1. Hesiod, Works And Days, 737-741 (8th cent. BCE - 7th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 269, 290 | 741. I’ll not praise it – it does not gladden me. |
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| 2. Heraclitus of Ephesus, Fragments, None (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 72 |
| 3. Aeschylus, Fragments, None (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 88 |
| 4. Aeschylus, Fragments, None (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 88 |
| 5. Pindar, Fragments, None (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 60 |
| 6. Xenophanes, Fragments, None (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in pythagoras Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 58 |
| 7. Aeschylus, Fragments, None (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 88 |
| 8. Xenophanes, Fragments, None (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in pythagoras Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 58 |
| 9. Xenophanes, Fragments, None (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in pythagoras Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 58 |
10. Xenophon, Memoirs, 1.3.3, 3.8.10 (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in heraclitus •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in iamblichus •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in plato •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in porphyry •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in pythagoras •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in zaleucus Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 62, 65, 73, 75, 76| 1.3.3. θυσίας δὲ θύων μικρὰς ἀπὸ μικρῶν οὐδὲν ἡγεῖτο μειοῦσθαι τῶν ἀπὸ πολλῶν καὶ μεγάλων πολλὰ καὶ μεγάλα θυόντων. οὔτε γὰρ τοῖς θεοῖς ἔφη καλῶς ἔχειν, εἰ ταῖς μεγάλαις θυσίαις μᾶλλον ἢ ταῖς μικραῖς ἔχαιρον· πολλάκις γὰρ ἂν αὐτοῖς τὰ παρὰ τῶν πονηρῶν μᾶλλον ἢ τὰ παρὰ τῶν χρηστῶν εἶναι κεχαρισμένα· οὔτʼ ἂν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἄξιον εἶναι ζῆν, εἰ τὰ παρὰ τῶν πονηρῶν μᾶλλον ἦν κεχαρισμένα τοῖς θεοῖς ἢ τὰ παρὰ τῶν χρηστῶν· ἀλλʼ ἐνόμιζε τοὺς θεοὺς ταῖς παρὰ τῶν εὐσεβεστάτων τιμαῖς μάλιστα χαίρειν. ἐπαινέτης δʼ ἦν καὶ τοῦ ἔπους τούτου· καδδύναμιν δʼ ἔρδειν ἱέρʼ ἀθανάτοισι θεοῖσι, Hes. WD 336 καὶ πρὸς φίλους δὲ καὶ ξένους καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἄλλην δίαιταν καλὴν ἔφη παραίνεσιν εἶναι τὴν καδδύναμιν δʼ ἔρδειν. 3.8.10. ὡς δὲ συνελόντι εἰπεῖν, ὅποι πάσας ὥρας αὐτός τε ἂν ἥδιστα καταφεύγοι καὶ τὰ ὄντα ἀσφαλέστατα τιθοῖτο, αὕτη ἂν εἰκότως ἡδίστη τε καὶ καλλίστη οἴκησις εἴη· γραφαὶ δὲ καὶ ποικιλίαι πλείονας εὐφροσύνας ἀποστεροῦσιν ἢ παρέχουσι. ναοῖς γε μὴν καὶ βωμοῖς χώραν ἔφη εἶναι πρεπωδεστάτην ἥτις ἐμφανεστάτη οὖσα ἀστιβεστάτη εἴη· ἡδὺ μὲν γὰρ ἰδόντας προσεύξασθαι, ἡδὺ δὲ ἁγνῶς ἔχοντας προσιέναι. | 1.3.3. Though his sacrifices were humble, according to his means, he thought himself not a whit inferior to those who made frequent and magnificent sacrifices out of great possessions. The gods (he said) could not well delight more in great offerings than in small — for in that case must the gifts of the wicked often have found more favour in their sight than the gifts of the upright — and man would not find life worth having, if the gifts of the wicked were received with more favour by the gods than the gifts of the upright. No, the greater the piety of the giver, the greater (he thought) was the delight of the gods in the gift. He would quote with approval the line: According to thy power render sacrifice to the immortal gods, Hes. WD 336 and he would add that in our treatment of friends and strangers, and in all our behaviour, it is a noble principle to render according to our power. 3.8.10. To put it shortly, the house in which the owner can find a pleasant retreat at all seasons and can store his belongings safely is presumably at once the pleasantest and the most beautiful. As for paintings and decorations, they rob one of more delights than they give. For temples and altars the most suitable position, he said, was a conspicuous site remote from traffic; for it is pleasant to breathe a prayer at the sight of them, and pleasant to approach them filled with holy thoughts. |
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11. Plato, Cratylus, None (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 76| 404a. ΕΡΜ. κινδυνεύεις τὶ λέγειν, ὦ Σώκρατες. | 404a. Hermogenes. There seems to be something in that, Socrates. |
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| 12. Plato, Laws, None (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 65, 73 |
