| 1. Septuagint, Leviticus, None (th cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen •property, stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 125, 126 |
2. Hebrew Bible, Numbers, 5.5-5.31, 30.2-30.17 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen •property, stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 112, 113, 116, 117, 119, 120, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 130| 5.5. "וַיְדַבֵּר יְהוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵּאמֹר׃", 5.6. "דַּבֵּר אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אִישׁ אוֹ־אִשָּׁה כִּי יַעֲשׂוּ מִכָּל־חַטֹּאת הָאָדָם לִמְעֹל מַעַל בַּיהוָה וְאָשְׁמָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא׃", 5.7. "וְהִתְוַדּוּ אֶת־חַטָּאתָם אֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ וְהֵשִׁיב אֶת־אֲשָׁמוֹ בְּרֹאשׁוֹ וַחֲמִישִׁתוֹ יֹסֵף עָלָיו וְנָתַן לַאֲשֶׁר אָשַׁם לוֹ׃", 5.8. "וְאִם־אֵין לָאִישׁ גֹּאֵל לְהָשִׁיב הָאָשָׁם אֵלָיו הָאָשָׁם הַמּוּשָׁב לַיהוָה לַכֹּהֵן מִלְּבַד אֵיל הַכִּפֻּרִים אֲשֶׁר יְכַפֶּר־בּוֹ עָלָיו׃", 5.9. "וְכָל־תְּרוּמָה לְכָל־קָדְשֵׁי בְנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲשֶׁר־יַקְרִיבוּ לַכֹּהֵן לוֹ יִהְיֶה׃", 5.11. "וַיְדַבֵּר יְהוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵּאמֹר׃", 5.12. "דַּבֵּר אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאָמַרְתָּ אֲלֵהֶם אִישׁ אִישׁ כִּי־תִשְׂטֶה אִשְׁתּוֹ וּמָעֲלָה בוֹ מָעַל׃", 5.13. "וְשָׁכַב אִישׁ אֹתָהּ שִׁכְבַת־זֶרַע וְנֶעְלַם מֵעֵינֵי אִישָׁהּ וְנִסְתְּרָה וְהִיא נִטְמָאָה וְעֵד אֵין בָּהּ וְהִוא לֹא נִתְפָּשָׂה׃", 5.14. "וְעָבַר עָלָיו רוּחַ־קִנְאָה וְקִנֵּא אֶת־אִשְׁתּוֹ וְהִוא נִטְמָאָה אוֹ־עָבַר עָלָיו רוּחַ־קִנְאָה וְקִנֵּא אֶת־אִשְׁתּוֹ וְהִיא לֹא נִטְמָאָה׃", 5.15. "וְהֵבִיא הָאִישׁ אֶת־אִשְׁתּוֹ אֶל־הַכֹּהֵן וְהֵבִיא אֶת־קָרְבָּנָהּ עָלֶיהָ עֲשִׂירִת הָאֵיפָה קֶמַח שְׂעֹרִים לֹא־יִצֹק עָלָיו שֶׁמֶן וְלֹא־יִתֵּן עָלָיו לְבֹנָה כִּי־מִנְחַת קְנָאֹת הוּא מִנְחַת זִכָּרוֹן מַזְכֶּרֶת עָוֺן׃", 5.16. "וְהִקְרִיב אֹתָהּ הַכֹּהֵן וְהֶעֱמִדָהּ לִפְנֵי יְהוָה׃", 5.17. "וְלָקַח הַכֹּהֵן מַיִם קְדֹשִׁים בִּכְלִי־חָרֶשׂ וּמִן־הֶעָפָר אֲשֶׁר יִהְיֶה בְּקַרְקַע הַמִּשְׁכָּן יִקַּח הַכֹּהֵן וְנָתַן אֶל־הַמָּיִם׃", 5.18. "וְהֶעֱמִיד הַכֹּהֵן אֶת־הָאִשָּׁה לִפְנֵי יְהוָה וּפָרַע אֶת־רֹאשׁ הָאִשָּׁה וְנָתַן עַל־כַּפֶּיהָ אֵת מִנְחַת הַזִּכָּרוֹן מִנְחַת קְנָאֹת הִוא וּבְיַד הַכֹּהֵן יִהְיוּ מֵי הַמָּרִים הַמְאָרֲרִים׃", 5.19. "וְהִשְׁבִּיעַ אֹתָהּ הַכֹּהֵן וְאָמַר אֶל־הָאִשָּׁה אִם־לֹא שָׁכַב אִישׁ אֹתָךְ וְאִם־לֹא שָׂטִית טֻמְאָה תַּחַת אִישֵׁךְ הִנָּקִי מִמֵּי הַמָּרִים הַמְאָרֲרִים הָאֵלֶּה׃", 5.21. "וְהִשְׁבִּיעַ הַכֹּהֵן אֶת־הָאִשָּׁה בִּשְׁבֻעַת הָאָלָה וְאָמַר הַכֹּהֵן לָאִשָּׁה יִתֵּן יְהוָה אוֹתָךְ לְאָלָה וְלִשְׁבֻעָה בְּתוֹךְ עַמֵּךְ בְּתֵת יְהוָה אֶת־יְרֵכֵךְ נֹפֶלֶת וְאֶת־בִּטְנֵךְ צָבָה׃", 5.22. "וּבָאוּ הַמַּיִם הַמְאָרְרִים הָאֵלֶּה בְּמֵעַיִךְ לַצְבּוֹת בֶּטֶן וְלַנְפִּל יָרֵךְ וְאָמְרָה הָאִשָּׁה אָמֵן אָמֵן׃", 5.23. "וְכָתַב אֶת־הָאָלֹת הָאֵלֶּה הַכֹּהֵן בַּסֵּפֶר וּמָחָה אֶל־מֵי הַמָּרִים׃", 5.24. "וְהִשְׁקָה אֶת־הָאִשָּׁה אֶת־מֵי הַמָּרִים הַמְאָרֲרִים וּבָאוּ בָהּ הַמַּיִם הַמְאָרֲרִים לְמָרִים׃", 5.25. "וְלָקַח הַכֹּהֵן מִיַּד הָאִשָּׁה אֵת מִנְחַת הַקְּנָאֹת וְהֵנִיף אֶת־הַמִּנְחָה לִפְנֵי יְהוָה וְהִקְרִיב אֹתָהּ אֶל־הַמִּזְבֵּחַ׃", 5.26. "וְקָמַץ הַכֹּהֵן מִן־הַמִּנְחָה אֶת־אַזְכָּרָתָהּ וְהִקְטִיר הַמִּזְבֵּחָה וְאַחַר יַשְׁקֶה אֶת־הָאִשָּׁה אֶת־הַמָּיִם׃", 5.27. "וְהִשְׁקָהּ אֶת־הַמַּיִם וְהָיְתָה אִם־נִטְמְאָה וַתִּמְעֹל מַעַל בְּאִישָׁהּ וּבָאוּ בָהּ הַמַּיִם הַמְאָרֲרִים לְמָרִים וְצָבְתָה בִטְנָהּ וְנָפְלָה יְרֵכָהּ וְהָיְתָה הָאִשָּׁה לְאָלָה בְּקֶרֶב עַמָּהּ׃", 5.28. "וְאִם־לֹא נִטְמְאָה הָאִשָּׁה וּטְהֹרָה הִוא וְנִקְּתָה וְנִזְרְעָה זָרַע׃", 5.29. "זֹאת תּוֹרַת הַקְּנָאֹת אֲשֶׁר תִּשְׂטֶה אִשָּׁה תַּחַת אִישָׁהּ וְנִטְמָאָה׃", 5.31. "וְנִקָּה הָאִישׁ מֵעָוֺן וְהָאִשָּׁה הַהִוא תִּשָּׂא אֶת־עֲוֺנָהּ׃", 30.2. "וַיְדַבֵּר מֹשֶׁה אֶל־רָאשֵׁי הַמַּטּוֹת לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לֵאמֹר זֶה הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהוָה׃", 30.3. "אִישׁ כִּי־יִדֹּר נֶדֶר לַיהוָה אוֹ־הִשָּׁבַע שְׁבֻעָה לֶאְסֹר אִסָּר עַל־נַפְשׁוֹ לֹא יַחֵל דְּבָרוֹ כְּכָל־הַיֹּצֵא מִפִּיו יַעֲשֶׂה׃", 30.4. "וְאִשָּׁה כִּי־תִדֹּר נֶדֶר לַיהוָה וְאָסְרָה אִסָּר בְּבֵית אָבִיהָ בִּנְעֻרֶיהָ׃", 30.5. "וְשָׁמַע אָבִיהָ אֶת־נִדְרָהּ וֶאֱסָרָהּ אֲשֶׁר אָסְרָה עַל־נַפְשָׁהּ וְהֶחֱרִישׁ לָהּ אָבִיהָ וְקָמוּ כָּל־נְדָרֶיהָ וְכָל־אִסָּר אֲשֶׁר־אָסְרָה עַל־נַפְשָׁהּ יָקוּם׃", 30.6. "וְאִם־הֵנִיא אָבִיהָ אֹתָהּ בְּיוֹם שָׁמְעוֹ כָּל־נְדָרֶיהָ וֶאֱסָרֶיהָ אֲשֶׁר־אָסְרָה עַל־נַפְשָׁהּ לֹא יָקוּם וַיהוָה יִסְלַח־לָהּ כִּי־הֵנִיא אָבִיהָ אֹתָהּ׃", 30.7. "וְאִם־הָיוֹ תִהְיֶה לְאִישׁ וּנְדָרֶיהָ עָלֶיהָ אוֹ מִבְטָא שְׂפָתֶיהָ אֲשֶׁר אָסְרָה עַל־נַפְשָׁהּ׃", 30.8. "וְשָׁמַע אִישָׁהּ בְּיוֹם שָׁמְעוֹ וְהֶחֱרִישׁ לָהּ וְקָמוּ נְדָרֶיהָ וֶאֱסָרֶהָ אֲשֶׁר־אָסְרָה עַל־נַפְשָׁהּ יָקֻמוּ׃", 30.9. "וְאִם בְּיוֹם שְׁמֹעַ אִישָׁהּ יָנִיא אוֹתָהּ וְהֵפֵר אֶת־נִדְרָהּ אֲשֶׁר עָלֶיהָ וְאֵת מִבְטָא שְׂפָתֶיהָ אֲשֶׁר אָסְרָה עַל־נַפְשָׁהּ וַיהוָה יִסְלַח־לָהּ׃", 30.11. "וְאִם־בֵּית אִישָׁהּ נָדָרָה אוֹ־אָסְרָה אִסָּר עַל־נַפְשָׁהּ בִּשְׁבֻעָה׃", 30.12. "וְשָׁמַע אִישָׁהּ וְהֶחֱרִשׁ לָהּ לֹא הֵנִיא אֹתָהּ וְקָמוּ כָּל־נְדָרֶיהָ וְכָל־אִסָּר אֲשֶׁר־אָסְרָה עַל־נַפְשָׁהּ יָקוּם׃", 30.13. "וְאִם־הָפֵר יָפֵר אֹתָם אִישָׁהּ בְּיוֹם שָׁמְעוֹ כָּל־מוֹצָא שְׂפָתֶיהָ לִנְדָרֶיהָ וּלְאִסַּר נַפְשָׁהּ לֹא יָקוּם אִישָׁהּ הֲפֵרָם וַיהוָה יִסְלַח־לָהּ׃", 30.14. "כָּל־נֵדֶר וְכָל־שְׁבֻעַת אִסָּר לְעַנֹּת נָפֶשׁ אִישָׁהּ יְקִימֶנּוּ וְאִישָׁהּ יְפֵרֶנּוּ׃", 30.15. "וְאִם־הַחֲרֵשׁ יַחֲרִישׁ לָהּ אִישָׁהּ מִיּוֹם אֶל־יוֹם וְהֵקִים אֶת־כָּל־נְדָרֶיהָ אוֹ אֶת־כָּל־אֱסָרֶיהָ אֲשֶׁר עָלֶיהָ הֵקִים אֹתָם כִּי־הֶחֱרִשׁ לָהּ בְּיוֹם שָׁמְעוֹ׃", 30.16. "וְאִם־הָפֵר יָפֵר אֹתָם אַחֲרֵי שָׁמְעוֹ וְנָשָׂא אֶת־עֲוֺנָהּ׃", 30.17. "אֵלֶּה הַחֻקִּים אֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהוָה אֶת־מֹשֶׁה בֵּין אִישׁ לְאִשְׁתּוֹ בֵּין־אָב לְבִתּוֹ בִּנְעֻרֶיהָ בֵּית אָבִיהָ׃", | 5.5. "And the LORD spoke unto Moses, saying:", 5.6. "Speak unto the children of Israel: When a man or woman shall commit any sin that men commit, to commit a trespass against the LORD, and that soul be guilty;", 5.7. "then they shall confess their sin which they have done; and he shall make restitution for his guilt in full, and add unto it the fifth part thereof, and give it unto him in respect of whom he hath been guilty.", 5.8. "But if the man have no kinsman to whom restitution may be made for the guilt, the restitution for guilt which is made shall be the LORD’S, even the priest’s; besides the ram of the atonement, whereby atonement shall be made for him.", 5.9. "And every heave-offering of all the holy things of the children of Israel, which they present unto the priest, shall be his.", 5.10. "And every man’s hallowed things shall be his: whatsoever any man giveth the priest, it shall be his.", 5.11. "And the LORD spoke unto Moses, saying:", 5.12. "Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them: If any man’s wife go aside, and act unfaithfully against him,", 5.13. "and a man lie with her carnally, and it be hid from the eyes of her husband, she being defiled secretly, and there be no witness against her, neither she be taken in the act;", 5.14. "and the spirit of jealousy come upon him, and he warned his wife, and she be defiled; or if the spirit of jealousy come upon him, and he warned his wife, and she be not defiled;", 5.15. "then shall the man bring his wife unto the priest, and shall bring her offering for her, the tenth part of an ephah of barley meal; he shall pour no oil upon it, nor put frankincense thereon; for it is a meal-offering of jealousy, a meal-offering of memorial, bringing iniquity to remembrance.", 5.16. "And the priest shall bring her near, and set her before the LORD.", 5.17. "And the priest shall take holy water in an earthen vessel; and of the dust that is on the floor of the tabernacle the priest shall take, and put it into the water.", 5.18. "And the priest shall set the woman before the LORD, and let the hair of the woman’s head go loose, and put the meal-offering of memorial in her hands, which is the meal-offering of jealousy; and the priest shall have in his hand the water of bitterness that causeth the curse.", 5.19. "And the priest shall cause her to swear, and shall say unto the woman: ‘If no man have lain with thee, and if thou hast not gone aside to uncleanness, being under thy husband, be thou free from this water of bitterness that causeth the curse;", 5.20. "but if thou hast gone aside, being under thy husband, and if thou be defiled, and some man have lain with thee besides thy husband—", 5.21. "then the priest shall cause the woman to swear with the oath of cursing, and the priest shall say unto the woman—the LORD make thee a curse and an oath among thy people, when the LORD doth make thy thigh to fall away, and thy belly to swell;", 5.22. "and this water that causeth the curse shall go into thy bowels, and make thy belly to swell, and thy thigh to fall away’; and the woman shall say: ‘Amen, Amen.’", 5.23. "And the priest shall write these curses in a scroll, and he shall blot them out into the water of bitterness.", 5.24. "And he shall make the woman drink the water of bitterness that causeth the curse; and the water that causeth the curse shall enter into her and become bitter.", 5.25. "And the priest shall take the meal-offering of jealousy out of the woman’s hand, and shall wave the meal-offering before the LORD, and bring it unto the altar.", 5.26. "And the priest shall take a handful of the meal-offering, as the memorial-part thereof, and make it smoke upon the altar, and afterward shall make the woman drink the water.", 5.27. "And when he hath made her drink the water, then it shall come to pass, if she be defiled, and have acted unfaithfully against her husband, that the water that causeth the curse shall enter into her and become bitter, and her belly shall swell, and her thigh shall fall away; and the woman shall be a curse among her people.", 5.28. "And if the woman be not defiled, but be clean; then she shall be cleared, and shall conceive seed.", 5.29. "This is the law of jealousy, when a wife, being under her husband, goeth aside, and is defiled;", 5.30. "or when the spirit of jealousy cometh upon a man, and he be jealous over his wife; then shall he set the woman before the LORD, and the priest shall execute upon her all this law.", 5.31. "And the man shall be clear from iniquity, and that woman shall bear her iniquity.", 30.2. "And Moses spoke unto the heads of the tribes of the children of Israel, saying: This is the thing which the LORD hath commanded.", 30.3. "When a man voweth a vow unto the LORD, or sweareth an oath to bind his soul with a bond, he shall not break his word; he shall do according to all that proceedeth out of his mouth.", 30.4. "Also when a woman voweth a vow unto the LORD, and bindeth herself by a bond, being in her father’s house, in her youth,", 30.5. "and her father heareth her vow, or her bond wherewith she hath bound her soul, and her father holdeth his peace at her, then all her vows shall stand, and every bond wherewith she hath bound her soul shall stand.", 30.6. "But if her father disallow her in the day that he heareth, none of her vows, or of her bonds wherewith she hath bound her soul, shall stand; and the LORD will forgive her, because her father disallowed her.", 30.7. "And if she be married to a husband, while her vows are upon her, or the clear utterance of her lips, wherewith she hath bound her soul;", 30.8. "and her husband hear it, whatsoever day it be that he heareth it, and hold his peace at her; then her vows shall stand, and her bonds wherewith she hath bound her soul shall stand.", 30.9. "But if her husband disallow her in the day that he heareth it, then he shall make void her vow which is upon her, and the clear utterance of her lips, wherewith she hath bound her soul; and the LORD will forgive her.", 30.10. "But the vow of a widow, or of her that is divorced, even every thing wherewith she hath bound her soul, shall stand against her.", 30.11. "And if a woman vowed in her husband’s house, or bound her soul by a bond with an oath,", 30.12. "and her husband heard it, and held his peace at her, and disallowed her not, then all her vows shall stand, and every bond wherewith she bound her soul shall stand.", 30.13. "But if her husband make them null and void in the day that he heareth them, then whatsoever proceeded out of her lips, whether it were her vows, or the bond of her soul, shall not stand: her husband hath made them void; and the LORD will forgive her.", 30.14. "Every vow, and every binding oath to afflict the soul, her husband may let it stand, or her husband may make it void.", 30.15. "But if her husband altogether hold his peace at her from day to day, then he causeth all her vows to stand, or all her bonds, which are upon her; he hath let them stand, because he held his peace at her in the day that he heard them.", 30.16. "But if he shall make them null and void after that he hath heard them, then he shall bear her iniquity.", 30.17. "These are the statutes, which the LORD commanded Moses, between a man and his wife, between a father and his daughter, being in her youth, in her father’s house.", |
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3. Hebrew Bible, Job, 4.12, 20.23 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen •property, stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 124, 125| 4.12. "וְאֵלַי דָּבָר יְגֻנָּב וַתִּקַּח אָזְנִי שֵׁמֶץ מֶנְהוּ׃", 20.23. "יְהִי לְמַלֵּא בִטְנוֹ יְשַׁלַּח־בּוֹ חֲרוֹן אַפּוֹ וְיַמְטֵר עָלֵימוֹ בִּלְחוּמוֹ׃", | 4.12. "Now a word was secretly brought to me, And mine ear received a whisper thereof.", 20.23. "It shall be for the filling of his belly; He shall cast the fierceness of His wrath upon him, And shall cause it to rain upon him into his flesh.", |
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4. Hebrew Bible, Exodus, 22.6-22.14, 23.13 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen •property, stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 122, 125, 144| 22.6. "כִּי־יִתֵּן אִישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵהוּ כֶּסֶף אוֹ־כֵלִים לִשְׁמֹר וְגֻנַּב מִבֵּית הָאִישׁ אִם־יִמָּצֵא הַגַּנָּב יְשַׁלֵּם שְׁנָיִם׃", 22.7. "אִם־לֹא יִמָּצֵא הַגַּנָּב וְנִקְרַב בַּעַל־הַבַּיִת אֶל־הָאֱלֹהִים אִם־לֹא שָׁלַח יָדוֹ בִּמְלֶאכֶת רֵעֵהוּ׃", 22.8. "עַל־כָּל־דְּבַר־פֶּשַׁע עַל־שׁוֹר עַל־חֲמוֹר עַל־שֶׂה עַל־שַׂלְמָה עַל־כָּל־אֲבֵדָה אֲשֶׁר יֹאמַר כִּי־הוּא זֶה עַד הָאֱלֹהִים יָבֹא דְּבַר־שְׁנֵיהֶם אֲשֶׁר יַרְשִׁיעֻן אֱלֹהִים יְשַׁלֵּם שְׁנַיִם לְרֵעֵהוּ׃", 22.9. "כִּי־יִתֵּן אִישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵהוּ חֲמוֹר אוֹ־שׁוֹר אוֹ־שֶׂה וְכָל־בְּהֵמָה לִשְׁמֹר וּמֵת אוֹ־נִשְׁבַּר אוֹ־נִשְׁבָּה אֵין רֹאֶה׃", 22.11. "וְאִם־גָּנֹב יִגָּנֵב מֵעִמּוֹ יְשַׁלֵּם לִבְעָלָיו׃", 22.12. "אִם־טָרֹף יִטָּרֵף יְבִאֵהוּ עֵד הַטְּרֵפָה לֹא יְשַׁלֵּם׃", 22.13. "וְכִי־יִשְׁאַל אִישׁ מֵעִם רֵעֵהוּ וְנִשְׁבַּר אוֹ־מֵת בְּעָלָיו אֵין־עִמּוֹ שַׁלֵּם יְשַׁלֵּם׃", 22.14. "אִם־בְּעָלָיו עִמּוֹ לֹא יְשַׁלֵּם אִם־שָׂכִיר הוּא בָּא בִּשְׂכָרוֹ׃", 23.13. "וּבְכֹל אֲשֶׁר־אָמַרְתִּי אֲלֵיכֶם תִּשָּׁמֵרוּ וְשֵׁם אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים לֹא תַזְכִּירוּ לֹא יִשָּׁמַע עַל־פִּיךָ׃", | 22.6. "If a man deliver unto his neighbour money or stuff to keep, and it be stolen out of the man’s house; if the thief be found, he shall pay double.", 22.7. "If the thief be not found, then the master of the house shall come near unto God, to see whether he have not put his hand unto his neighbour’s goods.", 22.8. "For every matter of trespass, whether it be for ox, for ass, for sheep, for raiment, or for any manner of lost thing, whereof one saith: 'This is it,' the cause of both parties shall come before God; he whom God shall condemn shall pay double unto his neighbour.", 22.9. "If a man deliver unto his neighbour an ass, or an ox, or a sheep, or any beast, to keep, and it die, or be hurt, or driven away, no man seeing it;", 22.10. "the oath of the LORD shall be between them both, to see whether he have not put his hand unto his neighbour’s goods; and the owner thereof shall accept it, and he shall not make restitution.", 22.11. "But if it be stolen from him, he shall make restitution unto the owner thereof.", 22.12. "If it be torn in pieces, let him bring it for witness; he shall not make good that which was torn.", 22.13. "And if a man borrow aught of his neighbour, and it be hurt, or die, the owner thereof not being with it, he shall surely make restitution.", 22.14. "If the owner thereof be with it, he shall not make it good; if it be a hireling, he loseth his hire.", 23.13. "And in all things that I have said unto you take ye heed; and make no mention of the name of other gods, neither let it be heard out of thy mouth. .", |
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5. Hebrew Bible, Deuteronomy, 6.5, 22.1-22.3, 28.15-28.69 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen •property, stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 117, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 133, 141, 142| 6.5. "וְאָהַבְתָּ אֵת יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ בְּכָל־לְבָבְךָ וּבְכָל־נַפְשְׁךָ וּבְכָל־מְאֹדֶךָ׃", 22.1. "לֹא־תִרְאֶה אֶת־שׁוֹר אָחִיךָ אוֹ אֶת־שֵׂיוֹ נִדָּחִים וְהִתְעַלַּמְתָּ מֵהֶם הָשֵׁב תְּשִׁיבֵם לְאָחִיךָ׃", 22.1. "לֹא־תַחֲרֹשׁ בְּשׁוֹר־וּבַחֲמֹר יַחְדָּו׃", 22.2. "וְאִם־לֹא קָרוֹב אָחִיךָ אֵלֶיךָ וְלֹא יְדַעְתּוֹ וַאֲסַפְתּוֹ אֶל־תּוֹךְ בֵּיתֶךָ וְהָיָה עִמְּךָ עַד דְּרֹשׁ אָחִיךָ אֹתוֹ וַהֲשֵׁבֹתוֹ לוֹ׃", 22.2. "וְאִם־אֱמֶת הָיָה הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה לֹא־נִמְצְאוּ בְתוּלִים לנער [לַנַּעֲרָה׃]", 22.3. "וְכֵן תַּעֲשֶׂה לַחֲמֹרוֹ וְכֵן תַּעֲשֶׂה לְשִׂמְלָתוֹ וְכֵן תַּעֲשֶׂה לְכָל־אֲבֵדַת אָחִיךָ אֲשֶׁר־תֹּאבַד מִמֶּנּוּ וּמְצָאתָהּ לֹא תוּכַל לְהִתְעַלֵּם׃", 28.15. "וְהָיָה אִם־לֹא תִשְׁמַע בְּקוֹל יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ לִשְׁמֹר לַעֲשׂוֹת אֶת־כָּל־מִצְוֺתָיו וְחֻקֹּתָיו אֲשֶׁר אָנֹכִי מְצַוְּךָ הַיּוֹם וּבָאוּ עָלֶיךָ כָּל־הַקְּלָלוֹת הָאֵלֶּה וְהִשִּׂיגוּךָ׃", 28.16. "אָרוּר אַתָּה בָּעִיר וְאָרוּר אַתָּה בַּשָּׂדֶה׃", 28.17. "אָרוּר טַנְאֲךָ וּמִשְׁאַרְתֶּךָ׃", 28.18. "אָרוּר פְּרִי־בִטְנְךָ וּפְרִי אַדְמָתֶךָ שְׁגַר אֲלָפֶיךָ וְעַשְׁתְּרוֹת צֹאנֶךָ׃", 28.19. "אָרוּר אַתָּה בְּבֹאֶךָ וְאָרוּר אַתָּה בְּצֵאתֶךָ׃", 28.21. "יַדְבֵּק יְהוָה בְּךָ אֶת־הַדָּבֶר עַד כַּלֹּתוֹ אֹתְךָ מֵעַל הָאֲדָמָה אֲשֶׁר־אַתָּה בָא־שָׁמָּה לְרִשְׁתָּהּ׃", 28.22. "יַכְּכָה יְהוָה בַּשַּׁחֶפֶת וּבַקַּדַּחַת וּבַדַּלֶּקֶת וּבַחַרְחֻר וּבַחֶרֶב וּבַשִּׁדָּפוֹן וּבַיֵּרָקוֹן וּרְדָפוּךָ עַד אָבְדֶךָ׃", 28.23. "וְהָיוּ שָׁמֶיךָ אֲשֶׁר עַל־רֹאשְׁךָ נְחֹשֶׁת וְהָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר־תַּחְתֶּיךָ בַּרְזֶל׃", 28.24. "יִתֵּן יְהוָה אֶת־מְטַר אַרְצְךָ אָבָק וְעָפָר מִן־הַשָּׁמַיִם יֵרֵד עָלֶיךָ עַד הִשָּׁמְדָךְ׃", 28.25. "יִתֶּנְךָ יְהוָה נִגָּף לִפְנֵי אֹיְבֶיךָ בְּדֶרֶךְ אֶחָד תֵּצֵא אֵלָיו וּבְשִׁבְעָה דְרָכִים תָּנוּס לְפָנָיו וְהָיִיתָ לְזַעֲוָה לְכֹל מַמְלְכוֹת הָאָרֶץ׃", 28.26. "וְהָיְתָה נִבְלָתְךָ לְמַאֲכָל לְכָל־עוֹף הַשָּׁמַיִם וּלְבֶהֱמַת הָאָרֶץ וְאֵין מַחֲרִיד׃", 28.27. "יַכְּכָה יְהוָה בִּשְׁחִין מִצְרַיִם ובעפלים [וּבַטְּחֹרִים] וּבַגָּרָב וּבֶחָרֶס אֲשֶׁר לֹא־תוּכַל לְהֵרָפֵא׃", 28.28. "יַכְּכָה יְהוָה בְּשִׁגָּעוֹן וּבְעִוָּרוֹן וּבְתִמְהוֹן לֵבָב׃", 28.29. "וְהָיִיתָ מְמַשֵּׁשׁ בַּצָּהֳרַיִם כַּאֲשֶׁר יְמַשֵּׁשׁ הָעִוֵּר בָּאֲפֵלָה וְלֹא תַצְלִיחַ אֶת־דְּרָכֶיךָ וְהָיִיתָ אַךְ עָשׁוּק וְגָזוּל כָּל־הַיָּמִים וְאֵין מוֹשִׁיעַ׃", 28.31. "שׁוֹרְךָ טָבוּחַ לְעֵינֶיךָ וְלֹא תֹאכַל מִמֶּנּוּ חֲמֹרְךָ גָּזוּל מִלְּפָנֶיךָ וְלֹא יָשׁוּב לָךְ צֹאנְךָ נְתֻנוֹת לְאֹיְבֶיךָ וְאֵין לְךָ מוֹשִׁיעַ׃", 28.32. "בָּנֶיךָ וּבְנֹתֶיךָ נְתֻנִים לְעַם אַחֵר וְעֵינֶיךָ רֹאוֹת וְכָלוֹת אֲלֵיהֶם כָּל־הַיּוֹם וְאֵין לְאֵל יָדֶךָ׃", 28.33. "פְּרִי אַדְמָתְךָ וְכָל־יְגִיעֲךָ יֹאכַל עַם אֲשֶׁר לֹא־יָדָעְתָּ וְהָיִיתָ רַק עָשׁוּק וְרָצוּץ כָּל־הַיָּמִים׃", 28.34. "וְהָיִיתָ מְשֻׁגָּע מִמַּרְאֵה עֵינֶיךָ אֲשֶׁר תִּרְאֶה׃", 28.35. "יַכְּכָה יְהוָה בִּשְׁחִין רָע עַל־הַבִּרְכַּיִם וְעַל־הַשֹּׁקַיִם אֲשֶׁר לֹא־תוּכַל לְהֵרָפֵא מִכַּף רַגְלְךָ וְעַד קָדְקֳדֶךָ׃", 28.36. "יוֹלֵךְ יְהוָה אֹתְךָ וְאֶת־מַלְכְּךָ אֲשֶׁר תָּקִים עָלֶיךָ אֶל־גּוֹי אֲשֶׁר לֹא־יָדַעְתָּ אַתָּה וַאֲבֹתֶיךָ וְעָבַדְתָּ שָּׁם אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים עֵץ וָאָבֶן׃", 28.37. "וְהָיִיתָ לְשַׁמָּה לְמָשָׁל וְלִשְׁנִינָה בְּכֹל הָעַמִּים אֲשֶׁר־יְנַהֶגְךָ יְהוָה שָׁמָּה׃", 28.38. "זֶרַע רַב תּוֹצִיא הַשָּׂדֶה וּמְעַט תֶּאֱסֹף כִּי יַחְסְלֶנּוּ הָאַרְבֶּה׃", 28.39. "כְּרָמִים תִּטַּע וְעָבָדְתָּ וְיַיִן לֹא־תִשְׁתֶּה וְלֹא תֶאֱגֹר כִּי תֹאכְלֶנּוּ הַתֹּלָעַת׃", 28.41. "בָּנִים וּבָנוֹת תּוֹלִיד וְלֹא־יִהְיוּ לָךְ כִּי יֵלְכוּ בַּשֶּׁבִי׃", 28.42. "כָּל־עֵצְךָ וּפְרִי אַדְמָתֶךָ יְיָרֵשׁ הַצְּלָצַל׃", 28.43. "הַגֵּר אֲשֶׁר בְּקִרְבְּךָ יַעֲלֶה עָלֶיךָ מַעְלָה מָּעְלָה וְאַתָּה תֵרֵד מַטָּה מָּטָּה׃", 28.44. "הוּא יַלְוְךָ וְאַתָּה לֹא תַלְוֶנּוּ הוּא יִהְיֶה לְרֹאשׁ וְאַתָּה תִּהְיֶה לְזָנָב׃", 28.45. "וּבָאוּ עָלֶיךָ כָּל־הַקְּלָלוֹת הָאֵלֶּה וּרְדָפוּךָ וְהִשִּׂיגוּךָ עַד הִשָּׁמְדָךְ כִּי־לֹא שָׁמַעְתָּ בְּקוֹל יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ לִשְׁמֹר מִצְוֺתָיו וְחֻקֹּתָיו אֲשֶׁר צִוָּךְ׃", 28.46. "וְהָיוּ בְךָ לְאוֹת וּלְמוֹפֵת וּבְזַרְעֲךָ עַד־עוֹלָם׃", 28.47. "תַּחַת אֲשֶׁר לֹא־עָבַדְתָּ אֶת־יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ בְּשִׂמְחָה וּבְטוּב לֵבָב מֵרֹב כֹּל׃", 28.48. "וְעָבַדְתָּ אֶת־אֹיְבֶיךָ אֲשֶׁר יְשַׁלְּחֶנּוּ יְהוָה בָּךְ בְּרָעָב וּבְצָמָא וּבְעֵירֹם וּבְחֹסֶר כֹּל וְנָתַן עֹל בַּרְזֶל עַל־צַוָּארֶךָ עַד הִשְׁמִידוֹ אֹתָךְ׃", 28.49. "יִשָּׂא יְהוָה עָלֶיךָ גּוֹי מֵרָחוֹק מִקְצֵה הָאָרֶץ כַּאֲשֶׁר יִדְאֶה הַנָּשֶׁר גּוֹי אֲשֶׁר לֹא־תִשְׁמַע לְשֹׁנוֹ׃", 28.51. "וְאָכַל פְּרִי בְהֶמְתְּךָ וּפְרִי־אַדְמָתְךָ עַד הִשָּׁמְדָךְ אֲשֶׁר לֹא־יַשְׁאִיר לְךָ דָּגָן תִּירוֹשׁ וְיִצְהָר שְׁגַר אֲלָפֶיךָ וְעַשְׁתְּרֹת צֹאנֶךָ עַד הַאֲבִידוֹ אֹתָךְ׃", 28.52. "וְהֵצַר לְךָ בְּכָל־שְׁעָרֶיךָ עַד רֶדֶת חֹמֹתֶיךָ הַגְּבֹהוֹת וְהַבְּצֻרוֹת אֲשֶׁר אַתָּה בֹּטֵחַ בָּהֵן בְּכָל־אַרְצֶךָ וְהֵצַר לְךָ בְּכָל־שְׁעָרֶיךָ בְּכָל־אַרְצְךָ אֲשֶׁר נָתַן יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ לָךְ׃", 28.53. "וְאָכַלְתָּ פְרִי־בִטְנְךָ בְּשַׂר בָּנֶיךָ וּבְנֹתֶיךָ אֲשֶׁר נָתַן־לְךָ יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ בְּמָצוֹר וּבְמָצוֹק אֲשֶׁר־יָצִיק לְךָ אֹיְבֶךָ׃", 28.54. "הָאִישׁ הָרַךְ בְּךָ וְהֶעָנֹג מְאֹד תֵּרַע עֵינוֹ בְאָחִיו וּבְאֵשֶׁת חֵיקוֹ וּבְיֶתֶר בָּנָיו אֲשֶׁר יוֹתִיר׃", 28.55. "מִתֵּת לְאַחַד מֵהֶם מִבְּשַׂר בָּנָיו אֲשֶׁר יֹאכֵל מִבְּלִי הִשְׁאִיר־לוֹ כֹּל בְּמָצוֹר וּבְמָצוֹק אֲשֶׁר יָצִיק לְךָ אֹיִבְךָ בְּכָל־שְׁעָרֶיךָ׃", 28.56. "הָרַכָּה בְךָ וְהָעֲנֻגָּה אֲשֶׁר לֹא־נִסְּתָה כַף־רַגְלָהּ הַצֵּג עַל־הָאָרֶץ מֵהִתְעַנֵּג וּמֵרֹךְ תֵּרַע עֵינָהּ בְּאִישׁ חֵיקָהּ וּבִבְנָהּ וּבְבִתָּהּ׃", 28.57. "וּבְשִׁלְיָתָהּ הַיּוֹצֵת מִבֵּין רַגְלֶיהָ וּבְבָנֶיהָ אֲשֶׁר תֵּלֵד כִּי־תֹאכְלֵם בְּחֹסֶר־כֹּל בַּסָּתֶר בְּמָצוֹר וּבְמָצוֹק אֲשֶׁר יָצִיק לְךָ אֹיִבְךָ בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָ׃", 28.58. "אִם־לֹא תִשְׁמֹר לַעֲשׂוֹת אֶת־כָּל־דִּבְרֵי הַתּוֹרָה הַזֹּאת הַכְּתוּבִים בַּסֵּפֶר הַזֶּה לְיִרְאָה אֶת־הַשֵּׁם הַנִּכְבָּד וְהַנּוֹרָא הַזֶּה אֵת יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ׃", 28.59. "וְהִפְלָא יְהוָה אֶת־מַכֹּתְךָ וְאֵת מַכּוֹת זַרְעֶךָ מַכּוֹת גְּדֹלוֹת וְנֶאֱמָנוֹת וָחֳלָיִם רָעִים וְנֶאֱמָנִים׃", 28.61. "גַּם כָּל־חֳלִי וְכָל־מַכָּה אֲשֶׁר לֹא כָתוּב בְּסֵפֶר הַתּוֹרָה הַזֹּאת יַעְלֵם יְהוָה עָלֶיךָ עַד הִשָּׁמְדָךְ׃", 28.62. "וְנִשְׁאַרְתֶּם בִּמְתֵי מְעָט תַּחַת אֲשֶׁר הֱיִיתֶם כְּכוֹכְבֵי הַשָּׁמַיִם לָרֹב כִּי־לֹא שָׁמַעְתָּ בְּקוֹל יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ׃", 28.63. "וְהָיָה כַּאֲשֶׁר־שָׂשׂ יְהוָה עֲלֵיכֶם לְהֵיטִיב אֶתְכֶם וּלְהַרְבּוֹת אֶתְכֶם כֵּן יָשִׂישׂ יְהוָה עֲלֵיכֶם לְהַאֲבִיד אֶתְכֶם וּלְהַשְׁמִיד אֶתְכֶם וְנִסַּחְתֶּם מֵעַל הָאֲדָמָה אֲשֶׁר־אַתָּה בָא־שָׁמָּה לְרִשְׁתָּהּ׃", 28.64. "וֶהֱפִיצְךָ יְהוָה בְּכָל־הָעַמִּים מִקְצֵה הָאָרֶץ וְעַד־קְצֵה הָאָרֶץ וְעָבַדְתָּ שָּׁם אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים אֲשֶׁר לֹא־יָדַעְתָּ אַתָּה וַאֲבֹתֶיךָ עֵץ וָאָבֶן׃", 28.65. "וּבַגּוֹיִם הָהֵם לֹא תַרְגִּיעַ וְלֹא־יִהְיֶה מָנוֹחַ לְכַף־רַגְלֶךָ וְנָתַן יְהוָה לְךָ שָׁם לֵב רַגָּז וְכִלְיוֹן עֵינַיִם וְדַאֲבוֹן נָפֶשׁ׃", 28.66. "וְהָיוּ חַיֶּיךָ תְּלֻאִים לְךָ מִנֶּגֶד וּפָחַדְתָּ לַיְלָה וְיוֹמָם וְלֹא תַאֲמִין בְּחַיֶּיךָ׃", 28.67. "בַּבֹּקֶר תֹּאמַר מִי־יִתֵּן עֶרֶב וּבָעֶרֶב תֹּאמַר מִי־יִתֵּן בֹּקֶר מִפַּחַד לְבָבְךָ אֲשֶׁר תִּפְחָד וּמִמַּרְאֵה עֵינֶיךָ אֲשֶׁר תִּרְאֶה׃", 28.68. "וֶהֱשִׁיבְךָ יְהוָה מִצְרַיִם בָּאֳנִיּוֹת בַּדֶּרֶךְ אֲשֶׁר אָמַרְתִּי לְךָ לֹא־תֹסִיף עוֹד לִרְאֹתָהּ וְהִתְמַכַּרְתֶּם שָׁם לְאֹיְבֶיךָ לַעֲבָדִים וְלִשְׁפָחוֹת וְאֵין קֹנֶה׃", 28.69. "אֵלֶּה דִבְרֵי הַבְּרִית אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּה יְהוָה אֶת־מֹשֶׁה לִכְרֹת אֶת־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּאֶרֶץ מוֹאָב מִלְּבַד הַבְּרִית אֲשֶׁר־כָּרַת אִתָּם בְּחֹרֵב׃", | 6.5. "And thou shalt love the LORD thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might.", 22.1. "Thou shalt not see thy brother’s ox or his sheep driven away, and hide thyself from them; thou shalt surely bring them back unto thy brother.", 22.2. "And if thy brother be not nigh unto thee, and thou know him not, then thou shalt bring it home to thy house, and it shall be with thee until thy brother require it, and thou shalt restore it to him.", 22.3. "And so shalt thou do with his ass; and so shalt thou do with his garment; and so shalt thou do with every lost thing of thy brother’s, which he hath lost, and thou hast found; thou mayest not hide thyself.", 28.15. "But it shall come to pass, if thou wilt not hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe to do all His commandments and His statutes which I command thee this day; that all these curses shall come upon thee, and overtake thee.", 28.16. "Cursed shalt thou be in the city, and cursed shalt thou be in the field.", 28.17. "Cursed shall be thy basket and thy kneading-trough.", 28.18. "Cursed shall be the fruit of thy body, and the fruit of thy land, the increase of thy kine, and the young of thy flock.", 28.19. "Cursed shalt thou be when thou comest in, and cursed shalt thou be when thou goest out.", 28.20. "The LORD will send upon thee cursing, discomfiture, and rebuke, in all that thou puttest thy hand unto to do, until thou be destroyed, and until thou perish quickly; because of the evil of thy doings, whereby thou hast forsaken Me.", 28.21. "The LORD will make the pestilence cleave unto thee, until He have consumed thee from off the land, whither thou goest in to possess it.", 28.22. "The LORD will smite thee with consumption, and with fever, and with inflammation, and with fiery heat, and with drought, and with blasting, and with mildew; and they shall pursue thee until thou perish.", 28.23. "And thy heaven that is over thy head shall be brass, and the earth that is under thee shall be iron.", 28.24. "The LORD will make the rain of thy land powder and dust; from heaven shall it come down upon thee, until thou be destroyed.", 28.25. "The LORD will cause thee to be smitten before thine enemies; thou shalt go out one way against them, and shalt flee seven ways before them; and thou shalt be a horror unto all the kingdoms of the earth.", 28.26. "And thy carcasses shall be food unto all fowls of the air, and unto the beasts of the earth, and there shall be none to frighten them away.", 28.27. "The LORD will smite thee with the boil of Egypt, and with the emerods, and with the scab, and with the itch, whereof thou canst not be healed.", 28.28. "The LORD will smite thee with madness, and with blindness, and with astonishment of heart.", 28.29. "And thou shalt grope at noonday, as the blind gropeth in darkness, and thou shalt not make thy ways prosperous; and thou shalt be only oppressed and robbed alway, and there shall be none to save thee.", 28.30. "Thou shalt betroth a wife, and another man shall lie with her; thou shalt build a house, and thou shalt not dwell therein; thou shalt plant a vineyard, and shalt not use the fruit thereof.", 28.31. "Thine ox shall be slain before thine eyes, and thou shalt not eat thereof; thine ass shall be violently taken away from before thy face, and shall not be restored to thee; thy sheep shall be given unto thine enemies; and thou shalt have none to save thee.", 28.32. "Thy sons and thy daughters shall be given unto another people, and thine eyes shall look, and fail with longing for them all the day; and there shall be nought in the power of thy hand.", 28.33. "The fruit of thy land, and all thy labours, shall a nation which thou knowest not eat up; and thou shalt be only oppressed and crushed away:", 28.34. "so that thou shalt be mad for the sight of thine eyes which thou shalt see.", 28.35. "The LORD will smite thee in the knees, and in the legs, with a sore boil, whereof thou canst not be healed, from the sole of thy foot unto the crown of thy head.", 28.36. "The LORD will bring thee, and thy king whom thou shalt set over thee, unto a nation that thou hast not known, thou nor thy fathers; and there shalt thou serve other gods, wood and stone.", 28.37. "And thou shalt become an astonishment, a proverb, and a byword, among all the peoples whither the LORD shall lead thee away.", 28.38. "Thou shalt carry much seed out into the field, and shalt gather little in; for the locust shall consume it.", 28.39. "Thou shalt plant vineyards and dress them, but thou shalt neither drink of the wine, nor gather the grapes; for the worm shall eat them.", 28.40. "Thou shalt have olive-trees throughout all thy borders, but thou shalt not anoint thyself with the oil; for thine olives shall drop off.", 28.41. "Thou shalt beget sons and daughters, but they shall not be thine; for they shall go into captivity.", 28.42. "All thy trees and the fruit of thy land shall the locust possess.", 28.43. "The stranger that is in the midst of thee shall mount up above thee higher and higher; and thou shalt come down lower and lower.", 28.44. "He shall lend to thee, and thou shalt not lend to him; he shall be the head, and thou shalt be the tail.", 28.45. "And all these curses shall come upon thee, and shall pursue thee, and overtake thee, till thou be destroyed; because thou didst not hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to keep His commandments and His statutes which He commanded thee.", 28.46. "And they shall be upon thee for a sign and for a wonder, and upon thy seed for ever;", 28.47. "because thou didst not serve the LORD thy God with joyfulness, and with gladness of heart, by reason of the abundance of all things;", 28.48. "therefore shalt thou serve thine enemy whom the LORD shall send against thee, in hunger, and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in want of all things; and he shall put a yoke of iron upon thy neck, until he have destroyed thee.", 28.49. "The LORD will bring a nation against thee from far, from the end of the earth, as the vulture swoopeth down; a nation whose tongue thou shalt not understand;", 28.50. "a nation of fierce countece, that shall not regard the person of the old, nor show favour to the young.", 28.51. "And he shall eat the fruit of thy cattle, and the fruit of thy ground, until thou be destroyed; that also shall not leave thee corn, wine, or oil, the increase of thy kine, or the young of thy flock, until he have caused thee to perish.", 28.52. "And he shall besiege thee in all thy gates, until thy high and fortified walls come down, wherein thou didst trust, throughout all thy land; and he shall besiege thee in all thy gates throughout all thy land, which the LORD thy God hath given thee.", 28.53. "And thou shalt eat the fruit of thine own body, the flesh of thy sons and of thy daughters whom the LORD thy God hath given thee; in the siege and in the straitness, wherewith thine enemies shall straiten thee.", 28.54. "The man that is tender among you, and very delicate, his eye shall be evil against his brother, and against the wife of his bosom, and against the remt of his children whom he hath remaining;", 28.55. "so that he will not give to any of them of the flesh of his children whom he shall eat, because he hath nothing left him; in the siege and in the straitness, wherewith thine enemy shall straiten thee in all thy gates.", 28.56. "The tender and delicate woman among you, who would not adventure to set the sole of her foot upon the ground for delicateness and tenderness, her eye shall be evil against the husband of her bosom, and against her son, and against her daughter;", 28.57. "and against her afterbirth that cometh out from between her feet, and against her children whom she shall bear; for she shall eat them for want of all things secretly; in the siege and in the straitness, wherewith thine enemy shall straiten thee in thy gates.", 28.58. "If thou wilt not observe to do all the words of this law that are written in this book, that thou mayest fear this glorious and awful Name, the LORD thy God;", 28.59. "then the LORD will make thy plagues wonderful, and the plagues of thy seed, even great plagues, and of long continuance, and sore sicknesses, and of long continuance.", 28.60. "And He will bring back upon thee all the diseases of Egypt, which thou wast in dread of; and they shall cleave unto thee.", 28.61. "Also every sickness, and every plague, which is not written in the book of this law, them will the LORD bring upon thee, until thou be destroyed.", 28.62. "And ye shall be left few in number, whereas ye were as the stars of heaven for multitude; because thou didst not hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God.", 28.63. "And it shall come to pass, that as the LORD rejoiced over you to do you good, and to multiply you; so the LORD will rejoice over you to cause you to perish, and to destroy you; and ye shall be plucked from off the land whither thou goest in to possess it.", 28.64. "And the LORD shall scatter thee among all peoples, from the one end of the earth even unto the other end of the earth; and there thou shalt serve other gods, which thou hast not known, thou nor thy fathers, even wood and stone.", 28.65. "And among these nations shalt thou have no repose, and there shall be no rest for the sole of thy foot; but the LORD shall give thee there a trembling heart, and failing of eyes, and languishing of soul.", 28.66. "And thy life shall hang in doubt before thee; and thou shalt fear night and day, and shalt have no assurance of thy life.", 28.67. "In the morning thou shalt say: ‘Would it were even! ’ and at even thou shalt say: ‘Would it were morning! ’ for the fear of thy heart which thou shalt fear, and for the sight of thine eyes which thou shalt see.", 28.68. "And the LORD shall bring thee back into Egypt in ships, by the way whereof I said unto thee: ‘Thou shalt see it no more again’; and there ye shall sell yourselves unto your enemies for bondmen and for bondwoman, and no man shall buy you.", 28.69. "These are the words of the covet which the LORD commanded Moses to make with the children of Israel in the land of Moab, beside the covet which He made with them in Horeb.", |
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6. Hebrew Bible, Proverbs, 29.24 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen •property, stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 113| 29.24. "חוֹלֵק עִם־גַּנָּב שׂוֹנֵא נַפְשׁוֹ אָלָה יִשְׁמַע וְלֹא יַגִּיד׃", | 29.24. "Whoso is partner with a thief hateth his own soul: He heareth the adjuration and uttereth nothing.", |
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7. Hebrew Bible, Psalms, 74.8, 119.176 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen •property, stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 124| 74.8. "אָמְרוּ בְלִבָּם נִינָם יָחַד שָׂרְפוּ כָל־מוֹעֲדֵי־אֵל בָּאָרֶץ׃", 119.176. "תָּעִיתִי כְּשֶׂה אֹבֵד בַּקֵּשׁ עַבְדֶּךָ כִּי מִצְוֺתֶיךָ לֹא שָׁכָחְתִּי׃", | 74.8. "They said in their heart: 'Let us make havoc of them altogether'; They have burned up all the meeting-places of God in the land.", 119.176. "I have gone astray like a lost sheep; seek Thy servant; For I have not forgotten Thy commandments.", |
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8. Hebrew Bible, Leviticus, 5.1, 5.5-5.13, 5.20-5.26, 19.17 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen •property, stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130| 5.1. "וְנֶפֶשׁ כִּי־תֶחֱטָא וְשָׁמְעָה קוֹל אָלָה וְהוּא עֵד אוֹ רָאָה אוֹ יָדָע אִם־לוֹא יַגִּיד וְנָשָׂא עֲוֺנוֹ׃", 5.1. "וְאֶת־הַשֵּׁנִי יַעֲשֶׂה עֹלָה כַּמִּשְׁפָּט וְכִפֶּר עָלָיו הַכֹּהֵן מֵחַטָּאתוֹ אֲשֶׁר־חָטָא וְנִסְלַח לוֹ׃", 5.5. "וְהָיָה כִי־יֶאְשַׁם לְאַחַת מֵאֵלֶּה וְהִתְוַדָּה אֲשֶׁר חָטָא עָלֶיהָ׃", 5.6. "וְהֵבִיא אֶת־אֲשָׁמוֹ לַיהוָה עַל חַטָּאתוֹ אֲשֶׁר חָטָא נְקֵבָה מִן־הַצֹּאן כִּשְׂבָּה אוֹ־שְׂעִירַת עִזִּים לְחַטָּאת וְכִפֶּר עָלָיו הַכֹּהֵן מֵחַטָּאתוֹ׃", 5.7. "וְאִם־לֹא תַגִּיע יָדוֹ דֵּי שֶׂה וְהֵבִיא אֶת־אֲשָׁמוֹ אֲשֶׁר חָטָא שְׁתֵּי תֹרִים אוֹ־שְׁנֵי בְנֵי־יוֹנָה לַיהוָה אֶחָד לְחַטָּאת וְאֶחָד לְעֹלָה׃", 5.8. "וְהֵבִיא אֹתָם אֶל־הַכֹּהֵן וְהִקְרִיב אֶת־אֲשֶׁר לַחַטָּאת רִאשׁוֹנָה וּמָלַק אֶת־רֹאשׁוֹ מִמּוּל עָרְפּוֹ וְלֹא יַבְדִּיל׃", 5.9. "וְהִזָּה מִדַּם הַחַטָּאת עַל־קִיר הַמִּזְבֵּחַ וְהַנִּשְׁאָר בַּדָּם יִמָּצֵה אֶל־יְסוֹד הַמִּזְבֵּחַ חַטָּאת הוּא׃", 5.11. "וְאִם־לֹא תַשִּׂיג יָדוֹ לִשְׁתֵּי תֹרִים אוֹ לִשְׁנֵי בְנֵי־יוֹנָה וְהֵבִיא אֶת־קָרְבָּנוֹ אֲשֶׁר חָטָא עֲשִׂירִת הָאֵפָה סֹלֶת לְחַטָּאת לֹא־יָשִׂים עָלֶיהָ שֶׁמֶן וְלֹא־יִתֵּן עָלֶיהָ לְבֹנָה כִּי חַטָּאת הִיא׃", 5.12. "וֶהֱבִיאָהּ אֶל־הַכֹּהֵן וְקָמַץ הַכֹּהֵן מִמֶּנָּה מְלוֹא קֻמְצוֹ אֶת־אַזְכָּרָתָה וְהִקְטִיר הַמִּזְבֵּחָה עַל אִשֵּׁי יְהוָה חַטָּאת הִוא׃", 5.13. "וְכִפֶּר עָלָיו הַכֹּהֵן עַל־חַטָּאתוֹ אֲשֶׁר־חָטָא מֵאַחַת מֵאֵלֶּה וְנִסְלַח לוֹ וְהָיְתָה לַכֹּהֵן כַּמִּנְחָה׃", 5.21. "נֶפֶשׁ כִּי תֶחֱטָא וּמָעֲלָה מַעַל בַּיהוָה וְכִחֵשׁ בַּעֲמִיתוֹ בְּפִקָּדוֹן אוֹ־בִתְשׂוּמֶת יָד אוֹ בְגָזֵל אוֹ עָשַׁק אֶת־עֲמִיתוֹ׃", 5.22. "אוֹ־מָצָא אֲבֵדָה וְכִחֶשׁ בָּהּ וְנִשְׁבַּע עַל־שָׁקֶר עַל־אַחַת מִכֹּל אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂה הָאָדָם לַחֲטֹא בָהֵנָּה׃", 5.23. "וְהָיָה כִּי־יֶחֱטָא וְאָשֵׁם וְהֵשִׁיב אֶת־הַגְּזֵלָה אֲשֶׁר גָּזָל אוֹ אֶת־הָעֹשֶׁק אֲשֶׁר עָשָׁק אוֹ אֶת־הַפִּקָּדוֹן אֲשֶׁר הָפְקַד אִתּוֹ אוֹ אֶת־הָאֲבֵדָה אֲשֶׁר מָצָא׃", 5.24. "אוֹ מִכֹּל אֲשֶׁר־יִשָּׁבַע עָלָיו לַשֶּׁקֶר וְשִׁלַּם אֹתוֹ בְּרֹאשׁוֹ וַחֲמִשִׁתָיו יֹסֵף עָלָיו לַאֲשֶׁר הוּא לוֹ יִתְּנֶנּוּ בְּיוֹם אַשְׁמָתוֹ׃", 5.25. "וְאֶת־אֲשָׁמוֹ יָבִיא לַיהוָה אַיִל תָּמִים מִן־הַצֹּאן בְּעֶרְכְּךָ לְאָשָׁם אֶל־הַכֹּהֵן׃", 5.26. "וְכִפֶּר עָלָיו הַכֹּהֵן לִפְנֵי יְהוָה וְנִסְלַח לוֹ עַל־אַחַת מִכֹּל אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂה לְאַשְׁמָה בָהּ׃", 19.17. "לֹא־תִשְׂנָא אֶת־אָחִיךָ בִּלְבָבֶךָ הוֹכֵחַ תּוֹכִיחַ אֶת־עֲמִיתֶךָ וְלֹא־תִשָּׂא עָלָיו חֵטְא׃", | 5.1. "And if any one sin, in that he heareth the voice of adjuration, he being a witness, whether he hath seen or known, if he do not utter it, then he shall bear his iniquity;", 5.5. "and it shall be, when he shall be guilty in one of these things, that he shall confess that wherein he hath sinned;", 5.6. "and he shall bring his forfeit unto the LORD for his sin which he hath sinned, a female from the flock, a lamb or a goat, for a sin-offering; and the priest shall make atonement for him as concerning his sin.", 5.7. "And if his means suffice not for a lamb, then he shall bring his forfeit for that wherein he hath sinned, two turtle-doves, or two young pigeons, unto the LORD: one for a sin-offering, and the other for a burnt-offering.", 5.8. "And he shall bring them unto the priest, who shall offer that which is for the sin-offering first, and pinch off its head close by its neck, but shall not divide it asunder.", 5.9. "And he shall sprinkle of the blood of the sin-offering upon the side of the altar; and the rest of the blood shall be drained out at the base of the altar; it is a sin-offering.", 5.10. "And he shall prepare the second for a burnt-offering, according to the ordice; and the priest shall make atonement for him as concerning his sin which he hath sinned, and he shall be forgiven.", 5.11. "But if his means suffice not for two turtledoves, or two young pigeons, then he shall bring his offering for that wherein he hath sinned, the tenth part of an ephah of fine flour for a sin-offering; he shall put no oil upon it, neither shall he put any frankincense thereon; for it is a sin-offering.", 5.12. "And he shall bring it to the priest, and the priest shall take his handful of it as the memorial-part thereof, and make it smoke on the altar, upon the offerings of the LORD made by fire; it is a sin-offering.", 5.13. "And the priest shall make atonement for him as touching his sin that he hath sinned in any of these things, and he shall be forgiven; and the remt shall be the priest’s, as the meal-offering.", 5.20. "And the LORD spoke unto Moses, saying:", 5.21. "If any one sin, and commit a trespass against the LORD, and deal falsely with his neighbour in a matter of deposit, or of pledge, or of robbery, or have oppressed his neighbour;", 5.22. "or have found that which was lost, and deal falsely therein, and swear to a lie; in any of all these that a man doeth, sinning therein;", 5.23. "then it shall be, if he hath sinned, and is guilty, that he shall restore that which he took by robbery, or the thing which he hath gotten by oppression, or the deposit which was deposited with him, or the lost thing which he found,", 5.24. "or any thing about which he hath sworn falsely, he shall even restore it in full, and shall add the fifth part more thereto; unto him to whom it appertaineth shall he give it, in the day of his being guilty.", 5.25. "And he shall bring his forfeit unto the LORD, a ram without blemish out of the flock, according to thy valuation, for a guilt-offering, unto the priest.", 5.26. "And the priest shall make atonement for him before the LORD, and he shall be forgiven, concerning whatsoever he doeth so as to be guilty thereby.", 19.17. "Thou shalt not hate thy brother in thy heart; thou shalt surely rebuke thy neighbour, and not bear sin because of him.", |
