1. Thucydides, The History of The Peloponnesian War, 1.20.1, 5.47.10, 6.57.1-6.57.3 (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •panathenaia, unity •community of all the athenians, great panathenaia Found in books: Shear, Serving Athena: The Festival of the Panathenaia and the Construction of Athenian Identities (2021) 117, 118| 1.20.1. τὰ μὲν οὖν παλαιὰ τοιαῦτα ηὗρον, χαλεπὰ ὄντα παντὶ ἑξῆς τεκμηρίῳ πιστεῦσαι. οἱ γὰρ ἄνθρωποι τὰς ἀκοὰς τῶν προγεγενημένων, καὶ ἢν ἐπιχώρια σφίσιν ᾖ, ὁμοίως ἀβασανίστως παρ’ ἀλλήλων δέχονται. 6.57.1. καὶ ὡς ἐπῆλθεν ἡ ἑορτή, Ἱππίας μὲν ἔξω ἐν τῷ Κεραμεικῷ καλουμένῳ μετὰ τῶν δορυφόρων διεκόσμει ὡς ἕκαστα ἐχρῆν τῆς πομπῆς προϊέναι, ὁ δὲ Ἁρμόδιος καὶ ὁ Ἀριστογείτων ἔχοντες ἤδη τὰ ἐγχειρίδια ἐς τὸ ἔργον προῇσαν. 6.57.2. καὶ ὡς εἶδόν τινα τῶν ξυνωμοτῶν σφίσι διαλεγόμενον οἰκείως τῷ Ἱππίᾳ (ἦν δὲ πᾶσιν εὐπρόσοδος ὁ Ἱππίας), ἔδεισαν καὶ ἐνόμισαν μεμηνῦσθαί τε καὶ ὅσον οὐκ ἤδη ξυλληφθήσεσθαι. 6.57.3. τὸν λυπήσαντα οὖν σφᾶς καὶ δι’ ὅνπερ πάντα ἐκινδύνευον ἐβούλοντο πρότερον, εἰ δύναιντο, προτιμωρήσασθαι, καὶ ὥσπερ εἶχον ὥρμησαν ἔσω τῶν πυλῶν, καὶ περιέτυχον τῷ Ἱππάρχῳ παρὰ τὸ Λεωκόρειον καλούμενον, καὶ εὐθὺς ἀπερισκέπτως προσπεσόντες καὶ ὡς ἂν μάλιστα δι’ ὀργῆς ὁ μὲν ἐρωτικῆς, ὁ δὲ ὑβρισμένος, ἔτυπτον καὶ ἀποκτείνουσιν αὐτόν. | 1.20.1. Having now given the result of my inquiries into early times, I grant that there will be a difficulty in believing every particular detail. The way that most men deal with traditions, even traditions of their own country, is to receive them all alike as they are delivered, without applying any critical test whatever. 6.57.1. At last the festival arrived; and Hippias with his bodyguard was outside the city in the Ceramicus, arranging how the different parts of the procession were to proceed. Harmodius and Aristogiton had already their daggers and were getting ready to act, 6.57.2. when seeing one of their accomplices talking familiarly with Hippias, who was easy of access to every one, they took fright, and concluded that they were discovered and on the point of being taken; 6.57.3. and eager if possible to be revenged first upon the man who had wronged them and for whom they had undertaken all this risk, they rushed, as they were, within the gates, and meeting with Hipparchus by the Leocorium recklessly fell upon him at once, infuriated, Aristogiton by love, and Harmodius by insult, and smote him and slew him. |
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| 2. Aristotle, Athenian Constitution, 18.3, 61.1-61.6 (4th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •panathenaia, unity •community of all the athenians, little panathenaia Found in books: Shear, Serving Athena: The Festival of the Panathenaia and the Construction of Athenian Identities (2021) 109, 118 |
| 3. Aristotle, Politics, 1277b13-16 (4th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •community of all the athenians, great panathenaia Found in books: Shear, Serving Athena: The Festival of the Panathenaia and the Construction of Athenian Identities (2021) 36 |
4. Plutarch, Demetrius, 12.3 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •panathenaia, unity Found in books: Shear, Serving Athena: The Festival of the Panathenaia and the Construction of Athenian Identities (2021) 118| 12.3. περὶ δὲ τοὺς βωμοὺς τοὺς ἐκείνων ἐξήνθησεν ἡ γῆ κύκλῳ πολὺ κώνειον, ἄλλως μηδὲ τῆς χώρας πολλαχοῦ φυόμενον· τῇ δὲ ἡμέρᾳ ᾗ τὰ τῶν Διονυσίων ἐγίνετο, τὴν πομπὴν κατέλυσαν ἰσχυρῶν πάγων γενομένων παρʼ ὥραν. καὶ πάχνης βαθείας ἐπιπεσούσης οὐ μόνον ἀμπέλους καὶ συκᾶς ἁπάσας ἀπέκαυσε τὸ ψῦχος, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦ σίτου τὸν πλεῖστον κατέφθειρεν ἐν χλόῃ. | 12.3. again, all round the altars of those Saviour-gods the soil teemed with hemlock, a plant which did not grow in many other parts of the country at all; and on the day for the celebration of the Dionysia, the sacred procession had to be omitted on account of severe cold weather that came out of season. And a heavy frost followed, which not only blasted all the vines and fig-trees with its cold, but also destroyed most of the grain in the blade. |