13. Plato, Phaedo, None (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 76| 114e. ἄνδρα ὅστις ἐν τῷ βίῳ τὰς μὲν ἄλλας ἡδονὰς τὰς περὶ τὸ σῶμα καὶ τοὺς κόσμους εἴασε χαίρειν, ὡς ἀλλοτρίους τε ὄντας, καὶ πλέον θάτερον ἡγησάμενος ἀπεργάζεσθαι, τὰς δὲ περὶ τὸ μανθάνειν ἐσπούδασέ τε καὶ κοσμήσας τὴν ψυχὴν οὐκ ἀλλοτρίῳ ἀλλὰ τῷ αὐτῆς κόσμῳ, σωφροσύνῃ τε καὶ | 114e. has rejected the pleasures and ornaments of the body, thinking they are alien to him and more likely to do him harm than good, and has sought eagerly for those of learning, and after adorning his soul with no alien ornaments, but with its own proper adornment of self-restraint and justice and |
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14. Plato, Republic, None (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 76| 469d. μὲν τοῖς δειλοῖς ἔχει μὴ πρὸς τὸν μαχόμενον ἰέναι, ὥς τι τῶν δεόντων δρῶντας ὅταν περὶ τὸν τεθνεῶτα κυπτάζωσι, πολλὰ δὲ ἤδη στρατόπεδα διὰ τὴν τοιαύτην ἁρπαγὴν ἀπώλετο; | 469d. not to advance on the living foe, as if they were doing something needful when poking about the dead? Has not this snatching at the spoils ere new destroyed many an army? Yes, indeed. And don’t you think it illiberal and greedy to plunder a corpse, and is it not the mark of a womanish and petty spirit to deem the body of the dead an enemy when the real foeman has flown away and left behind only the instrument with which he fought? |
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| 15. Empedocles, Fragments, None (5th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 89, 92, 270 |
16. Plato, Theaetetus, None (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in plato Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 76| 177a. ἀνοίας λανθάνουσι τῷ μὲν ὁμοιούμενοι διὰ τὰς ἀδίκους πράξεις, τῷ δὲ ἀνομοιούμενοι. οὗ δὴ τίνουσι δίκην ζῶντες τὸν εἰκότα βίον ᾧ ὁμοιοῦνται· ἐὰν δʼ εἴπωμεν ὅτι, ἂν μὴ ἀπαλλαγῶσι τῆς δεινότητος, καὶ τελευτήσαντας αὐτοὺς ἐκεῖνος μὲν ὁ τῶν κακῶν καθαρὸς τόπος οὐ δέξεται, ἐνθάδε δὲ τὴν αὑτοῖς ὁμοιότητα τῆς διαγωγῆς ἀεὶ ἕξουσι, κακοὶ κακοῖς συνόντες, ταῦτα δὴ καὶ παντάπασιν ὡς δεινοὶ καὶ πανοῦργοι ἀνοήτων τινῶν ἀκούσονται. ΘΕΟ. καὶ μάλα δή, ὦ Σώκρατες. | 177a. cleverness, the blessed place that is pure of all things evil will not receive them after death, and here on earth they will always live the life like themselves—evil men associating with evil—when they hear this, they will be so confident in their unscrupulous cleverness that they will think our words the talk of fools. THEO. Very true, Socrates. |
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| 17. Euripides, Iphigenia At Aulis, 718, 433 (5th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 200 |
| 18. Euripides, Hippolytus, 1004-1006, 102, 1298-1299, 1301-1302, 611, 946-957, 612 (5th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 278 |
| 19. Isocrates, Busiris, 28 (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in pythagoras Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 57 |
20. Herodotus, Histories, 2.81 (5th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in pythagoras Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 57 | 2.81. They wear linen tunics with fringes hanging about the legs, called “calasiris,” and loose white woolen mantles over these. But nothing woolen is brought into temples, or buried with them: that is impious. ,They agree in this with practices called Orphic and Bacchic, but in fact Egyptian and Pythagorean: for it is impious, too, for one partaking of these rites to be buried in woolen wrappings. There is a sacred legend about this. |
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21. Euripides, Bacchae, 1006-1010, 284, 300-301, 470-475, 565-571, 573-585, 72-77, 572 (5th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 240| 572. τᾶς εὐδαιμονίας βροτοῖς | |
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| 22. Euripides, Cretes (Fragmenta Papyracea), 10-12, 14-15, 9, 13 (5th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 239, 240 |
| 23. Theophrastus, De Pietate, None (4th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 73, 74, 76 |
| 24. Aeschines, Letters, 1.158 (4th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in pythagoras Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 60 |
| 25. Aristoxenus, Fragments, None (4th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 60 |
| 26. Aristotle, Politics, None (4th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in pythagoras Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 58 |
| 27. Theophrastus, Characters, 16.1-16.12 (4th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 254 |
| 28. Eudoxus Rhodius, Fragments, None (3rd cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in pythagoras Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 57 |
| 29. Aeschylus of Alexandria, Fragments, None (3rd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 88 |
| 30. Dead Sea Scrolls, Purities 4Q274, 20.158 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in pythagoras Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 61 |
31. Diodorus Siculus, Historical Library, 10.7.1, 10.9.1-10.9.8, 12.20.1-12.20.2 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in pythagoras •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in heraclitus •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in zaleucus •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in the gold leaves Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 269, 270, 296 | 12.20.1. Now Zaleucus was by birth a Locrian of Italy, a man of noble family, admired for his education, and a pupil of the philosopher Pythagoras. Having been accorded high favour in his native city, he was chosen lawmaker and committed to writing a thorough novel system of law, making his beginning, first of all, with the gods of the heavens. 12.20.2. For at the outset in the introduction to his legislation as a whole he declared it to be necessary that the inhabitants of the city should first of all assume as an article of their creed that gods exist, and that, as their minds survey the heavens and its orderly scheme and arrangement, they should judge that these creations are not the result of Chance or the work of men's hands; that they should revere the gods as the cause of all that is noble and good in the life of mankind; and that they should keep the soul pure from every kind of evil, in the belief that the gods take no pleasure in either the sacrifices or costly gifts of the wicked but in the just and honourable practices of good men. |
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| 32. Seneca The Younger, Letters, 95.47 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in pythagoras •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in zaleucus Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 66 |
| 33. Plutarch, Greek And Roman Questions, None (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, hippolytus parthenos psyche Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 200 |
| 34. Plutarch, Sayings of The Spartans, None (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in the gold leaves Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 254 |
35. Plutarch, On Exilio, None (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, equivalent to empedocles daimon Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 88 | 607c. but by coming to Thebes expatriated his 'descendant,' Euhius Dionysus, Rouser of women, Him that is adored in frenzy"? Now as to the matters at which Aeschylus hinted darkly when he said And pure Apollo, god exiled from heaven "let my lips" in the words of Herodotus "be sealed"; Empedocles, however, when beginning the presentation of his philosophy, says by way of prelude: Alaw there is, an oracle of Doom, of old enacted by the assembled gods, That if a Daemon â such as live for agesâ Defile himself with foul and sinful murder, He must for seasons thrice ten thousand roam Far from the Blest: such is the path Itread, |
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36. Plutarch, On Isis And Osiris, None (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 286, 287, 288 | 378c. And Harpocrates is not to be regarded as an imperfect and an infant god, nor some deity or other that protects legumes, but as the representative and corrector of unseasoned, imperfect, and inarticulate reasoning about the gods among mankind. For this reason he keeps his finger on his lips in token of restrained speech or silence. In the month of Mesorê they bring to him an offering of legumes and say, "The tongue is luck, the tongue is god." of the plants in Egypt they say that the persea is especially consecrated to the goddess because its fruit resembles a heart and its leaf a tongue. The fact is that nothing of man's usual possessions is more divine than reasoning, especially reasoning about the gods; and nothing has a greater influence toward happiness. |
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| 37. Plutarch, Fragments, None (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in the gold leaves Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 259 |
| 38. Plutarch, Fragments, None (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in the gold leaves Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 259 |
| 39. Pollux, Onomasticon, 3.38 (2nd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, hippolytus parthenos psyche Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 200 |
