1. Hebrew Bible, Leviticus, 18.5 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •sanders, ed p. Found in books: Schremer (2010), Brothers Estranged: Heresy, Christianity and Jewish Identity in Late Antiquity, 215| 18.5. "וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם אֶת־חֻקֹּתַי וְאֶת־מִשְׁפָּטַי אֲשֶׁר יַעֲשֶׂה אֹתָם הָאָדָם וָחַי בָּהֶם אֲנִי יְהוָה׃", | 18.5. "Ye shall therefore keep My statutes, and Mine ordices, which if a man do, he shall live by them: I am the LORD.", |
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2. Hebrew Bible, Isaiah, 42.21 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •sanders, ed p. Found in books: Schremer (2010), Brothers Estranged: Heresy, Christianity and Jewish Identity in Late Antiquity, 215| 42.21. "יְהוָה חָפֵץ לְמַעַן צִדְקוֹ יַגְדִּיל תּוֹרָה וְיַאְדִּיר׃", | 42.21. "The LORD was pleased, for His righteousness’sake, To make the teaching great and glorious.", |
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3. Mishnah, Makkot, 3.14, 3.23 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •sanders, ed p. Found in books: Schremer (2010), Brothers Estranged: Heresy, Christianity and Jewish Identity in Late Antiquity, 215| 3.14. "וְהַקּוֹרֵא קוֹרֵא (שם כח) אִם לֹא תִשְׁמֹר לַעֲשׂוֹת וְגוֹ' וְהִפְלָא ה' אֶת מַכֹּתְךָ וְאֵת מַכּוֹת וְגוֹ', וְחוֹזֵר לִתְחִלַּת הַמִּקְרָא (שם כט) וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם אֶת דִּבְרֵי הַבְּרִית הַזֹּאת וְגוֹ', וְחוֹתֵם (תהלים עח) וְהוּא רַחוּם יְכַפֵּר עָוֹן וְגוֹ', וְחוֹזֵר לִתְחִלַּת הַמִּקְרָא. וְאִם מֵת תַּחַת יָדוֹ, פָּטוּר. הוֹסִיף לוֹ עוֹד רְצוּעָה אַחַת וָמֵת, הֲרֵי זֶה גוֹלֶה עַל יָדוֹ. נִתְקַלְקֵל בֵּין בְּרֶעִי בֵּין בְּמַיִם, פָּטוּר. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, הָאִישׁ בְּרֶעִי וְהָאִשָּׁה בְּמָיִם: \n", | 3.14. "And the one who recites, says: “If you fail to observe faithfully all the terms of this Teaching…the Lord will inflict upon you extraordinary plagues (lashes)” (Deut. 25:58-59) And then (if time remains) he returns to the beginning of the section. [“Therefore observe faithfully all the terms of this covet” (Deut. 28:9) and he completes by saying, “And He is merciful, forgiving iniquity” (Psalms 78:38).] If the offender dies under his hand, he is exempt [from penalty]. If he gave him one more lash and the offender died, he goes into banishment. If the offender befouled himself either with feces or urine, he is exempt. Rabbi Judah says: “Feces in the case of a man and [even] urine in the case of a woman.", |
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4. New Testament, Acts, 22.3 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •sanders, ed p. Found in books: Schremer (2010), Brothers Estranged: Heresy, Christianity and Jewish Identity in Late Antiquity, 215| 22.3. Ἐγώ εἰμι ἀνὴρ Ἰουδαῖος, γεγεννημένος ἐν Ταρσῷ τῆς Κιλικίας, ἀνατεθραμμένος δὲ ἐν τῇ πόλει ταύτῃ παρὰ τοὺς πόδας Γαμαλιήλ, πεπαιδευμένος κατὰ ἀκρίβειαν τοῦ πατρῴου νόμου, ζηλωτὴς ὑπάρχων τοῦ θεοῦ καθὼς πάντες ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ σήμερον, | 22.3. "I am indeed a Jew, born in Tarsus of Cilicia, but brought up in this city at the feet of Gamaliel, instructed according to the strict manner of the law of our fathers, being zealous for God, even as you all are this day. |
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5. New Testament, James, 2.14-2.26 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •sanders, ed p. Found in books: Schremer (2010), Brothers Estranged: Heresy, Christianity and Jewish Identity in Late Antiquity, 215| 2.14. Τί ὄφελος, ἀδελφοί μου, ἐὰν πίστιν λέγῃ τις ἔχειν ἔργα δὲ μὴ ἔχῃ; 2.15. μὴ δύναται ἡ πίστις σῶσαι αὐτόν; ἐὰν ἀδελφὸς ἢ ἀδελφὴ γυμνοὶ ὑπάρχωσιν καὶ λειπόμενοι τῆς ἐφημέρου τροφῆς, 2.16. εἴπῃ δέ τις αὐτοῖς ἐξ ὑμῶν Ὑπάγετε ἐν εἰρήνῃ, θερμαίνεσθε καὶ χορτάζεσθε, μὴ δῶτε δὲ αὐτοῖς τὰ ἐπιτήδεια τοῦ σώματος, τί ὄφελος; 2.17. οὕτως καὶ ἡ πίστις, ἐὰν μὴ ἔχῃ ἔργα, νεκρά ἐστιν καθʼ ἑαυτήν. 2.18. ἀλλʼ ἐρεῖ τις Σὺ πίστιν ἔχεις κἀγὼ ἔργα ἔχω. δεῖξον μοι τὴν πίστιν σου χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων, κἀγώ σοι δείξω ἐκ τῶν ἔργων μου τὴν πίστιν. 2.19. σὺ πιστεύεις ὅτι εἷς θεὸς ἔστιν; καλῶς ποιεῖς· καὶ τὰ δαιμόνια πιστεύουσιν καὶ φρίσσουσιν. 2.20. θέλεις δὲ γνῶναι, ὦ ἄνθρωπε κενέ, ὅτι ἡ πίστις χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων ἀργή ἐστιν; 2.21. Ἀβραὰμ ὁ πατὴρ ἡμῶν οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη, ἀνενέγκας Ἰσαὰκ τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον; 2.22. βλέπεις ὅτι ἡ πίστις συνήργει τοῖς ἔργοις αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἔργων ἡ πίστις ἐτελειώθη, καὶ ἐπληρώθη ἡ γραφὴ ἡ λέγουσα 2.23. Ἐπίστευσεν δὲ Ἀβραὰμ τῷ θεῷ καὶ ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην, καὶ φίλος θεοῦ ἐκλήθη. 2.24. ὁρᾶτε ὅτι ἐξ ἔργων δικαιοῦται ἄνθρωπος καὶ οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως μόνον. 2.25. ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ Ῥαὰβ ἡ πόρνη οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη, ὑποδεξαμένη τοὺς ἀγγέλους καὶ ἑτέρᾳ ὁδῷ ἐκβαλοῦσα; 2.26. ὥσπερ τὸ σῶμα χωρὶς πνεύματος νεκρόν ἐστιν, οὕτως καὶ ἡ πίστις χωρὶς ἔργων νεκρά ἐστιν. | 2.14. What good is it, my brothers, if a man says he has faith, but has no works? Can that faith save him? 2.15. And if a brother or sister is naked and in lack of daily food, 2.16. and one of you tells them, "Go in peace, be warmed and filled;" and yet you didn't give them the things the body needs, what good is it? 2.17. Even so faith, if it has no works, is dead in itself. 2.18. Yes, a man will say, "You have faith, and I have works." Show me your faith from your works, and I by my works will show you my faith. 2.19. You believe that God is one. You do well. The demons also believe, and shudder. 2.20. But do you want to know, vain man, that faith apart from works is dead? 2.21. Wasn't Abraham our father justified by works, in that he offered up Isaac his son on the altar? 2.22. You see that faith worked with his works, and by works faith was perfected; 2.23. and the Scripture was fulfilled which says, "Abraham believed God, and it was accounted to him as righteousness;" and he was called the friend of God. 2.24. You see then that by works, a man is justified, and not only by faith. 2.25. In like manner wasn't Rahab the prostitute also justified by works, in that she received the messengers, and sent them out another way? 2.26. For as the body apart from the spirit is dead, even so faith apart from works is dead. |