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9. Hebrew Bible, Judges, 17.1-17.2, 18.18 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen •property, stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 113, 127| 17.1. "וַיֹּאמֶר לוֹ מִיכָה שְׁבָה עִמָּדִי וֶהְיֵה־לִי לְאָב וּלְכֹהֵן וְאָנֹכִי אֶתֶּן־לְךָ עֲשֶׂרֶת כֶּסֶף לַיָּמִים וְעֵרֶךְ בְּגָדִים וּמִחְיָתֶךָ וַיֵּלֶךְ הַלֵּוִי׃", 17.1. "וַיְהִי־אִישׁ מֵהַר־אֶפְרָיִם וּשְׁמוֹ מִיכָיְהוּ׃", 17.2. "וַיֹּאמֶר לְאִמּוֹ אֶלֶף וּמֵאָה הַכֶּסֶף אֲשֶׁר לֻקַּח־לָךְ ואתי [וְאַתְּ] אָלִית וְגַם אָמַרְתְּ בְּאָזְנַי הִנֵּה־הַכֶּסֶף אִתִּי אֲנִי לְקַחְתִּיו וַתֹּאמֶר אִמּוֹ בָּרוּךְ בְּנִי לַיהוָה׃", 18.18. "וְאֵלֶּה בָּאוּ בֵּית מִיכָה וַיִּקְחוּ אֶת־פֶּסֶל הָאֵפוֹד וְאֶת־הַתְּרָפִים וְאֶת־הַמַּסֵּכָה וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵיהֶם הַכֹּהֵן מָה אַתֶּם עֹשִׂים׃", | 17.1. "And there was a man of mount Efrayim, whose name was Mikhayehu.", 17.2. "And he said to his mother, The eleven hundred shekels of silver that were taken from thee, about which thou didst pronounce a curse, uttering it also in my ears, behold, the silver is with me; I took it. And his mother said, Blessed be thou of the Lord, my son.", 18.18. "And these went to Mikha’s house, and fetched the carving, the efod, and the terafim, and the molten image. Then said the priest to them, What are you doing?", |
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| 10. Hebrew Bible, Joshua, 6-7 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 126 |
11. Hebrew Bible, Jeremiah, 50.6 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen •property, stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 124| 50.6. "צֹאן אֹבְדוֹת היה [הָיוּ] עַמִּי רֹעֵיהֶם הִתְעוּם הָרִים שובבים [שׁוֹבְבוּם] מֵהַר אֶל־גִּבְעָה הָלָכוּ שָׁכְחוּ רִבְצָם׃", | 50.6. "My people hath been lost sheep; Their shepherds have caused them to go astray, They have turned them away on the mountains; They have gone from mountain to hill, They have forgotten their resting-place.", |
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12. Hebrew Bible, 2 Kings, 23.25 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen •property, stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 124| 23.25. "וְכָמֹהוּ לֹא־הָיָה לְפָנָיו מֶלֶךְ אֲשֶׁר־שָׁב אֶל־יְהוָה בְּכָל־לְבָבוֹ וּבְכָל־נַפְשׁוֹ וּבְכָל־מְאֹדוֹ כְּכֹל תּוֹרַת מֹשֶׁה וְאַחֲרָיו לֹא־קָם כָּמֹהוּ׃", | 23.25. "And like unto him was there no king before him, that turned to the LORD with all his heart, and with all his soul, and with all his might, according to all the law of Moses; neither after him arose there any like him.", |
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13. Hebrew Bible, 1 Samuel, 9.3, 9.20 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen •property, stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 124| 9.3. "וַתֹּאבַדְנָה הָאֲתֹנוֹת לְקִישׁ אֲבִי שָׁאוּל וַיֹּאמֶר קִישׁ אֶל־שָׁאוּל בְּנוֹ קַח־נָא אִתְּךָ אֶת־אַחַד מֵהַנְּעָרִים וְקוּם לֵךְ בַּקֵּשׁ אֶת־הָאֲתֹנֹת׃", | 9.3. "And the asses of Qish Sha᾽ul’s father were lost. And Qish said to Sha᾽ul his son, Take now one of the servants with thee, and arise, go seek the asses.", 9.20. "And as for thy asses that were lost three days ago, set not thy mind on them; for they are found. And on whom is all the desire of Yisra᾽el? Is it not on thee, and on all thy father’s house?", |
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14. Hebrew Bible, Ezekiel, 34.4, 34.16 (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen •property, stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 124| 34.4. "אֶת־הַנַּחְלוֹת לֹא חִזַּקְתֶּם וְאֶת־הַחוֹלָה לֹא־רִפֵּאתֶם וְלַנִּשְׁבֶּרֶת לֹא חֲבַשְׁתֶּם וְאֶת־הַנִּדַּחַת לֹא הֲשֵׁבֹתֶם וְאֶת־הָאֹבֶדֶת לֹא בִקַּשְׁתֶּם וּבְחָזְקָה רְדִיתֶם אֹתָם וּבְפָרֶךְ׃", 34.16. "אֶת־הָאֹבֶדֶת אֲבַקֵּשׁ וְאֶת־הַנִּדַּחַת אָשִׁיב וְלַנִּשְׁבֶּרֶת אֶחֱבֹשׁ וְאֶת־הַחוֹלָה אֲחַזֵּק וְאֶת־הַשְּׁמֵנָה וְאֶת־הַחֲזָקָה אַשְׁמִיד אֶרְעֶנָּה בְמִשְׁפָּט׃", | 34.4. "The weak have ye not strengthened, neither have ye healed that which was sick, neither have ye bound up that which was broken, neither have ye brought back that which was driven away, neither have ye sought that which was lost; but with force have ye ruled over them and with rigour.", 34.16. "I will seek that which was lost, and will bring back that which was driven away, and will bind up that which was broken, and will strengthen that which was sick; and the fat and the strong I will destroy, I will feed them in justice.", |
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15. Hebrew Bible, Ezra, 9.6-9.15 (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 131| 9.6. "וָאֹמְרָה אֱלֹהַי בֹּשְׁתִּי וְנִכְלַמְתִּי לְהָרִים אֱלֹהַי פָּנַי אֵלֶיךָ כִּי עֲוֺנֹתֵינוּ רָבוּ לְמַעְלָה רֹּאשׁ וְאַשְׁמָתֵנוּ גָדְלָה עַד לַשָּׁמָיִם׃", 9.7. "מִימֵי אֲבֹתֵינוּ אֲנַחְנוּ בְּאַשְׁמָה גְדֹלָה עַד הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה וּבַעֲוֺנֹתֵינוּ נִתַּנּוּ אֲנַחְנוּ מְלָכֵינוּ כֹהֲנֵינוּ בְּיַד מַלְכֵי הָאֲרָצוֹת בַּחֶרֶב בַּשְּׁבִי וּבַבִּזָּה וּבְבֹשֶׁת פָּנִים כְּהַיּוֹם הַזֶּה׃", 9.8. "וְעַתָּה כִּמְעַט־רֶגַע הָיְתָה תְחִנָּה מֵאֵת יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵינוּ לְהַשְׁאִיר לָנוּ פְּלֵיטָה וְלָתֶת־לָנוּ יָתֵד בִּמְקוֹם קָדְשׁוֹ לְהָאִיר עֵינֵינוּ אֱלֹהֵינוּ וּלְתִתֵּנוּ מִחְיָה מְעַט בְּעַבְדֻתֵנוּ׃", 9.9. "כִּי־עֲבָדִים אֲנַחְנוּ וּבְעַבְדֻתֵנוּ לֹא עֲזָבָנוּ אֱלֹהֵינוּ וַיַּט־עָלֵינוּ חֶסֶד לִפְנֵי מַלְכֵי פָרַס לָתֶת־לָנוּ מִחְיָה לְרוֹמֵם אֶת־בֵּית אֱלֹהֵינוּ וּלְהַעֲמִיד אֶת־חָרְבֹתָיו וְלָתֶת־לָנוּ גָדֵר בִּיהוּדָה וּבִירוּשָׁלִָם׃", 9.11. "אֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתָ בְּיַד עֲבָדֶיךָ הַנְּבִיאִים לֵאמֹר הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר אַתֶּם בָּאִים לְרִשְׁתָּהּ אֶרֶץ נִדָּה הִיא בְּנִדַּת עַמֵּי הָאֲרָצוֹת בְּתוֹעֲבֹתֵיהֶם אֲשֶׁר מִלְאוּהָ מִפֶּה אֶל־פֶּה בְּטֻמְאָתָם׃", 9.12. "וְעַתָּה בְּנוֹתֵיכֶם אַל־תִּתְּנוּ לִבְנֵיהֶם וּבְנֹתֵיהֶם אַל־תִּשְׂאוּ לִבְנֵיכֶם וְלֹא־תִדְרְשׁוּ שְׁלֹמָם וְטוֹבָתָם עַד־עוֹלָם לְמַעַן תֶּחֶזְקוּ וַאֲכַלְתֶּם אֶת־טוּב הָאָרֶץ וְהוֹרַשְׁתֶּם לִבְנֵיכֶם עַד־עוֹלָם׃", 9.13. "וְאַחֲרֵי כָּל־הַבָּא עָלֵינוּ בְּמַעֲשֵׂינוּ הָרָעִים וּבְאַשְׁמָתֵנוּ הַגְּדֹלָה כִּי אַתָּה אֱלֹהֵינוּ חָשַׂכְתָּ לְמַטָּה מֵעֲוֺנֵנוּ וְנָתַתָּה לָּנוּ פְּלֵיטָה כָּזֹאת׃", 9.14. "הֲנָשׁוּב לְהָפֵר מִצְוֺתֶיךָ וּלְהִתְחַתֵּן בְּעַמֵּי הַתֹּעֵבוֹת הָאֵלֶּה הֲלוֹא תֶאֱנַף־בָּנוּ עַד־כַּלֵּה לְאֵין שְׁאֵרִית וּפְלֵיטָה׃", 9.15. "יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל צַדִּיק אַתָּה כִּי־נִשְׁאַרְנוּ פְלֵיטָה כְּהַיּוֹם הַזֶּה הִנְנוּ לְפָנֶיךָ בְּאַשְׁמָתֵינוּ כִּי אֵין לַעֲמוֹד לְפָנֶיךָ עַל־זֹאת׃", | 9.6. "and I said: ‘O my God, I am ashamed and blush to lift up my face to Thee, my God; for our iniquities are increased over our head, and our guiltiness is grown up unto the heavens.", 9.7. "Since the days of our fathers we have been exceeding guilty unto this day; and for our iniquities have we, our kings, and our priests, been delivered into the hand of the kings of the lands, to the sword, to captivity, and to spoiling, and to confusion of face, as it is this day.", 9.8. "And now for a little moment grace hath been shown from the LORD our God, to leave us a remt to escape, and to give us a nail in His holy place, that our God may lighten our eyes, and give us a little reviving in our bondage.", 9.9. "For we are bondmen; yet our God hath not forsaken us in our bondage, but hath extended mercy unto us in the sight of the kings of Persia, to give us a reviving, to set up the house of our God, and to repair the ruins thereof, and to give us a fence in Judah and in Jerusalem.", 9.10. "And now, O our God, what shall we say after this? for we have forsaken Thy commandments,", 9.11. "which Thou hast commanded by Thy servants the prophets, saying: The land, unto which ye go to possess it, is an unclean land through the uncleanness of the peoples of the lands, through their abominations, wherewith they have filled it from one end to another with their filthiness.", 9.12. "Now therefore give not your daughters unto their sons, neither take their daughters unto your sons, nor seek their peace or their prosperity for ever; that ye may be strong, and eat the good of the land, and leave it for an inheritance to your children for ever.", 9.13. "And after all that is come upon us for our evil deeds, and for our great guilt, seeing that Thou our God hast punished us less than our iniquities deserve, and hast given us such a remt,", 9.14. "shall we again break Thy commandments, and make marriages with the peoples that do these abominations? wouldest not Thou be angry with us till Thou hadst consumed us, so that there should be no remt, nor any to escape?", 9.15. "O LORD, the God of Israel, Thou art righteous; for we are left a remt that is escaped, as it is this day; behold, we are before Thee in our guiltiness; for none can stand before Thee because of this.’", |
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16. Hebrew Bible, Nehemiah, 10.30 (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen •property, stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 125 | 10.30. "they cleaved to their brethren, their nobles, and entered into a curse, and into an oath, to walk in God’s law, which was given by Moses the servant of God, and to observe and do all the commandments of the LORD our Lord, and His ordices and His statutes;", |
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17. Hebrew Bible, Zechariah, 5.1-5.4 (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen •property, stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 113| 5.1. "וָאָשׁוּב וָאֶשָּׂא עֵינַי וָאֶרְאֶה וְהִנֵּה מְגִלָּה עָפָה׃", 5.1. "וָאֹמַר אֶל־הַמַּלְאָךְ הַדֹּבֵר בִּי אָנָה הֵמָּה מוֹלִכוֹת אֶת־הָאֵיפָה׃", 5.2. "וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלַי מָה אַתָּה רֹאֶה וָאֹמַר אֲנִי רֹאֶה מְגִלָּה עָפָה אָרְכָּהּ עֶשְׂרִים בָּאַמָּה וְרָחְבָּהּ עֶשֶׂר בָּאַמָּה׃", 5.3. "וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלַי זֹאת הָאָלָה הַיּוֹצֵאת עַל־פְּנֵי כָל־הָאָרֶץ כִּי כָל־הַגֹּנֵב מִזֶּה כָּמוֹהָ נִקָּה וְכָל־הַנִּשְׁבָּע מִזֶּה כָּמוֹהָ נִקָּה׃", 5.4. "הוֹצֵאתִיהָ נְאֻם יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת וּבָאָה אֶל־בֵּית הַגַּנָּב וְאֶל־בֵּית הַנִּשְׁבָּע בִּשְׁמִי לַשָּׁקֶר וְלָנֶה בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ וְכִלַּתּוּ וְאֶת־עֵצָיו וְאֶת־אֲבָנָיו׃", | 5.1. "Then again I lifted up mine eyes, and saw, and behold a flying scroll.", 5.2. "And he said unto me: ‘What seest thou?’ And I answered: ‘I see a flying scroll; the length thereof is twenty cubits, and the breadth thereof ten cubits.’", 5.3. "Then said he unto me: ‘This is the curse that goeth forth over the face of the whole land; for every one that stealeth shall be swept away on the one side like it; and every one that sweareth shall be swept away on the other side like it.", 5.4. "I cause it to go forth, saith the LORD of hosts, and it shall enter into the house of the thief, and into the house of him that sweareth falsely by My name; and it shall abide in the midst of his house, and shall consume it with the timber thereof and the stones thereof.’", |
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| 18. Dead Sea Scrolls, Damascus Covenant, 5.5, 6.11-6.14, 9.1, 9.6-9.16, 9.18, 12.10, 12.24, 13.20, 14.3, 15.4, 20.28-20.30 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen •property, stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 10, 111, 112, 116, 118, 124, 129, 130, 142 |
19. Hebrew Bible, Daniel, 9.2, 9.11 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •property, stolen •property, restitution of lost or stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 125, 142| 9.2. "בִּשְׁנַת אַחַת לְמָלְכוֹ אֲנִי דָּנִיֵּאל בִּינֹתִי בַּסְּפָרִים מִסְפַּר הַשָּׁנִים אֲשֶׁר הָיָה דְבַר־יְהוָה אֶל־יִרְמִיָה הַנָּבִיא לְמַלֹּאות לְחָרְבוֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַם שִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה׃", 9.2. "וְעוֹד אֲנִי מְדַבֵּר וּמִתְפַּלֵּל וּמִתְוַדֶּה חַטָּאתִי וְחַטַּאת עַמִּי יִשְׂרָאֵל וּמַפִּיל תְּחִנָּתִי לִפְנֵי יְהוָה אֱלֹהַי עַל הַר־קֹדֶשׁ אֱלֹהָי׃", 9.11. "וְכָל־יִשְׂרָאֵל עָבְרוּ אֶת־תּוֹרָתֶךָ וְסוֹר לְבִלְתִּי שְׁמוֹעַ בְּקֹלֶךָ וַתִּתַּךְ עָלֵינוּ הָאָלָה וְהַשְּׁבֻעָה אֲשֶׁר כְּתוּבָה בְּתוֹרַת מֹשֶׁה עֶבֶד־הָאֱלֹהִים כִּי חָטָאנוּ לוֹ׃", | 9.2. "in the first year of his reign I Daniel meditated in the books, over the number of the years, whereof the word of the LORD came to Jeremiah the prophet, that He would accomplish for the desolations of Jerusalem seventy years.", 9.11. "Yea, all Israel have transgressed Thy law, and have turned aside, so as not to hearken to Thy voice; and so there hath been poured out upon us the curse and the oath that is written in the Law of Moses the servant of God; for we have sinned against Him.", |
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| 20. Dead Sea Scrolls, (Cairo Damascus Covenant) Cd-A, 5.5, 6.11-6.14, 9.1, 9.6-9.16, 9.18, 12.10, 12.24, 13.20, 14.3, 15.4, 20.28-20.30 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen •property, stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 10, 111, 112, 116, 118, 124, 129, 130, 142 |
21. Septuagint, Ecclesiasticus (Siracides), 7.30, 47.18 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen •property, stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 124, 133 | 47.18. In the name of the Lord God,who is called the God of Israel,you gathered gold like tin and amassed silver like lead. |
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| 22. Dead Sea Scrolls, of Discipline, 1.24-2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15, 2.16, 2.17, 2.18, 6.27-7.2, 10.16 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 118 |
23. Mishnah, Bava Metzia, 2.2-2.3, 2.7-2.8, 4.8, 7.8 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 131, 132| 2.2. "וְאֵלוּ חַיָּב לְהַכְרִיז, מָצָא פֵרוֹת בִּכְלִי אוֹ כְלִי כְּמוֹת שֶׁהוּא, מָעוֹת בְּכִיס אוֹ כִיס כְּמוֹת שֶׁהוּא, צִבּוּרֵי פֵרוֹת, צִבּוּרֵי מָעוֹת, שְׁלשָׁה מַטְבְּעוֹת זֶה עַל גַּב זֶה, כְּרִיכוֹת בִּרְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד, וְכִכָּרוֹת שֶׁל בַּעַל הַבַּיִת, וְגִזֵּי צֶמֶר הַלְּקוּחוֹת מִבֵּית הָאֻמָּן, כַּדֵּי יַיִן וְכַדֵּי שֶׁמֶן, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ חַיָּב לְהַכְרִיז:", 2.3. "מָצָא אַחַר הַגַּפָּה אוֹ אַחַר הַגָּדֵר גּוֹזָלוֹת מְקֻשָּׁרִין, אוֹ בִשְׁבִילִין שֶׁבַּשָּׂדוֹת, הֲרֵי זֶה לֹא יִגַּע בָּהֶן. מָצָא כְלִי בָּאַשְׁפָּה, אִם מְכֻסֶּה, לֹא יִגַּע בּוֹ, אִם מְגֻלֶּה, נוֹטֵל וּמַכְרִיז. מָצָא בְגַל אוֹ בְכֹתֶל יָשָׁן, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ שֶׁלּוֹ. מָצָא בְכֹתֶל חָדָשׁ, מֵחֶצְיוֹ וְלַחוּץ, שֶׁלּוֹ, מֵחֶצְיוֹ וְלִפְנִים, שֶׁל בַּעַל הַבָּיִת. אִם הָיָה מַשְׂכִּירוֹ לַאֲחֵרִים, אֲפִלּוּ בְתוֹךְ הַבַּיִת, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ שֶׁלּוֹ:", 2.7. "אָמַר אֶת הָאֲבֵדָה וְלֹא אָמַר סִימָנֶיהָ, לֹא יִתֶּן לוֹ. וְהָ רַמַּאי, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאָמַר סִימָנֶיהָ, לֹא יִתֶּן לוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כב) עַד דְּרשׁ אָחִיךָ אֹתוֹ, עַד שֶׁתִּדְרשׁ אֶת אָחִיךָ אִם רַמַּאי הוּא אִם אֵינוֹ רַמָּאי. כָּל דָּבָר שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה וְאוֹכֵל, יַעֲשֶׂה וְיֹאכַל. וְדָבָר שֶׁאֵין עוֹשֶׂה וְאוֹכֵל, יִמָּכֵר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שם) וַהֲשֵׁבֹתוֹ לוֹ, רְאֵה הֵיאַךְ תְּשִׁיבֶנּוּ לוֹ. מַה יְּהֵא בַדָּמִים. רַבִּי טַרְפוֹן אוֹמֵר, יִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶן, לְפִיכָךְ אִם אָבְדוּ חַיָּב בְּאַחֲרָיוּתָן. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר, לֹא יִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶן, לְפִיכָךְ אִם אָבְדוּ אֵינוֹ חַיָּב בְּאַחֲרָיוּתָן:", 2.8. "מָצָא סְפָרִים, קוֹרֵא בָהֶן אַחַת לִשְׁלֹשִׁים יוֹם. וְאִם אֵינוֹ יוֹדֵעַ לִקְרוֹת, גּוֹלְלָן. אֲבָל לֹא יִלְמֹד בָּהֶן בַּתְּחִלָּה, וְלֹא יִקְרָא אַחֵר עִמּוֹ. מָצָא כְסוּת, מְנַעֲרָהּ אַחַת לִשְׁלֹשִׁים יוֹם. וְשׁוֹטְחָהּ לְצָרְכָּהּ, אֲבָל לֹא לִכְבוֹדוֹ. כְּלֵי כֶסֶף וּכְלֵי נְחֹשֶׁת, מִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶן לְצָרְכָּן, אֲבָל לֹא לְשָׁחֳקָן. כְּלֵי זָהָב וּכְלֵי זְכוּכִית, לֹא יִגַּע בָּהֶן עַד שֶׁיָּבֹא אֵלִיָּהוּ. מָצָא שַׂק אוֹ קֻפָּה, וְכָל דָּבָר שֶׁאֵין דַּרְכּוֹ לִטֹּל, הֲרֵי זֶה לֹא יִטֹּל:", 4.8. "חֲמִשָּׁה חֻמְשִׁין הֵן. הָאוֹכֵל תְּרוּמָה, וּתְרוּמַת מַעֲשֵׂר, וּתְרוּמַת מַעֲשֵׂר שֶׁל דְּמַאי, וְהַחַלָּה, וְהַבִּכּוּרִים מוֹסִיף חֹמֶשׁ. וְהַפּוֹדֶה נֶטַע רְבָעִי וּמַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי שֶׁלּוֹ, מוֹסִיף חֹמֶשׁ. הַפּוֹדֶה אֶת הֶקְדֵּשׁוֹ, מוֹסִיף חֹמֶשׁ. הַנֶּהֱנֶה בְשָׁוֶה פְרוּטָה מִן הַהֶקְדֵּשׁ, מוֹסִיף חֹמֶשׁ. וְהַגּוֹזֵל אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ שָׁוֶה פְרוּטָה וְנִשְׁבַּע לוֹ, מוֹסִיף חֹמֶשׁ: \n", 7.8. "שׁוֹמְרֵי פֵרוֹת אוֹכְלִין מֵהִלְכוֹת מְדִינָה, אֲבָל לֹא מִן הַתּוֹרָה. אַרְבָּעָה שׁוֹמְרִין הֵן. שׁוֹמֵר חִנָּם, וְהַשּׁוֹאֵל, נוֹשֵׂא שָׂכָר, וְהַשּׂוֹכֵר. שׁוֹמֵר חִנָּם נִשְׁבָּע עַל הַכֹּל, וְהַשּׁוֹאֵל מְשַׁלֵּם אֶת הַכֹּל, וְנוֹשֵׂא שָׂכָר וְהַשּׂוֹכֵר נִשְׁבָּעִים עַל הַשְּׁבוּרָה וְעַל הַשְּׁבוּיָה וְעַל הַמֵּתָה, וּמְשַׁלְּמִין אֶת הָאֲבֵדָה וְאֶת הַגְּנֵבָה: \n", | 2.2. "And these must be proclaimed: if a man found fruit in a vessel, or an empty vessel; or money in a bag, or an empty bag; piles of fruit or piles of money; three coins one on top of the other; small sheaves in the private domain; home-made loaves of bread; wool shearings as they come from the craftsman’s shop; jugs of wine or jugs of oil, these must be proclaimed.", 2.3. "If a man found pigeons tied together behind a fence or a hedge or on footpaths in the fields, he may not touch them. If he found an object in the dungheap and it was covered up he may not touch it, but if it was exposed he should take it and proclaim. If he found it in a pile of stones or in an old wall it belongs to him. If he found it in a new wall and it was on the outside [of the wall] it belongs to him. If it was on the inner side it belongs to the householder. But if the house had been hired to others, even if a man found something within the house, it belongs to him.", 2.7. "If he (the claimant) named what was lost but could not describe its distinctive marks, he should not give it back to him. And it should not be give to a [known] deceiver, even if he describes its distinctive marks, as it is said [in the verse, Deut. 22:2]: “Until your fellow claims it”, [which is to say] until you inquire about your fellow, if he is a deceiver or not. Whatsoever works and eats, let it work and eat [while in the finder’s care]. But whatsoever does not work and eat should be sold, as it is said [in the verse, Deut. 22:2]: “And you shall return it to him”, See how you can return it to him. What shall be with the money [from the sale]? Rabbi Tarfon says: “He may use it, therefore if it is lost he is responsible for it.” Rabbi Akiva says: “He may not use it, therefore if it is lost he is not responsible for it.”", 2.8. "If he found scrolls he must read them once every thirty days, and if he does not know how to read he should unroll them. But he may not learn from them something he has not yet learned, nor may another read with him. If he found clothing he must shake it out once every thirty days, and spread it out for [the clothing’s] own good, but not for his own honor. [If he found] silver or copper vessels he must use them for their own good but not so as to wear them out. [If he found] vessels of gold or glass he may not touch them until Elijah comes. If he found a sack or a large basket or anything that is not generally carried about, he may not carry it.", 4.8. "There are five cases in which one must add a fifth:One who eats terumah, or the terumah taken from the tithe, or the terumah from a tithe taken from doubtfully tithed produce, or dough offering, or first fruits, must add a fifth [to the value of the principle when he makes restitution]. One that redeems [the fruit of] a fourth year plant, or his second tithe, must add a fifth. One that redeems that which he dedicated [to the Temple] must add a fifth. One that derives a perutah’s worth of benefit from that which belongs to the sanctuary must add a fifth [when he makes restitution]. One who steals that which is worth a perutah from his fellow must add a fifth [when he makes restitution].", 7.8. "Those that guard [gathered] produce may eat from it because that is the custom of the land and not because that is the law of the Torah. There are four kinds of guardians: an unpaid guardian, a borrower, a paid guardian and a hirer. An unpaid guardian may take an oath [that he had not been neglectful] in every case [of loss or damage and be free of liability]. A borrower must make restitution in every case. A paid guardian or a hirer may take an oath if the beast was injured, or taken captive or dead, but he must make restitution if it was lost or stolen.", |
