| 1. Pindar, Pythian Odes, 10 (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarchy, tetrarch, tetrarchos Found in books: Lalone (2019), Athena Itonia: Geography and Meaning of an Ancient Greek War Goddess, 42 |
| 2. Hellanicus of Lesbos, Fgrh I P. 104., None (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarchy, tetrarch, tetrarchos Found in books: Lalone (2019), Athena Itonia: Geography and Meaning of an Ancient Greek War Goddess, 42 |
3. Thucydides, The History of The Peloponnesian War, 1.111.1, 4.78.3-4.78.4 (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarchy, tetrarch, tetrarchos Found in books: Lalone (2019), Athena Itonia: Geography and Meaning of an Ancient Greek War Goddess, 43, 44| 1.111.1. ἐκ δὲ Θεσσαλίας Ὀρέστης ὁ Ἐχεκρατίδου υἱὸς τοῦ Θεσσαλῶν βασιλέως φεύγων ἔπεισεν Ἀθηναίους ἑαυτὸν κατάγειν: καὶ παραλαβόντες Βοιωτοὺς καὶ Φωκέας ὄντας ξυμμάχους οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι ἐστράτευσαν τῆς Θεσσαλίας ἐπὶ Φάρσαλον. καὶ τῆς μὲν γῆς ἐκράτουν ὅσα μὴ προϊόντες πολὺ ἐκ τῶν ὅπλων ʽοἱ γὰρ ἱππῆς τῶν Θεσσαλῶν εἶργον̓, τὴν δὲ πόλιν οὐχ εἷλον, οὐδ’ ἄλλο προυχώρει αὐτοῖς οὐδὲν ὧν ἕνεκα ἐστράτευσαν, ἀλλ᾽ ἀπεχώρησαν πάλιν Ὀρέστην ἔχοντες ἄπρακτοι. 4.78.3. ὥστε εἰ μὴ δυναστείᾳ μᾶλλον ἢ ἰσονομίᾳ ἐχρῶντο τὸ ἐγχώριον οἱ Θεσσαλοί, οὐκ ἄν ποτε προῆλθεν, ἐπεὶ καὶ τότε πορευομένῳ αὐτῷ ἀπαντήσαντες ἄλλοι τῶν τἀναντία τούτοις βουλομένων ἐπὶ τῷ Ἐνιπεῖ ποταμῷ ἐκώλυον καὶ ἀδικεῖν ἔφασαν ἄνευ τοῦ πάντων κοινοῦ πορευόμενον. 4.78.4. οἱ δὲ ἄγοντες οὔτε ἀκόντων ἔφασαν διάξειν, αἰφνίδιόν τε παραγενόμενον ξένοι ὄντες κομίζειν. ἔλεγε δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ Βρασίδας τῇ Θεσσαλῶν γῇ καὶ αὐτοῖς φίλος ὢν ἰέναι καὶ Ἀθηναίοις πολεμίοις οὖσι καὶ οὐκ ἐκείνοις ὅπλα ἐπιφέρειν, Θεσσαλοῖς τε οὐκ εἰδέναι καὶ Λακεδαιμονίοις ἔχθραν οὖσαν ὥστε τῇ ἀλλήλων γῇ μὴ χρῆσθαι, νῦν τε ἀκόντων ἐκείνων οὐκ ἂν προελθεῖν ʽοὐδὲ γὰρ ἂν δύνασθαἰ, οὐ μέντοι ἀξιοῦν γε εἴργεσθαι. | 1.111.1. Meanwhile Orestes, son of Echecratidas, the Thessalian king, being an exile from Thessaly , persuaded the Athenians to restore him. Taking with them the Boeotians and Phocians their allies, the Athenians marched to Pharsalus in Thessaly . They became masters of the country, though only in the immediate vicinity of the camp; beyond which they could not go for fear of the Thessalian cavalry. But they failed to take the city or to attain any of the other objects of their expedition, and returned home with Orestes without having effected anything. 4.78.3. Indeed if instead of the customary close oligarchy there had been a constitutional government in Thessaly , he would never have been able to proceed; since even as it was, he was met on his march at the river Enipeus by certain of the opposite party who forbade his further progress, and complained of his making the attempt without the consent of the nation. 4.78.4. To this his escort answered that they had no intention of taking him through against their will; they were only friends in attendance on an unexpected victor. Brasidas himself added that he came as a friend to Thessaly and its inhabitants; his arms not being directed against them but against the Athenians, with whom he was at war, and that although he knew of no quarrel between the Thessalians and Lacedaemonians to prevent the two nations having access to each other's territory, he neither would nor could proceed against their wishes; he could only beg them not to stop him. |
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| 4. Xenophon, Hellenica, 6.1.8-6.1.9, 6.1.19 (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarchy, tetrarch, tetrarchos Found in books: Lalone (2019), Athena Itonia: Geography and Meaning of an Ancient Greek War Goddess, 44 |