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6. New Testament, Galatians, 3.10-3.19 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •sanders, ed p. Found in books: Schremer (2010), Brothers Estranged: Heresy, Christianity and Jewish Identity in Late Antiquity, 215| 3.10. Ὅσοι γὰρ ἐξ ἔργων νόμου εἰσὶν ὑπὸ κατάραν εἰσίν, γέγραπται γὰρ ὅτι Ἐπικατάρατος πᾶς ὃς οὐκ ἐμμένει πᾶσιν τοῖς γεγραμμένοις ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τοῦ νόμου τοῦ ποιῆσαι αὐτά. 3.11. ὅτι δὲ ἐν νόμῳ οὐδεὶς δικαιοῦται παρὰ τῷ θεῷ δῆλον, ὅτιὉ δίκαιος ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται, 3.12. ὁ δὲ νόμος οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ πίστεως, ἀλλʼὉ ποιήσας αὐτὰ ζήσεται ἐν αὐτοῖς. 3.13. Χριστὸς ἡμᾶς ἐξηγόρασεν ἐκ τῆς κατάρας τοῦ νόμου γενόμενος ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν κατάρα, ὅτι γέγραπταιἘπικατάρατος πᾶς ὁ κρεμάμενος ἐπὶ ξύλου, 3.14. ἵνα εἰς τὰ ἔθνη ἡ εὐλογία τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ γένηται ἐν Ἰησοῦ Χριστῷ, ἵνα τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν τοῦ πνεύματος λάβωμεν διὰ τῆς πίστεως. 3.15. Ἀδελφοί, κατὰ ἄνθρωπον λέγω· ὅμως ἀνθρώπου κεκυρωμένην διαθήκην οὐδεὶς ἀθετεῖ ἢ ἐπιδιατάσσεται. 3.16. τῷ δὲ Ἀβραὰμ ἐρρέθησαν αἱ ἐπαγγελίαικαὶ τῷ σπέρματιαὐτοῦ· οὐ λέγει Καὶ τοῖς σπέρμασιν, ὡς ἐπὶ πολλῶν, ἀλλʼ ὡς ἐφʼ ἑνόςΚαὶ τῷ σπέρματί σου,ὅς ἐστιν Χριστός. 3.17. τοῦτο δὲ λέγω· διαθήκην προκεκυρωμένην ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ μετὰ τετρακόσια καὶ τριάκοντα ἔτη γεγονὼς νόμος οὐκ ἀκυροῖ, εἰς τὸ καταργῆσαι τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν. 3.18. εἰ γὰρ ἐκ νόμου ἡ κληρονομία, οὐκέτι ἐξ ἐπαγγελίας· τῷ δὲ Ἀβραὰμ διʼ ἐπαγγελίας κεχάρισται ὁ θεός. 3.19. Τί οὖν ὁ νόμος; τῶν παραβάσεων χάριν προσετέθη, ἄχρις ἂν ἔλθῃ τὸ σπέρμα ᾧ ἐπήγγελται, διαταγεὶς διʼ ἀγγέλων ἐν χειρὶ μεσίτου· | 3.10. For as many as are of the works of the law areunder a curse. For it is written, "Cursed is everyone who doesn'tcontinue in all things that are written in the book of the law, to dothem." 3.11. Now that no man is justified by the law before God isevident, for, "The righteous will live by faith." 3.12. The law is notof faith, but, "The man who does them will live by them." 3.13. Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law, having become acurse for us. For it is written, "Cursed is everyone who hangs on atree," 3.14. that the blessing of Abraham might come on the Gentilesthrough Christ Jesus; that we might receive the promise of the Spiritthrough faith. 3.15. Brothers, I speak like men. Though it is only aman's covet, yet when it has been confirmed, no one makes it void,or adds to it. 3.16. Now the promises were spoken to Abraham and tohis seed. He doesn't say, "To seeds," as of many, but as of one, "Toyour seed," which is Christ. 3.17. Now I say this. A covetconfirmed beforehand by God in Christ, the law, which came four hundredand thirty years after, does not annul, so as to make the promise of noeffect. 3.18. For if the inheritance is of the law, it is no more ofpromise; but God has granted it to Abraham by promise. 3.19. What then is the law? It was added because of transgressions,until the seed should come to whom the promise has been made. It wasordained through angels by the hand of a mediator. |
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7. Anon., Genesis Rabba, 41.1 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •sanders, ed p. Found in books: Schremer (2010), Brothers Estranged: Heresy, Christianity and Jewish Identity in Late Antiquity, 215| 41.1. וַיְנַגַּע ה' אֶת פַּרְעֹה נְגָעִים גְּדֹלִים וגו' (בראשית יב, יז), כְּתִיב (תהלים צב, יג): צַדִּיק כַּתָּמָר יִפְרָח, מָה הַתְּמָרָה הַזּוֹ וְאֶרֶז אֵין בָּהֶם לֹא עִקּוּמִים וְלֹא סִיקוּסִים, כָּךְ הַצַּדִּיקִים אֵין בָּהֶם לֹא עִקּוּמִים וְלֹא סִיקוּסִים. מָה הַתְּמָרָה וְאֶרֶז צִלָּן רָחוֹק, כָּךְ מַתַּן שְׂכָרָן שֶׁל צַדִּיקִים רָחוֹק. מָה הַתְּמָרָה וְאֶרֶז לִבָּן מְכֻוָּן לְמַעְלָן, כָּךְ הַצַּדִּיקִים לִבָּן מְכֻוָּן לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים כה, טו): עֵינַי תָּמִיד אֶל ה' כִּי הוּא יוֹצִיא מֵרֶשֶׁת רַגְלָי. מַה תְּמָרָה וְאֶרֶז יֵשׁ לָהֶן תַּאֲוָה, אַף צַדִּיקִים יֵשׁ לָהֶן תַּאֲוָה, וּמַה הִיא תַּאֲוָתָן, הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶאֱמַר (תהלים מ, ב): קַוֹּה קִוִּיתִי ה'. אָמַר רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא מַעֲשֶׂה בִּתְמָרָה אַחַת שֶׁהָיְתָה עוֹמֶדֶת בְּחַמְתָן וְלֹא הָיְתָה עוֹשָׂה פֵּרוֹת, עָבַר דִּקְלַי אֶחָד וְרָאָה אוֹתָהּ, אָמַר תְּמָרָה זוֹ צוֹפָה מִירִיחוֹ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִרְכִּיבוּ אוֹתָהּ עָשְׂתָה פֵּרוֹת. אִי מָה הַתְּמָרָה הַזּוֹ אֵין עוֹשִׂין מִמֶּנָּה כֵלִים, יָכוֹל אַף הַצַּדִּיקִים כֵּן, אֶתְמְהָא, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר כְּאֶרֶז. אָמַר רַב הוּנָא תַּמָּן עָבְדִין מִינֵיהּ מָאנִין. אִי מָה הָאֶרֶז אֵינוֹ עוֹשֶׂה פֵּרוֹת, כָּךְ הֵן צַדִּיקִים, אֶתְמְהָא, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר יִפְרָח. מַה תְּמָרָה זוֹ אֵין בָּהּ פְּסֹלֶת, אֶלָּא תְּמָרֶיהָ לַאֲכִילָה, וְלוּלָבֶיהָ לְהַלֵּל, חֲרָיוֹת לְסִכּוּךְ, סִיבִים לַחֲבָלִים, סַנְסַנִּים לִכְבָרָה, שִׁפְעַת קוֹרוֹת לְהַקְרוֹת בָּהֶם אֶת הַבַּיִת, כָּךְ הֵם יִשְׂרָאֵל אֵין בָּהֶם פְּסֹלֶת, אֶלָּא מֵהֶם בַּעֲלֵי מִקְרָא, מֵהֶם בַּעֲלֵי מִשְׁנָה, מֵהֶם בַּעֲלֵי תַּלְמוּד, מֵהֶם בַּעֲלֵי הַגָּדָה. מַה תְּמָרָה זוֹ וְאֶרֶז כָּל מִי שֶׁהוּא עוֹלֶה לְרֹאשָׁן וְאֵינוֹ מְשַׁמֵּר אֶת עַצְמוֹ הוּא נוֹפֵל וָמֵת, כָּךְ כָּל מִי שֶׁהוּא בָּא לְהִזְדַּוֵּג לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, סוֹף שֶׁהוּא נוֹטֵל אֶת שֶׁלּוֹ מִתַּחַת יְדֵיהֶם. תֵּדַע לְךָ שֶׁכֵּן, שֶׁהֲרֵי שָׂרָה עַל יְדֵי שֶׁמְּשָׁכָהּ פַּרְעֹה לַיְלָה אַחַת לָקָה הוּא וּבְנֵי בֵיתוֹ בִּנְגָעִים, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: וַיְנַגַע ה' אֶת פַּרְעֹה נְגָעִים גְּדֹלִים וגו'. 41.1. קוּם הִתְהַלֵּךְ בָּאָרֶץ (בראשית יג, יז), תָּנֵי הִלֵּךְ בַּשָּׂדֶה בֵּין לְאָרְכָּהּ בֵּין לְרָחְבָּהּ קָנָה עַד מָקוֹם שֶׁהִלֵּךְ, כְּדִבְרֵי רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר, שֶׁהָיָה רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר הִלּוּךְ קָנָה. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים לֹא קָנָה עַד שֶׁיְהַלֵּךְ לְאָרְכָּהּ וּלְרָחְבָּהּ. אָמַר רַבִּי יַעֲקֹב בֶּן זַבְדִּי טַעֲמֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר קוּם הִתְהַלֵּךְ בָּאָרֶץ וגו': | |