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5. Pausanias, Description of Greece, 1.2.4, 5.6.7-5.6.8, 6.20.8-6.20.9 (2nd cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •panathenaia, unity •community of all the athenians, little panathenaia Found in books: Shear, Serving Athena: The Festival of the Panathenaia and the Construction of Athenian Identities (2021) 111, 118| 1.2.4. ἐσελθόντων δὲ ἐς τὴν πόλιν οἰκοδόμημα ἐς παρασκευήν ἐστι τῶν πομπῶν, ἃς πέμπουσι τὰς μὲν ἀνὰ πᾶν ἔτος, τὰς δὲ καὶ χρόνον διαλείποντες. καὶ πλησίον ναός ἐστι Δήμητρος, ἀγάλματα δὲ αὐτή τε καὶ ἡ παῖς καὶ δᾷδα ἔχων Ἴακχος· γέγραπται δὲ ἐπὶ τῷ τοίχῳ γράμμασιν Ἀττικοῖς ἔργα εἶναι Πραξιτέλους . τοῦ ναοῦ δὲ οὐ πόρρω Ποσειδῶν ἐστιν ἐφʼ ἵππου, δόρυ ἀφιεὶς ἐπὶ γίγαντα Πολυβώτην, ἐς ὃν Κῴοις ὁ μῦθος ὁ περὶ τῆς ἄκρας ἔχει τῆς Χελώνης· τὸ δὲ ἐπίγραμμα τὸ ἐφʼ ἡμῶν τὴν εἰκόνα ἄλλῳ δίδωσι καὶ οὐ Ποσειδῶνι. στοαὶ δέ εἰσιν ἀπὸ τῶν πυλῶν ἐς τὸν Κεραμεικὸν καὶ εἰκόνες πρὸ αὐτῶν χαλκαῖ καὶ γυναικῶν καὶ ἀνδρῶν, ὅσοις τι ὑπῆρχεν ὧν τις λόγος ἐς δόξαν. 6.20.9. ἐπὶ τούτου καθεζομένη τοῦ βωμοῦ θεᾶται γυνὴ τὰ Ὀλύμπια, ἱέρεια Δήμητρος Χαμύνης, τιμὴν ταύτη ν ἄλλοτε ἄλλη ν λαμβάνουσα παρὰ Ἠλείων. παρθένους δὲ οὐκ εἴργουσι θεᾶσθαι. πρὸς δὲ τοῦ σταδίου τῷ πέρατι, ᾗ τοῖς σταδιαδρόμοις ἄφεσις πεποίηται, Ἐνδυμίωνος μνῆμα ἐνταῦθα λόγῳ Ἠλείων ἐστίν. | 1.2.4. On entering the city there is a building for the preparation of the processions, which are held in some cases every year, in others at longer intervals. Hard by is a temple of Demeter, with images of the goddess herself and of her daughter, and of Iacchus holding a torch. On the wall, in Attic characters, is written that they are works of Praxiteles. Not far from the temple is Poseidon on horseback, hurling a spear against the giant Polybotes, concerning whom is prevalent among the Coans the story about the promontory of Chelone. But the inscription of our time assigns the statue to another, and not to Poseidon. From the gate to the Cerameicus there are porticoes, and in front of them brazen statues of such as had some title to fame, both men and women. 6.20.9. seated on this altar a woman looks on at the Olympic games, the priestess of Demeter Chamyne, which office the Eleans bestow from time to time on different women. Maidens are not debarred from looking on at the games. At the end of the stadium, where is the starting-place for the runners, there is, the Eleans say, the tomb of Endymion. |
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6. Origen, Against Celsus, 6.42 (3rd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •panathenaia, unity Found in books: Shear, Serving Athena: The Festival of the Panathenaia and the Construction of Athenian Identities (2021) 169 | 6.42. After these matters, Celsus brings the following charges against us from another quarter: Certain most impious errors, he says, are committed by them, due to their extreme ignorance, in which they have wandered away from the meaning of the divine enigmas, creating an adversary to God, the devil, and naming him in the Hebrew tongue, Satan. Now, of a truth, such statements are altogether of mortal invention, and not even proper to be repeated, viz., that the mighty God, in His desire to confer good upon men, has yet one counterworking Him, and is helpless. The Son of God, it follows, is vanquished by the devil; and being punished by him, teaches us also to despise the punishments which he inflicts, telling us beforehand that Satan, after appearing to men as He Himself had done, will exhibit great and marvellous works, claiming for himself the glory of God, but that those who wish to keep him at a distance ought to