5. Herodotus, Histories, 5.63.3-5.63.4 (5th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarchy, tetrarch, tetrarchos Found in books: Lalone (2019), Athena Itonia: Geography and Meaning of an Ancient Greek War Goddess, 43, 44 | 5.63.3. They sent these men by sea on shipboard. Anchimolius put in at Phalerum and disembarked his army there. The sons of Pisistratus, however, had received word of the plan already, and sent to ask help from the Thessalians with whom they had an alliance. The Thessalians, at their entreaty, joined together and sent their own king, Cineas of Conium, with a thousand horsemen. When the Pisistratidae got these allies, they devised the following plan. 5.63.4. First they laid waste the plain of Phalerum so that all that land could be ridden over and then launched their cavalry against the enemy's army. Then the horsemen charged and slew Anchimolius and many more of the Lacedaemonians, and drove those that survived to their ships. Accordingly, the first Lacedaemonian army drew off, and Anchimolius' tomb is at Alopecae in Attica, near to the Heracleum in Cynosarges. |
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6. Euripides, Rhesus, 307 (5th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarchy, tetrarch, tetrarchos Found in books: Lalone (2019), Athena Itonia: Geography and Meaning of an Ancient Greek War Goddess, 42 | 307. With bells set round-like stories that they tell |
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| 7. Aristotle, Athenian Constitution, 19.5 (4th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarchy, tetrarch, tetrarchos Found in books: Lalone (2019), Athena Itonia: Geography and Meaning of an Ancient Greek War Goddess, 43 |
| 8. Theocritus, Idylls, 16.34-16.39 (4th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarchy, tetrarch, tetrarchos Found in books: Lalone (2019), Athena Itonia: Geography and Meaning of an Ancient Greek War Goddess, 42 |
| 9. Aristotle, Fragments, None (4th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Lalone (2019), Athena Itonia: Geography and Meaning of an Ancient Greek War Goddess, 42 |
| 10. Cicero, Letters, 14.12.1 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarch/tetrarchy in galatia Found in books: Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 301 |
11. Diodorus Siculus, Historical Library, 15.71.4-15.71.5 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarchy, tetrarch, tetrarchos Found in books: Lalone (2019), Athena Itonia: Geography and Meaning of an Ancient Greek War Goddess, 43 | 15.71.4. While Autocles was making the circuit of Euboea, the Thebans entered Thessaly. Though Alexander had gathered his infantry and had many times more horsemen than the Boeotians, at first the Boeotians decided to settle the war by battle, for they had the Thessalians as supporters; but when the latter left them in the lurch and the Athenians and some other allies joined Alexander, and they found their provisions of food and drink and all their other supplies giving out, the boeotarchs decided to return home. 15.71.5. When they had broken camp and were proceeding through level country, Alexander trailed them with a large body of cavalry and attacked their rear. A number of Boeotians perished under the continuous rain of darts, others fell wounded, until finally, being permitted neither to halt nor to proceed, they were reduced to utter helplessness, as was natural when they were also running short of provisions. |
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| 12. Pliny The Elder, Natural History, 5.95, 5.146 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarch/tetrarchy in galatia Found in books: Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 362, 363 |
| 13. Plutarch, Moralia, None (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarchy, tetrarch, tetrarchos Found in books: Lalone (2019), Athena Itonia: Geography and Meaning of an Ancient Greek War Goddess, 43 |
| 14. Appian, The Syrian Wars, 50 254 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarch/tetrarchy in galatia Found in books: Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 290 |
| 15. Appian, Civil Wars, 5.1.4 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarch/tetrarchy in galatia Found in books: Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 300 |
| 16. Tacitus, Histories, 2.9.1 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarch/tetrarchy in galatia Found in books: Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 320 |