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| 8. Anon., Sifre Deuteronomy, 97 (2nd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •sanders, ed p. Found in books: Schremer (2010), Brothers Estranged: Heresy, Christianity and Jewish Identity in Late Antiquity, 215 |
| 9. Palestinian Talmud, Kiddushin, 1.10 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •sanders, ed p. Found in books: Schremer (2010), Brothers Estranged: Heresy, Christianity and Jewish Identity in Late Antiquity, 215 |
| 10. Palestinian Talmud, Qiddushin, 1.10 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •sanders, ed p. Found in books: Schremer (2010), Brothers Estranged: Heresy, Christianity and Jewish Identity in Late Antiquity, 215 |
11. Babylonian Talmud, Sanhedrin, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •sanders, ed p. Found in books: Schremer (2010), Brothers Estranged: Heresy, Christianity and Jewish Identity in Late Antiquity, 215| 107b. בחברון מלך שבע שנים ובירושלים מלך שלשים ושלש שנים וכתיב (שמואל ב ה, ה) בחברון מלך על יהודה שבע שנים וששה חדשים וגו' והני ששה חדשים לא קחשיב ש"מ נצטרע,אמר לפניו רבש"ע מחול לי על אותו עון מחול לך (תהלים פו, יז) עשה עמי אות לטובה ויראו שונאי ויבושו כי אתה ה' עזרתני ונחמתני א"ל בחייך איני מודיע אבל אני מודיע בחיי שלמה בנך,בשעה שבנה שלמה את בית המקדש ביקש להכניס ארון לבית קדשי הקדשים דבקו שערים זה בזה אמר עשרים וארבעה רננות ולא נענה אמר (תהלים כד, ז) שאו שערים ראשיכם והנשאו פתחי עולם ויבא מלך הכבוד מי זה מלך הכבוד ה' עזוז וגבור ה' גבור מלחמה ונאמר (תהלים כד, ט) שאו שערים ראשיכם ושאו פתחי עולם ויבא מלך הכבוד וגו' ולא נענה,כיון שאמר (דברי הימים ב ו, מב) ה' אלהים אל תשב פני משיחך זכרה לחסדי דויד עבדך מיד נענה באותה שעה נהפכו פני שונאי דוד כשולי קדירה וידעו כל ישראל שמחל לו הקב"ה על אותו העון,גחזי דכתיב וילך אלישע דמשק להיכא אזל א"ר יוחנן שהלך להחזיר גחזי בתשובה ולא חזר אמר לו חזור בך אמר לו כך מקובלני ממך החוטא ומחטיא את הרבים אין מספיקין בידו לעשות תשובה,מאי עבד איכא דאמרי אבן שואבת תלה לחטאת ירבעם והעמידה בין שמים לארץ ואיכא דאמרי שם חקק בפיה והיתה מכרזת ואומרת אנכי ולא יהיה לך,וא"ד רבנן דחה מקמיה שנאמר (מלכים ב ו, א) ויאמרו בני הנביאים אל אלישע הנה [נא] המקום אשר אנחנו יושבים שם לפניך צר ממנו מכלל דעד השתא לא הוו (פיישי) [צר],תנו רבנן לעולם תהא שמאל דוחה וימין מקרבת לא כאלישע שדחפו לגחזי בשתי ידים [ולא כרבי יהושע בן פרחיה שדחפו ליש"ו בשתי ידים],גחזי דכתיב (מלכים ב ה, כג) ויאמר נעמן הואל וקח ככרים (ויפצר) [ויפרץ] בו ויצר ככרים כסף וגו' ויאמר אליו אלישע מאין גחזי ויאמר לא הלך עבדך אנה ואנה ויאמר אליו לא לבי הלך כאשר הפך איש מעל מרכבתו לקראתך העת לקחת את הכסף ולקחת בגדים וזיתים וכרמים וצאן ובקר ועבדים ושפחות ומי שקל כולי האי כסף ובגדים הוא דשקל,אמר רבי יצחק באותה שעה היה אלישע יושב ודורש בשמונה שרצים נעמן שר צבא מלך ארם היה מצורע אמרה ליה ההיא רביתא דאישתבאי מארעא ישראל אי אזלת לגבי אלישע מסי לך כי אתא א"ל זיל טבול בירדן א"ל אחוכי קא מחייכת בי אמרי ליה הנהו דהוו בהדיה מאי נפקא לך מינה זיל נסי אזל וטבל בירדנא ואיתסי אתא אייתי ליה כל הני דנקיט לא צבי לקבולי מיניה גחזי איפטר מקמיה אלישע אזל שקל מאי דשקל ואפקיד,כי אתא חזייה אלישע לצרעת דהוה פרחא עילויה רישיה א"ל רשע הגיע עת ליטול שכר שמנה שרצים וצרעת נעמן תדבק בך ובזרעך עד עולם ויצא מלפניו מצורע כשלג: (מלכים ב ז, ג) וארבעה אנשים היו מצורעים פתח השער אמר ר' יוחנן גחזי ושלשה בניו,[הוספה מחסרונות הש"ס: רבי יהושע בן פרחיה מאי הוא כדקטלינהו ינאי מלכא לרבנן אזל רבי יהושע בן פרחיה ויש"ו לאלכסנדריא של מצרים כי הוה שלמא שלח לי' שמעון בן שטח מני ירושלים עיר הקודש ליכי אלכסנדרי' של מצרים אחותי בעלי שרוי בתוכך ואנכי יושבת שוממה,קם אתא ואתרמי ליה ההוא אושפיזא עבדו ליה יקרא טובא אמר כמה יפה אכסניא זו אמר ליה רבי עיניה טרוטות אמר ליה רשע בכך אתה עוסק אפיק ארבע מאה שיפורי ושמתיה,אתא לקמיה כמה זמנין אמר ליה קבלן לא הוי קא משגח ביה יומא חד הוה קא קרי קריאת שמע אתא לקמיה סבר לקבולי אחוי ליה בידיה הוא סבר מידחא דחי ליה אזל זקף לבינתא והשתחוה לה אמר ליה הדר בך אמר ליה כך מקובלני ממך כל החוטא ומחטיא את הרבים אין מספיקין בידו לעשות תשובה ואמר מר יש"ו כישף והסית והדיח את ישראל:],תניא א"ר שמעון בן אלעזר יצר תינוק ואשה תהא שמאל דוחה וימין מקרבת,ת"ר ג' חלאים חלה אלישע אחד שגירה דובים בתינוקות ואחד שדחפו לגחזי בשתי ידים ואחד שמת בו [שנא' (מלכים ב יג, יד) ואלישע חלה את חליו וגו'],עד אברהם לא היה זקנה כל דחזי לאברהם אמר האי יצחק כל דחזי ליצחק אמר האי אברהם בעא אברהם רחמי דליהוי ליה זקנה שנאמר (בראשית כד, א) ואברהם זקן בא בימים עד יעקב לא הוה חולשא בעא רחמי והוה חולשא שנאמר (בראשית מח, א) ויאמר ליוסף הנה אביך חולה עד אלישע לא הוה איניש חליש דמיתפח ואתא אלישע ובעא רחמי ואיתפח שנא' (מלכים ב יג, יד) ואלישע חלה את חליו אשר ימות בו:, big strongמתני׳ /strong /big דור המבול אין להם חלק לעוה"ב ואין עומדין בדין שנא' (בראשית ו, ג) לא ידון רוחי באדם לעולם לא דין ולא רוח דור הפלגה אין להם חלק לעולם הבא שנאמר (בראשית יא, ח) ויפץ ה' אותם משם על פני כל הארץ (וכתיב ומשם הפיצם) ויפץ ה' אותם בעוה"ז ומשם הפיצם ה' לעולם הבא אנשי סדום אין להם חלק לעולם הבא שנא' (בראשית יג, יג) ואנשי סדום רעים וחטאים לה' מאד רעים בעולם הזה וחטאים לעולם הבא אבל עומדין בדין,ר' נחמיה אומר אלו ואלו אין עומדין בדין שנאמר (תהלים א, ה) על כן לא יקומו | 107b. b in Hebron he reigned seven years, and in Jerusalem he reigned thirty-three years” /b (I Kings 2:11). b And it is written: “In Hebron he reigned over Judah seven years and six months /b and in Jerusalem he reigned for thirty-three years over all Israel and Judah” (II Samuel 5:5). b And those six months, /b the prophet b did not tally /b them as part of the forty years of King David’s reign. b Conclude from it /b that there were six months that he was not considered king because he b was afflicted with leprosy. /b ,David b said before Him /b after this: b Master of the Universe, pardon me for this sin. /b God said to him: b It is forgiven for you. /b David requested: b “Perform on my behalf a sign for good, that they that hate me may see it and be put to shame” /b (Psalms 86:17); show me a sign in my lifetime so that everyone will know that You have forgiven me. God b said to him: In your lifetime I will not make /b it b known /b that you were forgiven, b but I will make /b it b known in the lifetime of your son, Solomon. /b ,The Gemara explains: b When Solomon built the Temple /b and b sought to bring the Ark into the Holy of Holies, /b the b gates clung together /b and could not be opened. Solomon b uttered twenty-four songs /b of praise, b and /b his prayer b was not answered. He said: “Lift up your heads, you gates, and be you lifted up, you everlasting doors, that the King of glory may come in. Who is the King of glory? The Lord strong and mighty, the Lord mighty in battle” /b (Psalms 24:7–8). b And it is stated: “Lift up your heads, you gates, yea, lift them up, you everlasting doors, that the King of glory may come in. /b Who then is the King of glory? The Lord of hosts; He is the King of glory. Selah” (Psalms 24:9–10), b and he was not answered. /b , b Once he said: “O Lord God, turn not away the face of Your anointed; remember the good deeds of David Your servant” /b (II Chronicles 6:42), b he was immediately answered, /b and the gates opened (II Chronicles 7:1). b At that moment, the faces of all of David’s enemies turned /b dark b like the /b charred b bottom of a pot. And all of the Jewish people knew that the Holy One, Blessed be He, had forgiven him for that sin, /b as it was only by David’s merit that Solomon’s prayer was answered.,§ The mishna states that b Gehazi, /b the attendant of Elisha, has no share in the World-to-Come. The Gemara explains that this is b as it is written: And Elisha went to Damascus /b (see II Kings 8:7). b Where did he go, /b and for what purpose? b Rabbi Yoḥa says: He went to cause Gehazi to repent, but he did not repent. /b Elisha b said to him: Repent. /b Gehazi b said to him: This /b is the tradition that b I received from you: Whoever sins and causes the masses to sin is not given the opportunity to repent. /b , b What did he do /b that caused the masses to sin? b There are /b those b who say /b that b he hung a magnetic rock on Jeroboam’s sin, /b i.e., on the golden calf that Jeroboam established as an idol, so that b he suspended it between heaven and earth, /b i.e., he caused it to hover above the ground. This seemingly miraculous occurrence caused the people to worship it even more devoutly than before. b And there are /b those b who say: He engraved /b the sacred b name /b of God b on its mouth, and it would declare and say: “I am /b the Lord your God” (Exodus 20:2), b and: “You shall not have /b other gods” (Exodus 20:3). The idol would quote the two prohibitions from the Ten Commandments that prohibit idol worship, causing the people to worship it even more devoutly than before., b And there are /b those b who say: /b Gehazi b pushed the Sages /b away b from /b coming b before him, /b i.e., he prevented them from learning from Elisha, b as it is stated: “And the sons of the prophets said to Elisha, behold this place where we are staying before you is too cramped for us” /b (II Kings 6:1). It may be derived b by inference that until now they were not numerous /b and the place was not b cramped /b for them, as Gehazi would turn people away., b The Sages taught: Always have the left /b hand b drive /b sinners b away and the right draw /b them b near, /b so that the sinner will not totally despair of atonement. This is b unlike Elisha, who pushed away Gehazi with his two hands /b and caused him to lose his share in the World-to-Come, b and unlike Yehoshua ben Peraḥya, who pushed away Jesus the Nazarene with his two hands. /b ,Elisha drove b Gehazi /b away, b as it is written: “And Naaman said: Be content, take two talents. And he urged him, and bound two talents of silver /b in two bags, with two changes of garments” (II Kings 5:23). Naaman offered Gehazi payment for the help Elisha had given him. The verse states: b “And Elisha said to him: Where from, Gehazi? And he said: Your servant went nowhere at all. And he said to him: Went not my heart with you, when the man turned back from his chariot to meet you? Is it the time to receive silver and to receive garments, and olive groves, and vineyards, and sheep and cattle, and menservants and maidservants?” /b (II Kings 5:25–26). The Gemara asks: b And did /b Gehazi b take all that? It is /b merely b silver and garments that he took. /b , b Rabbi Yitzḥak says: /b This was the incident involving Gehazi: b At that moment, Elisha was sitting and teaching /b the i halakhot /i of the b eight /b impure b creeping animals. /b Now b Naaman, the general of the army of Aram, was a leper. A certain young Jewish woman who had been taken captive from Eretz Yisrael said to him: If you go to Elisha, he will heal you. When /b Naaman b came /b to him, Elisha b said to him: Go immerse in the Jordan. /b Naaman b said to him: Are you mocking me /b by suggesting that this will cure me? b Those /b companions b who were with /b Naaman b said to him: What is the difference to you? Go, try /b it. Naaman b went and immersed in the Jordan and was healed. /b Naaman b came /b and b brought to /b Elisha b all those /b items b that he had /b taken with him from Aram, and Elisha b did not agree to receive /b them b from him. Gehazi took leave from before Elisha /b and b went /b and b took /b from Naaman b what he took, and /b he b deposited /b them., b When /b Gehazi b came, Elisha saw the leprosy that had grown on /b Gehazi’s b head. /b Elisha b said to him: Wicked one! The time has arrived to take /b your b reward for /b studying the matter of b the eight creeping animals. /b Since the silver Gehazi received was his reward for studying the matter of the eight creeping animals, Elisha enumerated eight items that Gehazi sought to purchase with the silver that he took. Then Elisha said to Gehazi: b “The leprosy of Naaman shall cleave to you and to your seed forever. And he went out of his presence a leper as white as snow” /b (II Kings 5:27). With regard to the verse: b “And there were four men afflicted with leprosy at the entrance of the gate” /b (II Kings 7:3), b Rabbi Yoḥa says: /b These were b Gehazi and his three sons, /b as he and his descendants were cursed.,§ b What is /b the incident involving b Yehoshua ben Peraḥya? /b The Gemara relates: b When King Yannai was killing the Sages, Yehoshua ben Peraḥya and Jesus, /b his student, b went to Alexandria of Egypt. When there was peace /b between King Yannai and the Sages, b Shimon ben