.431 fulgores nunc horrificos sonitumque metumque ^8.432 miscebant operi flammisque sequacibus iras. ^8.505 Ipse oratores ad me regnique coronam ^8.506 cum sceptro misit mandatque insignia Tarchon, ^8.521 Aeneas Anchisiades et fidus Achates ^8.608 At Venus aetherios inter dea candida nimbos ^8.609 dona ferens aderat; natumque in valle reducta ^8.610 ut procul egelido secretum flumine vidit, ^8.611 talibus adfata est dictis seque obtulit ultro: ^8.612 En perfecta mei promissa coniugis arte ^8.613 munera, ne mox aut Laurentis, nate, superbos ^8.614 aut acrem dubites in proelia poscere Turnum. ^8.615 Dixit et amplexus nati Cytherea petivit, ^8.616 arma sub adversa posuit radiantia quercu. ^8.617 Ille, deae donis et tanto laetus honore, ^8.618 expleri nequit atque oculos per singula volvit ^8.619 miraturque interque manus et bracchia versat ^8.620 terribilem cristis galeam flammasque vomentem ^8.621 fatiferumque ensem, loricam ex aere rigentem ^8.622 sanguineam ingentem, qualis cum caerula nubes ^8.623 solis inardescit radiis longeque refulget; ^8.625 hastamque et clipei non enarrabile textum. ^8.626 Illic res Italas Romanorumque triumphos ^8.627 haud vatum ignarus venturique inscius aevi ^8.628 fecerat ignipotens, illic genus omne futurae ^8.629 stirpis ab Ascanio. pugnataque in ordine bella. ^8.630 Fecerat et viridi fetam Mavortis in antro ^8.631 procubuisse lupam, geminos huic ubera circum ^8.632 ludere pendentis pueros et lambere matrem ^8.633 impavidos, illam tereti cervice reflexa ^8.634 mulcere alternos et corpora fingere lingua. ^8.635 Nec procul hinc Romam et raptas sine more Sabinas ^8.636 consessu caveae magnis circensibus actis ^8.637 addiderat subitoque novum consurgere bellum ^8.638 Romulidis Tatioque seni Curibusque severis. ^8.639 Post idem inter se posito certamine reges ^8.640 armati Iovis ante aram paterasque tenentes ^8.641 stabant et caesa iungebant foedera porca. ^8.642 Haud procul inde citae Mettum in diversa quadrigae ^8.643 distulerant, at tu dictis, Albane, maneres, ^8.644 raptabatque viri mendacis viscera Tullus ^8.645 per silvam, et sparsi rorabant sanguine vepres. ^8.646 Nec non Tarquinium eiectum Porsenna iubebat ^8.647 accipere ingentique urbem obsidione premebat: ^8.648 Aeneadae in ferrum pro libertate ruebant. ^8.649 Illum indigti similem similemque miti ^8.650 aspiceres, pontem auderet quia vellere Cocles ^8.651 et fluvium vinclis innaret Cloelia ruptis. ^8.652 In summo custos Tarpeiae Manlius arcis ^8.653 stabat pro templo et Capitolia celsa tenebat, ^8.654 Romuleoque recens horrebat regia culmo. ^8.655 Atque hic auratis volitans argenteus anser ^8.656 porticibus Gallos in limine adesse canebat. ^8.657 Galli per dumos aderant arcemque tenebant, ^8.658 defensi tenebris et dono noctis opacae: ^8.659 aurea caesaries ollis atque aurea vestis, ^8.660 virgatis lucent sagulis, tum lactea colla ^8.661 auro innectuntur, duo quisque Alpina coruscant ^8.662 gaesa manu, scutis protecti corpora longis. ^8.663 Hic exsultantis Salios nudosque Lupercos ^8.664 lanigerosque apices et lapsa ancilia caelo ^8.665 extuderat, castae ducebant sacra per urbem ^8.666 pilentis matres in mollibus. Hinc procul addit ^8.667 Tartareas etiam sedes, alta ostia Ditis, ^8.668 et scelerum poenas et te, Catilina, minaci ^8.669 pendentem scopulo Furiarumque ora trementem, ^8.670 secretosque pios, his dantem iura Catonem. ^8.671 Haec inter tumidi late maris ibat imago ^8.672 aurea, sed fluctu spumabant caerula cano; ^8.673 et circum argento clari delphines in orbem ^8.674 aequora verrebant caudis aestumque secabant. ^8.675 In medio classis aeratas, Actia bella, ^8.676 cernere erat, totumque instructo Marte videres ^8.677 fervere Leucaten auroque effulgere fluctus. ^8.678 Hinc Augustus agens Italos in proelia Caesar ^8.679 cum patribus populoque, penatibus et magnis dis, ^8.680 stans celsa in puppi; geminas cui tempora flammas ^8.681 laeta vomunt patriumque aperitur vertice sidus. ^8.682 Parte alia ventis et dis Agrippa secundis ^8.683 arduus agmen agens; cui, belli insigne superbum, ^8.684 tempora navali fulgent rostrata corona. ^8.685 Hinc ope barbarica variisque Antonius armis, ^8.686 victor ab Aurorae populis et litore rubro, ^8.687 Aegyptum viresque Orientis et ultima secum ^8.688 Bactra vehit, sequiturque (nefas) Aegyptia coniunx. ^8.689 Una omnes ruere, ac totum spumare reductis ^8.690 convolsum remis rostrisque tridentibus aequor. ^8.691 alta petunt: pelago credas innare revolsas ^8.692 Cycladas aut montis concurrere montibus altos, ^8.693 tanta mole viri turritis puppibus instant. ^8.694 stuppea flamma manu telisque volatile ferrum ^8.695 spargitur, arva nova Neptunia caede rubescunt. ^8.696 Regina in mediis patrio vocat agmina sistro ^8.697 necdum etiam geminos a tergo respicit anguis. ^8.698 omnigenumque deum monstra et latrator Anubis ^8.699 contra Neptunum et Venerem contraque Minervam ^8.700 tela tenent. Saevit medio in certamine Mavors ^8.701 caelatus ferro tristesque ex aethere Dirae, ^8.702 et scissa gaudens vadit Discordia palla, ^8.703 quam cum sanguineo sequitur Bellona flagello. ^8.704 Actius haec cernens arcum tendebat Apollo ^8.705 desuper: omnis eo terrore Aegyptus et Indi, ^8.706 omnis Arabs, omnes vertebant terga Sabaei. ^8.707 Ipsa videbatur ventis regina vocatis ^8.708 vela dare et laxos iam iamque inmittere funis. ^8.709 Illam inter caedes pallentem morte futura ^8.710 fecerat Ignipotens undis et Iapyge ferri, ^8.711 contra autem magno maerentem corpore Nilum ^8.712 pandentemque sinus et tota veste vocantem ^8.713 caeruleum in gremium latebrosaque flumina victos. ^8.714 At Caesar, triplici invectus Romana triumpho ^8.715 moenia, dis Italis votum inmortale sacrabat, ^8.716 maxuma tercentum totam delubra per urbem. ^8.717 Laetitia ludisque viae plausuque fremebant; ^8.718 omnibus in templis matrum chorus, omnibus arae; ^8.719 ante aras terram caesi stravere iuvenci. ^8.720 Ipse, sedens niveo candentis limine Phoebi, ^8.721 dona recognoscit populorum aptatque superbis ^8.722 postibus; incedunt victae longo ordine gentes, ^8.723 quam variae linguis, habitu tam vestis et armis. ^8.725 hic Lelegas Carasque sagittiferosque Gelonos ^8.726 finxerat; Euphrates ibat iam mollior undis, ^8.727 extremique hominum Morini, Rhenusque bicornis, ^8.728 indomitique Dahae, et pontem indignatus Araxes. ^8.730 miratur rerumque ignarus imagine gaudet, ^9.364 haec rapit atque umeris nequiquam fortibus aptat. ^9.365 Tum galeam Messapi habilem cristisque