pay no attention to these works of Satan, but to place their faith in Him alone. Such statements are manifestly the words of a deluder, planning and manœuvring against those who are opposed to his views, and who rank themselves against them. In the next place, desiring to point out the enigmas, our mistakes regarding which lead to the introduction of our views concerning Satan, he continues: The ancients allude obscurely to a certain war among the gods, Heraclitus speaking thus of it: 'If one must say that there is a general war and discord, and that all things are done and administered in strife.' Pherecydes, again, who is much older than Heraclitus, relates a myth of one army drawn up in hostile array against another, and names Kronos as the leader of the one, and Ophioneus of the other, and recounts their challenges and struggles, and mentions that agreements were entered into between them, to the end that whichever party should fall into the ocean should be held as vanquished, while those who had expelled and conquered them should have possession of heaven. The mysteries relating to the Titans and Giants also had some such (symbolic) meaning, as well as the Egyptian mysteries of Typhon, and Horus, and Osiris. After having made such statements, and not having got over the difficulty as to the way in which these accounts contain a higher view of things, while our accounts are erroneous copies of them, he continues his abuse of us, remarking that these are not like the stories which are related of a devil, or demon, or, as he remarks with more truth, of a man who is an impostor, who wishes to establish an opposite doctrine. And in the same way he understands Homer, as if he referred obscurely to matters similar to those mentioned by Heraclitus, and Pherecydes, and the originators of the mysteries about the Titans and Giants, in those words which Heph stus addresses to Hera as follows:- Once in your cause I felt his matchless might, Hurled headlong downward from the ethereal height. And in those of Zeus to Hera:- Have you forgot, when, bound and fix'd on high, From the vast concave of the spangled sky, I hung you trembling in a golden chain, And all the raging gods opposed in vain? Headlong I hurled them from the Olympian hall, Stunn'd in the whirl, and breathless with the fall. Interpreting, moreover, the words of Homer, he adds: The words of Zeus addressed to Hera are the words of God addressed to matter; and the words addressed to matter obscurely signify that the matter which at the beginning was in a state of discord (with God), was taken by Him, and bound together and arranged under laws, which may be analogically compared to chains; and that by way of chastising the demons who create disorder in it, he hurls them down headlong to this lower world. These words of Homer, he alleges, were so understood by Pherecydes, when he said that beneath that region is the region of Tartarus, which is guarded by the Harpies and Tempest, daughters of Boreas, and to which Zeus banishes any one of the gods who becomes disorderly. With the same ideas also are closely connected the peplos of Athena, which is beheld by all in the procession of the Panathen a. For it is manifest from this, he continues, that a motherless and unsullied demon has the mastery over the daring of the Giants. While accepting, moreover, the fictions of the Greeks, he continues to heap against us such accusations as the following, viz., that the Son of God is punished by the devil, and teaches us that we also, when punished by him, ought to endure it. Now these statements are altogether ridiculous. For it is the devil, I think, who ought rather to be punished, and those human beings who are calumniated by him ought not to be threatened with chastisement. |