Shataḥ sent /b a message b to /b Yehoshua ben Peraḥya: b From me, Jerusalem, the holy city, to you, Alexandria of Egypt: My sister, my husband is located among you and I sit desolate. /b The head of the Sages of Israel is out of the country and Jerusalem requires his return.,Yehoshua ben Peraḥya understood the message, b arose, came, and happened /b to arrive at b a certain inn /b on the way to Jerusalem. b They treated him with great honor. /b Yehoshua ben Peraḥya b said: How beautiful is this inn. /b Jesus, his student, b said to him: /b But b my teacher, the eyes of /b the innkeeper’s wife b are narrow [ i terutot /i ]. /b Yehoshua ben Peraḥya b said to him: Wicked one! /b Do b you involve yourself with regard to that /b matter, the appearance of a married woman? b He produced four hundred i shofarot /i and ostracized him. /b ,Jesus b came before /b Yehoshua ben Peraḥya b several times /b and b said to him: Accept our, /b i.e., my, repentance. Yehoshua ben Peraḥya b took no notice of him. One day /b Yehoshua ben Peraḥya b was reciting i Shema /i /b and Jesus b came before him /b with the same request. Yehoshua ben Peraḥya b intended to accept his /b request, and b signaled him with his hand /b to wait until he completed his prayer. Jesus did not understand the signal and b thought: He is driving me away. He went /b and b stood a brick /b upright to serve as an idol b and he bowed to it. /b Yehoshua ben Peraḥya then b said to /b Jesus: b Repent. /b Jesus b said to him: This /b is the tradition that b I received from you: Whoever sins and causes the masses to sin is not given the opportunity to repent. And the Master says: Jesus performed sorcery, incited /b Jews to engage in idolatry, b and led Israel astray. /b Had Yehoshua ben Peraḥya not caused him to despair of atonement, he would not have taken the path of evil., b It is taught /b in a i baraita /i that b Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar says: /b With regard to the evil b inclination, /b to b a child, and /b to b a woman, have the left /b hand b drive /b them b away and the right draw /b them b near. /b Total rejection of the evil inclination will lead to inaction, unlike channeling its power in a positive direction. One should not draw them too near, lest they lead him to sin, but one should not drive his wife or his child away completely, lest he cause them to abandon the path of righteousness., b The Sages taught: Elisha fell ill with three illnesses: One /b illness was due to the fact b that he incited bears to /b attack and eat b children /b (see II Kings 2:24–25); b and one /b was due to the fact b that he pushed Gehazi away with two hands /b and caused him to despair of atonement; b and one /b was the illness b from which he died, as it is stated: “And Elisha was fallen ill of his illness /b from which he was to die” (II Kings 13:14), indicating that he had previously suffered other illnesses.,Apropos the death of Elisha, the Gemara says: b Until /b the time of b Abraham there was no aging, /b and the old and the young looked the same. b Anyone who saw Abraham said: That is Isaac, /b and b anyone who saw Isaac said: That is Abraham. Abraham prayed for mercy, that he would undergo aging, as it is stated: “And Abraham was old, well stricken in age” /b (Genesis 24:1). There is no mention of aging before that verse. b Until /b the time of b Jacob there was no weakness, /b i.e., illness. Jacob b prayed for mercy and there was weakness, as it is stated: “And one said to Joseph: Behold, your father is ill” /b (Genesis 48:1). b Until /b the time of b Elisha, there was no ill person who recovered, and Elisha came and prayed for mercy and recovered, as it is stated: “And Elisha was fallen ill of his illness from which he was to die” /b (II Kings 13:14). That is the first mention of a person who was ill and who did not die from that illness.,mishna The members of b the generation of the flood have no share in the World-to-Come and will not stand in judgment /b at the end of days, b as it is stated: “My soul shall not abide [ i yadon /i ] in man forever” /b (Genesis 6:3); b neither /b will they stand in b judgment [ i din /i ] nor /b shall their b souls /b be restored to them. The members of b the generation of the dispersion have no share in the World-to-Come, as it is stated: “And the Lord scattered them from there upon the face of all the earth” /b (Genesis 11:8), b and it is written: “And from there did the Lord scatter them /b upon the face of all the earth” (Genesis 11:9). b “And the Lord scattered them” /b indicates b in this world; “and from there did the Lord scatter them” /b indicates b for the World-to-Come. The people of Sodom have no share in the World-to-Come, as it is stated: “And the men of Sodom were wicked and sinners before the Lord exceedingly” /b (Genesis 13:13). b “Wicked” /b indicates b in this world; “and sinners” /b indicates b for the World-to-Come. But they will stand in judgment /b and they will be sentenced to eternal contempt., b Rabbi Neḥemya says: /b Both b these, /b the people of Sodom, b and those, /b the members of the generation of the flood, b will not stand in judgment, as it is stated: “Therefore the wicked shall not stand /b |
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12. Babylonian Talmud, Sotah, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •sanders, ed p. Found in books: Schremer (2010), Brothers Estranged: Heresy, Christianity and Jewish Identity in Late Antiquity, 215| 47b. עד ימיו היה פטיש מכה בירושלים ובימיו א"צ לשאול על הדמאי, big strongגמ׳ /strong /big ת"ר מנין שאם נערפה העגלה ואח"כ נמצא ההורג שאין פוטרת אותו ת"ל (במדבר לה, לג) ולארץ לא יכופר לדם אשר שפך בה כי אם בדם שפכו,עד אחד אומר ראיתי את ההורג כו' טעמא דמכחיש ליה הא לא מכחיש ליה עד אחד מהימן,מנהני מילי דת"ר (דברים כא, א) לא נודע מי הכהו הא נודע מי הכהו אפילו אחד בסוף העולם לא היו עורפין רבי עקיבא אומר מנין לסנהדרין שראו אחד שהרג את הנפש ואין מכירין אותו שלא היו עורפין ת"ל (דברים כא, ז) ועינינו לא ראו והלא ראו,השתא דאמרת עד אחד מהימן אידך חד היכי מצי מכחיש ליה והאמר עולא כל מקום שהאמינה תורה עד אחד הרי כאן שנים ואין דבריו של אחד במקום שנים אמר לך עולא תני לא היו עורפין וכן א"ר יצחק תני לא היו עורפין,ור' חייא אמר תני היו עורפין ולרבי חייא קשיא דעולא לא קשיא כאן בבת אחת כאן בזה אחר זה,תנן עד