decoram ^9.599 bis capti Phryges, et morti praetendere muros? ^9.602 Non hic Atridae nec fandi fictor Ulixes: ^9.603 durum a stirpe genus natos ad flumina primum ^9.617 O vere Phrygiae, neque enim Phryges, ite per alta ^9.706 fulminis acta modo, quam nec duo taurea terga ^9.791 acrius hoc Teucri clamore incumbere magno ^9.792 et glomerare manum. Ceu saevum turba leonem ^9.793 cum telis premit infensis, at territus ille, ^9.794 asper, acerba tuens, retro redit, et neque terga ^9.795 ira dare aut virtus patitur, nec tendere contra ^9.796 ille quidem hoc cupiens potis est per tela virosque: ^10.8 Abnueram bello Italiam concurrere Teucris. ^10.67 Italiam petiit fatis auctoribus, esto, ^10.68 Cassandrae inpulsus furiis: num linquere castra ^10.107 quae cuique est fortuna hodie, quam quisque secat spem, ^10.108 Tros Rutulusne fuat nullo discrimine habebo. ^10.109 Seu fatis Italum castra obsidione tenentur ^10.110 sive errore malo Troiae monitisque sinistris. ^10.111 Nec Rutulos solvo: sua cuique exorsa laborem ^10.112 fortunamque ferent. Rex Iuppiter omnibus idem. ^10.113 Fata viam invenient. Stygii per flumina fratris, ^10.565 Aegaeon qualis, centum cui bracchia dicunt ^10.566 centenasque manus, quinquaginta oribus ignem ^10.567 pectoribusque arsisse, Iovis cum fulmina contra ^10.568 tot paribus streperet clipeis, tot stringeret enses: ^10.569 sic toto Aeneas desaevit in aequore victor, ^10.570 ut semel intepuit mucro. Quin ecce Niphaei ^1
1.429 at Messapus erit felixque Tolumnius et quos ^1
2.138 Extemplo Turni sic est adfata sororem ^1
2.139 diva deam, stagnis quae fluminibusque sonoris ^1
2.140 praesidet (hunc illi rex aetheris altus honorem ^1
2.141 Iuppiter erepta pro virginitate sacravit): ^1
2.142 Nympha, decus fluviorum, animo gratissima nostro, ^1
2.143 scis ut te cunctis unam, quaecumque Latinae ^1
2.144 magimi Iovis ingratum ascendere cubile, ^1
2.145 praetulerim caelique lubens in parte locarim: ^1
2.146 disce tuum, ne me incuses, Iuturna, dolorem. ^1
2.147 Qua visa est Fortuna pati Parcaeque sinebant ^1
2.148 cedere res Latio, Turnum et tua moenia texi: ^1
2.149 nunc iuvenem imparibus video concurrere fatis, ^1
2.150 Parcarumque dies et vis inimica propinquat. ^1
2.152 Tu pro germano siquid praesentius audes, ^1
2.153 perge: decet. Forsan miseros meliora sequentur. ^1
2.154 Vix ea, cum lacrimas oculis Iuturna profudit ^1
2.155 terque quaterque manu pectus percussit honestum. ^1
2.156 Non lacrumis hoc tempus, ait Saturnia Iuno: ^1
2.157 Adcelera et fratrem, siquis modus, eripe morti, ^1
2.158 aut tu bella cie conceptumque excute foedus: ^1
2.159 auctor ego audendi. Sic exhortata reliquit ^12.257 Tum vero augurium Rutuli clamore salutant ^12.258 expediuntque manus; primusque Tolumnius augur ^12.259 Hoc erat, hoc, votis, inquit, quod saepe petivi. ^12.260 Adcipio adgnoscoque deos; me, me duce ferrum ^12.261 corripite, O miseri, quos improbus advena bello ^12.262 territat invalidas ut aves et litora vestra ^1
2.263 vi populat: petet ille fugam penitusque profundo ^12.264 vela dabit. Vos uimi densete catervas ^12.435 Disce, puer, virtutem ex me verumque laborem, ^12.436 fortunam ex aliis. Nunc te mea dextera bello ^12.437 defensum dabit et magna inter praemia ducet. ^12.438 Tu facito, mox cum matura adoleverit aetas, ^12.439 sis memor, et te animo repetentem exempla tuorum ^12.440 et pater Aeneas et avunculus excitet Hector. ^1
2.606 et roseas laniata genas, tum cetera circum ^12.793 Qua iam finis erit, coniunx? Quid denique restat? ^12.804 Troianos potuisti, infandum adcendere bellum, ^12.805 deformare domum et luctu miscere hymenaeos: ^12.806 ulterius temptare veto. Sic Iuppiter orsus; ^12.821 cum iam conubis pacem felicibus, esto, ^12.823 ne vetus indigenas nomen mutare Latinos ^12.824 neu Troas fieri iubeas Teucrosque vocari ^12.825 aut vocem mutare viros aut vertere vestem. ^12.827 sit Romana potens Itala virtute propago: ^12.833 do quod vis, et me victusque volensque remitto. ^12.835 utque est nomen erit; commixti corpore tantum ^12.836 subsident Teucri. Morem ritusque sacrorum ^12.837 adiciam faciamque omnis uno ore Latinos. ^12.838 Hinc genus Ausonio mixtum quod sanguine surget, ^12.839 supra homines, supra ire deos pietate videbis, ^12.841 Adnuit his Iuno et mentem laetata retorsit. ^12.842 Interea excedit caelo nubemque relinquit. ^12.942 balteus et notis fulserunt cingula bullis ^12.943 Pallantis pueri, victum quem volnere Turnus ^12.944 straverat atque umeris inimicum insigne gerebat. ^12.945 Ille, oculis postquam saevi monimenta doloris ^12.946 exuviasque hausit, furiis accensus et ira ^12.948 eripiare mihi? Pallas te hoc volnere, Pallas'' None

sup>
1.4 Smitten of storms he was on land and sea ^1.14 to thrust on dangers dark and endless toil ^1.28 that of the Trojan blood there was a breed ^1.35 what long and unavailing strife she waged ' "^1.41 rebellious to her godhead; and Jove's smile " ^1.87 to hold them in firm sway, or know what time, ^1.94 now sails the Tuscan main towards Italy, ^1.95 bringing their Ilium and its vanquished powers. ^1.96 Uprouse thy gales. Strike that proud navy down! ^1.159 weapons of war, spars, planks, and treasures rare, ' "^1.160 once Ilium 's boast, all mingled with the storm. " "^1.161 Now o'er Achates and Ilioneus, " "^1.162 now o'er the ship of Abas or Aletes, " '^1.163 bursts the tempestuous shock; their loosened seams ^1.168 great Neptune knew; and with indigt mien ^1.198 and glides light-wheeled along the crested foam. ^1.199 As when, with not unwonted tumult, roars ^1.200 in some vast city a rebellious mob, ^1.201 and base-born passions in its bosom burn, ^1.202 till rocks and blazing torches fill the air ^1.203 (rage never lacks for arms)—if haply then ^1.204 ome wise man comes, whose reverend looks attest ^1.205 a life to duty given, swift silence falls; ^1.206 all ears are turned attentive; and he sways ' "^1.207 with clear and soothing speech the people's will. " ^1.235 Then good Achates smote a flinty stone, ^1.250 the whole herd, browsing through the lowland vale ^1.254 His first shafts brought to earth the lordly heads ^1.255 of the high-antlered chiefs; his next assailed ^1.256 the general herd, and drove them one and all ^1.257 in panic through the leafy wood, nor ceased ^1.258 the victory of his bow, till on the ground ^1.259 lay seven huge forms, one gift for every ship. ^1.260 Then back to shore he sped, and to his friends ^1.261 distributed the spoil, with that rare wine ^1.262 which good