| 40. Clement of Alexandria, Miscellanies, (2nd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in pythagoras Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 63 |
| 41. Iamblichus, Life of Pythagoras, 104, 130, 172, 23, 85, 82 (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 60 |
| 42. Iamblichus, Concerning The Mysteries, 1.11.63-1.11.66, 3.8.27, 3.15.21-3.15.23, 5.14-5.15, 5.18-5.19 (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in iamblichus •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in porphyry Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 71, 75 |
43. Porphyry, On Abstinence, 1.19, 2.19, 2.34, 2.43, 3.2, 3.26 (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in iamblichus •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in porphyry •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in pythagoras •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in inscriptions •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in theophrastus Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 64, 74, 75, 286, 287, 288 | 1.19. 19.But some one may, perhaps, say it is not proper to destroy that which belongs to the same tribe with ourselves; if the souls of animals are of the same essence with ourselves. If, however, it should be granted that souls are inserted in bodies voluntarily, it must be said that it is through a love of juvenility: for in the season of youth there is an enjoyment of all things. Why, therefore, do they not again enter into the nature of man? But if they enter voluntarily, and for the sake of juvenility, and pass through every species of animals, they will be much gratified by being destroyed. For thus their return to the human form will be more rapid. The bodies also which are eaten will not produce any pain in the souls of those bodies, in consequence of the souls being liberated from them; and they will love to be implanted in the nature of man. Hence, as much as they are pained on leaving the human form, so much will they rejoice when they leave other bodies. For thus they will more swiftly become man again, who predominates over all irrational animals, in the same manner as God does over men. There is, therefore, a sufficient cause for destroying other animals, viz. their acting unjustly in destroying men. But if the souls of men are immortal, but those of irrational animals mortal, men will not act unjustly by destroying irrational animals. And if the souls of brutes are immortal, we shall benefit them by liberating them from their bodies. For, by killing them, we shall cause them to return to the human nature. SPAN 2.19. 19.But those who have written concerning sacred operations and sacrifices, admonish us to be accurate in preserving what pertains to the popana, because these are more acceptable to the Gods than the sacrifice which is performed through the mactation of animals. Sophocles also, in describing a sacrifice which is pleasing to divinity, says in his Polyidus: The skins of sheep in sacrifice were used, Libations too of wine, grapes well preserved, And fruits collected in a heap of every kind; The olive's pinguid juice, and waxen work Most variegated, of the yellow bee. Formerly, also, there were venerable monuments in Delos of those who came from the Hyperboreans, bearing handfuls [of fruits]. It is necessary, therefore, that, being purified in our manners, we should make oblations, offering to the Gods those sacrifices which are pleasing to them, and not such as are attended with great expense. Now, however, if a man's body is not pure and invested with a splendid garment, he does not think it is qualified for the sanctity of sacrifice. But when he has rendered his body splendid, together with his garment, though his soul at the same time is not, purified from vice, yet he betakes himself to sacrifice, and thinks that it is a thing of no consequence; as if divinity did not especially rejoice in that which is most divine in our nature, when it is in a pure condition, as being allied to his essence. In Epidaurus, therefore, there was the following inscription on the doors of the temple: Into an odorous temple, he who goes Should pure and holy be; but to be wise In what to sanctity pertains, is to be pure. SPAN 2.34. 