| 17. Tacitus, Annals, 3.48.2 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarch/tetrarchy in galatia Found in books: Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 320 |
| 18. Suetonius, Iulius, 37.2 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarch/tetrarchy in galatia Found in books: Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 300 |
19. Plutarch, Brutus, 30.3 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarch/tetrarchy in galatia Found in books: Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 301| 30.3. καὶ πάλιν διαστάντες ἐπὶ τὰς προσηκούσας ἑκατέρῳ πράξεις, Κάσσιος μὲν ἑλὼν Ῥόδον οὐκ ἐπιεικῶς ἐχρῆτο τοῖς πράγμασι, Καὶ ταῦτα περὶ τὴν εἴσοδον τοῖς προσαγορεύουσιν αὐτὸν βασιλέα Καὶ κύριον ἀποκρινάμενος· οὔτε βασιλεὺς οὔτε κύριος, τοῦ δὲ κυρίου Καὶ βασιλέως φονεὺς Καὶ κολαστής. Βροῦτος δὲ Λυκίους ᾔτει χρήματα Καὶ στρατόν. | 30.3. |
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20. Plutarch, Julius Caesar, 48.1, 50.2 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarch/tetrarchy in galatia Found in books: Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 300| 48.1. Καῖσαρ δὲ τῷ Θετταλῶν ἔθνει τὴν ἐλευθερίαν ἀναθεὶς νικητήριον ἐδίωκε Πομπήϊον· ἁψάμενος δὲ τῆς · Ἀσίας Κνιδίους τε Θεοπόμπῳ τῷ συναγαγόντι τοὺς μύθους χαριζόμενος ἠλευθέρωσε, καὶ πᾶσι τοῖς τὴν Ἀσίαν κατοικοῦσι τὸ τρίτον τῶν φόρων ἀνῆκεν. 50.2. εὐθὺς οὖν ἐπὶ τὸν ἄνδρα τρισὶν ἤλαυνε τάγμασι, καὶ περὶ πόλιν Ζῆλαν μάχην μεγάλην συνάψας αὐτὸν μὲν ἐξέβαλε τοῦ Πόντου φεύγοντα, τὴν δὲ στρατιὰν ἄρδην ἀνεῖλε. καὶ τῆς μάχης ταύτης τὴν ὀξύτητα καὶ τὸ τάχος ἀναγγέλλων εἰς Ῥώμην πρός τινα τῶν φίλων Ἀμάντιον ἔγραψε τρεῖς λέξεις ἦλθον, εἶδον, ἐνίκησα. Ῥωμαϊστὶ δὲ αἱ λέξεις εἰς ὅμοιον ἀπολήγουσαι σχῆμα ῥήματος οὐκ ἀπίθανον τὴν βραχυλογίαν ἔχουσιν. | 48.1. 50.2. |
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21. Philostratus The Athenian, Life of Apollonius, 4.5 (2nd cent. CE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarch/tetrarchy in galatia Found in books: Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 472| 4.5. ̓Αφικνουμένῳ δὲ αὐτῷ ἐς τὴν Σμύρναν προσαπήντων μὲν οἱ ̓́Ιωνες, καὶ γὰρ ἔτυχον Πανιώνια θύοντες, ἀναγνοὺς δὲ καὶ ψήφισμα ̓Ιωνικόν, ἐν ᾧ ἐδέοντο αὐτοῦ κοινωνῆσαί σφισι τοῦ ξυλλόγου, καὶ ὀνόματι προστυχὼν ἥκιστα ̓Ιωνικῷ, Λούκουλλος γάρ τις ἐπεγέγραπτο τῇ γνώμῃ, πέμπει ἐπιστολὴν ἐς τὸ κοινὸν αὐτῶν ἐπίπληξιν ποιούμενος περὶ τοῦ βαρβαρισμοῦ τούτου: καὶ γὰρ δὴ καὶ Φαβρίκιον καὶ τοιούτους ἑτέρους ἐν τοῖς ἐψηφισμένοις εὗρεν. ὡς μὲν οὖν ἐρρωμένως ἐπέπληξε, δηλοῖ ἡ περὶ τούτου ἐπιστολή. | 4.5. But when he came to Smyrna the Ionians went out to meet him, for they were just celebrating the pan-Ionian sacrifices. And he there read a decree of the Ionians, in which they besought him to take part in their solemn meeting; and in it he met with a name which had not at all an Ionian ring, for a certain Lucullus had signed the resolution. He accordingly sent a letter to their council expressing his astonishment at such an instance of barbarism; for he had, it seems, also found the name Fabricius and other such names in the decrees. The letter on this subject shows how sternly he reprimanded them. |
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22. Cassius Dio, Roman History, 42.6.3, 49.32.3, 52.43.1, 54.9.3 (2nd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarch/tetrarchy in galatia Found in books: Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 300, 320 | 49.32.3. Antony, in addition to making the arrangements mentioned above, assigned principalities, giving Galatia to Amyntas, though he had been only the secretary of Deiotarus, and also adding to his domain Lycaonia with portions of Pamphylia, and bestowing upon Archelaus Cappadocia, after driving out Ariarathes. This Archelaus belonged on his father's side to those Archelauses who had contended against the Romans, but on his mother's side was the son of Glaphyra, an hetaera. 52.43.1. So much for these matters. Caesar also settled Carthage anew, because Lepidus had laid waste a part of it and by this act, it was held, had abrogated the rights of the earlier colonists. And he sent a summons to Antiochus of Commagene, because he had treacherously murdered an envoy who had been despatched to Rome by his brother, who was at variance with him. Caesar brought him before the senate, and when judgment had been passed against him, put him to death. 54.9.3. To Herod he entrusted the tetrarchy of a certain Zenodorus, and to one Mithridates, though still a mere boy, he gave Commagene, inasmuch as its king had put the boy's father to death. |