Acestes while in Sicily ^1.263 had stored in jars, and prince-like sent away ^1.264 with his Ioved guest;—this too Aeneas gave; ^1.266 “Companions mine, we have not failed to feel ^1.267 calamity till now. O, ye have borne ^1.268 far heavier sorrow: Jove will make an end ^1.269 also of this. Ye sailed a course hard by ' "^1.270 infuriate Scylla's howling cliffs and caves. " "^1.271 Ye knew the Cyclops' crags. Lift up your hearts! " '^1.272 No more complaint and fear! It well may be ^1.273 ome happier hour will find this memory fair. ^1.274 Through chance and change and hazard without end, ^1.275 our goal is Latium ; where our destinies ^1.276 beckon to blest abodes, and have ordained ^1.277 that Troy shall rise new-born! Have patience all! ^1.279 Such was his word, but vexed with grief and care, ^1.280 feigned hopes upon his forehead firm he wore, ' "^1.281 and locked within his heart a hero's pain. " ^1.282 Now round the welcome trophies of his chase ^1.283 they gather for a feast. Some flay the ribs ^1.284 and bare the flesh below; some slice with knives, ^1.285 and on keen prongs the quivering strips impale, ^1.286 place cauldrons on the shore, and fan the fires. ^1.287 Then, stretched at ease on couch of simple green, ^1.288 they rally their lost powers, and feast them well ^1.289 on seasoned wine and succulent haunch of game. ^1.290 But hunger banished and the banquet done, ^1.291 in long discourse of their lost mates they tell, ' "^1.292 'twixt hopes and fears divided; for who knows " '^1.293 whether the lost ones live, or strive with death, ^1.294 or heed no more whatever voice may call? ^1.295 Chiefly Aeneas now bewails his friends, ^1.296 Orontes brave and fallen Amycus, ^1.302 and nations populous from shore to shore, ^1.303 paused on the peak of heaven, and fixed his gaze ^1.304 on Libya . But while he anxious mused, ^1.344 Is this what piety receives? Or thus ^1.349 “Let Cytherea cast her fears away! ' "^1.364 the winter o'er Rutulia's vanquished hills. " ^1.378 but empire without end. Yea, even my Queen, ^1.379 Juno, who now chastiseth land and sea ^1.418 his many cares, when first the cheerful dawn ^1.419 upon him broke, resolved to take survey ^1.420 of this strange country whither wind and wave ^1.421 had driven him,—for desert land it seemed,— ^1.422 to learn what tribes of man or beast possess ^1.423 a place so wild, and careful tidings bring ^1.424 back to his friends. His fleet of ships the while, ' "^1.425 where dense, dark groves o'er-arch a hollowed crag, " ^1.426 he left encircled in far-branching shade. ^1.427 Then with no followers save his trusty friend ^1.428 Achates, he went forth upon his way, ^1.429 two broad-tipped javelins poising in his hand. ^1.437 Over her lovely shoulders was a bow, ^1.441 her undulant vesture bared her marble knees. ^1.442 She hailed them thus: “Ho, sirs, I pray you tell ^1.443 if haply ye have noted, as ye came, ^1.444 one of my sisters in this wood astray? ' "^1.445 She bore a quiver, and a lynx's hide " ^1.446 her spotted mantle was; perchance she roused ' "^1.448 So Venus spoke, and Venus' son replied: " ^1.449 “No voice or vision of thy sister fair ^1.450 has crossed my path, thou maid without a name! ^1.451 Thy beauty seems not of terrestrial mould, ^1.452 nor is thy music mortal! Tell me, goddess, ' "^1.453 art thou bright Phoebus' sister? Or some nymph, " "^1.454 the daughter of a god? Whate'er thou art, " ^1.455 thy favor we implore, and potent aid ^1.456 in our vast toil. Instruct us of what skies, ' "^1.457 or what world's end, our storm-swept lives have found! " ^1.458 Strange are these lands and people where we rove, ^1.459 compelled by wind and wave. Lo, this right hand ^1.461 Then Venus: “Nay, I boast not to receive ^1.462 honors divine. We Tyrian virgins oft ^1.463 bear bow and quiver, and our ankles white ^1.464 lace up in purple buskin. Yonder lies ^1.465 the Punic power, where Tyrian masters hold ' "^1.466 Agenor's town; but on its borders dwell " ^1.467 the Libyans, by battles unsubdued. ^1.468 Upon the throne is Dido, exiled there ' "^1.469 from Tyre, to flee th' unnatural enmity " "^1.470 of her own brother. 'T was an ancient wrong; " ^1.471 too Iong the dark and tangled tale would be; ^1.472 I trace the larger outline of her story: ^1.473 Sichreus was her spouse, whose acres broad ^1.474 no Tyrian lord could match, and he was-blessed ' "^1.475 by his ill-fated lady's fondest love, " ^1.476 whose father gave him her first virgin bloom ^1.477 in youthful marriage. But the kingly power ^1.478 among the Tyrians to her brother came, ^1.479 Pygmalion, none deeper dyed in crime ^1.480 in all that land. Betwixt these twain there rose ^1.481 a deadly hatred,—and the impious wretch, ^1.482 blinded by greed, and reckless utterly ' "^1.483 of his fond sister's joy, did murder foul " ^1.484 upon defenceless and unarmed Sichaeus, ^1.485 and at the very altar hewed him down. ^1.486 Long did he hide the deed, and guilefully ^1.487 deceived with false hopes, and empty words, ^1.488 her grief and stricken love. But as she slept, ' "^1.489 her husband's tombless ghost before her came, " ^1.490 with face all wondrous pale, and he laid bare ^1.491 his heart with dagger pierced, disclosing so ^1.492 the blood-stained altar and the infamy ^1.493 that darkened now their house. His counsel was ^1.494 to fly, self-banished, from her ruined land, ' "^1.495 and for her journey's aid, he whispered where " ^1.539 But Venus could not let him longer plain, ' "^1.541 “Whoe'er thou art, " "^1.749 the stormful season of Orion's star " '^1.750 drove us on viewless shoals; and angry gales ^1.751 dispersed us, smitten by the tumbling surge, ^1.752 among innavigable rocks. Behold, ^1.753 we few swam hither, waifs upon your shore! ^1.754 What race of mortals this? What barbarous land, ^1.755 that with inhospitable laws ye thrust ^1.756 a stranger from your coasts, and fly to arms, ^2.3 Father Aeneas with these words began :— ' "^2.6 how Asia 's glory and afflicted throne " '^2.7 the Greek flung down; which woeful scene I saw, ^2.8 and bore great part in each event I tell. ^2.10 or Myrmidon, or gory follower ' "^2.62 for engin'ry on our proud battlements, " "^2.65 Trust not this horse, O Troy, whate'er it bode! " ^2.66 I fear the Greeks, though gift on gift they bear.” ^2.77 But, lo! with hands fast bound behind, a youth ^2.78 by clamorous Dardan shepherds haled along, ^2.81 although a nameless stranger, cunningly ^2.82 deliver to the Greek the gates of Troy . ^2.83 His firm-set mind flinched not from either goal,— ^2.84 uccess in crime, or on swift death to fall. ^2.85 The thronging Trojan youth made haste his way ^2.86 from every side, all eager to see close ' "^2.87 their captive's face, and clout with emulous scorn. " '^2.88 Hear now what Greek deception is, and learn ^2.89 from one dark wickedness the whole. For he, ^2.90 a mark for every eye, defenceless, dazed, ^2.91 tood staring at our Phrygian hosts, and cried: ^2.92 “Woe worth the day! What ocean or what shore ^2.93 will have me now? What desperate path remains ^2.94 for miserable me? Now have I lost ' "^2.95 all foothold with the Greeks, and o'er my head " "^2.96 Troy 's furious sons call bloody vengeance down.” " '^2.97 Such groans and anguish turned all rage away ^2.98 and stayed our lifted hands. We bade him tell ^2.99 his birth, his errand, and from whence might be ^2.100 uch hope of mercy for a foe in chains. ^2.104 my Grecian birth. Yea, thus will I begin. ^2.114 I, his companion, of his kith and kin, ' "^2.115 ent hither by my humble sire's command, " ^2.116 followed his arms and fortunes from my youth. ^2.117 Long as his throne endured, and while he throve ^2.118 in conclave with his kingly peers, we twain ^2.119 ome name and lustre bore; but afterward, ^2.122 and I in gloom and tribulation sore ^2.128 the first shock of my ruin; from that hour, ' "^2.164 amid the people's tumult and acclaim, " ^2.189 hall my dear, native country greet these eyes. ^2.190 No more my father or my tender babes ^2.191 hall I behold. Nay, haply their own lives ^2.192 are forfeit, when my foemen take revenge ^2.193 for my escape, and slay those helpless ones, ^2.194 in expiation of my guilty deed. ^2.195 O, by yon powers in heaven which witness truth, ^2.196 by aught in this dark world remaining now ^2.197 of spotless human faith and innocence, ^2.198 I do implore thee look with pitying eye ' "^2.263 For had your hands Minerva's gift profaned, " ^2.294 the monsters to Laocoon made way. ^2.295 First round the tender limbs of his two sons ^2.314 eized now on every heart. “ of his vast guilt ^2.315 Laocoon,” they say, “receives reward; ^2.316 for he with most abominable spear ^2.317 did strike and violate that blessed wood. ^2.375 pierced with a cruel thong. Ah me! what change ^2.376 from glorious Hector when he homeward bore ^2.402 of that wide realm, which, after wandering far, ^2.428 defensive gather. Frenzy and vast rage ^2.501 thus, all unchallenged, hailed us as his own : ^2.502 “Haste, heroes! Are ye laggards at this hour? ^2.504 of burning Troy . Just from the galleys ye?” ^3.5 to wandering exile then and regions wild ^3.96 new milk was sprinkled from a foaming cup, ^3.246 was cradled there, and old Iasius, ^3.252 I marvelled at the heavenly presences ^3.388 the little port and town. Our weary fleet ^3.390 So, safe at land, our hopeless peril past, ^3.391 we offered thanks to Jove, and kindled high ^3.392 his altars with our feast and sacrifice; ' "^3.393 then, gathering on Actium 's holy shore, " '^3.394 made fair solemnities of pomp and game. ^3.395 My youth, anointing their smooth, naked limbs, ^4.165 Juno the Queen replied: “Leave that to me! ^4.166 But in what wise our urgent task and grave ^4.168 to thine attending ear. A royal hunt ^4.215 of woodland creatures; the wild goats are seen, ^4.216 from pointed crag descending leap by leap ^4.217 down the steep ridges; in the vales below ^4.260 an equal number of vociferous tongues, ^4.261 foul, whispering lips, and ears, that catch at all. ' "^4.262 At night she spreads midway 'twixt earth and heaven " '^4.263 her pinions in the darkness, hissing loud, ' "^4.264 nor e'er to happy slumber gives her eyes: " ^4.376 flowed purple from his shoulder, broidered fair ' "^4.471 would I gainsay. Elissa's memory " ^5.295 on pinions motionless. So Pristis sped ^5.296 with Mnestheus, cleaving her last stretch of sea, ^5.407 bright-tipped with burnished steel, and battle-axe ^5.545 be of our Trojan Dares disapproved, ^5.546 if good Aeneas rules it so, and King ^5.547 Acestes wills it, let us offer fight ' "^5.548 on even terms. Let Eryx ' bull's-hide go. " '^5.549 Tremble no more! But strip those gauntlets off — ^5.550 fetched here from Troy .” So saying, he dropped down ^5.551 the double-folded mantle from his shoulders, ^5.552 tripped bare the huge joints, the huge arms and thews, ^5.553 and towered gigantic in the midmost ring. ' "^5.554 Anchises' son then gave two equal pairs " '^5.555 of gauntlets, and accoutred with like arms ^5.556 both champions. Each lifted him full height ^5.557 on tiptoe; each with mien unterrified ^5.558 held both fists high in air, and drew his head ^5.559 far back from blows assailing. Then they joined ^5.560 in struggle hand to hand, and made the fray ^5.561 each moment fiercer. One was light of foot ^5.562 and on his youth relied; the other strong ^5.563 in bulk of every limb, but tottering ^5.564 on sluggish knees, while all his body shook ^5.565 with labor of his breath. Without avail ^5.566 they rained their blows, and on each hollow side, ^5.567 each sounding chest, the swift, reverberate strokes ^5.568 fell without pause; around their ears and brows ^5.569 came blow on blow, and with relentless shocks ^5.570 the smitten jaws cracked loud. Entellus stands ^5.571 unshaken, and, the self-same posture keeping, ^5.572 only by body-movement or quick eye ^5.573 parries attack. Dares (like one in siege ^5.574 against a mountain-citadel, who now will drive ^5.575 with ram and engine at the craggy wall, ^5.576 now wait in full-armed watch beneath its towers) ^5.577 tries manifold approach, most craftily ^5.578 invests each point of vantage, and renews ^5.579 his unsuccessful, ever various war. ^5.580 Then, rising to the stroke, Entellus poised ^5.581 aloft his ponderous right; but, quick of eye, ^5.582 the other the descending wrath foresaw ^5.583 and nimbly slipped away; Entellus so ' "^5.584 wasted his stroke on air, and, self-o'erthrown, " '^5.585 dropped prone to earth his monstrous length along, ^5.586 as when on Erymanth or Ida falls ^5.587 a hollowed pine from giant roots uptorn. ^5.588 Alike the Teucrian and Trinacrian throng ^5.589 hout wildly; while Acestes, pitying, hastes ^5.590 to lift his gray companion. But, unchecked, ^5.591 undaunted by his fall, the champion brave ^5.592 rushed fiercer to the fight, his strength now roused ^5.593 