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24. Mishnah, Bava Qamma, 9.11-9.12 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 119, 130, 131| 9.11. "הַגּוֹזֵל אֶת הַגֵּר וְנִשְׁבַּע לוֹ, וּמֵת, הֲרֵי זֶה מְשַׁלֵּם קֶרֶן וָחֹמֶשׁ לַכֹּהֲנִים וְאָשָׁם לַמִּזְבֵּחַ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר ה) וְאִם אֵין לָאִישׁ גֹּאֵל לְהָשִׁיב הָאָשָׁם אֵלָיו, הָאָשָׁם הַמּוּשָׁב לַה' לַכֹּהֵן, מִלְּבַד אֵיל הַכִּפֻּרִים אֲשֶׁר יְכַפֶּר בּוֹ עָלָיו. הָיָה מַעֲלֶה אֶת הַכֶּסֶף וְאֶת הָאָשָׁם, וּמֵת, הַכֶּסֶף יִנָּתֵן לְבָנָיו, וְהָאָשָׁם יִרְעֶה עַד שֶׁיִּסְתָּאֵב, וְיִמָּכֵר וְיִפְּלוּ דָמָיו לִנְדָבָה: \n", 9.12. "נָתַן הַכֶּסֶף לְאַנְשֵׁי מִשְׁמָר, וּמֵת, אֵין הַיּוֹרְשִׁים יְכוֹלִין לְהוֹצִיא מִיָּדָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שם) אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יִתֵּן לַכֹּהֵן לוֹ יִהְיֶה. נָתַן הַכֶּסֶף לִיהוֹיָרִיב וְאָשָׁם לִידַעְיָה, יָצָא. אָשָׁם לִיהוֹיָרִיב וְכֶסֶף לִידַעְיָה, אִם קַיָּם הָאָשָׁם, יַקְרִיבוּהוּ בְנֵי יְדַעְיָה, וְאִם לֹא, יַחֲזִיר וְיָבִיא אָשָׁם אַחֵר, שֶׁהַמֵּבִיא גְזֵלוֹ עַד שֶׁלֹּא הֵבִיא אֲשָׁמוֹ, יָצָא. הֵבִיא אֲשָׁמוֹ עַד שֶׁלֹּא הֵבִיא גְזֵלוֹ, לֹא יָצָא. נָתַן אֶת הַקֶּרֶן וְלֹא נָתַן אֶת הַחֹמֶשׁ, אֵין הַחֹמֶשׁ מְעַכֵּב: \n", | 9.11. "If a man stole from a convert and swore [falsely] to him, and the convert died, he must repay the value and the added fifth to the priests, and the Guilt-offering to the altar, as it says: “If the man has no kinsman to whom restitution can be made, the amount which is repaid shall go to the priest in addition to the ram of atonement, whereby atonement shall be made for him” (Numbers 5:8). If he brought the money and the Guilt-offering and then died, the money shall be given to his sons, and the Guilt-offering shall be left to pasture until it suffers a blemish, when it shall be sold, and its value falls to the Temple treasury.", 9.12. "If he [who had stolen from the convert] gave the money to the men of the priestly watch and then died, his inheritors cannot recover it from their [the priests] hands, as it says, “Whatsoever a man gives to a priest shall be his” (Numbers 5:10). If he gave the money to Yehoyariv, and the Guilt-offering to Yedayah, he has fulfilled his obligation. If he gave the Guilt-offering to Yehoyariv and the money to Yedayah: if the Guilt-offering still remains, the sons of Yedayah shall offer it; otherwise, he must bring another Guilt-offering. For if a man brought what he had stolen before he offered his Guilt-offering, he has fulfilled his obligation. But if he brought his Guilt-offering before he brought what he had stolen, he has not yet fulfilled his obligation. If he gave the value but not the [added] fifth, the [added] fifth does not prevent [him from offering the Guilt-offering].", |
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25. Mishnah, Berachot, 9.5 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen •property, stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 124| 9.5. "חַיָּב אָדָם לְבָרֵךְ עַל הָרָעָה כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהוּא מְבָרֵךְ עַל הַטּוֹבָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ו) וְאָהַבְתָּ אֵת יְיָ אֱלֹהֶיךָ בְּכָל לְבָבְךָ וּבְכָל נַפְשְׁךָ וּבְכָל מְאֹדֶךָ. בְּכָל לְבָבְךָ, בִּשְׁנֵי יְצָרֶיךָ, בְּיֵצֶר טוֹב וּבְיֵצֶר רָע. וּבְכָל נַפְשְׁךָ, אֲפִלּוּ הוּא נוֹטֵל אֶת נַפְשֶׁךָ. וּבְכָל מְאֹדֶךָ, בְּכָל מָמוֹנֶךָ. דָּבָר אַחֵר בְּכָל מְאֹדֶךָ, בְּכָל מִדָּה וּמִדָּה שֶׁהוּא מוֹדֵד לְךָ הֱוֵי מוֹדֶה לוֹ בִּמְאֹד מְאֹד. לֹא יָקֵל אָדָם אֶת רֹאשׁוֹ כְּנֶגֶד שַׁעַר הַמִּזְרָח, שֶׁהוּא מְכֻוָּן כְּנֶגֶד בֵּית קָדְשֵׁי הַקָּדָשִׁים. לֹא יִכָּנֵס לְהַר הַבַּיִת בְּמַקְלוֹ, וּבְמִנְעָלוֹ, וּבְפֻנְדָּתוֹ, וּבְאָבָק שֶׁעַל רַגְלָיו, וְלֹא יַעֲשֶׂנּוּ קַפַּנְדַּרְיָא, וּרְקִיקָה מִקַּל וָחֹמֶר. כָּל חוֹתְמֵי בְרָכוֹת שֶׁהָיוּ בַמִּקְדָּשׁ, הָיוּ אוֹמְרִים מִן הָעוֹלָם. מִשֶּׁקִּלְקְלוּ הַמִּינִין, וְאָמְרוּ, אֵין עוֹלָם אֶלָּא אֶחָד, הִתְקִינוּ שֶׁיְּהוּ אוֹמְרִים, מִן הָעוֹלָם וְעַד הָעוֹלָם. וְהִתְקִינוּ, שֶׁיְּהֵא אָדָם שׁוֹאֵל אֶת שְׁלוֹם חֲבֵרוֹ בַּשֵּׁם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (רות ב) וְהִנֵּה בֹעַז בָּא מִבֵּית לֶחֶם, וַיֹּאמֶר לַקּוֹצְרִים יְיָ עִמָּכֶם, וַיֹּאמְרוּ לוֹ, יְבָרֶכְךָ יְיָ. וְאוֹמֵר (שופטים ו) יְיָ עִמְּךָ גִּבּוֹר הֶחָיִל. וְאוֹמֵר (משלי כג) אַל תָּבוּז כִּי זָקְנָה אִמֶּךָ. וְאוֹמֵר (תהלים קיט) עֵת לַעֲשׂוֹת לַייָ הֵפֵרוּ תוֹרָתֶךָ. רַבִּי נָתָן אוֹמֵר, הֵפֵרוּ תוֹרָתֶךָ עֵת לַעֲשׂוֹת לַייָ: \n", | 9.5. "One must bless [God] for the evil in the same way as one blesses for the good, as it says, “And you shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul and with all your might” (Deuteronomy 6:5). “With all your heart,” with your two impulses, the evil impulse as well as the good impulse. “With all your soul” even though he takes your soul [life] away from you. “With all your might” with all your money. Another explanation, “With all your might” whatever treatment he metes out to you. One should not show disrespect to the Eastern Gate, because it is in a direct line with the Holy of Holies. One should not enter the Temple Mount with a staff, or with shoes on, or with a wallet, or with dusty feet; nor should one make it a short cut, all the more spitting [is forbidden]. All the conclusions of blessings that were in the Temple they would say, “forever [lit. as long as the world is].” When the sectarians perverted their ways and said that there was only one world, they decreed that they should say, “for ever and ever [lit. from the end of the world to the end of the world]. They also decreed that a person should greet his fellow in God’s name, as it says, “And behold Boaz came from Bethlehem and said to the reapers, ‘May the Lord be with you.’ And they answered him, “May the Lord bless you’” (Ruth 2:. And it also says, “The Lord is with your, you valiant warrior” (Judges 6:12). And it also says, “And do not despise your mother when she grows old” (Proverbs 23:22). And it also says, “It is time to act on behalf of the Lord, for they have violated Your teaching” (Psalms 119:126). Rabbi Natan says: [this means] “They have violated your teaching It is time to act on behalf of the Lord.”", |
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26. Mishnah, Keritot, 2.4 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 129| 2.4. "הָאִשָּׁה שֶׁיָּלְדָה וְלָדוֹת הַרְבֵּה, הִפִּילָה בְתוֹךְ שְׁמוֹנִים נְקֵבָה וְחָזְרָה וְהִפִּילָה בְתוֹךְ שְׁמוֹנִים נְקֵבָה, וְהַמַּפֶּלֶת תְּאוֹמִים, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, מְבִיאָה עַל הָרִאשׁוֹן וְאֵינָהּ מְבִיאָה עַל הַשֵּׁנִי. מְבִיאָה עַל הַשְּׁלִישִׁי וְאֵינָהּ מְבִיאָה עַל הָרְבִיעִי. אֵלּוּ מְבִיאִין קָרְבָּן עוֹלֶה וְיוֹרֵד. עַל שְׁמִיעַת הַקּוֹל, וְעַל בִּטּוּי שְׂפָתַיִם, וְעַל טֻמְאַת מִקְדָּשׁ וְקָדָשָׁיו, וְהַיֹּלֶדֶת, וְהַמְצֹרָע. וּמַה בֵּין הַשִּׁפְחָה לְבֵין כָּל הָעֲרָיוֹת. שֶׁלֹּא שָׁוְתָה לָהֶן לֹא בָעֹנֶשׁ וְלֹא בַקָּרְבָּן, שֶׁכָּל הָעֲרָיוֹת בְּחַטָּאת וְהַשִּׁפְחָה בְּאָשָׁם. כָּל הָעֲרָיוֹת בִּנְקֵבָה, וְשִׁפְחָה בְּזָכָר. כָּל הָעֲרָיוֹת, אֶחָד הָאִישׁ וְאֶחָד הָאִשָּׁה שָׁוִין בַּמַּכּוֹת וּבַקָּרְבָּן, וּבַשִּׁפְחָה לֹא הִשְׁוָה אֶת הָאִישׁ לָאִשָּׁה בַּמַּכּוֹת וְלֹא אֶת הָאִשָּׁה לָאִישׁ בַּקָּרְבָּן. כָּל הָעֲרָיוֹת, עָשָׂה בָהֶן אֶת הַמְעָרֶה כַגּוֹמֵר, וְחַיָּב עַל כָּל בִּיאָה וּבִיאָה. זֶה חֹמֶר הֶחְמִיר בַּשִּׁפְחָה, שֶׁעָשָׂה בָהּ אֶת הַמֵּזִיד כַּשּׁוֹגֵג: \n", | 2.4. "A woman who has had several births. If she miscarried a female within eighty days of the birth of a girl, and then she again miscarried a female within eighty days of the previous [miscarriage]; or if she miscarried twins. Rabbi Judah says: she brings an offering for the first and not for the second, for the third again but not for the fourth. The following persons bring an offering of higher or lesser value: One who hears the voice (see Leviticus 5:1); One who has broken the word of his lips (Leviticus 5:4); One who while unclean has entered the sanctuary or [has partaken] of holy things, A woman after childbirth And a metzora. What is the difference between [intercourse] with a female slave and the other forbidden sexual relations? For they are not equivalent in regard to the punishment nor the sacrifice. In the case of all other forbidden sexual relations a hatat is brought, in that of a female slave an asham; In the case of the other forbidden sexual relations a female animal is brought, in that of the female slave a male; In the case of the other forbidden sexual relations man and woman are alike with respect to lashes and the sacrifice; in that of the female slave the man is unlike the woman regarding the lashes, and the woman is unlike the man regarding the sacrifice. In the case of all other forbidden sexual relations sexual contact is punishable as well as consummation, and one is liable for each act of intercourse separately. For in this the case of the female slave is more stringent in that intentional transgression is of the same status as unwitting transgression.", |
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27. Mishnah, Sanhedrin, 4.5 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 128| 4.5. "כֵּיצַד מְאַיְּמִין אֶת הָעֵדִים עַל עֵדֵי נְפָשׁוֹת, הָיוּ מַכְנִיסִין אוֹתָן וּמְאַיְּמִין עֲלֵיהֶן. שֶׁמָּא תֹאמְרוּ מֵאֹמֶד, וּמִשְּׁמוּעָה, עֵד מִפִּי עֵד וּמִפִּי אָדָם נֶאֱמָן שָׁמַעְנוּ, אוֹ שֶׁמָּא אִי אַתֶּם יוֹדְעִין שֶׁסּוֹפֵנוּ לִבְדֹּק אֶתְכֶם בִּדְרִישָׁה וּבַחֲקִירָה. הֱווּ יוֹדְעִין שֶׁלֹּא כְדִינֵי מָמוֹנוֹת דִּינֵי נְפָשׁוֹת. דִּינֵי מָמוֹנוֹת, אָדָם נוֹתֵן מָמוֹן וּמִתְכַּפֵּר לוֹ. דִּינֵי נְפָשׁוֹת, דָּמוֹ וְדַם זַרְעִיּוֹתָיו תְּלוּיִין בּוֹ עַד סוֹף הָעוֹלָם, שֶׁכֵּן מָצִינוּ בְקַיִן שֶׁהָרַג אֶת אָחִיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ד) דְּמֵי אָחִיךָ צֹעֲקִים, אֵינוֹ אוֹמֵר דַּם אָחִיךָ אֶלָּא דְּמֵי אָחִיךָ, דָּמוֹ וְדַם זַרְעִיּוֹתָיו. דָּבָר אַחֵר, דְּמֵי אָחִיךָ, שֶׁהָיָה דָמוֹ מֻשְׁלָךְ עַל הָעֵצִים וְעַל הָאֲבָנִים. לְפִיכָךְ נִבְרָא אָדָם יְחִידִי, לְלַמֶּדְךָ, שֶׁכָּל הַמְאַבֵּד נֶפֶשׁ אַחַת מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל, מַעֲלֶה עָלָיו הַכָּתוּב כְּאִלּוּ אִבֵּד עוֹלָם מָלֵא. וְכָל הַמְקַיֵּם נֶפֶשׁ אַחַת מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל, מַעֲלֶה עָלָיו הַכָּתוּב כְּאִלּוּ קִיֵּם עוֹלָם מָלֵא. וּמִפְּנֵי שְׁלוֹם הַבְּרִיּוֹת, שֶׁלֹּא יֹאמַר אָדָם לַחֲבֵרוֹ אַבָּא גָדוֹל מֵאָבִיךָ. וְשֶׁלֹּא יְהוּ מִינִין אוֹמְרִים, הַרְבֵּה רָשֻׁיּוֹת בַּשָּׁמָיִם. וּלְהַגִּיד גְּדֻלָּתוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁאָדָם טוֹבֵעַ כַּמָּה מַטְבְּעוֹת בְּחוֹתָם אֶחָד וְכֻלָּן דּוֹמִין זֶה לָזֶה, וּמֶלֶךְ מַלְכֵי הַמְּלָכִים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא טָבַע כָּל אָדָם בְּחוֹתָמוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן וְאֵין אֶחָד מֵהֶן דּוֹמֶה לַחֲבֵרוֹ. לְפִיכָךְ כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד חַיָּב לוֹמַר, בִּשְׁבִילִי נִבְרָא הָעוֹלָם. וְשֶׁמָּא תֹאמְרוּ מַה לָּנוּ וְלַצָּרָה הַזֹּאת, וַהֲלֹא כְבָר נֶאֱמַר (ויקרא ה) וְהוּא עֵד אוֹ רָאָה אוֹ יָדָע אִם לוֹא יַגִּיד וְגוֹ'. וְשֶׁמָּא תֹאמְרוּ מַה לָּנוּ לָחוּב בְּדָמוֹ שֶׁל זֶה, וַהֲלֹא כְבָר נֶאֱמַר (משלי יא) וּבַאֲבֹד רְשָׁעִים רִנָּה: \n", | 4.5. "How did they admonish witnesses in capital cases? They brought them in and admonished them, [saying], “Perhaps you will say something that is only a supposition or hearsay or secondhand, or even from a trustworthy man. Or perhaps you do not know that we shall check you with examination and inquiry? Know, moreover, that capital cases are not like non-capital cases: in non-capital cases a man may pay money and so make atonement, but in capital cases the witness is answerable for the blood of him [that is wrongfully condemned] and the blood of his descendants [that should have been born to him] to the end of the world.” For so have we found it with Cain that murdered his brother, for it says, “The bloods of your brother cry out” (Gen. 4:10). It doesn’t say, “The blood of your brother”, but rather “The bloods of your brother” meaning his blood and the blood of his descendants. Another saying is, “The bloods of your brother” that his blood was cast over trees and stones. Therefore but a single person was created in the world, to teach that if any man has caused a single life to perish from Israel, he is deemed by Scripture as if he had caused a whole world to perish; and anyone who saves a single soul from Israel, he is deemed by Scripture as if he had saved a whole world. Again [but a single person was created] for the sake of peace among humankind, that one should not say to another, “My father was greater than your father”. Again, [but a single person was created] against the heretics so they should not say, “There are many ruling powers in heaven”. Again [but a single person was created] to proclaim the greatness of the Holy Blessed One; for humans stamp many coins with one seal and they are all like one another; but the King of kings, the Holy Blessed One, has stamped every human with the seal of the first man, yet not one of them are like another. Therefore everyone must say, “For my sake was the world created.” And if perhaps you [witnesses] would say, “Why should we be involved with this trouble”, was it not said, “He, being a witness, whether he has seen or known, [if he does not speak it, then he shall bear his iniquity] (Lev. 5:1). And if perhaps you [witnesses] would say, “Why should we be guilty of the blood of this man?, was it not said, “When the wicked perish there is rejoicing” (Proverbs 11:10).]", |
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28. Mishnah, Shevuot, 4.1-4.3, 4.10-4.11, 8.1 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 114, 128, 129, 132| 4.1. "שְׁבוּעַת הָעֵדוּת נוֹהֶגֶת בַּאֲנָשִׁים וְלֹא בְנָשִׁים, בִּרְחוֹקִין וְלֹא בִקְרוֹבִין, בִּכְשֵׁרִים וְלֹא בִפְסוּלִין. וְאֵינָהּ נוֹהֶגֶת אֶלָּא בָרְאוּיִין לְהָעִיד, בִּפְנֵי בֵית דִּין וְשֶׁלֹּא בִּפְנֵי בֵית דִּין, מִפִּי עַצְמוֹ, וּמִפִּי אֲחֵרִים, אֵין חַיָּבִין עַד שֶׁיִּכְפְּרוּ בָהֶן בְּבֵית דִּין, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, בֵּין מִפִּי עַצְמוֹ וּבֵין מִפִּי אֲחֵרִים, אֵינָן חַיָּבִין עַד שֶׁיִּכְפְּרוּ בָהֶן בְּבֵית דִּין: \n", 4.2. "וְחַיָּבִין עַל זְדוֹן הַשְּׁבוּעָה, וְעַל שִׁגְגָתָהּ עִם זְדוֹן הָעֵדוּת, וְאֵינָן חַיָּבִין עַל שִׁגְגָתָהּ. וּמַה הֵן חַיָּבִין עַל זְדוֹן הַשְּׁבוּעָה, קָרְבָּן עוֹלֶה וְיוֹרֵד: \n", 4.3. "שְׁבוּעַת הָעֵדוּת כֵּיצַד. אָמַר לִשְׁנַיִם בֹּאוּ וַהֲעִידוּנִי. שְׁבוּעָה שֶׁאֵין אָנוּ יוֹדְעִין לְךָ עֵדוּת, אוֹ שֶׁאָמְרוּ לוֹ אֵין אָנוּ יוֹדְעִין לְךָ עֵדוּת, מַשְׁבִּיעַ אֲנִי עֲלֵיכֶם וְאָמְרוּ אָמֵן, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ חַיָּבִין. הִשְׁבִּיעַ עֲלֵיהֶן חֲמִשָּׁה פְעָמִים חוּץ לְבֵית דִּין וּבָאוּ לְבֵית דִּין וְהוֹדוּ, פְּטוּרִים. כָּפְרוּ, חַיָּבִים עַל כָּל אַחַת וְאֶחָת. הִשְׁבִּיעַ עֲלֵיהֶן חֲמִשָּׁה פְעָמִים בִּפְנֵי בֵית דִּין וְכָפְרוּ, אֵינָן חַיָּבִין אֶלָּא אַחַת. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן, מַה טַּעַם, הוֹאִיל וְאֵינָם יְכוֹלִין לַחֲזֹר וּלְהוֹדוֹת: \n", 4.10. "עָמַד בְּבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת וְאָמַר, מַשְׁבִּיעַ אֲנִי עֲלֵיכֶם שֶׁאִם אַתֶּם יוֹדְעִים לִי עֵדוּת שֶׁתָּבֹאוּ וּתְעִידוּנִי, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ פְטוּרִין, עַד שֶׁיִּהְיֶה מִתְכַּוֵּן לָהֶם: \n", 4.11. "אָמַר לִשְׁנַיִם, מַשְׁבִּיעַ אֲנִי עֲלֵיכֶם אִישׁ פְּלוֹנִי וּפְלוֹנִי, שֶׁאִם אַתֶּם יוֹדְעִין לִי עֵדוּת שֶׁתָּבֹאוּ וּתְעִידוּנִי, שְׁבוּעָה שֶׁאֵין אָנוּ יוֹדְעִין לְךָ עֵדוּת, וְהֵם יוֹדְעִין לוֹ עֵדוּת עֵד מִפִּי עֵד אוֹ שֶׁהָיָה אֶחָד מֵהֶן קָרוֹב אוֹ פָסוּל, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ פְטוּרִין: \n", 8.1. "אַרְבָּעָה שׁוֹמְרִין הֵן, שׁוֹמֵר חִנָּם, וְהַשּׁוֹאֵל, נוֹשֵׂא שָׂכָר, וְהַשּׂוֹכֵר. שׁוֹמֵר חִנָּם נִשְׁבָּע עַל הַכֹּל. וְהַשּׁוֹאֵל מְשַׁלֵּם אֶת הַכֹּל. נוֹשֵׂא שָׂכָר וְהַשּׂוֹכֵר נִשְׁבָּעִין עַל הַשְּׁבוּרָה וְעַל הַשְּׁבוּיָה וְעַל הַמֵּתָה, וּמְשַׁלְּמִים אֶת הָאֲבֵדָה וְאֶת הַגְּנֵבָה: \n", | 4.1. "The oath of testimony applies to men and not to women, to non-relatives and not to relatives, to those qualified [to bear witness] and not to those unqualified. And it applies only to those eligible to bear witness. Whether [uttered] in front of the court or not in front of the court, if [uttered] with his own mouth; [but if adjured] by the mouth of others he is not liable unless he denies it before the court, these are the words of Rabbi Meir. But the Sages say: “Whether [uttered] with his own mouth or [adjured] by the mouth of others he is not liable unless he denies it before the court.”", 4.2. "And they are liable for intentional transgression of the oath, and for its unintentional transgression coupled with intentional [denial of knowledge of] testimony, but they are not liable for unintentional transgression. And what are they liable for the intentional transgression of the oath? A sliding scale sacrifice.", 4.3. "The oath of testimony: How is it done? If he said to two [persons]: “Come and bear testimony for me”; [and they replied:] “We swear we know no testimony for you”; Or they said to him: “We know no testimony for you”, [and he said:] “I adjure you” and they said, “Amen! “, they are liable. If he adjured them five times outside the court, and the they came to the court and admitted [knowledge of testimony], they are exempt. If they denied, they are liable for each [oath]. If he adjured them five times before the court, and they denied [knowledge of testimony], they are liable only once. Said Rabbi Shimon: “What is the reason? Because they cannot afterwards admit [knowledge].", 4.10. "[If] he stood in the synagogue and said, “I adjure you that if you know any testimony for me you should come and bear testimony for me”, they are exempt unless he directs himself to them.", 4.11. "If he said to two [persons]: “I adjure you, so-and-so and so-and-so, that if you know any testimony for me you should come and bear testimony for me”: [And they replied,] “We swear we know no testimony for you”, and they did know testimony for him, [but it was evidence of] one witness from the mouth of another witness; or if one of them was a relative or [otherwise] ineligible [as a witness], they are exempt.", 8.1. "There are four kinds of guardians: an unpaid guardian, a borrower, a paid guardian and a hirer. An unpaid guardian may take an oath [that he had not been neglectful] in every case [of loss or damage and be free of liability]. A borrower must make restitution in every case. A paid guardian or a hirer may take an oath if the beast was injured, or taken captive or dead, but he must make restitution if it was lost or stolen.", |