אחד אומר ראיתי את ההורג ושנים אומרים לא ראית היו עורפין הא חד וחד לא היו עורפין תיובתא דרבי חייא,וליטעמיך אימא סיפא שנים אומרים ראינו ועד אחד אומר לא ראיתם לא היו עורפין הא חד וחד היו עורפין,אלא מתני' כולה בפסולי עדות וכדרבי נחמיה דאמר כל מקום שהאמינה תורה עד אחד הלך אחר רוב דעות ועשו שתי נשים באיש אחד כשני אנשים באיש אחד,ואיכא דאמרי כל היכא דאתא עד אחד כשר מעיקרא אפילו מאה נשים כי אחד דמיין והכא במאי עסקינן כגון דאתאי אשה מעיקרא ותרצה לדרבי נחמיה הכי רבי נחמיה אומר כל מקום שהאמינה תורה עד אחד הלך אחר רוב דעות ועשו שתי נשים באשה אחת כשני אנשים באיש אחד אבל שתי נשים באיש אחד כי פלגא ופלגא דמי,ותרתי פסולי עדות למה לי מהו דתימא כי אזלינן בתר רוב דעות לחומרא אבל לקולא לא קמ"ל,משרבו הרוצחין כו' ת"ר משרבו הרוצחנין בטלה עגלה ערופה לפי שאינה באה אלא על הספק משרבו הרוצחנין בגלוי בטלה עגלה ערופה,משרבו הנואפין כו' ת"ר (במדבר ה, לא) ונקה האיש מעון בזמן שהאיש מנוקה מעון המים בודקין את אשתו אין האיש מנוקה מעון אין המים בודקין את אשתו ואומר (הושע ד, יד) לא אפקוד על בנותיכם כי תזנינה כו',מאי ואומר וכי תימא עון דידיה אין דבניה ודבנתיה לא תא שמע לא אפקוד על בנותיכם כי תזנינה ועל כלותיכם כי תנאפנה,וכי תימא עון אשת איש אין עון דפנויה לא ת"ש כי הם עם הזונות יפרדו ועם הקדשות יזבחו וגו',מאי ועם לא יבין ילבט אמר רבי אלעזר אמר להם נביא לישראל אם אתם מקפידין על עצמכם מים בודקין נשותיכם ואם לאו אין המים בודקין נשותיכם,משרבו בעלי הנאה נתעותו הדינין ונתקלקלו המעשים ואין נוח בעולם משרבו רואי פנים בדין בטל (דברים א, יז) לא תגורו ופסק לא תכירו ופרקו עול שמים ונתנו עליהם עול בשר ודם,משרבו לוחשי לחישות בדין רבה חרון אף בישראל ונסתלקה השכינה משום שנאמר (תהלים פב, א) בקרב אלהים ישפוט משרבו (יחזקאל לג, לא) אחרי בצעם לבם הולך רבו האומרים (ישעיהו ה, כ) לרע טוב ולטוב רע משרבו האומרים לרע טוב ולטוב רע רבו הוי הוי בעולם,משרבו מושכי הרוק רבו היהירים ונתמעטו התלמידים והתורה חוזרת על לומדיה משרבו היהירים התחילו בנות ישראל להנשא ליהירים שאין דורינו רואה אלא לפנים,איני והאמר מר האי מאן דמיהר אפילו אאינשי ביתיה לא מיקבל שנאמר (חבקוק ב, ה) גבר יהיר ולא ינוה לא ינוה אפי' בנוה שלו מעיקרא קפצה עליה לסוף מיתזיל עלייהו,משרבו מטילי מלאי על בעלי בתים רבה השוחד והטיית משפט ופסקה טובה משרבו מקבלני טובתך ומחזקני טובותיך רבו (שופטים יז, ו) איש הישר בעיניו יעשה שפלים הוגבהו והגבוהים הושפלו ומלכותא אזלא ונולא משרבו צרי עין וטורפי טרף רבו מאמצי הלב וקופצי ידים מלהלוות ועברו על מה שכתוב בתורה (דברים טו, ט) השמר לך פן וגו',משרבו (ישעיהו ג, טז) נטויות גרון ומשקרות עינים רבו מים המרים אלא שפסקו משרבו מקבלי מתנות נתמעטו הימים ונתקצרו השנים דכתיב (משלי טו, כז) ושונא מתנות יחיה משרבו זחוחי הלב רבו מחלוקת בישראל משרבו תלמידי שמאי והילל שלא שימשו כל צורכן רבו מחלוקת בישראל ונעשית תורה כשתי תורות משרבו מקבלי צדקה מן העובדי כוכבים היו ישראל למעלה והם למטה ישראל לפנים והם לאחור,משמת יוסי בן יועזר כו' מאי אשכולות אמר רב יהודה אמר שמואל איש שהכל בו יוחנן כהן גדול העביר הודיית המעשר כו' מ"ט אמר רבי יוסי בר' חנינא לפי שאין נותנין אותו כתיקונו דרחמנא אמר דיהבי ללוים | 47b. b Until his days the hammer /b of smiths b would strike in Jerusalem /b on the intermediate days of a Festival, but he banned the practice. b And /b furthermore, b in his days there was no need to inquire about doubtfully tithed produce [ i demai /i ], /b as everyone was careful to tithe., strong GEMARA: /strong b The Sages taught: From where /b is it derived b that if the heifer’s neck was broken and afterward the killer was found, /b then the breaking of the neck b does not exempt him /b from punishment? b The verse states: “And the land shall not be atoned, for the blood that was spilled in it, but by the blood of he who spilled it” /b (Numbers 35:33).,The mishna taught that if b one witness says: I saw the killer, /b and another testifies: You did not see him, they would break the heifer’s neck. The Gemara infers: b The reason /b they break the neck b is /b because the second witness b contradicts him, but /b if b no /b one b contradicts him, one witness is relied upon, /b and they do not break the heifer’s neck., b From where are these matters /b derived? The Gemara answers that it is b as the Sages taught /b in a i baraita /i : It states with regard to the heifer whose neck is broken: b “It is not known who has smitten him” /b (Deuteronomy 21:1). b Consequently, /b if b it was known who smote him, even /b if it was only b one /b person b at the end of the world /b who knew, b they would not break the neck /b of the heifer. b Rabbi Akiva says: From where /b is it derived b that /b if the members of the b Sanhedrin /b themselves b saw one /b person b kill someone, but they do not recognize him, /b then b they would not break the neck /b of the heifer? b The verse states: “Nor did our eyes see” /b (Deuteronomy 21:7), b and /b did they b not see? /b Seeing the murder alone obviates the need for the performance of the ritual.,The Gemara poses a question: b Now that you have said /b that in this case b one witness is relied upon, /b if so, b how is the other one able /b to b contradict him? Didn’t Ulla say: Wherever the Torah relies on one witness, there is /b the equivalent of the testimony of b two /b witnesses b here, /b and b the statement of one /b witness b has no /b standing b in a place where /b it is contradicted by b two /b witnesses. The Gemara answers: b Ulla /b could have b said to you /b that the text of the mishna should be emended and b teach /b the mishna in this way: b They would not break the neck /b of the heifer. b And Rabbi Yitzḥak also said /b to b teach: They would not break the neck. /b , b And Rabbi Ḥiyya said /b that one should b teach: They would break the neck. /b The Gemara asks: b And according to Rabbi Ḥiyya, /b the above ruling b of Ulla /b is b difficult. /b The Gemara answers: This is b not difficult, /b as b here, /b in the mishna, the case is discussing when two witnesses came b simultaneously, /b and therefore both of their testimonies are rejected; whereas b there, /b with regard to the statement of Ulla, it is referring to a case when they testified b one after the other. /b Ulla rules that once the testimony of the first witness has been accepted the testimony of the second witness cannot nullify it., b We learned /b in the mishna: If b one witness says: I saw the killer, and two say: You did not see, they would break the neck. /b This cannot be stated just to teach us this i halakha /i , as the fact that two witnesses override one witness is well