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7. Himerius, Orations, 47.12-47.13 (4th cent. CE - 4th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •panathenaia, unity Found in books: Shear, Serving Athena: The Festival of the Panathenaia and the Construction of Athenian Identities (2021) 118 | 47.12. I want to tell you a local story about this city and the festival to which you come. It is very sweet and admirable not only to see the Panathenaea, but also to say something about it in the midst of the Greeks, whenever the Athenians in the course of this festival carry the sacred trireme in procession in honor of their goddess. The ship sets out directly from the gates [the Dipylon], as if from a calm harbor. Moving from there as if on a waveless sea, it is carried through the middle of the straight and level course (δρόμος) that descends and divides the porticoes stretching out on either side of it. In those porticoes Athenians and others gather to do their buying and selling. 47.13. The crew of the ship consists of priests and priestesses, all of them eupatrids, crowned with golden or floral wreaths. The ship, upraised and lofty, as if having waves underneath her, moves on wheels, which are fitted with many axles that run straight under the vessel. These wheels bring her, without hindrance, to the hill of Pallas [the Acropolis], from where, I think, the goddess watches the festival and the whole festal period. |
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| 8. Anon., Appendix Vergiliana. Ciris, 30-34, 29 Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Shear, Serving Athena: The Festival of the Panathenaia and the Construction of Athenian Identities (2021) 169 |
| 9. Anon., Scholia On Thucydides, 2.15.2 Tagged with subjects: •panathenaia, unity Found in books: Shear, Serving Athena: The Festival of the Panathenaia and the Construction of Athenian Identities (2021) 76 |
| 10. Anon., Scholia Aristophanes Eq., 566a Tagged with subjects: •panathenaia, unity Found in books: Shear, Serving Athena: The Festival of the Panathenaia and the Construction of Athenian Identities (2021) 118 |
| 11. Papyri, P.Oxy., 2889 Tagged with subjects: •panathenaia, unity Found in books: Shear, Serving Athena: The Festival of the Panathenaia and the Construction of Athenian Identities (2021) 118 |
| 12. Epigraphy, Ig Ii3, 447 Tagged with subjects: •community of all the athenians, little panathenaia Found in books: Shear, Serving Athena: The Festival of the Panathenaia and the Construction of Athenian Identities (2021) 93, 110 |
| 13. Photios, Lexikon, s.v. μεταγειτνιῶν Tagged with subjects: •panathenaia, unity Found in books: Shear, Serving Athena: The Festival of the Panathenaia and the Construction of Athenian Identities (2021) 76 |
| 14. Aischines Socraticus, Miltiades, 76 (giantoni) Tagged with subjects: •panathenaia, unity Found in books: Shear, Serving Athena: The Festival of the Panathenaia and the Construction of Athenian Identities (2021) 118 |
| 15. Epigraphy, Agora Xviii, c210 Tagged with subjects: •panathenaia, unity Found in books: Shear, Serving Athena: The Festival of the Panathenaia and the Construction of Athenian Identities (2021) 118 |
| 16. Anon., Scholia On Aelius Aristeides, 1.362 = dindor iii, 1.87 = dindor iii, 1.85 = dindor iii Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Shear, Serving Athena: The Festival of the Panathenaia and the Construction of Athenian Identities (2021) 323 |