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29. Mishnah, Sotah, 9.15 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen •property, stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 124| 9.15. "מִשֶּׁמֵּת רַבִּי מֵאִיר, בָּטְלוּ מוֹשְׁלֵי מְשָׁלִים. מִשֶּׁמֵּת בֶּן עַזַּאי, בָּטְלוּ הַשַּׁקְדָּנִים. מִשֶּׁמֵּת בֶּן זוֹמָא, בָּטְלוּ הַדַּרְשָׁנִים. מִשֶּׁמֵּת רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, פָּסְקָה טוֹבָה מִן הָעוֹלָם. מִשֶּׁמֵּת רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל, בָּא גוֹבַי וְרַבּוּ צָרוֹת. מִשֶּׁמֵּת רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה, פָּסַק הָעשֶׁר מִן הַחֲכָמִים. מִשֶּׁמֵּת רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, בָּטַל כְּבוֹד הַתּוֹרָה. מִשֶּׁמֵּת רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בֶּן דּוֹסָא, בָּטְלוּ אַנְשֵׁי מַעֲשֶׂה. מִשֶּׁמֵּת רַבִּי יוֹסֵי קַטְנוּתָא, פָּסְקוּ חֲסִידִים. וְלָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ קַטְנוּתָא, שֶׁהָיָה קַטְנוּתָן שֶׁל חֲסִידִים. מִשֶּׁמֵּת רַבָּן יוֹחָנָן בֶּן זַכַּאי, בָּטַל זִיו הַחָכְמָה. מִשֶּׁמֵּת רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל הַזָּקֵן, בָּטַל כְּבוֹד הַתּוֹרָה וּמֵתָה טָהֳרָה וּפְרִישׁוּת. מִשֶּׁמֵּת רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בֶּן פָּאבִי, בָּטַל זִיו הַכְּהֻנָּה. מִשֶּׁמֵּת רַבִּי, בָּטְלָה עֲנָוָה וְיִרְאַת חֵטְא. רַבִּי פִנְחָס בֶּן יָאִיר אוֹמֵר, מִשֶּׁחָרַב בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, בּוֹשׁוּ חֲבֵרִים וּבְנֵי חוֹרִין, וְחָפוּ רֹאשָׁם, וְנִדַּלְדְּלוּ אַנְשֵׁי מַעֲשֶׂה, וְגָבְרוּ בַעֲלֵי זְרוֹעַ וּבַעֲלֵי לָשׁוֹן, וְאֵין דּוֹרֵשׁ וְאֵין מְבַקֵּשׁ, וְאֵין שׁוֹאֵל, עַל מִי לָנוּ לְהִשָּׁעֵן, עַל אָבִינוּ שֶׁבַּשָּׁמָיִם. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר הַגָּדוֹל אוֹמֵר, מִיּוֹם שֶׁחָרַב בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, שָׁרוּ חַכִּימַיָּא לְמֶהֱוֵי כְסָפְרַיָּא, וְסָפְרַיָּא כְּחַזָּנָא, וְחַזָּנָא כְּעַמָּא דְאַרְעָא, וְעַמָּא דְאַרְעָא אָזְלָא וְדַלְדְּלָה, וְאֵין מְבַקֵּשׁ, עַל מִי יֵשׁ לְהִשָּׁעֵן, עַל אָבִינוּ שֶׁבַּשָּׁמָיִם. בְּעִקְּבוֹת מְשִׁיחָא חֻצְפָּא יִסְגֵּא, וְיֹקֶר יַאֲמִיר, הַגֶּפֶן תִּתֵּן פִּרְיָהּ וְהַיַּיִן בְּיֹקֶר, וְהַמַּלְכוּת תֵּהָפֵךְ לְמִינוּת, וְאֵין תּוֹכֵחָה, בֵּית וַעַד יִהְיֶה לִזְנוּת, וְהַגָּלִיל יֶחֱרַב, וְהַגַּבְלָן יִשּׁוֹם, וְאַנְשֵׁי הַגְּבוּל יְסוֹבְבוּ מֵעִיר לְעִיר וְלֹא יְחוֹנָּנוּ, וְחָכְמַת סוֹפְרִים תִּסְרַח, וְיִרְאֵי חֵטְא יִמָּאֲסוּ, וְהָאֱמֶת תְּהֵא נֶעְדֶּרֶת. נְעָרִים פְּנֵי זְקֵנִים יַלְבִּינוּ, זְקֵנִים יַעַמְדוּ מִפְּנֵי קְטַנִּים. (מיכה ז) בֵּן מְנַבֵּל אָב, בַּת קָמָה בְאִמָּהּ, כַּלָּה בַּחֲמֹתָהּ, אֹיְבֵי אִישׁ אַנְשֵׁי בֵיתוֹ. פְּנֵי הַדּוֹר כִּפְנֵי הַכֶּלֶב, הַבֵּן אֵינוֹ מִתְבַּיֵּשׁ מֵאָבִיו. וְעַל מִי יֵשׁ לָנוּ לְהִשָּׁעֵן, עַל אָבִינוּ שֶׁבַּשָּׁמָיִם. רַבִּי פִנְחָס בֶּן יָאִיר אוֹמֵר, זְרִיזוּת מְבִיאָה לִידֵי נְקִיּוּת, וּנְקִיּוּת מְבִיאָה לִידֵי טָהֳרָה, וְטָהֳרָה מְבִיאָה לִידֵי פְרִישׁוּת, וּפְרִישׁוּת מְבִיאָה לִידֵי קְדֻשָּׁה, וּקְדֻשָּׁה מְבִיאָה לִידֵי עֲנָוָה, וַעֲנָוָה מְבִיאָה לִידֵי יִרְאַת חֵטְא, וְיִרְאַת חֵטְא מְבִיאָה לִידֵי חֲסִידוּת, וַחֲסִידוּת מְבִיאָה לִידֵי רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ, וְרוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ מְבִיאָה לִידֵי תְחִיַּת הַמֵּתִים, וּתְחִיַּת הַמֵּתִים בָּא עַל יְדֵי אֵלִיָּהוּ זָכוּר לַטּוֹב, אָמֵן: \n", | 9.15. "When Rabbi Meir died, the composers of fables ceased. When Ben Azzai died, the diligent students [of Torah] ceased. When Ben Zoma died, the expounders ceased. When Rabbi Joshua died, goodness ceased from the world. When Rabban Shimon ben Gamaliel died, locusts come and troubles multiplied. When Rabbi Elazar ben Azaryah died, the sages ceased to be wealthy. When Rabbi Akiba died, the glory of the Torah ceased. When Rabbi Hanina ben Dosa died, men of wondrous deeds ceased. When Rabbi Yose Katnuta died, the pious men (hasidim) ceased and why was his name called Katnuta? Because he was the youngest of the pious men. When Rabban Yoha ben Zakkai died, the splendor of wisdom ceased. When Rabban Gamaliel the elder died, the glory of the torah ceased, and purity and separateness perished. When Rabbi Ishmael ben Fabi died, the splendor of the priesthood ceased. When Rabbi died, humility and fear of sin ceased. Rabbi Phineas ben Yair says: when Temple was destroyed, scholars and freemen were ashamed and covered their head, men of wondrous deeds were disregarded, and violent men and big talkers grew powerful. And nobody expounds, nobody seeks, and nobody asks. Upon whom shall we depend? Upon our father who is in heaven. Rabbi Eliezer the Great says: from the day the Temple was destroyed, the sages began to be like scribes, scribes like synagogue-attendants, synagogue-attendants like common people, and the common people became more and more debased. And nobody seeks. Upon whom shall we depend? Upon our father who is in heaven. In the footsteps of the messiah insolence (hutzpah) will increase and the cost of living will go up greatly; the vine will yield its fruit, but wine will be expensive; the government will turn to heresy, and there will be no one to rebuke; the meeting-place [of scholars] will be used for licentiousness; the Galilee will be destroyed, the Gablan will be desolated, and the dwellers on the frontier will go about [begging] from place to place without anyone to take pity on them; the wisdom of the learned will rot, fearers of sin will be despised, and the truth will be lacking; youths will put old men to shame, the old will stand up in the presence of the young, “For son spurns father, daughter rises up against mother, daughter-in-law against mother-in-law a man’s own household are his enemies” (Micah 7:6). The face of the generation will be like the face of a dog, a son will not feel ashamed before his father. Upon whom shall we depend? Upon our father who is in heaven. Rabbi Pinchas ben Yair says, “Heedfulness leads to cleanliness, cleanliness leads to purity, purity leads to separation, separation leads to holiness, holiness leads to modesty, modesty leads to fear of sin, fear of sin leads to piety, piety leads to the Holy Spirit, The Holy Spirit leads to the resurrection of the dead, and the resurrection of the dead comes from Elijah, blessed be his memory, Amen.”", |
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30. Mishnah, Yoma, 3.8, 4.2, 6.2 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 131| 3.8. "בָּא לוֹ אֵצֶל פָּרוֹ, וּפָרוֹ הָיָה עוֹמֵד בֵּין הָאוּלָם וְלַמִּזְבֵּחַ, רֹאשׁוֹ לַדָּרוֹם וּפָנָיו לַמַּעֲרָב, וְהַכֹּהֵן עוֹמֵד בַּמִּזְרָח וּפָנָיו לַמַּעֲרָב, וְסוֹמֵךְ שְׁתֵּי יָדָיו עָלָיו וּמִתְוַדֶּה. וְכָךְ הָיָה אוֹמֵר, אָנָּא הַשֵּׁם, עָוִיתִי פָּשַׁעְתִּי חָטָאתִי לְפָנֶיךָ אֲנִי וּבֵיתִי. אָנָּא הַשֵּׁם, כַּפֶּר נָא לָעֲוֹנוֹת וְלַפְּשָׁעִים וְלַחֲטָאִים, שֶׁעָוִיתִי וְשֶׁפָּשַׁעְתִּי וְשֶׁחָטָאתִי לְפָנֶיךָ אֲנִי וּבֵיתִי, כַּכָּתוּב בְּתוֹרַת משֶׁה עַבְדֶּךָ (ויקרא טז), כִּי בַיּוֹם הַזֶּה יְכַפֵּר עֲלֵיכֶם לְטַהֵר אֶתְכֶם מִכֹּל חַטֹּאתֵיכֶם לִפְנֵי יְיָ תִּטְהָרוּ. וְהֵן עוֹנִין אַחֲרָיו, בָּרוּךְ שֵׁם כְּבוֹד מַלְכוּתוֹ לְעוֹלָם וָעֶד: \n", 4.2. "קָשַׁר לָשׁוֹן שֶׁל זְהוֹרִית בְּרֹאשׁ שָׂעִיר הַמִּשְׁתַּלֵּחַ וְהֶעֱמִידוֹ כְנֶגֶד בֵּית שִׁלּוּחוֹ, וְלַנִּשְׁחָט כְּנֶגֶד בֵּית שְׁחִיטָתוֹ. בָּא לוֹ אֵצֶל פָּרוֹ שְׁנִיָּה, וְסוֹמֵךְ שְׁתֵּי יָדָיו עָלָיו וּמִתְוַדֶּה. וְכָךְ הָיָה אוֹמֵר, אָנָּא הַשֵּׁם, עָוִיתִי פָּשַׁעְתִּי חָטָאתִי לְפָנֶיךָ אֲנִי וּבֵיתִי וּבְנֵי אַהֲרֹן עַם קְדוֹשֶׁיךָ. אָנָּא הַשֵּׁם, כַּפֶּר נָא לָעֲוֹנוֹת וְלַפְּשָׁעִים וְלַחֲטָאִים, שֶׁעָוִיתִי וְשֶׁפָּשַׁעְתִּי וְשֶׁחָטָאתִי לְפָנֶיךָ אֲנִי וּבֵיתִי וּבְנֵי אַהֲרֹן עַם קְדוֹשֶׁךָ, כַּכָּתוּב בְּתוֹרַת משֶׁה עַבְדֶּךָ (ויקרא טז), כִּי בַיּוֹם הַזֶּה יְכַפֵּר עֲלֵיכֶם לְטַהֵר אֶתְכֶם מִכֹּל חַטֹּאתֵיכֶם לִפְנֵי יְיָ תִּטְהָרוּ. וְהֵן עוֹנִין אַחֲרָיו, בָּרוּךְ שֵׁם כְּבוֹד מַלְכוּתוֹ לְעוֹלָם וָעֶד: \n", 6.2. "בָּא לוֹ אֵצֶל שָׂעִיר הַמִּשְׁתַּלֵּחַ וְסוֹמֵךְ שְׁתֵּי יָדָיו עָלָיו וּמִתְוַדֶּה. וְכָךְ הָיָה אוֹמֵר, אָנָּא הַשֵּׁם, עָווּ פָּשְׁעוּ חָטְאוּ לְפָנֶיךָ עַמְּךָ בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל. אָנָּא בַּשֵּׁם, כַּפֶּר נָא לָעֲוֹנוֹת וְלַפְּשָׁעִים וְלַחֲטָאִים, שֶׁעָווּ וְשֶׁפָּשְׁעוּ וְשֶׁחָטְאוּ לְפָנֶיךָ עַמְּךָ בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל, כַּכָּתוּב בְּתוֹרַת משֶׁה עַבְדֶּךָ לֵאמֹר (ויקרא טז), כִּי בַיּוֹם הַזֶּה יְכַפֵּר עֲלֵיכֶם לְטַהֵר אֶתְכֶם מִכֹּל חַטֹּאתֵיכֶם לִפְנֵי יְיָ תִּטְהָרוּ. וְהַכֹּהֲנִים וְהָעָם הָעוֹמְדִים בָּעֲזָרָה, כְּשֶׁהָיוּ שׁוֹמְעִים שֵׁם הַמְפֹרָשׁ שֶׁהוּא יוֹצֵא מִפִּי כֹהֵן גָּדוֹל, הָיוּ כּוֹרְעִים וּמִשְׁתַּחֲוִים וְנוֹפְלִים עַל פְּנֵיהֶם, וְאוֹמְרִים, בָּרוּךְ שֵׁם כְּבוֹד מַלְכוּתוֹ לְעוֹלָם וָעֶד: \n", | 3.8. "He came to his bull and his bull was standing between the Ulam and the altar, its head to the south and its face to the west. And the priest stands on the eastside facing the west. And he lays both his hands upon it and confesses. And thus he would say: “Please, ‘Hashem’! I have done wrong, I have transgressed, I have sinned before You, I and my house. Please, ‘Hashem’! Forgive the wrongdoings, the transgressions, the sins which I have committed and transgressed and sinned before You, I and my house, as it is written in the torah of Moses Your servant: “For on this day shall atonement be made for you [to cleanse you of all your sins; you shall be clean before the Lord”] (Leviticus 16:30). And they answered after him: “Blessed be the name of His glorious kingdom for ever and ever!”", 4.2. "He bound a thread of crimson wool on the head of the goat which was to be sent away, and he placed it at the gate where it was later to be sent away, and on the goat that was to be slaughtered [he placed a thread of crimson wool on its neck] at the place of the slaughtering. He came to his bull a second time, pressed his two hands upon it and made confession. And thus he would say: “Please, ‘Hashem’! I have done wrong, I have transgressed, I have sinned before You, I and my house and the sons of Aaron Your holy people. Please, ‘Hashem’! Forgive the wrongdoings, the transgressions, the sins which I have committed and transgressed and sinned before You, I and my house and the sons of Aaron Your holy people, as it is written in the torah of Moses Your servant: “For on this day shall atonement be made for you [to cleanse you of all your sins; you shall be clean before the Lord”] (Leviticus 16:30). And they answered after him: “Blessed be the name of His glorious kingdom for ever and ever!”", 6.2. "He then came to the scapegoat and laid his two hands upon it and he made confession. And thus he would say: “Please, ‘Hashem’! They have done wrong, they have transgressed, they have sinned before You, Your people the House of Israel. Please, in the name of Hashem (Bashem)! Forgive the wrongdoings, the transgressions, the sins which your people, the House of Israel, have committed and transgressed and sinned before You, as it is written in the torah of Moses Your servant: “For on this day shall atonement be made for you [to cleanse you of all your sins; you shall be clean before the Lord”] (Leviticus 16:30). And the priests and the people standing in the courtyard, when they would hear God’s name explicated coming out of the high priest’s mouth, would bend their knees, bow down and fall on their faces and say “Blessed be the name of His glorious kingdom for ever and ever!”", |
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| 31. Petronius Arbiter, Satyricon, 28-30 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 103 |
32. Mishnah, Avot, 1.4 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen •property, stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 124| 1.4. "יוֹסֵי בֶן יוֹעֶזֶר אִישׁ צְרֵדָה וְיוֹסֵי בֶן יוֹחָנָן אִישׁ יְרוּשָׁלַיִם קִבְּלוּ מֵהֶם. יוֹסֵי בֶן יוֹעֶזֶר אִישׁ צְרֵדָה אוֹמֵר, יְהִי בֵיתְךָ בֵית וַעַד לַחֲכָמִים, וֶהֱוֵי מִתְאַבֵּק בַּעֲפַר רַגְלֵיהֶם, וֶהֱוֵי שׁוֹתֶה בְצָמָא אֶת דִּבְרֵיהֶם: \n", | 1.4. "Yose ben Yoezer (a man) of Zeredah and Yose ben Yoha [a man] of Jerusalem received [the oral tradition] from them [i.e. Shimon the Righteous and Antigonus]. Yose ben Yoezer used to say: let thy house be a house of meeting for the Sages and sit in the very dust of their feet, and drink in their words with thirst.", |
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33. Mishnah, Horayot, 2.7 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 129| 2.7. "אָשָׁם תָּלוּי, הַיָּחִיד וְהַנָּשִׂיא חַיָּבִין, וּמָשִׁיחַ וּבֵית דִּין פְּטוּרִים. אָשָׁם וַדַּאי, הַיָּחִיד וְהַנָּשִׂיא וְהַמָּשִׁיחַ חַיָּבִין, וּבֵית דִּין פְּטוּרִין. עַל שְׁמִיעַת הַקּוֹל וְעַל בִּטּוּי שְׂפָתַיִם וְעַל טֻמְאַת מִקְדָּשׁ וְקָדָשָׁיו, בֵּית דִּין פְּטוּרִין, וְהַיָּחִיד וְהַנָּשִׂיא וְהַמָּשִׁיחַ חַיָּבִין, אֶלָּא שֶׁאֵין כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל חַיָּב עַל טֻמְאַת מִקְדָּשׁ וְקָדָשָׁיו, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן. וּמָה הֵן מְבִיאִין, קָרְבָּן עוֹלֶה וְיוֹרֵד. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, הַנָּשִׂיא מֵבִיא שָׂעִיר: \n", | 2.7. "The individual and the ruler are both obligated to bring an asham talui, but the anointed priest and the court are exempt. The individual and the ruler and the anointed priest are obligated to bring an asham vadai, but the court is exempt. For the hearing of the voice [of adjuration]; for an oath made by an expression, or for impurity relating to the Temple and its holy things, the court is not obligated but the individual, the ruler and the anointed priest are obligated. Except that the anointed priest is not liable for impurity relating to the Temple and its holy things; these are the words of Rabbi Shimon.What do they bring? A sliding scale sacrifice. Rabbi Eliezer says: the ruler brings a goat.", |
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34. Tosefta, Bava Metzia, 2.6 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 132| 2.6. "בראשונה כל הבא ונותן סימניה היה נוטלה משרבו הרמאין התקינו שיהא זה נותן סימניה ומביא ראיה שאינו רמאי בראשונה היו מכריזין עליה ג' רגלים ואחר הרגל האחרון ז' ימים ומשחרב בית המקדש התקינו שיהו מכריזין עליה ל' יום ומן הסכנה ואילך התקינו שיהא מודיע לשכניו ולקרוביו ולמיודעיו ולאנשי עירו ודיו.", | |
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35. Tosefta, Bava Qamma, 3.4, 7.13, 10.9 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 127, 128, 131| 3.4. "כיצד משלם במותר חצי נזק שור שוה מנה שנגח שור שוה מאתים הכחישו חמשים זוז חזר האחרון הכחישו שלשה של זהב האחרון משלם לראשון חצי דינר זהב שור שוה מאתים שנגח שור שוה מאתים וחבל בו חמשים זוז חזר האחרון והכחישו השביח הניזק היה יפה ד' מאות זוז שאלמלא לא הזיקו היה יפה שמנה מאות זוז עד שלא עמד בב\"ד השביח המזיק אם עד שלא עמד בדין השביח אין לו אלא כשעת נזקו הכחיש אין לו אלא כשעת עמידתו בב\"ד השביח המזיק אם עד שלא עמד בב\"ד השביח אין לו אלא כשעת נזקו הכחיש אין לו אלא כשעת עמידתו בב\"ד אם משעמד בב\"ד השביח אין לו אלא כשעת עמידתו בב\"ד הרג שורו של חבירו הוקרה בהמתו או שהוזלה הדליק גדיש של חבירו והוקרה תבואה או שהוזלה בין משעמד בב\"ד ובין עד שלא עמד בבית דין אין לו אלא כשעת נזקו.", 10.9. "דרש רבי יוסי הגלילי בגוזל את הגר והיה עולה לירושלים ומעותיו ואשמו בידו ומצאו וזקפו עליו במלוה הביא את אשמו ואח\"כ מת הגר יצא לא הספיק להביא את אשמו עד שמת הגר הרי זה צריך להביא אשם והמעות זכה בהן וחכמים אומרים לא עשה כלום עד שיתנם לו ויחזור ליטלם ממנו. דרש ר' עקיבה כשבא מזפרן בגזל את הגר ונשבע לו והיה עולה לירושלים ומעותיו ואשמו בידו ומת בדרך הכסף ינתן לבניו ואשם ירעה עד שיסתאב וימכר ויפלו דמיו לנדבה שנא' (במדבר ה׳:ח׳) מלבד איל הכפורים אשר יכפר בו עליו מי שצריך כפרה יצא זה שאין צריך כפרה נתן את הכסף לאנשי משמר ומת אין היורשין יכולין להוציא מידם שנא' (שם) איש אשר יתן לכהן לו יהיה נתן הכסף ליהויריב ואשם לידעיה יחזיר הכסף אחר האשם דברי רבי יהודה וחכ\"א אשם אחר הכסף אמר רבי אם כדברי רבי יהודה יקריבו בני יהויריב את האשם לא נתכפר לו אלא אם כן קיים אשם יחזיר הכסף מבני ידעיה אצל בני יהויריב ויקריבו בני יהויריב את האשם ויתכפר לו עבר משמרו של יהויריב יחזיר האשם מבני יהויריב אצל בני ידעיה ויקריבו בני ידעיה את האשם ויתכפר לו הביא אשמו ולא הביא גזלו לא יהא ממרס בדמו עד שיביא גזילו אלא תעובר צורתו ויצא לבית השריפה הביא אשמו ולא הביא מעילתו לא יהא ממרס בדמו עד שיביא מעילתו אלא תעובר צורתו ויצא לבית השריפה. מצורע שהביא חטאתו קודם לאשמו לא יהא ממרס בדמו עד שיביא אשמו אלא תעובר צורתו ותצא לבית השריפה.", | |
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36. Tosefta, Menachot, 10.3 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 131| 10.3. "כל קרבנות צבור אין בהם סמיכה חוץ מפר הבא על כל המצות ושעירי עבודת כוכבים שהן טעונים סמיכה דברי ר' יהודה ר\"ש אומר שעירי עבודת כוכבים אין טעונין סמיכה מה היה מביא תחתיהן שעיר המשתלח אמר לו ר\"ש והלא אין סמיכה אלא בבעלים. שעיר המשתלח סומכין עליו אהרן ובניו כאחד אמר לו רבי יהודה אף הן מתכפרין בו. כלל אמר רבי שמעון כל הבא על עברות מצוה ידועה ודמו נכנס לפנים טעון סמיכה כל שאין בא על עברות מצוה ידועה ואין דמו נכנס לפנים אין טעון סמיכה היורש ואחד עשר שבמעשר הרי אלו ממירין טעונין סמיכה ונסכים דברי ר\"מ רבי יהודה אומר היורש אינו ממיר ואחד עשר שבמעשר אינו ממיר מפני שהיא תמורה ואין תמורה עושה תמורה אמר לו ר' יהודה אילו היה תמורה היה קרב אלא זבח היה ונסכים היו בפני עצמן כיצד סומך זבח עומד בצפון ופניו במערב סומך במערב ופניו במערב מניח שתי ידיו על גבי קרניו של זבח ולא היה מניח ידיו על גבי זבח ולא היה מניח ידיו זו על גבי זו ולא היה דבר חוצץ בין ידים לקרנות מתודה עליו עון עבירה על חטאת עון חטאת על אשם עון אשמה על עולה עון לקט שכחה ופאה שאין להם וידוי דברי רבי יוסי הגלילי אמר לו רבי עקיבה על מה עולה מכפרת על דברים שיש בהן עונש הרי זה עונש אמור על לא תעשה שלהן אמורה על מה עולה מכפרת על מצות עשה ועל מצות לא תעשה שיש בה קום עשה. סמיכה נוהגת בכהנים ולוים וישראלים וגרים ועבדים משוחררין חללין נתינין וממזרין סריס אדם סריס חמה פצוע דכה וכרות שפכה אין נוהגת לא בעובדי כוכבים ולא בנשים ולא בעבדים ולא בקטנים.", | |
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37. Tosefta, Shevuot, 3.1-3.2 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 128, 129| 3.1. "המשביע את חבירו על דבר שיש בו שוה פרוטה וכפר ה\"ז משלם קרן וחומש ואשם. המשביע את העדים על דבר שיש בו שוה פרוטה וכפרו הרי אלו חייבין קרבן ופטורין מן הממון שנאמר ונשא עונו קרבן ר' יהודה בן בתירה אומר נאמר כאן ונשא עונו ונאמר להלן עונו ישא מה עונו ישא האמור להלן נטילת נשמה אף עונו ישא האמור כאן נטילת נשמה ונשא עונו מלמד שבכלל נשיאת עון קרבן." 3.2. "ר' יהושע אומר ד' אין חייבין לשלם מן הדין ואין השמים מוחלין להם עד שישלמו. היודע עדות לחבירו ואינו מעיד אינו חייב לשלם מן הדין ואין השמים מוחלין לו עד שישלם. השוכר עדי שקר וגבה אינו חייב לשלם מן הדין ואין השמים מוחלין לו. הכובש קמה לפני האור והפורץ גדר לפני בהמה אין חייבין לו מן הדין ואין השמים מוחלין להן עד שישלם.", | |
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38. Tosefta, Yevamot, 4.7 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 126| 4.7. "חכם שדן את הדין טימא וטיהר אסר והתיר וכן העדים שהעידו הרי אלו מותרין [ליקח] אבל אמרו חכמים [רחק] מן הכיעור ומן הדומה לכיעור יש זריז ונשכר [יש] זריז ונפסד שפל ונשכר שפל ונפסד שפל לערב שבת [לשבת] למוצאי שבת לערב שביעית [לשביעית] למוצאי שביעית לימי חולי של מועד וכ\"מ שיש בו נדנוד עבירה ה\"ז שפל ונשכר. ", | |
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| 39. Petronius Arbiter, Satyricon, 28-30 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 103 |
| 40. Tosefta, Maaser Sheni, 4.2 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 131 |
| 41. Anon., Sifre Numbers, 2-4, 14 (2nd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 127 |
| 42. Palestinian Talmud, Bava Qamma, None (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 131 |
| 43. Palestinian Talmud, Shevuot, None (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 128 |
| 44. Palestinian Talmud, Bava Metzia, None (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 132 |
| 45. Anon., Sifra, None (2nd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 131 |
| 46. Anon., Mekhilta Derabbi Yishmael, None (2nd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 144 |
47. Anon., Leviticus Rabba, 6.2, 6.4 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 116, 126| 6.2. וְשָׁמְעָה קוֹל אָלָה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (משלי כט, כד): חוֹלֵק עִם גַּנָּב שׂוֹנֵא נַפְשׁוֹ אָלָּה יִשְׁמַע וְלֹא יַגִּיד, מַעֲשֶׂה בְּשִׁלְטוֹן אֶחָד שֶׁהָיָה הוֹרֵג אֶת הַקַּבְּלָנִין וּמַתִּיר אֶת הַגַּנָּבִים, וְהָיוּ הַכֹּל מַלִּיזִין עָלָיו שֶׁאֵינוֹ עוֹשֶׂה כָּרָאוּי, מֶה עָשָׂה הוֹצִיא כָּרוֹז בַּמְּדִינָה וְאָמַר כָּל עַמָּא לַקּוֹמְפּוֹן, מֶה עָשָׂה הֵבִיא חֻלְדּוֹת וְנָתַן לִפְנֵיהֶן מָנוֹת וְהָיוּ הַחֻלְדּוֹת נוֹטְלוֹת אֶת הַמָּנוֹת וּמוֹלִיכוֹת אוֹתָם לַחוֹרִים, לְמָחָר הוֹצִיא כָּרוֹז וְאָמַר כָּל עַמָּא לַקּוֹמְפּוֹן, הֵבִיא חֻלְדּוֹת נָתַן לִפְנֵיהֶם מָנוֹת וְסָתַם אֶת הַחוֹרִים וְהָיוּ הַחֻלְדּוֹת נוֹטְלוֹת אֶת הַמָּנוֹת וּמוֹלִיכוֹת אוֹתָן לַחוֹרִין וּמוֹצְאוֹת אוֹתָן מְסֻתָּמוֹת וּמַחֲזִירוֹת אֶת הַמָּנוֹת לִמְקוֹמָן, לוֹמַר שֶׁאֵין הַכֹּל אֶלָּא מִן הַקַּבְּלָנִין, הֲרֵי מִן הַשִּׁלְטוֹן. מִן הַמַּעֲשֶׂה מִנַיִן, רְאוּבֵן גָּנַב לְשִׁמְעוֹן וְלֵוִי יָדַע בֵּיהּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ אַל תְּפַרְסְמֵנִי וַאֲנָא יָהֵיב לָךְ פַּלְגָא, לְמָחָר נִכְנְסוּ לְבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת וְשָׁמְעוּ קוֹל הַחַזָּן מַכְרִיז מַאן גָּנַב לְשִׁמְעוֹן, וְלֵוִי קָאֵים תַּמָּן, הֲלוֹא נָתְנָה תּוֹרָה אִפּוֹפְסִין, וְהוּא עֵד אוֹ רָאָה אוֹ יָדָע. 6.4. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר חֲנִינָא פָּתַר קְרָיָא בַּסּוֹטָה, וְנֶפֶשׁ כִּי תֶחֱטָא, הִיא שֶׁחָטְאָה עַל בַּעֲלָהּ שֶׁהוּא זָנָהּ וּמְפַרְנְסָהּ וְהִיא הוֹלֶכֶת וּמְקַלְקֶלֶת עִם אַחֵר, וְשָׁמְעָה קוֹל אָלָה (במדבר ה, כא): וְהִשְׁבִּיעַ הַכֹּהֵן אֶת הָאִשָּׁה בִּשְׁבֻעַת הָאָלָה. וְהוּא עֵד (במדבר ה, יג): וְעֵד אֵין בָּהּ. אוֹ רָאָה (במדבר ה, יג): וְנֶעֱלַם מֵעֵינֵי אִישָּׁהּ וְלֹא מֵעֵינֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא. אוֹ יָדָע (במדבר ה, יג): וְנִסְתְּרָה וְהִיא נִטְמָאָה. אִם לוֹא יַגִּיד וְנָשָׂא עֲוֹנוֹ, אִם לֹא תַגִּיד לַכֹּהֵן (במדבר ה, כז): וְצָבְתָה בִטְנָהּ וְנָפְלָה יְרֵכָהּ. | |