known. The Gemara assumes that it is stated for the following inference: b Therefore, /b if b one /b testified, b and /b the other b one /b then testified, b they would not break the neck. /b This appears to be b a conclusive refutation of Rabbi Ḥiyya, /b who has the text of: They would break the neck.,The Gemara answers: b And according to your reasoning /b that the mishna states its cases in order to teach an inference, b say the latter clause /b of the mishna: If b two /b witnesses b say: We saw, and one /b witness b says: You did not see, they would not break the neck. /b The Gemara makes an inference from this clause: b Therefore, /b if b one /b came b and /b then the other b one /b came, i.e., they did not come simultaneously, b they would break the neck. /b The two inferences from the different clauses of the mishna consequently contradict one another, and the mishna needs to be explained differently., b Rather, /b the correct understanding is that b the entire mishna /b is not dealing with valid witnesses and stating an obvious i halakha /i in order to enable an inference, but instead it is dealing b with /b people who are b disqualified /b from b bearing witness /b and is also teaching us a novel ruling. b And /b the mishna is b in accordance with /b the opinion b of Rabbi Neḥemya, who says: Wherever the Torah relies on one witness, follow the majority of opinions. /b In other words, if the testimonies of two disqualified witnesses conflict, the court rules in accordance with the testimony provided by more witnesses, whether or not they are qualified to testify. b And they established /b that with regard to the testimony of b two women, /b who are usually disqualified from testifying, when they testify b against one man, /b it should be b like /b that of b two men against one man, /b and the court will rule in accordance with the testimony of the two women., b And there are /b those b who say /b a different version of Rabbi Neḥemya’s opinion: b Anywhere that one valid witness came at the outset, even one hundred women /b who later contradict him b are considered like one /b witness, and do not override his testimony. b And with what are we dealing here /b in the mishna? A case b where a woman came at the outset, /b and testified that she saw the killer. Then two other women arrived to contradict her statement. b And /b according to this interpretation you must b emend the /b statement b of Rabbi Neḥemya /b so that it reads b like this: Rabbi Neḥemya says: Wherever the Torah relies on one witness, follow the majority of opinions. And they established /b that b two women against one woman /b are b like two men against one man. But two women /b in opposition b to one man /b who is a valid witness b is like half /b of a pair of witnesses b and half /b of a pair of witnesses, and the mishna did not address that case.,The Gemara poses a question on these two interpretations of the mishna: b And why do I /b need b two /b cases in the mishna to teach the i halakha /i that the majority opinion of b those disqualified /b from b bearing witness /b is followed? The Gemara explains: It is necessary, b lest you say /b that b when we follow the majority opinion /b in the case of invalid witnesses, this is when it results in a decision b to be stringent /b and require the performance of the ritual. b But /b when it results in a decision b to be lenient /b and say that the ritual is not required, we do b not /b follow the majority opinion, and the performance of the ritual is required even if there is one witness saying that the killer was not seen. Therefore, the mishna b teaches us /b that there is no difference in this regard, and the majority opinion is followed in any case.,§ The mishna taught that b from /b the time b when murderers proliferated, /b the ritual of the heifer whose neck is broken was nullified. b The Sages taught: From /b the time b when murderers proliferated, /b the ritual of b the heifer whose neck is broken was nullified, because it comes only for /b a case involving b uncertainty /b with regard to the identity of the murderer. Therefore, b when there was an increase of murderers /b acting b openly /b so that their identities were known, the ritual of b the heifer whose neck is broken was nullified. /b ,The mishna also taught that b from /b the time b when adulterers proliferated, /b the performance of the ritual of the bitter water of a i sota /i was nullified. b The Sages taught: /b It states: b “And the man shall be cleared of transgression, /b and that woman shall bear her transgression” (Numbers 5:31), which indicates that b when the man is clear of transgression the waters evaluate /b if b his wife /b was unfaithful, but b if the man is not clear of transgression the waters do not evaluate /b if b his wife /b was unfaithful. b And it states: “I will not punish your daughters when they commit harlotry, /b nor your daughters-in-law when they commit adultery; for they consort with lewd women, and they sacrifice with prostitutes; and the people that is without understanding is distraught” (Hosea 4:14).,The Gemara clarifies: b What is /b the purpose of the addition of: b And it states? /b What is lacking in the exposition from the verse of the Torah? The Gemara explains: b And if you would say /b that based on the verse: “And the man shall be cleared of transgression,” the i halakha /i would be that with regard to b his transgression, yes, /b it will cause the waters to be ineffective, but the transgression b of his sons and daughters /b does b not /b impact the effectiveness, b come /b and b hear /b the verse: b “I will not punish your daughters,” /b i.e., I will not punish your wives, due to your daughters, b “when they commit harlotry, nor your daughters-in-law when they commit adultery.” /b , b And if you would say: /b With regard to the b transgression of /b adultery with b a married woman, yes, /b it will cause the waters to be ineffective, but the b transgression of /b one who engaged in sexual intercourse with b an unmarried woman /b does b not /b impact the effectiveness, b come /b and b hear /b the continuation of the verse: b “For they consort with lewd women, and they sacrifice with prostitutes.” /b ,The Gemara turns its attention to the end of the verse. b