17. Epigraphy, Ig I , 61, 71 Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Shear, Serving Athena: The Festival of the Panathenaia and the Construction of Athenian Identities (2021) 117 | 71. Gods. Assessment of tribute (tachsis phoro). Decree 1A (Council and People) The Council and the People decided. - was the prytany; -on was secretary; - was chairman. Thoudippos proposed: to send heralds whom the Council shall elect from [those present?] to the (5) cities, two [to Ionia and Caria], two [to the Thraceward region, two] to the Islands, [two to] the Hellespont; and these shall - to the common body of each city that envoys are to be present in the month of Maimakterion . . . introducers (esagogeas) . . . these shall also choose (?) a secretary and a co[-secretary?] . . . ; and the Council shall . . . ten men; and these shall make the assessments for the cities within ten days from when they are appointed (?), or each (10) of them shall be penalised [a hundred drachmas?] for each day; and the oath-administrators (horkotai) shall administer an oath to the [assessors (taktas)] . . . happen . . . the same penalty . . . the introducers [shall take care of the assessments when the People shall vote?] . . . [the -] and the polemarch shall . . . the court (eliaiai), the jurors (eliaston) voting on them by tribes; . . . (15) for the cities in accordance with . . . shall be penalised ten thousand drachmas . . . of them. The court presidents ([thesmo]theta[i]) (?) shall establish a new [court (dikasterion) of a thousand] . . . ; [since the tribute] has become too little, they shall together with the Council make the assessments [greater than those of the last] period of office . . . [dealing with the matter] . . . of the month Posideon . . . from the first day of the month (nomenias) in the same way, so that the tribute shall be assessed in the month Posideon; [and the Council] . . . (20) shall deal with the business and . . . so that the assessments shall be made if . . . ; and there shall not be a [lesser] tribute for any [of the cities] than the [amount which they were] paying [previously], unless for [any one there is a problem] that the land [is unproductive so that] it is impossible [to pay more?]; and the secretary of the Council shall write up [the assessments] which are made [and the total] tribute as it is assessed [and this decree] on two stone stelai, and shall place one in the Council chamber and (25) the other [on the acropolis]; and the official sellers (poletai) shall make the contract, and the payment officers (kolakretai) shall give them the money; [and for the future, send] to the cities about the [tribute before?] the Great [Panathenaia] . . . the prytany which is in office . . . Panathenaia; [and if the prytany members do not] . . . to the People and [do not enter the Council chamber?] concerning the [tribute and the Council does not deal with the business?] in their own term of office, each of the (30) prytany members shall owe a hundred drachmas sacred to Athena and a hundred to the state treasury (demosioi), and each of the prytany members shall be [liable at their accounting (euthunesthai)] to a fine of a thousand drachmas (?); and if any one else in any way [prevents] . . . the assessments at the time of the Great Panathenaia in the prytany which holds office first, he shall be deprived of his rights and his property shall be confiscated with a tithe for the goddess; and the prytany of - shall be obliged to bring these matters before the People, when the force (stratia) . . . , on the (35) third day, first after the sacred business; and if the business is not completed on that day, they shall deal with this business first on the next day, and continuously until it is completed in the - prytany; and if they do not bring it before the People or do not complete it in their own term of office, each of the prytany members shall be liable at his accounting to a penalty of ten thousand drachmas for preventing the provision of funds (?) for the forces; and the men summoned . . . by the public summoners shall be present (?) . . . so that the Council may punish them if they (40) are judged not to . . . rightly; and the routes (poreias) for the heralds . . . the oath, the assessors (taktas), how far they shall travel, so that they shall not determine their own itinerary (?) . . . the assessments for the cities . . . be clear where it is