34.Let us therefore also sacrifice, but let us sacrifice in such a manner as is fit, offering different sacrifices to different powers;14 to the God indeed who is above all things, as a certain wise man said, neither sacrificing with incense, nor consecrating any thing sensible. For there is nothing material, which is not immediately impure to an immaterial nature. Hence, neither is vocal language, nor internal speech, adapted to the highest God, when it is defiled by any passion of the soul; but we should venerate him in profound silence with a pure soul, and with pure conceptions about him. It is necessary, therefore, that being conjoined with and assimilated to him, we should offer to him, as a sacred sacrifice, the elevation of our intellect, which offering will be both a hymn and our salvation. In an impassive contemplation, therefore, of this divinity by the soul, the sacrifice to him is effected in perfection; |65 but to his progeny, the intelligible Gods, hymns, orally enunciated, are to be offered. For to each of the divinities, a sacrifice is to be made of the first-fruits of the things which he bestows, and through which he nourishes and preserves us. As therefore, the husbandman offers handfuls of the fruits and berries which the season first produces; thus also we should offer to the divinities the first-fruits of our conceptions of their transcendent excellence, giving them thanks for the contemplation which they impart to us, and for truly nourishing us through the vision of themselves, which they afford us, associating with, appearing to, and shining upon us, for our salvation. SPAN 2.43. 43.On this account, a wise and temperate man will be religiously afraid to use sacrifices of this kind, through which he will attract to himself such-like daemons; but he will endeavour in all possible ways to purify his soul. For these malefic beings do not attack a pure soul, because it is dissimilar to them; but if it is necessary to cities to render them propitious, this is nothing to us. For by these riches, and things external and corporeal, are thought to be good, and their contraries evil; but the smallest attention is paid by them to the good of the soul. We however, to the utmost of our ability, endeavour not to be in want of those things which they impart; but all our endeavour is to become similar to God, and to the [divine] powers with which he is surrounded both from what pertains to the soul, and from externals; and this is effected through an entire liberation from the dominion of the passions, an evolved perception of truly existing beings, and a vital tendency towards them. On the other hand, we strive to become dissimilar to depraved men and evil daemons, and, in short, to every being that rejoices in a mortal and material nature. So that, conformably to what is said by Theophrastus, we also shall sacrifice from those things which theologists permit us to use for this purpose; as well knowing, that by how much the more we neglect to exempt ourselves from the passions of the soul, by so much the more we connect ourselves with a depraved power, and render it necessary that he should become propitious to us. For, as theologists say, it is necessary for those who are bound 18 to things |71 external, and have not yet vanquished their passions, should avert the anger of this [malefic] power; since, if they do not, there will be no end to their labours. SPAN 3.2. 2.Since, however, with respect to reason, one kind, according to the doctrine of the Stoics, is internal, but the other external 1, and again, one kind being right, but the other erroneous, it is requisite to explain of which of these two, animals, according to them, are deprived. Are they therefore deprived of right reason alone? or are they entirely destitute both of internal and externally proceeding reason? They appear, indeed, to ascribe to brutes an entire privation of reason, and not a privation of right reason alone. For if they merely denied that brutes possess right reason, animals would not be irrational, but rational beings, in the same manner as nearly all men are according to them. For, according to their opinion, one or two wise men may be found in whom alone right reason prevails, but all the rest of mankind are depraved; though some |82of these make a certain proficiency, but others are profoundly depraved, and yet, at the same time, all of them are similarly rational. Through the influence, therefore, of self-love, they say, that all other animals are irrational; wishing to indicate by irrationality, an entire privation of reason. If, however, it be requisite to speak the truth, not only reason may plainly be perceived in all animals, but in many of them it is so great as to approximate to perfection. SPAN 3.26. 