What is /b the meaning of: b “And the people that is without understanding is distraught”? Rabbi Elazar says: The prophet said to the Jewish people: If you are particular about yourselves, the water evaluates your wives; but if not, the water does not evaluate your wives. /b This would make people distraught, as they would not know how to overcome their suspicion if they are concerned that their wives have been unfaithful.,§ The Gemara cites statements similar to those of the mishna. b From /b the time b when those who accept benefit /b from others b proliferated, the laws became twisted and deeds became corrupted, and there was no comfort in the world. From /b the time b when those who look at /b the b faces /b of the litigants b in judgment, /b in order to rule based on the appearance of the litigants, b proliferated, /b the fulfillment of the verse: b “You shall not fear /b the face of any man” (Deuteronomy 1:17), b ceased, and /b the fulfillment of the verse: b “You shall not respect /b faces in judgment” (Deuteronomy 1:17), b halted, and they removed the yoke of Heaven /b from themselves, b and placed upon themselves the yoke of flesh and blood. /b , b From /b the time b when those who whisper whisperings in judgment, /b advising judges surreptitiously, b proliferated, fierce anger proliferated in Israel, and the Divine Presence departed, because it is stated: /b “God stands in the congregation of God; b in the midst of the judges He judges” /b (Psalms 82:1). The Divine Presence that dwells among judges leaves if they judge improperly. b From /b the time b when /b those who are referred to in the verse: b “Their heart goes after their covetousness” /b (Ezekiel 33:31), b proliferated, “Those who say to evil good, and to good evil” /b (Isaiah 5:20) b proliferated, /b i.e., those who treat wicked people as though they were righteous proliferated as a result. b From /b the time b when /b the fulfillment of the verse: b “Those who say to evil good, and to good evil,” proliferated, /b the cry of: b Woe, woe, proliferated in the world. /b There was an increase in troubles that cause people to cry out., b From /b the time b when those who /b show their arrogance by b drawing /b out b spittle proliferated, /b the number of b haughty people /b in general b proliferated, and the /b number of b students decreased, /b as they would say haughtily that there was nothing left for them to learn, b and the Torah /b needs to b go around to /b seek b those who study it, /b as people do not learn of their own initiative. Furthermore, b from /b the time b when haughty people proliferated, the daughters of Israel began marrying haughty men, as our generation looks only at the face, /b i.e., the external aspects of a person, and ignores the inner aspects of a person.,The Gemara raises a difficulty: b Is that so? /b Do women wish to marry arrogant men? b But didn’t the Master say: One who is haughty is not even accepted by the members of his household, as it is stated: “The haughty man abides not” /b (Habakkuk 2:5)? b “Abides [ i yinaveh /i ] not” /b means that b even in his abode [ i naveh /i ], /b he is not accepted. The Gemara explains: b Initially, she jumps at /b the chance to marry b him, /b because he appears to be a great person to her, but b in the end, /b once she gets to know him, b he is demeaned in her eyes. /b ,The i baraita /i continues: b From /b the time b when there was an increase /b in those who b placed upon homeowners /b the obligation to designate the profits from b merchandise /b for the upkeep of judges, b bribery and corruption of judgment proliferated and good ceased. From /b the time b when /b those judges and leaders who say: b I accept your favor, and: I hold your favor, proliferated, /b the fulfillment of the verse: b “Every man did that which was right in his eyes” /b (Judges 17:6), b proliferated. Lowly ones were raised and lofty ones were lowered, and the monarchy is increasingly on the decline. From /b the time b when misers and those greedy for profit proliferated, those hardened of heart and who closed their hands from lending proliferated, and they transgressed that which is written in the Torah: /b “You shall not harden your heart, nor shut your hand from your needy brother… b Guard yourself in case /b there is a base thought in your heart…and you do not give him” (Deuteronomy 15:7, 9)., b From /b the time b when /b women with b “stretched-forth necks and wanton eyes” /b (Isaiah 3:16) b proliferated, the bitter waters /b of a i sota /i b proliferated, /b as more people were suspected of committing adultery; b but they /b eventually b ceased /b when licentiousness became too widespread. b From /b the time b when those who accept gifts proliferated, the days decreased and the years shortened, as it is written: “And he who hates gifts lives” /b (Proverbs 15:27). b From /b the time b when those with boastful [ i zeḥuḥei /i ] hearts proliferated, dispute proliferated in Israel. From /b the time b when the students of Shammai and Hillel who did not serve /b their Rabbis b sufficiently proliferated, dispute proliferated in Israel, and the Torah became like two Torahs. From /b the time b when those who accept charity from gentiles proliferated, the Jewish people were above and they below; the Jewish people ahead and they behind. /b This last statement is a euphemism; it was the Jewish people that were below and behind, but the Gemara did not want to say so explicitly.,§ The mishna taught that b from /b the time b when Yosei ben Yo’ezer died /b the clusters ceased. The Gemara poses a question: b What is /b the meaning of b clusters [ i eshkolot /i ]? Rav Yehuda says /b that b Shmuel says: /b It means b a man who contains all [ i ish shehakol bo /i ] /b elements of Torah and mitzvot. The mishna further taught that b Yoḥa the High Priest took away the declaration of the tithe. /b The Gemara poses a question: b What is the reason /b he did this? b Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, says: Because they did not give /b the tithe b in the proper manner /b as stated by the Torah. In what way is that? b As the Merciful One states /b in the Torah b that they should give /b the first tithe b to the Levites, /b |
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