by rage, while shame and courage confident ^5.594 kindle his soul; impetuous he drives ^5.595 Dares full speed all round the ring, with blows ^5.596 redoubled right and left. No stop or stay ^5.597 gives he, but like a storm of rattling hail ^5.598 upon a house-top, so from each huge hand ^5.600 Then Sire Aeneas willed to make a stay ' "^5.601 to so much rage, nor let Entellus' soul " '^5.602 flame beyond bound, but bade the battle pause, ^5.603 and, rescuing weary Dares, thus he spoke ^5.636 for target of their shafts. Soon to the match ^5.637 the rival bowmen came and cast the lots ^5.638 into a brazen helmet. First came forth ^6.14 The templed hill where lofty Phoebus reigns, ^6.15 And that far-off, inviolable shrine ^6.16 of dread Sibylla, in stupendous cave, ' "^6.17 O'er whose deep soul the god of Delos breathes " '^6.18 Prophetic gifts, unfolding things to come. ^6.20 Here Daedalus, the ancient story tells, ' "^6.21 Escaping Minos' power, and having made " '^6.22 Hazard of heaven on far-mounting wings, ^6.23 Floated to northward, a cold, trackless way, ' "^6.24 And lightly poised, at last, o'er Cumae 's towers. " '^6.25 Here first to earth come down, he gave to thee ^6.26 His gear of wings, Apollo! and ordained ^6.27 Vast temples to thy name and altars fair. ' "^6.28 On huge bronze doors Androgeos' death was done; " "^6.29 And Cecrops' children paid their debt of woe, " '^6.30 Where, seven and seven,—0 pitiable sight!— ^6.31 The youths and maidens wait the annual doom, ^6.32 Drawn out by lot from yonder marble urn. ^6.33 Beyond, above a sea, lay carven Crete :— ^6.34 The bull was there; the passion, the strange guile; ' "^6.35 And Queen Pasiphae's brute-human son, " '^6.36 The Minotaur—of monstrous loves the sign. ^6.37 Here was the toilsome, labyrinthine maze, ' "^6.38 Where, pitying love-lorn Ariadne's tears, " '^6.39 The crafty Daedalus himself betrayed ^6.40 The secret of his work; and gave the clue ^6.41 To guide the path of Theseus through the gloom. ' "^6.83 May Troy 's ill fate forsake me from this day! " '^6.84 0 gods and goddesses, beneath whose wrath ' "^6.85 Dardania's glory and great Ilium stood, " '^6.86 Spare, for ye may, the remt of my race! ^6.87 And thou, most holy prophetess, whose soul ^6.88 Foreknows events to come, grant to my prayer ^6.89 (Which asks no kingdom save what Fate decrees) ^6.90 That I may stablish in the Latin land ^6.91 My Trojans, my far-wandering household-gods, ^6.92 And storm-tossed deities of fallen Troy . ^6.93 Then unto Phoebus and his sister pale ^6.94 A temple all of marble shall be given, ^6.95 And festal days to Phoebus evermore. ^6.96 Thee also in my realms a spacious shrine ^6.97 Shall honor; thy dark books and holy songs ^6.102 Lest, playthings of each breeze, they fly afar ^6.103 In swift confusion! Sing thyself, I pray.” ^6.104 So ceased his voice; the virgin through the cave, ' "^6.105 Scarce bridled yet by Phoebus' hand divine, " '^6.106 Ecstatic swept along, and vainly stove ^6.107 To fing its potent master from her breast; ^6.108 But he more strongly plied his rein and curb ^6.109 Upon her frenzied lips, and soon subdued ^6.110 Her spirit fierce, and swayed her at his will. ' "^6.111 Free and self-moved the cavern's hundred adoors " '^6.112 Swung open wide, and uttered to the air ^6.113 The oracles the virgin-priestess sung : ^6.114 “Thy long sea-perils thou hast safely passed; ^6.115 But heavier woes await thee on the land. ^6.116 Truly thy Trojans to Lavinian shore ^6.117 Shall come—vex not thyself thereon—but, oh! ^6.118 Shall rue their coming thither! war, red war! ^6.119 And Tiber stained with bloody foam I see. ^6.120 Simois, Xanthus, and the Dorian horde ^6.121 Thou shalt behold; a new Achilles now ^6.122 In Latium breathes,—he, too, of goddess born; ^6.123 And Juno, burden of the sons of Troy, ^6.124 Will vex them ever; while thyself shalt sue ^6.125 In dire distress to many a town and tribe ^6.126 Through Italy ; the cause of so much ill ^6.127 Again shall be a hostess-queen, again ^6.128 A marriage-chamber for an alien bride. ^6.129 Oh! yield not to thy woe, but front it ever, ^6.135 Reverberated through the bellowing cave, ^6.348 Ye gods! who rule the spirits of the dead! ' "^6.450 Then he, “0 chieftain of Anchises' race, " ^6.456 Not for myself—by the rude seas I swear— ^6.460 Three wintry nights across the boundless main ' "^6.469 So blind they were!—a wrecker's prize and spoil. " ^6.474 Thy rising hope and joy, that from these woes, ' "^6.585 Roamed through a mighty wood. The Trojan's eyes " '^6.586 Beheld her near him through the murky gloom, ^6.587 As when, in her young month and crescent pale, ' "^6.588 One sees th' o'er-clouded moon, or thinks he sees. " '^6.589 Down dropped his tears, and thus he fondly spoke: ^6.590 “0 suffering Dido! Were those tidings true ^6.591 That thou didst fling thee on the fatal steel? ^6.592 Thy death, ah me! I dealt it. But I swear ^6.593 By stars above us, by the powers in Heaven, ^6.594 Or whatsoever oath ye dead believe, ^6.695 On her ethereal road. The princely pair ^6.696 Had wasted thus the whole brief gift of hours; ^6.755 Who dared to counterfeit Olympian thunder ' "^6.756 And Jove's own fire. In chariot of four steeds, " '^6.757 Brandishing torches, he triumphant rode ' "^6.758 Through throngs of Greeks, o'er Elis ' sacred way, " '^6.759 Demanding worship as a god. 0 fool! ' "^6.760 To mock the storm's inimitable flash— " '^6.761 With crash of hoofs and roll of brazen wheel! ^6.762 But mightiest Jove from rampart of thick cloud ^6.763 Hurled his own shaft, no flickering, mortal flame, ^6.764 And in vast whirl of tempest laid him low. ^6.765 Next unto these, on Tityos I looked, ^6.766 Child of old Earth, whose womb all creatures bears: ' "^6.767 Stretched o'er nine roods he lies; a vulture huge " '^6.768 Tears with hooked beak at his immortal side, ^6.769 Or deep in entrails ever rife with pain ^6.770 Gropes for a feast, making his haunt and home ^6.771 In the great Titan bosom; nor will give ^6.772 To ever new-born flesh surcease of woe. ^6.773 Why name Ixion and Pirithous, ^6.774 The Lapithae, above whose impious brows ^6.775 A crag of flint hangs quaking to its fall, ^6.776 As if just toppling down, while couches proud, ^6.777 Propped upon golden pillars, bid them feast ^6.778 In royal glory: but beside them lies ^6.779 The eldest of the Furies, whose dread hands ^6.780 Thrust from the feast away, and wave aloft ^6.781 A flashing firebrand, with shrieks of woe. ^6.782 Here in a prison-house awaiting doom ^6.783 Are men who hated, long as life endured, ^6.784 Their brothers, or maltreated their gray sires, ^6.785 Or tricked a humble friend; the men who grasped ^6.786 At hoarded riches, with their kith and kin ^6.787 Not sharing ever—an unnumbered throng; ^6.788 Here slain adulterers be; and men who dared ^6.789 To fight in unjust cause, and break all faith ^6.790 With their own lawful lords. Seek not to know ^6.791 What forms of woe they feel, what fateful shape ' "^6.792 of retribution hath o'erwhelmed them there. " '^6.793 Some roll huge boulders up; some hang on wheels, ^6.794 Lashed to the whirling spokes; in his sad seat ^6.795 Theseus is sitting, nevermore to rise; ^6.796 Unhappy Phlegyas uplifts his voice ^6.797 In warning through the darkness, calling loud, ^6.798 ‘0, ere too late, learn justice and fear God!’ ^6.799 Yon traitor sold his country, and for gold ^6.800 Enchained her to a tyrant, trafficking ^6.801 In laws, for bribes enacted or made void; ^6.802 Another did incestuously take ^6.803 His daughter for a wife in lawless bonds. ^6.804 All ventured some unclean, prodigious crime; ^6.805 And what they dared, achieved. I could not tell, ^6.806 Not with a hundred mouths, a hundred tongues, ^6.807 Or iron voice, their divers shapes of sin, ' "^6.809 So spake Apollo's aged prophetess. " '^6.810 “Now up and on!” she cried. “Thy task fulfil! ^6.811 We must make speed. Behold yon arching doors ^6.812 Yon walls in furnace of the Cyclops forged! ' "^6.813 'T is there we are commanded to lay down " "^6.814 Th' appointed offering.” So, side by side, " '^6.815 Swift through the intervening dark they strode, ^6.816 And, drawing near the portal-arch, made pause. ^6.817 Aeneas, taking station at the door, ' "^6.818 Pure, lustral waters o'er his body threw, " ^6.820 Now, every rite fulfilled, and tribute due ^6.821 Paid to the sovereign power of Proserpine, ^6.822 At last within a land delectable ^6.823 Their journey lay, through pleasurable bowers ^6.824 of groves where all is joy,—a blest abode! ^6.825 An ampler sky its roseate light bestows ^6.826 On that bright land, which sees the cloudless beam ^6.827 of suns and planets to our earth unknown. ^6.828 On smooth green lawns, contending limb with limb, ^6.829 Immortal athletes play, and wrestle long ' "^6.830 'gainst mate or rival on the tawny sand; " ^6.831 With sounding footsteps and ecstatic song, ^6.832 Some thread the dance divine: among them moves ^6.833 The bard of Thrace, in flowing vesture clad, ^6.834 Discoursing seven-noted melody, ^6.835 Who sweeps the numbered strings with changeful hand, ^6.836 Or smites with ivory point his golden lyre. ^6.837 Here Trojans be of eldest, noblest race, ^6.838 Great-hearted heroes, born in happier times, ^6.839 Ilus, Assaracus, and Dardanus, ^6.840 Illustrious builders of the Trojan town. ^6.841 Their arms and shadowy chariots he views, ^6.842 And lances fixed in earth, while through the fields ^6.843 Their steeds without a bridle graze at will. ^6.844 For if in life their darling passion ran ^6.845 To chariots, arms, or glossy-coated steeds, ^6.846 The self-same joy, though in their graves, they feel. ^6.847 Lo! on the left and right at feast reclined ^6.848 Are other blessed souls, whose chorus sings ^6.849 Victorious paeans on the fragrant air ^6.850 of laurel groves; and hence to earth outpours ^6.851 Eridanus, through forests rolling free. ^6.852 Here dwell the brave who for their native land ^6.853 Fell wounded on the field; here holy priests ^6.854 Who kept them undefiled their mortal day; ^6.855 And poets, of whom the true-inspired song ' "^6.856 Deserved Apollo's name; and all who found " "^6.857 New arts, to make man's life more blest or fair; " '^6.858 Yea! here dwell all those dead whose deeds bequeath ^6.859 Deserved and grateful memory to their kind. ^6.860 And each bright brow a snow-white fillet wears. ^6.861 Unto this host the Sibyl turned, and hailed ^6.862 Musaeus, midmost of a numerous throng, ' "^6.863 Who towered o'er his peers a shoulder higher: " '^6.864 “0 spirits blest! 0 venerable bard! ^6.865 Declare what dwelling or what region holds ^6.866 Anchises, for whose sake we twain essayed ^6.867 Yon passage over the wide streams of hell.” ^6.868 And briefly thus the hero made reply: ^6.869 “No fixed abode is ours. In shadowy groves ^6.870 We make our home, or meadows fresh and fair, ^6.871 With streams whose flowery banks our couches be. ^6.872 But you, if thitherward your wishes turn, ^6.873 Climb yonder hill, where I your path may show.” ^6.874 So saying, he strode forth and led them on, ^6.875 Till from that vantage they had prospect fair ^6.876 of a wide, shining land; thence wending down, ^6.877 They left the height they trod; for far below ^6.878 Father Anchises in a pleasant vale ^6.879 Stood pondering, while his eyes and thought surveyed ^6.880 A host of prisoned spirits, who there abode ^6.881 Awaiting entrance to terrestrial air. ^6.882 And musing he reviewed the legions bright ^6.883 of his own progeny and offspring proud— ^6.884 Their fates and fortunes, virtues and great deeds. ^6.885 Soon he discerned Aeneas drawing nigh ' "^6.886 o'er the green slope, and, lifting both his hands " ^7.81 Laurentian, which his realm and people bear. ^7.82 Unto this tree-top, wonderful to tell, ^7.83 came hosts of bees, with audible acclaim ^7.84 voyaging the stream of air, and seized a place ^7.85 on the proud, pointing crest, where the swift swarm, ^7.86 with interlacement of close-clinging feet, ^7.87 wung from the leafy bough. “Behold, there comes,” ^7.88 the prophet cried, “a husband from afar! ^7.89 To the same region by the self-same path ' "^7.90 behold an arm'd host taking lordly sway " "^7.91 upon our city's crown!” Soon after this, " '^7.92 when, coming to the shrine with torches pure, ' "^7.93 Lavinia kindled at her father's side " '^7.94 the sacrifice, swift seemed the flame to burn ^7.95 along her flowing hair—O sight of woe! ^7.96 Over her broidered snood it sparkling flew, ^7.97 lighting her queenly tresses and her crown ^7.98 of jewels rare: then, wrapt in flaming cloud, ' "^7.99 from hall to hall the fire-god's gift she flung. " '^7.100 This omen dread and wonder terrible ^7.101 was rumored far: for prophet-voices told ^7.107 tretch under high Albunea, and her stream ^7.108 roars from its haunted well, exhaling through ^7.109 vast, gloomful woods