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| 23. Pliny The Younger, Letters, 10.96 (2nd cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarchs, tetrarchy Found in books: de Ste. Croix et al. (2006), Christian Persecution, Martyrdom, and Orthodoxy, 42 |
| 24. Pliny The Younger, Letters, 10.96 (2nd cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarchs, tetrarchy Found in books: de Ste. Croix et al. (2006), Christian Persecution, Martyrdom, and Orthodoxy, 42 |
| 25. Aelian, Nature of Animals, 8.11 (2nd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarchy, tetrarch, tetrarchos Found in books: Lalone (2019), Athena Itonia: Geography and Meaning of an Ancient Greek War Goddess, 43 |
| 26. Lucian, Alexander The False Prophet, 51 (2nd cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarch/tetrarchy in galatia Found in books: Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 206 |
| 27. Eusebius of Caesarea, Martyrs of Palestine, 1.1-1.2 (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: de Ste. Croix et al. (2006), Christian Persecution, Martyrdom, and Orthodoxy, 179 |
28. Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History, 8.13.11-8.13.13 (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarchs, tetrarchy Found in books: de Ste. Croix et al. (2006), Christian Persecution, Martyrdom, and Orthodoxy, 70, 71 | 8.13.11. For a severe sickness came upon the chief of those of whom we have spoken, by which his understanding was distracted; and with him who was honored with the second rank, he retired into private life. Scarcely had he done this when the entire empire was divided; a thing which is not recorded as having ever occurred before. 8.13.12. Not long after, the Emperor Constantius, who through his entire life was most kindly and favorably disposed toward his subjects, and most friendly to the Divine Word, ended his life in the common course of nature, and left his own son, Constantine, as emperor and Augustus in his stead. He was the first that was ranked by them among the gods, and received after death every honor which one could pay to an emperor. 8.13.13. He was the kindest and mildest of emperors, and the only one of those of our day that passed all the time of his government in a manner worthy of his office. Moreover, he conducted himself toward all most favorably and beneficently. He took not the smallest part in the war against us, but preserved the pious that were under him unharmed and unabused. He neither threw down the church buildings, nor did he devise anything else against us. The end of his life was honorable and thrice blessed. He alone at death left his empire happily and gloriously to his own son as his successor, — one who was in all respects most prudent and pious. |
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| 29. Lactantius, Deaths of The Persecutors, 7.2, 8.3-8.4, 17.3-17.4 (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarchs, tetrarchy Found in books: de Ste. Croix et al. (2006), Christian Persecution, Martyrdom, and Orthodoxy, 69, 70, 72 |
| 30. Optatus of Mileve, Opera (De Schismate Donatistarum Adversus Parmenianum), 1.22 (4th cent. CE - 4th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarchs, tetrarchy Found in books: de Ste. Croix et al. (2006), Christian Persecution, Martyrdom, and Orthodoxy, 70, 96 |
| 31. Jerome, Commentary On Galatians, None (5th cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •tetrarch/tetrarchy in galatia Found in books: Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 206 |