26.By making pleasure, therefore, the end of life, that which is truly justice cannot be preserved; since neither such things as are primarily useful according to nature, nor all such as are easily attainable, give completion to felicity. For, in many instances, the motions of the irrational nature, and utility and indigence, have been, and still are the sources of injustice. For men became indigent [as they pretended] of animal food, in order that they might preserve, as they said, the corporeal frame free from molestation, and without being in want of those things after which the animal nature aspires. But if an assimilation to divinity is the end of life, an innoxious conduct towards all things will be in the most eminent degree preserved. As, therefore, he who is led by his passions is innoxious only towards his children and his wife, but despises and acts fraudulently towards other persons, since in consequence of the irrational part predominating in him, he is excited to, and astonished about mortal concerns; but he who is led by reason, preserves an innoxious conduct towards his fellow-citizens, and still more so towards strangers, and towards all men, through having the irrational part in subjection, and is therefore more rational and divine than the former character; - thus also, he who does not confine harmless conduct to men alone, but extends it to other animals, is more similar to divinity; and if it was possible to extend it even to plants, he would preserve this image in a still greater degree. As, however, this is not possible, we may in this respect lament, with the ancients 18, the defect of our nature, that we consist of such adverse and discordant principles, so that we are unable to preserve our divine part incorruptible, and in all respects innoxious. For we are not unindigent in all things: the cause of which is generation, and our becoming needy through the abundant corporeal efflux which we sustain. But want procures safety and ornament from things of a foreign nature, which are necessary to the existence of our mortal part. He, therefore, who is indigent of a greater number of externals, is in a greater degree agglutinated to penury; and by how much his wants increase, by so much is he destitute of divinity, |108 and an associate of penury. For that which is similar to deity, through this assimilation immediately possesses true wealth. But no one who is [truly] rich and perfectly unindigent injures any thing. For as long as any one injures another, though he should possess the greatest wealth, and all the acres of land which the earth contains, he is still poor, and has want for his intimate associate. On this account, also, he is unjust, without God, and impious, and enslaved to every kind of depravity, which is produced by the lapse of the soul into matter, through the privation of good. Every thing, therefore, is nugatory to any one, as long as he wanders from the principle of the universe; and he is indigent of all things, while he does not direct his attention to Porus [or the source of true abundance]. He likewise yields to the mortal part of his nature, while he remains ignorant of his real self. But Injustice is powerful in persuading and corrupting those that belong to her empire, because she associates with her votaries in conjunction with Pleasure. As, however, in the choice of lives, he is the more accurate judge who has obtained an experience of both [the better and the worse kind of life], than he who has only experienced one of them; thus also, in the choice and avoidance of what is proper, he is a safer judge who, from that which is more, judges of that which is less excellent, than he who from the less, judges of the more excellent. Hence, he who lives according to intellect, will more accurately define what is eligible and what is not, than he who lives under the dominion of irrationality. For the former has passed through the irrational life, as having from the first associated with it; but the latter, having had no experience of an intellectual life, persuades those that resemble himself, and acts with nugacity, like a child among children. If, however, say our opponents, all men were persuaded by these arguments, what would become of us? Is it not evident that we should be happy, injustice, indeed, being exterminated from men, and justice being conversant with us, in the same manner as it is in the heavens? But now this question is just the same as if men should be dubious what the life of the Danaids would be, if they were liberated from the employment of drawing water in a sieve, and attempting to fill a perforated vessel. For they are dubious what would be the consequence if we should cease to replenish our passions and desires, the whole of which replenishing continually flows away through the want of real good; since this fills up the ruinous clefts of the soul more than the greatest of external necessaries. Do you therefore ask, O man, what we