decided . . . concerning the assessments and [the decree for the cities] it is necessary for a proposal to be made [and about this also for the People] to make a decree, and if [there is anything else] . . . [need?]; [and how] the cities (45) are to bring [the tribute] . . . when [the Council makes?] the assessment of the tribute, so that [the People shall have money available for the] war; [and the generals] shall be obliged to make [an analysis] about the tribute each year . . . whether there is need for contributions towards actions on land or at sea or for any other good purpose which they may propose for the People at the first session of the Council (?); and concerning this [the court (eliaias) ?] shall scrutinise (diaskopen) continuously [with or without] the other courts (dikasterion), unless (50) it is decided that the Council should consider in advance how matters are to be arranged in the most advantageous way for the People; and (51) the payment officers (kolakretai) shall make the payment for the heralds who are going. Decree 1B (People) (51) [S]okra[tides] proposed: in other respects in accordance with the Council, but with regard to the assessments which have to be raised city by city the prytany members who happen to be in office and the secretary of the Council shall [[take care (teren)?], when there is a (54) case about the assessments, that the court (dikasterion) . . . Decree 2 (54) The Council and the People decided. (55) AigeisII was the prytany; -ippos was secretary; -oros was chairman. Thoudippos proposed: those cities for which tribute was assessed under the Council for which Pleistias was first secretary, in the archonship of Stratokles (425/4), shall all bring a cow and panoply to the Great Panathenaia; and they (58) shall take part in the procession . . . Tribute assessment (58) The Council for which Pleistias [of -] was first secretary assessed the tribute for the cities as follows or in accordance with the foregoing, in the archonship of Stratokles (425/4), under the (60) introducers (esagogeon) for whom Ka- [of -] was secretary. We publish below a translation of the first part of the list and the overall total of the assessment at the end, showing in brackets on the right the rate at which each city paid tribute in the 430s. col. 1 Island tribute (Nesiotikos phoros) 30 tal. 15 tal. 15 tal. (65) 15 tal. 9 tal. 15 tal. 5 tal. 10 tal. (70) 5 tal. 10 tal. 6 tal. 10 tal. 2 tal. (75) [2 tal.?] [2 tal.?] [1 tal.?] [1 tal.?] 1 tal. (80) 1 tal. 2,000 dr. 1,000 dr. 2,000 dr. (85) 1,000 dr. 2,000 dr. 300 dr. 1,000 dr. (90) 10 dr. 100 dr. 1 tal. 2,000 dr. (95) 4 tal. [1 tal.?] Parians Naxians Andrians Melians Siphnians Eretrians Therans Keans Karystians Chalkidians Kythnians Tenians Styrians Mykonians Seriphians Ietians Dians Athenitians Syrians Grynchians Rhenaians Diakrians from the Chalkidians Anaphaians Keria[11] Pholegandros Belbina Kimolos Sikinetans Posideon in Euboia Diakrians in Euboia Hephaistians in Lemnos [Myrinaians?] [Imbrians?] [18 tal.] [6 tal. 4,000 dr.] [6 tal.] [-][10] [3 tal.] [3 tal.] [-] [4 tal.] [5 tal.] [3 tal.] [3 tal.] [2 tal.] [1 tal.] [1 tal.] [1 tal.] [3,000 dr.] [2,000 dr.] [2,000 dr.] [1,500 dr.] [1,000 dr.] [300 dr.] [800 dr.] [-] 10 dr. 3 ob.[-] [-] [-] [-] [-] [-] [-] (95) [3 tal.] [1 tal. 3,000 dr.] [1 tal.] [of the Island tribute] (100) [total:] [163 tal. 410 dr. 3 ob.?][12] lines 102-180 omitted in this translation col. 4 (181) total of the whole: (≥?) 1,460 tal.[13] text from Attic Inscriptions Online, IG I3 71 - Decrees about reassessment of tribute of the Delian League, 425/4 BC ("Thoudippos' decrees") |
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| 18. Suidas Thessalius, Fragments, s.v. πέπλος Tagged with subjects: •panathenaia, unity Found in books: Shear, Serving Athena: The Festival of the Panathenaia and the Construction of Athenian Identities (2021) 118 |