| 32. Harpokration, Od., None Tagged with subjects: •tetrarchy, tetrarch, tetrarchos Found in books: Lalone (2019), Athena Itonia: Geography and Meaning of an Ancient Greek War Goddess, 42 |
| 33. Hegemon, Fgrh 110, None Tagged with subjects: •tetrarchy, tetrarch, tetrarchos Found in books: Lalone (2019), Athena Itonia: Geography and Meaning of an Ancient Greek War Goddess, 42 |
| 34. Epigraphy, Rhodes And Osborne, Ghi, 44 Tagged with subjects: •tetrarchy, tetrarch, tetrarchos Found in books: Lalone (2019), Athena Itonia: Geography and Meaning of an Ancient Greek War Goddess, 44 |
| 35. Epigraphy, Tod, Ghi, 147 Tagged with subjects: •tetrarchy, tetrarch, tetrarchos Found in books: Lalone (2019), Athena Itonia: Geography and Meaning of an Ancient Greek War Goddess, 44 |
| 36. Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus, 39.30 Tagged with subjects: •tetrarchs, tetrarchy Found in books: de Ste. Croix et al. (2006), Christian Persecution, Martyrdom, and Orthodoxy, 69, 71 |
| 37. Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae, 10.1 Tagged with subjects: •tetrarchs, tetrarchy Found in books: de Ste. Croix et al. (2006), Christian Persecution, Martyrdom, and Orthodoxy, 71 |
| 38. Epigraphy, Syll. , 184 Tagged with subjects: •tetrarchy, tetrarch, tetrarchos Found in books: Lalone (2019), Athena Itonia: Geography and Meaning of an Ancient Greek War Goddess, 44 |
| 39. Epigraphy, Didyma, 148 Tagged with subjects: •tetrarch/tetrarchy in galatia Found in books: Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 362 |
| 40. Demosthenes, Orations, 13.23, 23.199 Tagged with subjects: •tetrarchy, tetrarch, tetrarchos Found in books: Lalone (2019), Athena Itonia: Geography and Meaning of an Ancient Greek War Goddess, 42 |
| 41. Council of Elvira, Can., 1 Tagged with subjects: •tetrarchs, tetrarchy Found in books: de Ste. Croix et al. (2006), Christian Persecution, Martyrdom, and Orthodoxy, 95 |
42. Strabo, Geography, 12.3.6, 12.3.11, 12.4.3, 12.5.1, 12.5.4, 12.6.1, 12.6.3 Tagged with subjects: •tetrarch/tetrarchy in galatia Found in books: Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 206, 300, 320, 363 | 12.3.6. Now Heracleia is a city that has good harbors and is otherwise worthy of note, since, among other things, it has also sent forth colonies; for both Chersonesus and Callatis are colonies from it. It was at first an autonomous city, and then for some time was ruled by tyrants, and then recovered its freedom, but later was ruled by kings, when it became subject to the Romans. The people received a colony of Romans, sharing with them a part of their city and territory. But Adiatorix, the son of Domnecleius, tetrarch of the Galatians, received from Antony that part of the city which was occupied by the Heracleiotae; and a little before the Battle of Actium he attacked the Romans by night and slaughtered them, by permission of Antony, as he alleged. But after the victory at Actium he was led in triumph and slain together with his son. The city belongs to the Pontic Province which was united with Bithynia. 12.3.11. Then one comes to Sinope itself, which is fifty stadia distant from Armene; it is the most noteworthy of the cities in that part of the world. This city was founded by the Milesians; and, having built a naval station, it reigned over the sea inside the Cyaneae, and shared with the Greeks in many struggles even outside the Cyaneae; and, although it was independent for a long time, it could not eventually preserve its freedom, but was captured by siege, and was first enslaved by Pharnaces and afterwards by his successors down to Eupator and to the Romans who overthrew Eupator. Eupator was both born and reared at Sinope; and he accorded it especial honor and treated it as the metropolis of his kingdom. Sinope is beautifully equipped both by nature and by human foresight, for it is situated on the neck of a peninsula, and has on either side of the isthmus harbors and roadsteads and wonderful pelamydes-fisheries, of which I have already made