its pestilential air. ' "^7.110 Here all Oenotria's tribes ask oracles " '^7.111 in dark and doubtful days: here, when the priest ^7.112 has brought his gifts, and in the night so still, ^7.113 couched on spread fleeces of the offered flock, ^7.114 awaiting slumber lies, then wondrously ^7.115 a host of flitting shapes he sees, and hears ^7.116 voices that come and go: with gods he holds ^7.117 high converse, or in deep Avernian gloom ^7.118 parleys with Acheron. Thither drew near ^7.119 Father Latinus, seeking truth divine. ^7.120 Obedient to the olden rite, he slew ^7.121 a hundred fleecy sheep, and pillowed lay ^7.122 upon their outstretched skins. Straightway a voice ^7.123 out of the lofty forest met his prayer. ^7.124 “Seek not in wedlock with a Latin lord ^7.125 to join thy daughter, O my son and seed! ^7.126 Beware this purposed marriage! There shall come ^7.127 ons from afar, whose blood shall bear our name ^7.128 tarward; the children of their mighty loins, ^7.129 as far as eve and morn enfold the seas, ^7.321 of purple, and the sceptre Priam bore, ^7.345 forbid to wed. A son from alien shores ^7.377 to mine forevermore (unhappy me!) ^7.392 within their prayed-for land delectable, ^7.803 our banners Iost. Twin Gates of War there be, ' "^7.804 of fearful name, to Mars' fierce godhead vowed: " '^7.805 a hundred brass bars shut them, and the strength ^7.806 of uncorrupting steel; in sleepless watch ' "^7.807 Janus the threshold keeps. 'T is here, what time " "^7.808 the senate's voice is war, the consul grave " '^7.809 in Gabine cincture and Quirinal shift ^7.810 himself the griding hinges backward moves, ^7.811 and bids the Romans arm; obedient then ^7.812 the legionary host makes Ioud acclaim, ^7.813 and hoarse consent the brazen trumpets blow. ^7.814 Thus King Latinus on the sons of Troy ^7.815 was urged to open war, and backward roll ^7.816 those gates of sorrow: but the aged king ^7.817 recoiled, refused the loathsome task, and fled ' "^8.42 There, 'twixt the poplars by the gentle stream, " ^8.431 untroubled peace to all his peoples gave. ^8.432 But after slow decline arrived an age ^8.505 and oft to see Aeneas burdened sore ^8.506 I could but weep. But now by will of Jove ^8.521 wift as the glittering shaft of thunder cleaves ^8.608 ummoned Evander. From his couch arose ' "^8.609 the royal sire, and o'er his aged frame " '^8.610 a tunic threw, tying beneath his feet ^8.611 the Tuscan sandals: an Arcadian sword, ^8.612 girt at his left, was over one shoulder slung, ^8.613 his cloak of panther trailing from behind. ^8.614 A pair of watch-dogs from the lofty door ^8.615 ran close, their lord attending, as he sought ^8.616 his guest Aeneas; for his princely soul ^8.617 remembered faithfully his former word, ^8.618 and promised gift. Aeneas with like mind ' "^8.619 was stirring early. King Evander's son " '^8.620 Pallas was at his side; Achates too ^8.621 accompanied his friend. All these conjoin ^8.622 in hand-clasp and good-morrow, taking seats ^8.623 in midcourt of the house, and give the hour ^8.625 “Great leader of the Teucrians, while thy life ^8.626 in safety stands, I call not Trojan power ^8.627 vanquished or fallen. But to help thy war ^8.628 my small means match not thy redoubled name. ^8.629 Yon Tuscan river is my bound. That way ^8.630 Rutulia thrusts us hard and chafes our wall ^8.631 with loud, besieging arms. But I propose ^8.632 to league with thee a numerous array ^8.633 of kings and mighty tribes, which fortune strange ^8.634 now brings to thy defence. Thou comest here ^8.635 because the Fates intend. Not far from ours ^8.636 a city on an ancient rock is seen, ^8.637 Agylla, which a warlike Lydian clan ^8.638 built on the Tuscan hills. It prospered well ^8.639 for many a year, then under the proud yoke ^8.640 of King Mezentius it came and bore ^8.641 his cruel sway. Why tell the loathsome deeds ^8.642 and crimes unspeakable the despot wrought? ^8.643 May Heaven requite them on his impious head ^8.644 and on his children! For he used to chain ^8.645 dead men to living, hand on hand was laid ^8.646 and face on face,—torment incredible! ^8.647 Till, locked in blood-stained, horrible embrace, ^8.648 a lingering death they found. But at the last ^8.649 his people rose in furious despair, ^8.650 and while he blasphemously raged, assailed ^8.651 his life and throne, cut down his guards ^8.652 and fired his regal dwellings; he, the while, ^8.653 escaped immediate death and fied away ^8.654 to the Rutulian land, to find defence ^8.655 in Turnus hospitality. To-day ^8.656 Etruria, to righteous anger stirred, ^8.657 demands with urgent arms her guilty King. ^8.658 To their large host, Aeneas, I will give ^8.659 an added strength, thyself. For yonder shores ^8.660 re-echo with the tumult and the cry ^8.661 of ships in close array; their eager lords ^8.662 are clamoring for battle. But the song ^8.663 of the gray omen-giver thus declares ^8.664 their destiny: ‘O goodly princes born ^8.665 of old Maeonian lineage! Ye that are ^8.666 the bloom and glory of an ancient race, ^8.667 whom just occasions now and noble rage ^8.668 enflame against Mezentius your foe, ^8.669 it is decreed that yonder nation proud ^8.670 hall never submit to chiefs Italian-born. ^8.671 Seek ye a king from far!’ So in the field ' "^8.672 inert and fearful lies Etruria's force, " '^8.673 disarmed by oracles. Their Tarchon sent ^8.674 envoys who bore a sceptre and a crown ^8.675 even to me, and prayed I should assume ' "^8.676 the sacred emblems of Etruria's king, " '^8.677 and lead their host to war. But unto me ^8.678 cold, sluggish age, now barren and outworn, ^8.679 denies new kingdoms, and my slow-paced powers ^8.680 run to brave deeds no more. Nor could I urge ' "^8.681 my son, who by his Sabine mother's line " '^8.682 is half Italian-born. Thyself art he, ^8.683 whose birth illustrious and manly prime ^8.684 fate favors and celestial powers approve. ^8.685 Therefore go forth, O bravest chief and King ^8.686 of Troy and Italy ! To thee I give ^8.687 the hope and consolation of our throne, ^8.688 pallas, my son, and bid him find in thee ^8.689 a master and example, while he learns ' "^8.690 the soldier's arduous toil. With thy brave deeds " '^8.691 let him familiar grow, and reverence thee ^8.692 with youthful love and honor. In his train ^8.693 two hundred horsemen of Arcadia, ^8.694 our choicest men-at-arms, shall ride; and he ^8.695 in his own name an equal band shall bring ^8.696 to follow only thee.” Such the discourse. ^8.697 With meditative brows and downcast eyes ^8.698 Aeneas and Achates, sad at heart, ^8.699 mused on unnumbered perils yet to come. ' "^8.700 But out of cloudless sky Cythera's Queen " "^8.701 gave sudden signal: from th' ethereal dome " '^8.702 a thunder-peal and flash of quivering fire ^8.703 tumultuous broke, as if the world would fall, ^8.704 and bellowing Tuscan trumpets shook the air. ^8.705 All eyes look up. Again and yet again ^8.706 crashed the terrible din, and where the sky ^8.707 looked clearest hung a visionary cloud, ^8.708 whence through the brightness blazed resounding arms. ' "^8.709 All hearts stood still. But Troy 's heroic son " '^8.710 knew that his mother in the skies redeemed ^8.711 her pledge in sound of thunder: so he cried, ^8.712 “Seek not, my friend, seek not thyself to read ' "^8.713 the meaning of the omen. 