should do? We should imitate those that lived in the golden age, we should imitate those of that period who were [truly] free. For with them modesty, Nemesis, and Justice associated, because they were satisfied with the fruits of the earth. |109 The fertile earth for them spontaneous yields Abundantly her fruits 19. But those who are liberated from slavery, obtain for themselves what they before procured for their masters. In like manner, also, do you, when liberated from the servitude of the body, and a slavish attention to the passions produced through the body, as, prior to this, you nourished them in an all-various manner with externals, so now nourish yourself all-variously with internal good, justly assuming things which are [properly] your own, and no longer by violence taking away things which are foreign [to your true nature and real good]. [Footnotes moved to the end and numbered] 1.* This external reason (λογος προφορικος) is speech. 2.* Philostratus relates this of Apollonius, in his Life of him. 3.* The words within the brackets are added from the version of Felicianus. Hence it appears, that the words εκ των διαφορων μυκηματων are wanting in the original, after the word ζητει. But the defect is not noticed by any of the editors. 4.* Porphyry derived this from the treatise of Plutarch, in which it is investigated whether land are more sagacious than aquatic animals. 5.* This was the opinion of the Stoics; but is most erroneous. For the supreme divinity, being superessential, transcends even intellect itself, and much more reason, which is an evolved perception of things; and this is also the case with every other deity, according to the Platonic theology, when considered according to his hyparxis, or summit. See my translation of Proclus on the Theology of Plato. 6.* A musket, or male hawk of a small kind. This bird is mentioned by Homer, Iliad, XIV. v. 233. 7.* Reason in a divine intellect subsists causally, or in a way better than reason, and therefore is not a discursive energy (διεξοδικη ενεργεια), but an evolved cause of things. And though, in a divine soul, it is discursive, or transitive, yet it differs from our reason in this, that it perceives the whole of one form at once, and not by degrees, as we do when we reason. 8.* In the original, ουτω δ̕ εστι λογιστικα ων δρᾳ, κ.τ.λ. But for λογιστικα, Lipsius proposes to read, λογικα, and Meerman λογικη. There is, however, no occasion whatever to substitute any other word for λογιστικα, as, with Platonic writers, το λογιστικον is equivalent to to λογιζομενον. 9.* See the first book of Herodotus, chap. 159. 10.+ The more mystical cause why the Egyptians worshipped animals, appears to me to be this, that they conceived a living to be preferable to an iimate image of divinity. Hence, they reverenced animals as visible and living resemblances of certain invisible powers of the Gods. See Plutarch's Treatise on Isis and Osiris. 11.* See the Symposiacs of Plutarch, lib. ix. 8. 12.* Odyss. XII. v. 96. 13.+ The latter part of this sentence, which in the original is τι ουκ εδιδαξεν μηας ο δημιουργος οπη χρησιμα τη φυσει γεγονε; Valentinus most erroneously translates, "quare nos rerum opifex non edocuit, quomodo a natura in nostros usus facta fuerint?" 14.* i.e. The discursive energy of reason. 15.* In the original, μυημην δε καταληψις αξιωματος παρεληλυθος, οὐ το παρον εξ αισθησεως κατεληφθη; but for αξιωματος, I read πραγματος. Felicianus also appears to have found this reading in his manuscript copy of the work; for his version of the passage is, "vel memoriam rei praeteriae comprehensionem, quem praesentem sensus perciperat." 16.* This doubt may, perhaps, be solved, by admitting that brutes have an imperfect rationality, or the very dregs of the rational faculty, by which they form a link between men and zoophytes, just as zoophytes are a link between brutes and merely vegetable substances. Brutes, therefore, having an imperfect reason, possess only the beginning of perfection. 17.* Plutarch has written a most ingenious treatise on this subject. 18.* In the original, οσῳ μειζον το γενος το των ζωων, τυο ουτῳ και ωρος το μερος και το οικειον ταυτην διασωσει. On this passage, Reisk observes, "Forte οσῳ μειζων ῃ οικειωσις ωρος το γενος το των ζωων, τοσουτῳ (scilicet μαλλον) και προς το μερός, κ.τ.λ." But, instead of η οικειωσις, it appears to me that η φιλια should be substituted. 19.* Porphyry here particularly alludes to Empedocles. 20.* Hesiod. Oper. v. 117. BOOK FOUR [Translated by Thomas Taylor] SPAN |