mention, saying that the Sinopeans get the second catch and the Byzantians the third. Furthermore, the peninsula is protected all round by ridgy shores, which have hollowed-out places in them, rock-cavities, as it were, which the people call choenicides; these are filled with water when the sea rises, and therefore the place is hard to approach, not only because of this, but also because the whole surface of the rock is prickly and impassable for bare feet. Higher up, however, and above the city, the ground is fertile and adorned with diversified market-gardens; and especially the suburbs of the city. The city itself is beautifully walled, and is also splendidly adorned with gymnasium and marked place and colonnades. But although it was such a city, still it was twice captured, first by Pharnaces, who unexpectedly attacked it all of a sudden, and later by Lucullus and by the tyrant who was garrisoned within it, being besieged both inside and outside at the same time; for, since Bacchides, who had been set up by the king as commander of the garrison, was always suspecting treason from the people inside, and was causing many outrages and murders, he made the people, who were unable either nobly to defend themselves or to submit by compromise, lose all heart for either course. At any rate, the city was captured; and though Lucullus kept intact the rest of the city's adornments, he took away the globe of Billarus and the work of Sthenis, the statue of Autolycus, whom they regarded as founder of their city and honored as god. The city had also an oracle of Autolycus. He is thought to have been one of those who went on the voyage with Jason and to have taken possession of this place. Then later the Milesians, seeing the natural advantages of the place and the weakness of its inhabitants, appropriated it to themselves and sent forth colonists to it. But at present it has received also a colony of Romans; and a part of the city and the territory belong to these. It is three thousand five hundred stadia distant from the Hieron, two thousand from Heracleia, and seven hundred from Carambis. It has produced excellent men: among the philosophers, Diogenes the Cynic and Timotheus Patrion; among the poets, Diphilus the comic poet; and, among the historians, Baton, who wrote the work entitled The Persica. 12.4.3. Continuous with the Astacene Gulf is another gulf, which runs more nearly towards the rising sun than the former does; and on this gulf is Prusias, formerly called Cius. Cius was razed to the ground by Philip, the son of Demetrius and father of Perseus, and given by him to Prusias the son of Zelas, who had helped him raze both this city and Myrleia, which latter is a neighboring city and also is near Prusa. And Prusias restored them from their ruins and named the city Cius Prusias after himself and Myrleia Apameia after his wife. This is the Prusias who welcomed Hannibal, when the latter withdrew thither after the defeat of Antiochus, and who retired from Phrygia on the Hellespont in accordance with an agreement made with the Attalici. This country was in earlier times called Lesser Phrygia, but the Attalici called it Phrygia Epictetus. Above Prusias lies a mountain called Arganthonium. And here is the scene of the myth of Hylas, one of the companions of Heracles who sailed with him on the Argo, and who, when he was going out to get water, was carried off by the nymphs. And when Cius, who was also a companion of Heracles and with him on the voyage, returned from Colchis, he stayed here and founded the city which was named after him. And still to this day a kind of festival is celebrated among the Prusians, a mountain ranging festival, in which they march in procession and call Hylas, as though making their exodus to the forests in quest of him. And having shown a friendly disposition towards the Romans in the conduct of their government, the Prusians obtained freedom. Prusa is situated on the Mysian Olympus; it is a well governed city, borders on the Phrygians and the Mysians, and was founded by the Prusias who made war against Croesus. 