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| 48. Anon., Sifre Deuteronomy, 223 (2nd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 131 |
49. Babylonian Talmud, Pesahim, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 128| 113a. גזייתא נינהו דשמטי סוסיא ואתו דברי להו,(וא"ל) רב לרב אסי לא תדור במתא דלא צניף בה סוסיא ולא נבח בה כלבא ואל תדור בעיר דריש מתא אסיא ולא תנסיב תרתי אי נסבת תרתי נסיב תלת,א"ל רב לרב כהנא הפוך בנבילתא ולא תיפוך במילי פשוט נבילתא בשוקא ושקיל אגרא ולא תימא כהנא אנא וגברא רבא אנא וסניא בי מלתא סלקת לאיגרא שירותך בהדך מאה קרי במתא בזוזא תותי כנפיך ניהוו,א"ל רב לחייא בריה לא תשתי סמא ולא תשוור ניגרא ולא תעקר ככא ולא תקנא בחיויא ולא תקנא בארמאה,תנו רבנן ג' אין מתקנאין בהן ואלו הן נכרי קטן ונחש קטן ותלמיד קטן מ"ט דמלכותייהו אחורי אודנייהו קאי,א"ל רב לאיבו בריה טרחי בך בשמעתא ולא מסתייע מילתא תא אגמרך מילי דעלמא אדחלא אכרעיך זבינך זבין כל מילי זבין ותחרט בר מחמרא דזבין ולא תחרט,שרי כיסיך פתח שקיך קבא מארעא ולא כורא מאיגרא,תמרא בחלוזך לבית סודנא רהיט ועד כמה אמר רבא עד תלתא סאה אמר רב פפא אי לא דרמאי שכרא לא איעתרי א"ד אמר רב חסדא אי לא דרמאי שכרא לא איעתרי מאי סודנא אמר רב חסדא סוד נאה וגמילות חסדים,אמר רב פפא כל אגב גביא בעי כל אשראי ספק אתי ספק לא אתי ודאתי מעות רעות נינהו,ג' דברים א"ר יוחנן משום אנשי ירושלים כשאתה יוצא למלחמה אל תצא בראשונה אלא תצא באחרונה כדי שתכנס בראשונה ועשה שבתך חול ואל תצטרך לבריות והוי משתדל עם מי שהשעה משחקת לו,(א"ר) שלשה דברים א"ר יהושע בן לוי משום אנשי ירושלים אל תרבה בגנות משום מעשה שהיה בתך בגרה שחרר עבדך ותן לה והוי זהיר באשתך מחתנה הראשון מ"ט רב חסדא אמר משום ערוה רב כהנא אמר משום ממון הא והא איתנהו,אמר רבי יוחנן שלשה מנוחלי העוה"ב אלו הן הדר בא"י והמגדל בניו לתלמוד תורה והמבדיל על היין במוצאי שבתות מאי היא דמשייר מקידושא לאבדלתא,א"ר יוחנן שלשה מכריז עליהן הקב"ה בכל יום על רווק הדר בכרך ואינו חוטא ועל עני המחזיר אבידה לבעליה ועל עשיר המעשר פירותיו בצינעה רב ספרא רווק הדר בכרך הוה | 113a. b are /b found b on the paths [ i gazyata /i ] /b near the city, b as horses /b belonging to the demons b flee /b along those paths, b and /b the demons b come to lead them /b away. Generally, however, demons do not enter inhabited places., b And /b Rav b said to Rav Asi: Do not live in a city where horses do not neigh and where dogs do not bark, /b as these animals provide security and protection. b And do not live in a city where the mayor is a doctor, /b as he will be too busy working to govern properly. b And do not marry two /b women, as they will likely join forces against you. And b if you /b do b marry two, marry a third /b as well. If two of your wives plot against you, the third will inform you of their plans., b Rav said to Rav Kahana: /b It is better for one b to turn over a carcass than to turn over his word, /b i.e., to break his promise. Rav further said: b Skin a carcass in the market and take payment, but do not say: I am a priest, or: I am a great man, and this matter disgusts me. /b It is preferable for one to work, even in menial labor, than to be dependent on others. Rav also advised Rav Kahana: If b you ascend to the roof, /b carry b your food with you. /b One should always carry his sustece with him, even if he goes only on a short trip. If b one hundred pumpkins in the city /b cost b a i zuz /i , place /b them carefully under b the corners /b of your clothes. Treat food respectfully even if it is inexpensive., b Rav said to Ḥiyya, his son: Do not /b get into the habit of b drinking medications, /b lest you develop an addiction. b And do not leap over a ditch, /b as you might hurt yourself in the process. b And do not pull out a tooth, /b but try to heal it if possible. b And do not provoke a snake /b in your house to try to kill it or chase it away. b And do not provoke a gentile, /b as this too is dangerous.,Similarly, b the Sages taught: /b There are b three /b beings b one /b should b not provoke: A small gentile, and a small snake, and a small /b Torah b scholar. What is the reason? Because their authority stands behind their ears. /b They will eventually grow up, assume power, each in his own way, and avenge those who have harassed them., b Rav said to Ayvu, his son: I struggled /b to teach b you i halakha /i but /b my efforts b did not succeed, /b as you did not become a great scholar. b Come /b and b I will teach you /b about b mundane matters: Sell your merchandise while the dust /b from the road is still b on your feet. /b As soon you return from your travels, sell your wares, lest the prices fall in the meantime. Furthermore, it is possible that b anything you sell /b might later cause you to b regret /b the sale, b except for wine, which you /b can b sell without regret. /b Since wine might go bad and be entirely lost, its sale is always advisable.,Rav further advised his son: b Open your purse /b to accept payment, and only then b open your sack /b to deliver the goods, to ensure you will receive payment for your merchandise. It is better to earn b a i kav /i from the ground than a i kor /i from the roof. /b A i kor /i is one hundred and eighty times larger than a i kav /i . This proverb means that it is preferable to earn a small amount from a local, safe transaction than to attempt to earn more through a distant, risky venture.,Rav continued: If there are b dates in your storeroom, run to the brewery /b to sell them. If you wait, there is a good chance the dates will go bad. The Gemara asks: b And how many /b dates should one keep for himself? b Rava said: Up to three i se’a /i . Rav Pappa said: If I were not a beer manufacturer I would not have become wealthy. Some say /b that it was b Rav Ḥisda who said: If I were not a beer manufacturer I would not have become wealthy. /b The Gemara asks: b What is /b the meaning of the word b i sudana /i , /b the Aramaic term for a brewer? b Rav Ḥisda said: A pleasant secret [ i sod na’e /i ] and acts of loving kindness, /b as brewing is a good way to make money and also enables one to perform good deeds.,The Gemara continues to offer advice about mundane matters. b Rav Pappa said: Anything /b you acquire with a document b by means /b of which ownership is transferred, i.e., a bill of acquisition or obligation, b requires collection, /b despite the fact that you are the legal owner. b Any sale on credit is uncertain whether or not /b it b will come /b to fruition. b And /b even b if it /b does b come /b to fruition, b the money is bad. /b These funds are difficult to collect, and they are generally not paid on time., b Rabbi Yoḥa said three matters, citing the people of Jerusalem: When you go to war do not go out first, but go out last. /b The reason is b so that /b if your side is defeated and you need to flee for your life, b you will enter /b the refuge of the city b first. And /b it is better to b make your Shabbat /b like an ordinary b weekday and do not be beholden to /b other b beings. And exert yourself /b to join together b with one upon whom the hour smiles. /b , b Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said three matters, citing the people of Jerusalem: Do not indulge in a shameful act /b in public, b because of the incident that occurred /b involving David and Bathsheba (see II Samuel 11–12). If b your daughter has grown up, /b it is better to b free your /b Canaanite b slave and give /b him b to her /b than to leave her to find a husband on her own. b And be careful with your wife with regard to her first son-in-law, /b as she is especially fond of him. b What is the reason /b for this warning? b Rav Ḥisda said: Due to /b the possibility of b licentiousness. Rav Kahana said: Due to /b the fact that she might give him all your b money /b and leave you impoverished. The Gemara comments: Since b either of these /b could b happen, /b it is best to be prudent., b Rabbi Yoḥa said: Three /b people are b among those who inherit the World-to-Come: One who lives in Eretz Yisrael; one who raises his sons to /b engage b in Torah study; and one who recites i havdala /i over wine at the conclusion of Shabbat. /b The Gemara asks: b What is /b the special importance of b that /b mitzva, to recite i havdala /i over wine? The Gemara answers: This is referring to an individual with only a small amount of wine, b who /b nevertheless b leaves some of /b his kiddush wine b for i havdala /i . /b , b Rabbi Yoḥa /b further b said: The Holy One, Blessed be He, proclaims about /b the goodness of b three /b kinds b of people every day, /b as exceptional and noteworthy individuals: b About a bachelor who lives in a city and does not sin /b with women; b about a poor person who returns a lost object to its owners /b despite his poverty; b and about a wealthy person who tithes his produce in private, /b without publicizing his behavior. The Gemara reports: b Rav Safra was a bachelor living in a city. /b |
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50. Babylonian Talmud, Berachot, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 131| 34b. כהן גדול בסוף כל ברכה וברכה והמלך תחלת כל ברכה וברכה וסוף כל ברכה וברכה,אמר רבי יצחק בר נחמני לדידי מפרשא לי מיניה דריב"ל הדיוט כמו שאמרנו כהן גדול תחלת כל ברכה וברכה המלך כיון שכרע שוב אינו זוקף שנאמר (מלכים א ח, נד) ויהי ככלות שלמה להתפלל וגו' קם מלפני מזבח ה' מכרוע על ברכיו:,ת"ר קידה על אפים שנאמר (מלכים א א, לא) ותקד בת שבע אפים ארץ כריעה על ברכים שנאמר מכרוע על ברכיו השתחואה זו פשוט ידים ורגלים שנאמר (בראשית לז, י) הבא נבא אני ואמך ואחיך להשתחות לך ארצה,אמר רב חייא בריה דרב הונא חזינא להו לאביי ורבא דמצלו אצלויי,תני חדא הכורע בהודאה הרי זה משובח ותניא אידך הרי זה מגונה,לא קשיא הא בתחלה הא לבסוף,רבא כרע בהודאה תחלה וסוף אמרי ליה רבנן אמאי קא עביד מר הכי אמר להו חזינא לרב נחמן דכרע וחזינא ליה לרב ששת דקא עבד הכי,והתניא הכורע בהודאה הרי זה מגונה,ההיא בהודאה שבהלל,והתניא הכורע בהודאה ובהודאה של הלל הרי זה מגונה,כי תניא ההיא בהודאה דברכת המזון:, big strongמתני׳ /strong /big המתפלל וטעה סימן רע לו ואם שליח צבור הוא סימן רע לשולחיו מפני ששלוחו של אדם כמותו אמרו עליו על ר' חנינא בן דוסא שהיה מתפלל על החולים ואומר זה חי וזה מת אמרו לו מנין אתה יודע אמר להם אם שגורה תפלתי בפי יודע אני שהוא מקובל ואם לאו יודע אני שהוא מטורף:, big strongגמ׳ /strong /big אהייא,א"ר חייא אמר רב ספרא משום חד דבי רבי באבות,איכא דמתני לה אברייתא המתפלל צריך שיכוין את לבו בכולן ואם אינו יכול לכוין בכולן יכוין את לבו באחת,א"ר חייא אמר רב ספרא משום חד דבי רבי באבות,אמרו עליו על רבי חנינא וכו': מנא הני מילי א"ר יהושע בן לוי דאמר קרא (ישעיהו נז, יט) בורא ניב שפתים שלום שלום לרחוק ולקרוב אמר ה' ורפאתיו,א"ר חייא בר אבא א"ר יוחנן כל הנביאים כולן לא נתנבאו אלא למשיא בתו לתלמיד חכם ולעושה פרקמטיא לת"ח ולמהנה ת"ח מנכסיו אבל תלמידי חכמים עצמן (ישעיהו סד, ג) עין לא ראתה אלהים זולתך יעשה למחכה לו,ואמר רבי חייא בר אבא אמר רבי יוחנן כל הנביאים כולן לא נתנבאו אלא לימות המשיח אבל לעולם הבא עין לא ראתה אלהים זולתך,ופליגא דשמואל דאמר שמואל אין בין העוה"ז לימות המשיח אלא שעבוד מלכיות בלבד שנאמר (דברים טו, יא) כי לא יחדל אביון מקרב הארץ,וא"ר חייא בר אבא א"ר יוחנן כל הנביאים כולן לא נתנבאו אלא לבעלי תשובה אבל צדיקים גמורים עין לא ראתה אלהים זולתך,ופליגא דר' אבהו דא"ר אבהו מקום שבעלי תשובה עומדין צדיקים גמורים אינם עומדין שנאמר (ישעיהו נז, יט) שלום שלום לרחוק ולקרוב לרחוק ברישא והדר לקרוב,ורבי יוחנן אמר לך מאי רחוק שהיה רחוק מדבר עבירה מעיקרא ומאי קרוב שהיה קרוב לדבר עבירה ונתרחק ממנו השתא,מאי עין לא ראתה אמר רבי יהושע בן לוי זה יין המשומר בענביו מששת ימי בראשית רבי שמואל בר נחמני אמר זה עדן שלא שלטה בו עין כל בריה,שמא תאמר אדם הראשון היכן היה בגן,ושמא תאמר הוא גן הוא עדן תלמוד לומר (בראשית ב, י) ונהר יוצא מעדן להשקות את הגן גן לחוד ועדן לחוד:,ת"ר מעשה שחלה בנו של ר"ג שגר שני ת"ח אצל רבי חנינא בן דוסא לבקש עליו רחמים כיון שראה אותם עלה לעלייה ובקש עליו רחמים בירידתו אמר להם לכו שחלצתו חמה אמרו לו וכי נביא אתה אמר להן לא נביא אנכי ולא בן נביא אנכי אלא כך מקובלני אם שגורה תפלתי בפי יודע אני שהוא מקובל ואם לאו יודע אני שהוא מטורף ישבו וכתבו וכוונו אותה שעה וכשבאו אצל ר"ג אמר להן העבודה לא חסרתם ולא הותרתם אלא כך היה מעשה באותה שעה חלצתו חמה ושאל לנו מים לשתות,ושוב מעשה ברבי חנינא בן דוסא שהלך ללמוד תורה אצל ר' יוחנן בן זכאי וחלה בנו של ריב"ז אמר לו חנינא בני בקש עליו רחמים ויחיה הניח ראשו בין ברכיו ובקש עליו רחמים וחיה אמר רבי יוחנן בן זכאי אלמלי הטיח בן זכאי את ראשו בין ברכיו כל היום כולו לא היו משגיחים עליו אמרה לו אשתו וכי חנינא גדול ממך אמר לה לאו אלא הוא דומה כעבד לפני המלך ואני דומה כשר לפני המלך:,ואמר רבי חייא בר אבא אמר רבי יוחנן אל יתפלל אדם אלא בבית שיש שם חלונות שנאמר (דניאל ו, יא) וכוין פתיחן ליה בעליתיה (לקבל) [נגד],ירושלם אמר רב כהנא חציף עלי מאן דמצלי בבקתא,ואמר רב כהנא חציף עלי מאן דמפרש חטאיה שנאמר (תהלים לב, א) אשרי נשוי פשע כסוי חטאה:, br br big strongהדרן עלך אין עומדין /strong /big br br | |
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51. Babylonian Talmud, Bava Metzia, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 125| 28b. אתיא לאחלופי בראשון הא קא אתי רגל שלישי,ת"ר בראשונה כל מי שמצא אבידה היה מכריז עליה שלשה רגלים ואחר רגל אחרון שבעת ימים כדי שילך שלשה ויחזור שלשה ויכריז יום אחד משחרב בית המקדש שיבנה במהרה בימינו התקינו שיהו מכריזים בבתי כנסיות ובבתי מדרשות ומשרבו האנסים התקינו שיהו מודיעין לשכיניו ולמיודעיו ודיו,מאי משרבו האנסין דאמרי אבידתא למלכא רבי אמי אשכח אודייא דדינרי חזייה ההוא בר נש דקא מירתת א"ל זיל שקול לנפשך דלאו פרסאי אנן דאמרי אבידתא למלכא,ת"ר אבן טוען היתה בירושלים כל מי שאבדה לו אבידה נפנה לשם וכל מי שמוצא אבידה נפנה לשם זה עומד ומכריז וזה עומד ונותן סימנין ונוטלה וזו היא ששנינו צאו וראו אם נמחת אבן הטוען:, big strongמתני׳ /strong /big אמר את האבידה ולא אמר סימניה לא יתן לו והרמאי אע"פ שאמר סימניה לא יתן לו שנאמר (דברים כב, ב) עד דרוש אחיך אותו עד שתדרוש את אחיך אם רמאי הוא אם אינו רמאי:, big strongגמ׳ /strong /big אתמר רב יהודה אמר אבידתא מכריז ור"נ אמר גלימא מכריז,רב יהודה אמר אבידתא מכריז דאי אמרת גלימא מכריז חיישינן לרמאי,ר"נ אמר גלימא מכריז לרמאי לא חיישינן דא"כ אין לדבר סוף,תנן אמר את האבידה ולא אמר את סימניה ה"ז לא יתן לו אי אמרת בשלמא אבידתא מכריז הא קמ"ל אע"ג דאמר גלימא כי לא אמר סימנין לא מהדרינן ליה אלא אי אמרת גלימא מכריז אמר איהו גלימא ואמר איהו גלימא צריכא למימר כי לא אמר סימנין לא מהדרינן ליה,אמר רב ספרא לעולם גלימא מכריז אמר איהו גלימא ואמר איהו סימנין ומאי לא אמר את סימניה לא אמר סימנין מובהקין דידה:,והרמאי אע"פ שאמר את סימניה ה"ז לא יתן לו: ת"ר בראשונה כל מי שאבדה לו אבידה היה נותן סימנין ונוטלה משרבו הרמאין התקינו שיהו אומרים לו צא והבא עדים דלאו רמאי את וטול,כי הא דאבוה דרב פפא אירכס ליה חמרא ואשכחוה אתא לקמיה דרבה בר רב הונא אמר ליה זיל אייתי סהדי דלאו רמאי את וטול אזל אייתי סהדי אמר להו ידעיתון ביה דרמאי הוא אמרו ליה אין אמר להו אנא רמאה אנא אמרו ליה אנן לאו רמאי את קאמרינן אמר רבה בר רב הונא מסתברא לא מייתי איניש חובתא לנפשיה:, big strongמתני׳ /strong /big כל דבר שעושה ואוכל יעשה ויאכל ודבר שאין עושה ואוכל ימכר שנאמר (דברים כב, ב) והשבותו לו ראה היאך תשיבנו לו,מה יהא בדמים ר"ט אומר ישתמש בהן לפיכך אם אבדו חייב באחריותן ר"ע אומר לא ישתמש בהן לפיכך אם אבדו אין חייב באחריותן:, big strongגמ׳ /strong /big ולעולם אמר רב נחמן אמר שמואל עד י"ב חדש תניא נמי הכי כל דבר שעושה ואוכל כגון פרה וחמור מטפל בהן עד י"ב חדש מכאן ואילך שם דמיהן ומניחן,עגלים וסייחין מטפל בהן שלשה חדשים מכאן ואילך שם דמיהן ומניחן אווזין ותרנגולין מטפל בהם שלשים יום מכאן ואילך שם דמיהן ומניחן,אמר רב נחמן בר יצחק תרנגולת כבהמה גסה תניא נמי הכי תרנגולת ובהמה גסה מטפל בהן שנים עשר חודש מכאן ואילך שם דמיהן ומניחן עגלים וסייחין מטפל בהן ל' יום מכאן ואילך שם דמיהן ומניחן אווזין ותרנגולין וכל דבר שטיפולו מרובה משכרו מטפל בהן שלשה ימים מכאן ואילך שם דמיהן ומניחן,קשיא עגלים וסייחין אעגלים וסייחין אווזין ותרנגולין אאווזין ותרנגולין,עגלים וסייחין אעגלים וסייחין לא קשיא הא דרעיא והא דפטומא,אווזין ותרנגולין אאווזין ותרנגולין נמי לא קשיא הא ברברבי הא בזוטרי:,ושאינו עושה ואוכל: תנו רבנן והשבותו לו ראה היאך תשיבנו לו שלא יאכיל עגל לעגלים וסיח לסייחין אווזא לאווזין ותרנגול לתרנגולין:,מה יהא בדמים רבי טרפון אומר ישתמש וכו': עד כאן לא פליגי | 28b. because perhaps one who hears him will b come to confuse /b it b with the first /b pilgrimage Festival? The Gemara answers: Confusing the second Festival with the first is not a problem, as in any case, b won’t /b the finder b come /b on the b third pilgrimage Festival, /b thereby giving the owner another opportunity to recover his lost item?,§ b The Sages taught: Initially, anyone who found a lost item would proclaim /b his find for b three pilgrimage Festivals and /b for b seven days after the last /b of the three b pilgrimage Festivals, so that /b its owner b will go to his home, /b a trip lasting up to b three /b days, b and will return /b to Jerusalem, a trip lasting up to b three /b days, b and proclaim /b his loss for b one day. /b But b from /b the time b that the Temple was destroyed, may it be rebuilt speedily in our days, /b the Sages b instituted that /b those who find lost items b shall proclaim /b their finds b in synagogues and study halls. And from /b the time b that the oppressors proliferated, /b the Sages b instituted /b an ordice b that /b one who finds a lost item b shall inform his neighbors and acquaintances, and /b that will b suffice for him. /b ,The Gemara asks: b What /b is the meaning of: b From /b the time b that the oppressors proliferated? /b The Gemara answers: It is from the time b that they say: A lost item /b belongs b to the king. /b The Sages were concerned that any public proclamation would result in confiscation of the lost item. The Gemara relates: b Rabbi Ami found a vessel /b full b of dinars. A certain Roman saw that he was wary /b and hesitant to take it. The Roman b said to him: Go, take it for yourself; as we are not Persians, who say that a lost item /b belongs b to the king. /b , b The Sages taught /b in a i baraita /i : b There was a Claimant’s Stone in Jerusalem, /b and b anyone who lost an item would be directed there and anyone who found a lost item would be directed there. This /b finder would b stand and proclaim /b his find b and that /b owner b would stand and provide /b its b distinguishing marks and take /b the item. b And that is /b the place about which b we learned /b in a mishna ( i Ta’anit /i 19a): b Go and see if the Claimant’s Stone has been obscured /b by the rising water., strong MISHNA: /strong If a claimant accurately b stated /b what type of item b the lost item /b that was found by another is, b but did not state, /b i.e., describe, b its distinguishing marks, /b the finder b shall not give /b it b to him. And /b in the case of b a swindler, even though he stated its distinguishing marks, /b the finder b shall not give /b the lost item b to him, as it is stated: /b “And if your brother be not near you, and you know him not, then you shall bring it into your house, and it shall be with you b until your brother claims [ i derosh /i ] it [ i oto /i ], /b and you shall return it to him” (Deuteronomy 22:2). Would it enter your mind that the finder would give it to him before he claims it? How can the finder return it if he does not know the identity of the owner? Rather, the verb i derosh /i is not referring to the claim of the owner; it is referring to the scrutiny performed by the finder. You shall not return the lost item b until /b you b scrutinize [ i shetidrosh /i ] your brother /b to determine b whether /b he, the claimant, b is a swindler /b or b whether he is not a swindler. /b , strong GEMARA: /strong b It was stated /b that b Rav Yehuda said: /b One who finds an item b proclaims /b that he found b a lost item /b without specifying its nature. b And Rav Naḥman said: /b He specifies the nature of the item, e.g., b he proclaims /b that he found b a cloak. /b , b Rav Yehuda said: /b One who finds an item b proclaims /b that he found b a lost item, as if you say /b that b he proclaims /b that he found b a cloak, we are concerned about /b the possibility that b a swindler /b may attempt to claim the item. Perhaps the swindler learned that another person lost that item, and he will ascertain its distinguishing marks, provide those distinguishing marks, and claim the item., b Rav Naḥman said: /b The finder b proclaims /b that he found b a cloak, and we are not concerned about /b the possibility that b a swindler /b may attempt to claim the item, b as if so, there is no end to the matter. /b Even if the finder does not specify the nature of the item, perhaps a swindler would be able to guess its nature.,The Gemara cites proof from that which b we learned /b in the mishna: If a claimant accurately b states /b what type of item b the lost item /b that was found by another is, b but did not state its distinguishing marks, /b the finder b shall not give /b it b to him. Granted, if you say /b the finder b proclaims /b that he found an unspecified b lost item, this /b mishna b teaches us /b that b even though /b the claimant indeed b stated /b that the lost item is b a cloak, as /b long as b he did not state /b its b distinguishing marks, we do not return /b