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44. Diogenes Laertius, Lives of The Philosophers, 8.1.15-8.1.16, 8.9-8.10 (3rd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in pythagoras •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in zaleucus Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 64, 66 | 8.9. The contents in general of the aforesaid three treatises of Pythagoras are as follows. He forbids us to pray for ourselves, because we do not know what will help us. Drinking he calls, in a word, a snare, and he discounteces all excess, saying that no one should go beyond due proportion either in drinking or in eating. of sexual indulgence, too, he says, Keep to the winter for sexual pleasures, in summer abstain; they are less harmful in autumn and spring, but they are always harmful and not conducive to health. Asked once when a man should consort with a woman, he replied, When you want to lose what strength you have. 8.10. He divides man's life into four quarters thus: Twenty years a boy, twenty years a youth, twenty years a young man, twenty years an old man; and these four periods correspond to the four seasons, the boy to spring, the youth to summer, the young man to autumn, and the old man to winter, meaning by youth one not yet grown up and by a young man a man of mature age. According to Timaeus, he was the first to say, Friends have all things in common and Friendship is equality; indeed, his disciples did put all their possessions into one common stock. For five whole years they had to keep silence, merely listening to his discourses without seeing him, until they passed an examination, and thenceforward they were admitted to his house and allowed to see him. They would never use coffins of cypress, because the sceptre of Zeus was made from it, so we are informed by Hermippus in his second book On Pythagoras. |
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| 45. Ephrem, Hymns Against Julian, 23.3 (4th cent. CE - 4th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in inscriptions Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 286, 287, 288 |
| 46. Hesychius of Alexandria, Lexicon (A-O), None (5th cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, hippolytus parthenos psyche Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 200 |
| 47. Proclus, In Platonis Timaeum Commentarii, 3.296-3.297 (5th cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in the gold leaves Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 256 |
| 48. Eudoxus Comicus, Fragments, None Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in pythagoras Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 57 |
| 49. Simplicius of Cilicia, In Aristotelis De Caelo Libros Commentaria, 377.12 (missingth cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in the gold leaves Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 256 |
| 50. Epigraphy, Ig, None Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: nan nan nan |
| 51. Various, Anthologia Palatina, 14.71, 14.74 Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in pythagoras •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in inscriptions Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 64, 286, 287, 288 |
| 52. Aristoxenus, Fragments, None Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 60 |
| 53. Chaeremon of Alexandria, Fragments, None Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, hippolytus parthenos psyche Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 200 |
| 54. Epigraphy, Lsam, 20 Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in inscriptions Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 288 |
| 55. Epigraphy, Lscg, 130, 55, 139 Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 34, 287, 288 |
| 56. Epigraphy, Lss, None Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 59, 64 |
| 57. Dead Sea Scrolls, 4Q179, None Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: nan nan |
| 58. Nicephorus Saint, Breviarium Historicoum, 224, 287, 348, 474, 476, 488-490, 594, 491 Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 277 |
| 59. Epigraphy, Horos 1-12 (1992-8), 01/17/01 Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in inscriptions Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 34 |
| 60. Papyri, Papyrus Paris Supplément Gr., None Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in the gold leaves Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 254 |
| 62. Epigraphy, Seg, 36.1221, 43.71 Tagged with subjects: •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in pythagoras •psyche as seat of purity/impurity, in inscriptions Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 34, 59, 286, 287, 288 |
| 63. Heraclitus Lesbius, Fragments, None Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petrovic and Petrovic (2016) 72 |