12.5.1. GALATIAThe Galatians, then, are to the south of the Paphlagonians. And of these there are three tribes; two of them, the Trocmi and the Tolistobogii, are named after their leaders, whereas the third, the Tectosages, is named after the tribe in Celtica. This country was occupied by the Galatae after they had wandered about for a long time, and after they had overrun the country that was subject to the Attalid and the Bithynian kings, until by voluntary cession they received the present Galatia, or Gallo-Graecia, as it is called. Leonnorius is generally reputed to have been the chief leader of their expedition across to Asia. The three tribes spoke the same language and differed from each other in no respect; and each was divided into four portions which were called tetrarchies, each tetrarchy having its own tetrarch, and also one judge and one military commander, both subject to the tetrarch, and two subordinate commanders. The Council of the twelve tetrarchs consisted of three hundred men, who assembled at Drynemetum, as it was called. Now the Council passed judgment upon murder cases, but the tetrarchs and the judges upon all others. Such, then, was the organization of Galatia long ago, but in my time the power has passed to three rulers, then to two; and then to one, Deiotarus, and then to Amyntas, who succeeded him. But at the present time the Romans possess both this country and the whole of the country that became subject to Amyntas, having united them into one province. 12.5.4. After Galatia towards the south are situated Lake Tatta, which lies alongside Greater Cappadocia near Morimene but is a part of Greater Phrygia, and the country continuous with this lake and extending as far as the Taurus, most of which was held by Amyntas. Now lake Tatta is a natural salt-pan; and the water so easily congeals round everything that is immersed in it, that when people let down into it rings made of rope they draw up wreaths of salt, and that, on account of the congealing of the salt, the birds which touch the water with their wings fall on the spot and are thus caught. 12.6.1. LycaoniaSuch, then, is Tatta. And the regions round Orcaorci and Pitnissus, as also the plateaus of the Lycaonians, are cold, bare of trees, and grazed by wild asses, though there is a great scarcity of water; and even where it is possible to find water, then wells are the deepest in the world, just as in Soatra, where the water is actually sold (this is a village-city near Garsaura). But still, although the country is unwatered, it is remarkably productive of sheep; but the wool is coarse, and yet some persons have acquired very great wealth from this alone. Amyntas had over three hundred flocks in this region. There are also two lakes in this region, the larger being Lake Coralis and the smaller Lake Trogitis. In this neighborhood is also Iconium, a town that is well settled and has a more prosperous territory than the above-mentioned ass-grazing country. This place was held by Polemon. Here the region in question is near the Taurus, which separates Cappadocia and Lycaonia from Cilicia Tracheia, which last lies above that region. The boundary between the Lycaonians and the Cappadocians lies between Coropassus, a village of the Lycaonians, and Garsaura, a town of the Cappadocians. The distance between these strongholds is about one hundred and twenty stadia. 12.6.3. On the side of Isaurice lies Derbe, which lies closer to Cappadocia than to any other country and was the royal seat of the tyrant Antipater Derbetes. He also possessed Laranda. But in my time Derbe and also the two Isauras have been held by Amyntas, who attacked and killed Derbetes, although he received Isaura from the Romans. And, indeed, after destroying the Old Isaura, he built for himself a royal residence there. And though he was building a new wall in the same place, he did not live to complete it, but was killed by the Cilicians, when he was invading the country of the Homonadeis and was captured by ambuscade. |
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