'T is to me " '^8.714 Olympus calls. My goddess-mother gave ^8.715 long since her promise of a heavenly sign ^8.716 if war should burst; and that her power would bring ^8.717 a panoply from Vulcan through the air, ^8.718 to help us at our need. Alas, what deaths ' "^8.719 over Laurentum's ill-starred host impend! " '^8.720 O Turnus, what a reckoning thou shalt pay ^8.721 to me in arms! O Tiber, in thy wave ^8.722 what helms and shields and mighty soldiers slain ^8.723 hall in confusion roll! Yea, let them lead ^8.725 He said: and from the lofty throne uprose. ^8.726 Straightway he roused anew the slumbering fire ^8.727 acred to Hercules, and glad at heart ^8.728 adored, as yesterday, the household gods ^8.730 the Trojan company made sacrifice ^9.364 That day will tears be dry; and I will give ' "^9.365 two silver wine-cups graven and o'erlaid " ^9.599 ank prone in death; upon his goodly limbs ^9.602 cut by the ploughshare, dies, or poppies proud ^9.603 with stem forlorn their ruined beauty bow ' "^9.617 hall blot your names from honor's storied scroll: " ^9.706 to fight against long sieges. They fling down ^9.791 and Clonius, and from the lofty tower ^9.792 hot Idas down. The shaft of Capys pierced ' "^9.793 Privernus, whom Themilla's javelin " '^9.794 but now had lightly grazed, and he, too bold, ^9.795 casting his shield far from him, had outspread ^9.796 his left hand on the wound: then sudden flew ^10.8 were sitting; Jove himself the silence broke: ^10.67 find some chance way; let my right hand avail ^10.68 to shelter him and from this fatal war ^10.107 bring sword and fire on Latium, or enslave ^10.108 lands of an alien name, and bear away ^10.109 plunder and spoil? Why seek they marriages, ^10.110 and snatch from arms of love the plighted maids? ^10.111 An olive-branch is in their hands; their ships ^10.112 make menace of grim steel. Thy power one day ^10.113 ravished Aeneas from his Argive foes, ^10.565 foreseeing doom, had hid him in dark groves; ' "^10.566 but when the old man's fading eyes declined " '^10.567 in death, the hand of Fate reached forth and doomed ' "^10.568 the young life to Evander's sword; him now " '^10.569 Pallas assailed, first offering this prayer: ^10.570 “O Father Tiber, give my poising shaft ^1
1.429 for other land or people yearn, and fate ' "^1
2.138 the hour is come! Once mighty Actor's hand, " '^1
2.139 but now the hand of Turnus is thy lord. ^1
2.140 Grant me to strike that carcase to the ground, ^1
2.141 and with strong hand the corselet rip and rend ^1
2.142 from off that Phrygian eunuch: let the dust ^1
2.143 befoul those tresses, tricked to curl so fine ^1
2.144 with singeing steel and sleeked with odorous oil.” ^1
2.145 Such frenzy goads him: his impassioned brow ^1
2.146 is all on flame, the wild eyes flash with fire. ^1
2.147 Thus, bellowing loud before the fearful fray, ^1
2.148 ome huge bull proves the fury of his horns, ^1
2.149 pushing against a tree-trunk; his swift thrusts ^1
2.150 would tear the winds in pieces; while his hoofs ^1
2.152 That self-same day with aspect terrible ^1
2.153 Aeneas girt him in the wondrous arms ^1
2.154 his mother gave; made sharp his martial steel, ^1
2.155 and roused his heart to ire; though glad was he ^1
2.156 to seal such truce and end the general war. ^1
2.157 Then he spoke comfort to his friends; and soothed ' "^1
2.158 Iulus' fear, unfolding Heaven's intent; " '^1
2.159 but on Latinus bade his heralds lay ^12.257 in yonder distant sky, and ye whose power ^12.258 is in the keeping of the deep, blue sea: ^12.259 if victory to Ausonian Turnus fall, ^12.260 then let my vanquished people take its way ' "^12.261 unto Evander's city! From these plains " '^12.262 Iulus shall retire—so stands the bond; ^1
2.263 nor shall the Trojans with rebellious sword ^12.264 bring after-trouble on this land and King. ^12.265 But if on arms of ours success shall shine, ^12.435 this frantic stir, this quarrel rashly bold? ^12.436 Recall your martial rage! The pledge is given ' "^12.437 and all its terms agreed. 'T is only I " '^12.438 do lawful battle here. So let me forth, ^12.439 and tremble not. My own hand shall confirm ^12.440 the solemn treaty. For these rites consign ^1
2.606 was darkened with their dust; the startled earth ^12.793 its portals to the Trojan, or drag forth ^12.804 But now a new adversity befell ^12.805 the weary Latins, which with common woe ^12.806 hook the whole city to its heart. The Queen, ^12.821 her rose-red cheek and hyacinthine hair. ^12.823 in anguish, and the wailing echoed far ^12.824 along the royal seat; from whence the tale ^12.825 of sorrow through the peopled city flew; ' "^12.827 to see his consort's doom, his falling throne; " ^12.833 a nameless horror came, a dull, wild roar, ^12.835 “Alack,” he cried, “what stirs in yonder walls ^12.836 uch anguish? Or why rings from side to side ^12.837 uch wailing through the city?” Asking so, ^12.838 he tightened frantic grasp upon the rein. ^12.839 To him his sister, counterfeiting still ^12.841 rein, steeds, and chariot, this answer made: ^12.842 “Hither, my Turnus, let our arms pursue ^12.942 down the steep rampart from the citadel ^12.943 unlingering tried, all lesser task laid by, ^12.944 with joy exultant and dread-thundering arms. ' "^12.945 Like Athos ' crest he loomed, or soaring top " '^12.946 of Eryx, when the nodding oaks resound, ^12.948 his forehead of triumphant snow. All eyes ' ' None

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Tiresias: The Ancient Mediterranean Religions Source Database