it b to him. But if you say /b that the finder b proclaims /b that he found b a cloak, /b if the finder b stated /b that he found b a cloak and /b the claimant b stated /b that he lost b a cloak, /b does it b need to be said /b that b when he did not state /b its b distinguishing marks, we do not return it to him? /b , b Rav Safra said: Actually, /b one could say that the finder b proclaims /b that he found b a cloak, /b and the mishna is referring to a case where the finder b stated /b that he found b a cloak, and /b the claimant b stated /b its b distinguishing marks. And what /b is the meaning of the phrase in the mishna: If he b did not state its distinguishing marks? /b It means: If b he did not state its clear-cut distinguishing marks /b but rather stated distinguishing marks that are not exclusive to the item. Therefore, he does not prove his ownership.,§ The mishna teaches: b And /b in the case of b a swindler, even though he stated its distinguishing marks, /b the finder b shall not give /b the lost item b to him. The Sages taught: Initially, anyone who lost an item would provide /b its b distinguishing marks and take it. /b But b when the swindlers proliferated, /b the Sages b instituted /b an ordice b that /b the finders will b say to him: Go and bring witnesses /b who can testify b that you are not a swindler, and take /b your item.,The Gemara relates: This is b as /b in b that /b incident involving b the father of Rav Pappa, /b who b lost a donkey and /b others b found it. He came before Rabba bar Rav Huna /b to reclaim his donkey. Rabba bar Rav Huna b said /b to the father of Rav Pappa: b Go and bring witnesses /b who can testify b that you are not a swindler, and /b you may b take /b your donkey. The father of Rav Pappa b went and brought witnesses. /b Rabba bar Rav Huna b said to /b the witnesses: b Do you know about him /b that b he is a swindler? /b The witnesses b said: Yes. /b Rav Pappa’s father b said, /b incredulously, b to /b the witnesses: b I am a swindler? /b The witnesses b said to him: We were saying that you are not a swindler. /b They had thought the question was if he was not a swindler, and therefore responded in the affirmative. b Rabba bar Rav Huna said: /b It b is reasonable /b to conclude that the witnesses actually intended to support Rav Pappa’s father, because presumably, b a person does not bring condemnation upon himself; /b Rav Pappa’s father would not have volunteered to provide witnesses who would testify against him., strong MISHNA: /strong If one finds b any /b living b being that works and /b generates enough revenue to cover the costs of the food that it b eats, /b it b shall work and eat /b while in the finder’s possession. b And any /b living b being that does not work but /b it does b eat shall be sold, as it is stated: /b “Then you shall bring it into your house, and it shall be with you until your brother claims it, b and you shall return it to him” /b (Deuteronomy 22:2), indicating that the finder must b see how /b best b to return it to him. /b Since the owner must repay the finder for his expenditures, if feeding the animal costs more than its value, the finder’s keep-ing the animal in his possession will prevent the owner from recovering it., b What shall be /b done b with the money /b received from the sale of the animal? b Rabbi Tarfon says: /b The finder b may use it; therefore, if /b the money b is lost, /b he is b liable /b to pay b restitution /b for b it. Rabbi Akiva says: He may not use /b the money; b therefore, if it is lost, /b he is b not liable /b to pay b restitution /b for b it. /b , strong GEMARA: /strong The mishna teaches that an animal that generates enough revenue to cover the costs of the food that it eats shall work and eat while in the finder’s possession. The Gemara asks: b And /b must he care for the animal b forever? Rav Naḥman says /b that b Shmuel says: /b He cares for the animal b until twelve months /b pass. b This is also taught /b in a i baraita /i : If one finds b any /b living b being that works and /b generates enough revenue to cover the costs of the food that it b eats, e.g., a cow or a donkey, /b he b tends to them until twelve months /b pass. b From that /b point b forward, one assesses their value, /b sells them, b and places /b the money aside for the owner.,If one finds b calves and foals, /b which are young and unfit for labor, b he tends to them /b for b three months, /b as they do not earn their keep. b From that /b point b forward, one assesses their value, /b sells them, b and places /b the money aside for the owner. If one finds b geese and roosters, he tends to them /b for b thirty days. From that /b point b forward, one assesses their value, /b sells them, b and places /b the money aside for the owner., b Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak says: /b The legal status of b a chicken is like /b that of b a large domesticated animal /b in that the eggs it lays suffice to cover the cost of its food, and therefore the finder keeps it for twelve months. b This is also taught /b in a i baraita /i : If one finds b a chicken and a large domesticated animal, /b he b tends to them for twelve months. From that /b point b forward, one assesses their value, /b sells them, b and places /b the money aside for the owner. If one finds b calves and foals, he tends to them /b for b thirty days. From that /b point b forward, one assesses their value, /b sells them, b and places /b the money aside for the owner. If one finds b geese and roosters and anything that /b costs b more to tend to than /b the b revenue /b generated by b it, he tends to them /b for b three days. From that /b point b forward, one assesses their value, /b sells them, b and places /b the money aside for the owner.,The Gemara asks: It is b difficult, /b as there is a contradiction between the ruling in the first i baraita /i that the finder keeps b calves and foals /b for three months b and /b the ruling in the second i baraita /i that the finder keeps b calves and foals /b for thirty days; and there is another contradiction between the ruling in the first i baraita /i that the finder keeps b geese and roosters /b for thirty days, b and /b the ruling in the second i baraita /i that the finder keeps b geese and roosters /b for three days.,The Gemara answers: The contradiction between the ruling in the first i baraita /i with regard to b calves and foals and /b the ruling in the second i baraita /i with regard to b calves and foals /b is b not difficult. This /b ruling in the first i baraita /i that the finder keeps them for three months is referring to calves and foals b that graze /b in the pasture, b and that /b ruling in the second i baraita /i that the finder keeps them for thirty days is referring to calves and foals b that /b need to be b fattened /b and therefore require greater exertion on the part of the one who finds them.,The contradiction between the ruling in the first i baraita /i with regard to b geese and roosters and /b the ruling in the second i baraita /i with regard to b geese and roosters /b is b also not difficult. This /b ruling in the first i baraita /i that the finder keeps them for thirty days is referring b to large /b geese and roosters, which do not require great exertion, b and that /b ruling in the second i baraita /i that the finder keeps them for three days is referring b to small /b geese and roosters, which require great exertion.,The mishna teaches: b And /b any living being b that does not work but /b it does b eat /b shall be sold. b The Sages taught /b in a i baraita /i : The verse states: b “And you shall return it to him” /b (Deuteronomy 22:2), indicating that the finder must b see how /b best b to return it to him, /b meaning b that /b one b shall not feed /b the value of b a calf to /b the lost b calves /b that he is tending, b nor /b the value of b a foal to /b the lost b foals /b that he is tending, b nor /b the value of b a goose to /b the b geese /b that he is tending, b nor /b the value of b a rooster to /b the b roosters /b that he is tending. Were the finder to do so, ultimately, the owner would receive nothing.,§ The mishna teaches: b What shall be /b done b with the money /b received from the sale of the animal? b Rabbi Tarfon says: /b The finder b may use it; /b therefore, if the money is lost, he is liable to pay restitution for its loss. Rabbi Akiva says: He may not use the money. Therefore, if it is lost, he is not liable to pay restitution. The Gemara analyzes the tannaitic dispute: Rabbi Tarfon and Rabbi Akiva b disagree /b |
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52. Babylonian Talmud, Sanhedrin, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen •property, stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 144| 63b. לומר שאין לוקין עליו דברי רבי יהודה,רבי יעקב אומר לא מן השם הוא זה אלא משום דהוה ליה לאו שאין בו מעשה וכל לאו שאין בו מעשה אין לוקין עליו,מכלל דרבי יהודה סבר לוקין עליו:,הנודר בשמו והמקיים בשמו הרי זה בל"ת: הנודר בשמו והמקיים בשמו מנלן,דתניא (שמות כג, יג) ושם אלהים אחרים לא תזכירו שלא יאמר אדם לחבירו שמור לי בצד עבודת כוכבים פלונית (שמות כג, יג) לא ישמע על פיך שלא ידור בשמו ולא יקיים בשמו ולא יגרום לאחרים שידרו בשמו ויקיימו בשמו,דבר אחר לא ישמע על פיך אזהרה למסית ולמדיח,מסית בהדיא כתיב ביה (דברים יג, יב) וכל ישראל ישמעו ויראו וגו' אלא אזהרה למדיח,ולא יגרום לאחרים שידרו בשמו ושיקיימו בשמו מסייעא ליה לאבוה דשמואל דאמר אבוה דשמואל אסור לאדם שיעשה שותפות עם העובד כוכבים שמא יתחייב לו שבועה ונשבע בעבודת כוכבים שלו והתורה אמרה לא ישמע על פיך,כי אתא עולא בת בקלנבו אמר ליה רבא והיכא בת מר אמר ליה בקלנבו אמר ליה והכתיב ושם אלהים אחרים לא תזכירו אמר ליה הכי אמר ר' יוחנן כל עבודת כוכבים הכתובה בתורה מותר להזכיר שמה והא היכא כתיבא דכתיב (ישעיהו מו, א) כרע בל קרס נבו,ואי לא כתיבא לא מתיב רב משרשיא ראה אחת מרובה כשלש שהיא כמגדיון לשילה שהן שתי טבילות ושני ספוגין הרי זה זב גמור אמר רבינא גד נמי מכתב כתיב דכתיב (ישעיהו סה, יא) העורכים לגד שלחן,אמר רב נחמן כל ליצנותא אסירא חוץ מליצנותא דעבודת כוכבים דשריא דכתיב כרע בל קרס נבו קרסו כרעו יחדו לא יכלו מלט משא,וכתיב (הושע י, ה) דברו לעגלות בית און יגורו שכן שומרון כי אבל עליו עמו וכמריו עליו יגילו על כבודו כי גלה ממנו אל תקרי כבודו אלא כבידו,אמר רבי יצחק מאי דכתיב (הושע יג, ב) ועתה יוסיפו לחטא ויעשו להם מסכה מכספם כתבונם עצבים וגו' מאי כתבונם עצבים מלמד שכל אחד ואחד עשה דמות יראתו ומניחה בכיסו בשעה שזוכרה מוציאה מתוך חיקו ומחבקה ומנשקה,מאי (הושע יג, ב) זובחי אדם עגלים ישקון א"ר יצחק דבי רבי אמי שהיו משרתי עבודת כוכבים נותנים עיניהם בבעלי ממון ומרעיבים את העגלים ועושין דמות עצבים ומעמידין בצד אבוסיהן ומוציאין אותן לחוץ כיון שראו אותן רצין אחריהן וממשמשין בהן אומרים לו עבודת כוכבים חפץ בך יבא ויזבח עצמו לו,אמר רבא האי זובחי אדם עגלים ישקון עגלים ישקון לזבוח אדם מיבעי ליה אלא אמר רבא כל הזובח את בנו לעבודת כוכבים אמר לו דורון גדול הקריב לו יבא וישק לו,אמר רב יהודה אמר רב (מלכים ב יז, ל) ואנשי בבל עשו את סכות בנות ומאי ניהו תרנגולת (מלכים ב יז, ל) ואנשי כות עשו את נרגל ומאי ניהו תרנגול (מלכים ב יז, ל) ואנשי חמת עשו את אשימה ומאי ניהו ברחא קרחא (מלכים ב יז, לא) והעוים עשו (את) נבחן ואת תרתק ומאי ניהו כלב וחמור,(מלכים ב יז, לא) והספרוים שורפים את בניהם (ואת בנותיהם) באש לאדרמלך וענמלך אלהי ספרוים ומאי ניהו הפרד והסוס אדרמלך דאדר ליה למריה בטעינה וענמלך דעני ליה למריה בקרבא,אף חזקיה מלך יהודה ביקש אביו לעשות לו כן אלא שסכתו אמו סלמנדרא,אמר רב יהודה אמר רב יודעין היו ישראל בעבודת כוכבים שאין בה ממש ולא עבדו עבודת כוכבים אלא להתיר להם עריות בפרהסיא,מתיב רב משרשיא (ירמיהו יז, ב) כזכור בניהם מזבחותם וגו' וא"ר אלעזר כאדם שיש לו געגועין על בנו,בתר דאביקו ביה,ת"ש (ויקרא כו, ד) ונתתי פגריכם על פגרי גלוליכם אמר אליהו הצדיק היה מחזר על תפוחי רעב שבירושלים פעם אחת מצא תינוק שהיה תפוח ומוטל באשפה,אמר לו מאיזה משפחה אתה אמר לו ממשפחה פלונית אני אמר לו כלום נשתייר מאותה משפחה אמר לו לאו חוץ ממני אמר לו אם אני מלמדך דבר שאתה חי בו אתה למד אמר לו הן אמר לו אמור בכל יום שמע ישראל ה' אלהינו ה' אחד אמר לו | 63b. b to say that one is not flogged for /b transgressing the prohibition, as any prohibition that can be rectified by the performance of a positive mitzva does not carry a punishment of lashes. This is b the statement of Rabbi Yehuda. /b , b Rabbi Ya’akov says: This is not for /b that b reason. Rather, /b it is b because it is a prohibition that does not involve an action. /b The transgression is simply the failure to consume all the meat during the allotted time rather than the performance of an action. b And one is not flogged for /b the violation of b any prohibition that does not involve an action. /b ,The Gemara concludes: b By inference, Rabbi Yehuda holds /b that in general, b one is flogged for /b the violation of a prohibition that does not involve an action. It can therefore be inferred that one who vows or takes an oath in the name of an idol is liable to be flogged according to Rabbi Yehuda’s opinion, even though no action is involved.,§ The mishna teaches with regard to b one who vows in /b the b name of /b an idol b and one who affirms /b his statement by an oath b in its name, /b that b this /b person is in transgression b of a prohibition. /b The Gemara asks: b From where do we /b derive that b one who vows in /b the b name of /b an idol b and one who affirms /b his statement by an oath b in its name /b transgresses a prohibition?,The Gemara answers: b As it is taught /b in a i baraita /i that the meaning of the verse: b “And make no mention of the name of the other gods, /b neither let it be heard out of your mouth” (Exodus 23:13), is b that a person may not say to another: Wait for me next to such and such /b an object of b idol worship. /b The meaning of the statement b “neither let it be heard out of your mouth” /b is b that /b one b may not vow in /b the b name of /b an idol, b nor affirm /b his statement by an oath b in its name, nor cause others, /b i.e., gentiles, b to vow in its name or affirm /b their statements by an oath b in its name. /b , b Alternatively, /b the statement b “neither let it be heard out of your mouth” /b can be interpreted as b a prohibition against one who incites /b another to worship idols b and against one who subverts /b an entire city to do so. The prohibition against inciting others to engage in idol worship can be derived from this verse.,The Gemara asks: Why must the prohibition against b an inciter /b be derived from here? b It is written explicitly in that regard, /b in the verse concerning the inciter’s punishment: b “And all Israel shall hear, and fear, /b and shall do no more of any such wickedness as this is in your midst” (Deuteronomy 13:12). This is clearly a prohibition against inciting others to worship idols. b Rather, /b the verse “neither let it be heard out of your mouth” is b a prohibition against one who subverts /b an entire city to engage in idol worship; this prohibition is not stated elsewhere.,The i baraita /i teaches: b And /b one may b not cause others, /b i.e., gentiles, b to vow in /b the b name of /b an idol b or affirm /b their statements by an oath b in its name. /b The Gemara comments: The i baraita /i b supports /b the opinion of b Shmuel’s father, as Shmuel’s father says: It is prohibited for a person to enter /b into b a partnership with a gentile, lest /b their joint ventures lead them to quarrel, and his gentile partner b will be obligated to take an oath to him, and he will take an oath in /b the name of b his /b object of b idol worship; and the Torah states: “Neither let it be heard out of your mouth,” /b which includes causing a gentile to take an oath in the name of an idol., b When Ulla came /b from Eretz Yisrael to Babylonia, b he lodged in /b a place called b Kalnevo. Rava said to him: And where did the Master lodge? /b Ulla b said to him: In Kalnevo. /b Rava b said to him: But isn’t it written: “And make no mention of the name of the other gods”? /b Kalnevo is the name of an idol. Ulla b said to him: This /b is what b Rabbi Yoḥa said: /b With regard to b any /b object of b idol worship that is written in the Torah, it is permitted to mention its name. /b Since one may mention the idol while reading the Torah, it is permitted to mention it altogether. Rava asked: b And where is this /b idol b written? /b Ulla answered: b As it is written: “Bel bows down, Nevo stoops” /b (Isaiah 46:1).,The Gemara asks: b And /b does this mean that b if /b an idol b is not written /b in the Torah, it is b not /b permitted to mention its name? b Rav Mesharshiyya raises an objection /b to this premise from a mishna in tractate i Zavim /i (1:5): If a man b saw, /b i.e., experienced, b one /b gonorrhea-like discharge that lasted b as long as three /b regular gonorrhea-like discharges, b which is like /b the amount of time it takes to walk b from /b the location of the idol b Gadyon to Shiloh, which is /b the amount of time it takes to perform b two immersions and two dryings /b with a towel, b he is /b ritually impure with the impurity status of b a full-fledged i zav /i , /b even though a man generally becomes a i zav /i only after three separate discharges. In any event, the mishna mentions the idol Gadyon. b Ravina says: /b The idol b Gad is also written /b in the Bible; b as it is written: “That prepare a table for Gad” /b (Isaiah 65:11).,§ b Rav Naḥman says: All /b types of b mockery are forbidden, except for mockery of idol worship, which is permitted, as it is written: “Bel crouches down, Nevo stoops…they stoop, they crouch down together, they could not hold back the burden” /b (Isiah 46:1–2). The verse is interpreted as meaning that they crouch in order to defecate and cannot retain their excrement., b And it is /b similarly b written: “They speak…the inhabitants of Samaria shall be in dread for the calves of Beth Aven; for its people shall mourn over it, and its priests shall tremble for it, for its glory [ i kevodo /i ], because it has departed from it” /b (Hosea 10:4–5). b Do not read /b it as b “its glory [ i kevodo /i ]”; rather, /b read it as b its burden [ i keveido /i ], /b meaning that the idol is unable to restrain itself from defecating. These are examples of derogatory statements that are permitted only in reference to idols., b Rav Yitzḥak says: What /b is the meaning of that b which is written: “And now they continue to sin, and have made for themselves molten images of their silver, according to their own understanding, idols, /b all of them the work of the craftsmen; of them they say: Those who sacrifice men kiss calves” (Hosea 13:2)? b What /b is the meaning of the expression: b “According to their own understanding [ i kitvunam /i ], idols”? /b The word i kitvunam /i is interpreted as meaning: According to their image [ i ketavnitam /i ], and the verse b teaches that each and every /b person b would make an image of his god and place it in his pocket. When he would remember it, he would remove it from his bosom and embrace it and kiss it. /b , b What /b is the meaning of the statement: b “Those who sacrifice men kiss calves”? Rabbi Yitzḥak of the school of Rabbi Ami says: /b It means b that priests /b of idol worship b would set their eyes on the wealthy, and /b they would b starve the calves /b that were objects of idol worship, b and make statues /b in the b image /b of those wealthy people, b and place /b those statues b next to the troughs of /b the calves, b and /b they would b take /b those calves b outside. When /b the calves would b see /b those wealthy people, whose image they were used to seeing near their troughs, they would b run after them and paw them. /b At this point the priests would b say to /b that wealthy person: The object of b idol worship, /b the calf, b desires you; let /b the Master b come and sacrifice himself to it. /b The priests would inherit his property., b Rava says: That /b is not the correct interpretation of the verse, as the wording b “those who sacrifice men kiss calves” /b is unsuitable for that interpretation, since in that case the verse b should have /b stated: b They make calves kiss to sacrifice men. Rather, Rava says /b that the verse is to be understood as follows: Whenever b anyone sacrifices his son to /b an object of b idol worship, /b the priest b says to him: /b The Master b has sacrificed a great gift [ i doron /i ] to /b the idol; therefore, he has the right to b come and kiss it. /b The verse means that the reward of “those who sacrifice men” is to kiss calves., b Rav Yehuda says /b that b Rav says /b with regard to the verse describ-ing the peoples that were settled in Samaria by the Assyrians: b “And the men of Babylonia made Succoth-Benoth” /b (II Kings 17:30); b and what is /b this idol? It is the image of b a hen. “And the men of Cuth made Nergal” /b (II Kings 17:30); b and what is it? /b It is the image of b a rooster. “And the men of Hamath made Ashima” /b (II Kings 17:30); b and what is it? /b It is the image of b a bald billy goat. “And the Avvites made Nibhaz and Tartak” /b (II Kings 17:31); b and what are they? /b The image of b a dog and a donkey. /b , b “And the Sepharvites burned their sons and their daughters in the fire to Adrammelech and Anammelech, the gods of Sepharvaim” /b (II Kings 17:31); b and what are they? The mule and the horse. /b And why are they called that? A mule is called b Adrammelech because it honors [ i addar /i ] its master with /b its b load, /b i.e., because it carries the master’s load, b and /b a horse is called b Anammelech because it responds [ i anei /i ] to its master, /b assisting him b in battle. /b ,The Gemara relates: b The father of Hezekiah, king of Judea, also attempted to do so to him, /b i.e., to burn him as an offering to an idol, b but his mother rubbed him /b with the blood of b a salamander [ i salamandera /i ], /b a creature created out of fire and immune to the effects of fire, whose blood is fireproof.,§ b Rav Yehuda says /b that b Rav says: The Jewish people knew that idol worship is of no substance; /b they did not actually believe in it. b And they worshipped idols only /b in order b to permit themselves /b to engage in b forbidden sexual relations in public, /b since most rituals of idol worship would include public displays of forbidden sexual intercourse., b Rav Mesharshiyya raises an objection /b to this statement from the following verse: b “Like the memory of their sons are their altars, /b and their Asherim are by the leafy trees, upon the high hills” (Jeremiah 17:2). b And Rabbi Elazar says /b that this means that the Jewish people would recall their idol worship b like a person who misses his child. /b This interpretation indicates that they were truly attached to idol worship.,The Gemara answers: This was the case b after /b the Jewish people b became attached to /b idol worship, at which point they began to actually believe in it. At first, they were drawn to idol worship only due to their lust.,The Gemara suggests: b Come /b and b hear /b a proof that the Jewish people engaged in idol worship for its own sake and not for the sake of engaging in forbidden sexual relations: In interpretation of the verse: b “And I shall cast your carcasses upon the carcasses of your idols” /b (Leviticus 26:30), the Sages b say /b that b Elijah the Righteous, /b the prophet, b would search for those who were swollen with hunger in Jerusalem. He once found a child who was swollen /b with hunger b and lying in the garbage. /b ,Elijah b said to /b the child: b From which family are you? /b The child b said to him: I am from such and such family. /b Elijah b said to him: Isn’t /b there anyone b left from that family? /b The child b said to him: No /b one is left b besides me. /b Elijah b said to him: If I teach you something through which you will live, will you learn /b it? The child b said to him: Yes. /b Elijah b said to him: Say every day “Listen Israel, the Lord is our God; the Lord is One” /b (Deuteronomy 6:4). The child b said to him: /b |
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| 53. Babylonian Talmud, Shevuot, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 128 |
54. Babylonian Talmud, Yoma, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 131| 36a. big strongגמ׳ /strong /big מאן שמעת לי' דאמר בין האולם ולמזבח צפון רבי,אלעזר ברבי שמעון היא דתניא איזהו צפון מקיר של מזבח צפוני ועד כותל העזרה וכנגד כל המזבח כולו צפון דברי ר' יוסי בר' יהודה ר' אלעזר בר"ש מוסיף אף בין האולם ולמזבח רבי מוסיף אף מקום דריסת רגלי הכהנים ואף מקום דריסת רגלי ישראל אבל מן החליפות ולפנים הכל מודים שפסול,לימא רבי אלעזר ברבי שמעון היא ולא רבי אפילו תימא רבי ורבי השתא אדרבי יוסי ברבי יהודה מוסיף אדרבי אלעזר ברבי שמעון לא מוסיף,אנן הכי קא אמרינן אי רבי היא נוקמיה בכולה עזרה אלא מאי רבי אלעזר ברבי שמעון היא ונוקמיה בין מזבח ולכותל,אלא מאי אית לך למימר משום חולשא דכהן גדול לרבי נמי משום חולשא דכהן גדול,ראשו לדרום ופניו למערב היכי משכחת לה אמר רב בעוקם את ראשו ונוקמיה להדיא אמר אביי גזירה שמא ירביץ גללים,תנו רבנן כיצד סומך הזבח עומד בצפון ופניו למערב והסומך עומד במזרח ופניו למערב ומניח שתי ידיו בין שתי קרנות של זבח ובלבד שלא יהא דבר חוצץ בינו לבין הזבח ומתודה על חטאת עון חטאת ועל אשם עון אשם ועל עולה עון לקט שכחה ופאה ומעשר עני דברי רבי יוסי הגלילי,רבי עקיבא אומר אין עולה באה אלא על עשה ועל לא תעשה שניתק לעשה,במאי קא מיפלגי אמר ר' ירמיה | 36a. strong GEMARA: /strong The mishna states that when the High Priest recites his confession, the bull stands between the Entrance Hall to the Sanctuary and the altar, and elsewhere (41b) it is stated that the bull is slaughtered at the place where the confession is recited. Apparently, the place where the confession is recited must be considered north. The Gemara clarifies: About b whom did you learn that he said /b that the area b between the Entrance Hall and the altar /b is considered b north /b and is therefore a valid location for slaughtering offerings of the most sacred order, based on the verse written with regard to the burnt-offering: “On the side of the altar northward” (Leviticus 1:11)?, b It is Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon, as it was taught /b in a i baraita /i : b What is /b the b north? /b It is the area b from the northern wall of the altar until the wall of the /b Temple b courtyard. And opposite the entire altar /b is also considered b north; /b this is b the statement of Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Yehuda. And Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon, adds even /b the area b between the Entrance Hall and the altar /b to the area that is considered north. b Rabbi /b Yehuda HaNasi b adds /b that b even /b the areas to the north in b the place where the priests walk, and even /b areas to the north in b the place where the Israelites walk, /b are considered north in terms of the i halakha /i of slaughtering offerings. b However, everyone agrees that /b the area b from the /b chamber b of the knives and inward, /b which is an area off to the side, b is unfit /b for slaughtering offerings of the most sacred order, as it is not visible from the altar.,The Gemara suggests: b Let us say /b that the mishna b is /b in accordance with the opinion of b Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon, and not /b in accordance with the opinion of b Rabbi /b Yehuda HaNasi. The Gemara rejects this: b Even /b if b you say /b that the mishna is in accordance with the opinion of b Rabbi /b Yehuda HaNasi, b now, /b does b Rabbi /b Yehuda HaNasi b add /b only to the statement of b Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Yehuda, /b but b does not add /b to the statement of b Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon? /b After all, the area deemed north according to Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon, is included in the area deemed north by Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi. Therefore, the mishna could be in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi as well.,The Gemara reformulates its suggestion: b This is what we are saying: If /b the mishna were in accordance with the opinion of b Rabbi /b Yehuda HaNasi, who holds that the entire courtyard is considered north, b let us stand /b the bull anywhere b in the entire courtyard /b and not necessarily between the Entrance Hall and the altar. The Gemara rejects this: b Rather, what /b do you suggest? The mishna b is /b only in accordance with the opinion of b Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon? /b According to his opinion one could suggest: b And let us stand /b the bull b between the altar and the wall, /b as everyone agrees that this area is considered north., b Rather, what have you to say /b to explain why the bull is positioned specifically between the Entrance Hall and the altar? It is b due to the weakness /b of the b High Priest, /b so that he need not exert himself and walk long distances on Yom Kippur. According to b Rabbi /b Yehuda HaNasi b as well, /b it is b due to the weakness /b of the b High Priest /b that the bull is positioned specifically there, although it is permitted to position the bull anywhere in the courtyard.,§ The mishna continues: b The head /b of the bull was facing b to the south and its face /b was facing b to the west. /b The Gemara asks: Under b what circumstances /b can a case b be found /b where its head is toward one direction and its face is toward another? b Rav said: /b It is a case where the animal is standing north-south and b it turns its head /b and faces west. The Gemara asks: b And let us stand it straight /b east-west with its back to the altar and its head facing the Sanctuary. b Abaye said: It is /b prohibited due to b a decree lest /b the bull b defecate /b opposite the altar, which is a display of contempt for the altar., b The Sages taught: How /b does the priest b place his hands /b on b the offering? /b In the offerings of the most sacred order, the animal b stands in the north /b of the courtyard b and its face /b is b to the west, and the one who is placing his hands stands to the east /b of the offering b and his face /b is b to the west, and he places his two hands between the two horns of /b the b offering, provided /b that b nothing interposes between his /b hands b and the offering. And he confesses /b his sins. If the confession is b over a sin-offering, /b he confesses the b transgression /b for which he is bringing the b sin-offering, /b i.e., unwitting violation of a prohibition punishable by i karet /i . b And over a guilt-offering /b he confesses b the transgression /b for which he is bringing the b guilt-offering, /b e.g., theft or misuse of consecrated property. b And over a burnt-offering, /b with regard to which the Torah does not specify for which transgressions it is brought, he confesses b the sin of /b not leaving b gleanings, forgotten sheaves, and produce of the corners [ i pe’a /i ], as well as /b not separating b poor man’s tithe. /b This is b the statement of Rabbi Yosei HaGelili. /b , b Rabbi Akiva says: A burnt-offering is brought only over /b the failure to fulfill b a positive /b mitzva b and over /b violation of b a prohibition that /b after violation b is transformed into a positive /b mitzva. This refers to all prohibitions followed by positive mitzvot intended to rectify them; e.g., the prohibition against robbery is followed in the Torah by a positive mitzva for the robber to return the object that he stole. These transgressions are not punishable by lashes nor does a human court administer any other form of penalty. However, a burnt-offering is required in order to gain divine atonement for the sinner.,The Gemara asks: b With regard to what /b principle b do they disagree? Rabbi Yirmeya said: /b |
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55. Babylonian Talmud, Bava Qamma, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 131| 109a. בחייו ובמותו אם מת לא ירשנו ויחזיר לבניו או לאחיו ואם אין לו לוה ובעלי חוב באים ונפרעים:, big strongגמ׳ /strong /big אמר רב יוסף אפילו לארנקי של צדקה אמר רב פפא וצריך שיאמר זה גזל אבי,אמאי נמחליה לנפשיה מי לא תנן מחל לו על הקרן ולא מחל לו על החומש אלמא בר מחילה הוא,אמר רבי יוחנן לא קשיא הא רבי יוסי הגלילי הא רבי עקיבא,דתניא (במדבר ה, ח) ואם אין לאיש גואל להשיב האשם וכי יש אדם בישראל שאין לו גואלים אלא בגזל הגר הכתוב מדבר,הרי שגזל הגר ונשבע לו ושמע שמת הגר והיה מעלה כספו ואשמו לירושלים ופגע באותו הגר וזקפו עליו במלוה ומת זכה הלה במה שבידו דברי רבי יוסי הגלילי ר' עקיבא אומר אין לו תקנה עד שיוציא גזילו מתחת ידו,לרבי יוסי הגלילי לא שנא לנפשיה ל"ש לאחרים מצי מחיל ולרבי עקיבא ל"ש לאחרים ולא שנא לנפשיה לא מצי מחיל,ולר' יוסי הוא הדין דאפי' לא זקפו במלוה והאי דקתני זקפו עליו במלוה להודיעך כחו דרבי עקיבא דאפילו זקפן עליו במלוה אין לו תקנה עד שיוציא גזילה מתחת ידו,מתקיף לה רב ששת אי הכי לרבי יוסי הגלילי לשמעינן לנפשיה וכל שכן לאחרים לרבי עקיבא לשמעינן לאחרים דלא מצי מחיל וכ"ש לנפשיה דלא מצי מחיל,אלא אמר רב ששת הא והא רבי יוסי הגלילי כי קאמר רבי יוסי הגלילי דמצי מחיל לאחרים אבל לנפשיה לא מצי מחיל אלא אמאי זכה הלה במה שבידו משום דזקפן עליו במלוה,רבא אמר הא והא רבי עקיבא כי אמר רבי עקיבא דלא מצי מחיל לנפשיה אבל לאחרים מצי מחיל | 109a. The mishna continues: If the father stated in his vow that his son may not derive benefit from his property b in his life and in his death, /b then even b if /b the father then b dies /b the son b does not inherit /b from b him, /b as the prohibition is still in effect. b And /b instead of taking his inheritance, b he returns /b his portion in the estate b to his sons or to his brothers. And if he does not have /b sufficient funds to subsist without his inheritance, he b borrows /b money in the amount of the value of his share in the inheritance b and /b the b creditors come and are repaid /b from his share., strong GEMARA: /strong With regard to the i halakha /i written in the mishna that one who robs his father pays the principal and the additional one-fifth payment to the father’s heirs, b Rav Yosef says: /b One may b even /b put this money b in a charity purse /b if he so chooses. b Rav Pappa says: And /b when giving the money b he must say: This /b is what was b robbed /b from b my father. /b ,§ The Gemara questions the mishna’s ruling that one who robs his father must return the stolen item to others even if he is the sole heir. b Why /b must he do this? b Let him forgive /b the debt b to himself; /b as the heir, to whom payment is due, he should be able to forgive it. b Didn’t we learn /b in a mishna (103a) that in the case of a robber who took a false oath claiming to be innocent and later admitted his liability: If the owner b forgave him concerning the principal, but did not forgive him concerning the /b additional b one-fifth /b payment, he need not pursue him to repay the remaining debt. b Apparently, /b even the principal b is subject to forgiveness, /b so why doesn’t he forgive the obligation to himself?, b Rabbi Yoḥa said: /b This is b not difficult. That /b mishna is in accordance with the opinion of b Rabbi Yosei HaGelili, /b who says that this obligation can be forgiven, while b this /b mishna, ruling that a son who robbed his father and is his sole heir cannot forgive the obligation to himself, is in accordance with the opinion of b Rabbi Akiva, /b who holds that this obligation cannot be forgiven.,Rabbi Yoḥa explains: b As it is taught /b in a i baraita /i ( i Tosefta /i 10:16) that the verse states with regard to one who steals from one who then died: b “But if the man has no kinsman /b to whom b restitution may be made for the guilt, /b the restitution for guilt that is made shall be the Lord’s, even the priest’s” (Numbers 5:8). The i baraita /i asks: b But is there /b any b Jewish person who has no kinsmen? /b Since every Jew descends from Jacob our forefather, all Jews have relatives to inherit from them. b Rather, /b it must be that b the verse is speaking of robbery of a convert /b who never married or had children as a Jew, and in any case is no longer legally related to his gentile family; he has no heirs. In this situation the Torah instructs one who robbed from a now-deceased convert to return the stolen item to a priest.,The i baraita /i continues: In the case of one b who robbed a convert and took /b a false b oath to him /b saying that he did not rob him, b and /b then b heard that the convert died; and he was bringing his money, /b for the principal and the additional one-fifth payment, b and his guilt-offering up to Jerusalem /b to pay his debt to the priests and sacrifice his offering, b and he encountered that same convert, /b who in fact had not died; b and, /b instead of having the robber pay the money right away the convert b established it as a loan for /b the robber, b and /b then the convert b died, /b leaving his property ownerless, as he had no heirs; b this /b robber b acquires /b all b that /b is b in his possession, /b as it is now a loan, not money to pay back the theft; this is b the statement of Rabbi Yosei HaGelili. Rabbi Akiva says: /b The robber b has no remedy until he will remove his stolen item from his possession. /b ,Rabbi Yoḥa explains their respective opinions. b According to /b the opinion of b Rabbi Yosei HaGelili, /b there b is no difference /b if the one to whom payment is due forgives the return of a stolen item b to himself, /b such as in this case of a convert who died or in the case of the mishna where a son robbed his father who then died, and there b is no difference /b if he forgives the return of a stolen item b to others. /b In either case, he b can forgive /b payment. b And according to /b the opinion of b Rabbi Akiva, /b there b is no difference /b if the one to whom payment is due forgives the return of a stolen item b to others /b and there b is no difference /b if he forgives the return of a stolen item b to himself. /b In either case, he b cannot forgive /b payment.,Rabbi Yoḥa continues his analysis: b And according to /b the opinion of b Rabbi Yosei /b HaGelili, b the same is true, /b i.e., the i halakha /i would also be, b that /b no liability would remain in the case of the convert b even had he not established /b the robbery debt b as a loan, /b as the robber could forgive the obligation to himself once the convert died. b And /b the fact b that /b the i baraita /i b teaches /b its i halakha /i in a case where he b established it as a loan for /b the robber b is to convey to you the far-reaching nature of /b the opinion of b Rabbi Akiva: That even /b if he b established it as a loan for him, /b in which case it could be considered as though the robber had returned the stolen item and now has a standard loan debt, nevertheless, the robber b has no remedy until he will remove his stolen item from his possession, /b so as to not benefit from his act of robbery., b Rav Sheshet objects to this /b interpretation of the i baraita /i : b If so, /b then b according to /b the opinion of b Rabbi Yosei HaGelili, let /b the mishna on 103a, which indicates that one can forgive the principal payment of a robbery, b teach us /b instead that the robbery victim can forgive the obligation b to himself, and /b it would be understood that b all the more so /b one can forgive the obligation b to others. /b And b according to /b the opinion of b Rabbi Akiva, /b which Rabbi Yoḥa explains to be the opinion stated in the mishna here, b let it teach us that one cannot forgive /b the obligation b to others, and /b it would be understood b all the more so /b with regard to the robber, b that /b he b cannot forgive /b the obligation b to himself. /b , b Rather, Rav Sheshet said: That /b mishna b and this /b mishna are both in accordance with the opinion of b Rabbi Yosei HaGelili. When Rabbi Yosei HaGelili is saying that one can forgive /b the return of a stolen item, he meant specifically forgiving the obligation b to others, but /b he b cannot forgive /b the obligation b to himself. /b The Gemara asks: b But /b if that is the i halakha /i , b why did this /b one who robbed a convert who subsequently died b acquire /b all b that /b is b in his possession? Because /b the convert b established it as a loan for him, /b and henceforth it is no longer considered stolen property, but a standard loan debt.,The Gemara offers a different explanation. b Rava said: That /b mishna b and this /b mishna are both in accordance with the opinion of b Rabbi Akiva. When Rabbi Akiva says that /b he b cannot forgive /b the return of a stolen item he meant specifically forgiving the obligation b to himself, /b as in the case of the convert, b but /b he b can forgive /b the obligation b to others. /b |
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| 56. Anon., Pirqe Rabbi Eliezer, 38 Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 126 |
| 57. Epigraphy, Cil, 4.7610-4.7633, 4.7991-4.7993 Tagged with subjects: •stolen property, rewards for recovery of Found in books: Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 103 |
| 58. Anon., Tanchuma (Buber), None Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 127 |
| 59. Anon., Lexicon Artis Grammaticae (E Cod. Coislin. 345), 6.2, 6.4 Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 116, 126 |
| 60. Demosthenes, Orations, 59.109 Tagged with subjects: •stolen property, in oracular questions Found in books: Eidinow (2007), Oracles, Curses, and Risk Among the Ancient Greeks, 118 |
| 61. Anon., Tanhuma, None Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 126 |
| 62. Anon., Midrash Hagadol, None Tagged with subjects: •property, restitution of lost or stolen Found in books: Schiffman (1983), Testimony and the Penal Code, 126 |
