1. Septuagint, Tobit, 1.9, 4.12, 6.11-6.12 (10th cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •maccabees, books of Found in books: Gruen, Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter (2020) 126 | 1.9. When I became a man I married Anna, a member of our family, and by her I became the father of Tobias. 4.12. Beware, my son, of all immorality. First of all take a wife from among the descendants of your fathers and do not marry a foreign woman, who is not of your fathers tribe; for we are the sons of the prophets. Remember, my son, that Noah, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, our fathers of old, all took wives from among their brethren. They were blessed in their children, and their posterity will inherit the land. 6.11. because you are entitled to her and to her inheritance, for you are her only eligible kinsman. 6.12. The girl is also beautiful and sensible. Now listen to my plan. I will speak to her father, and as soon as we return from Rages we will celebrate the marriage. For I know that Raguel, according to the law of Moses, cannot give her to another man without incurring the penalty of death, because you rather than any other man are entitled to the inheritance." |
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2. Septuagint, Tobit, 1.9, 4.12, 6.11-6.12 (4th cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •maccabees, books of Found in books: Gruen, Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter (2020) 126 | 1.9. When I became a man I married Anna, a member of our family, and by her I became the father of Tobias. 4.12. Beware, my son, of all immorality. First of all take a wife from among the descendants of your fathers and do not marry a foreign woman, who is not of your fathers tribe; for we are the sons of the prophets. Remember, my son, that Noah, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, our fathers of old, all took wives from among their brethren. They were blessed in their children, and their posterity will inherit the land. 6.11. because you are entitled to her and to her inheritance, for you are her only eligible kinsman. 6.12. The girl is also beautiful and sensible. Now listen to my plan. I will speak to her father, and as soon as we return from Rages we will celebrate the marriage. For I know that Raguel, according to the law of Moses, cannot give her to another man without incurring the penalty of death, because you rather than any other man are entitled to the inheritance." |
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3. Septuagint, Ecclesiasticus (Siracides), 7.26-7.50, 11.22-11.26 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Hayes, The Literature of the Sages: A Re-Visioning (2022) 65, 286, 287 | 7.26. If you have a wife who pleases you, do not cast her out;but do not trust yourself to one whom you detest. 7.27. With all your heart honor your father,and do not forget the birth pangs of your mother. 7.28. Remember that through your parents you were born;and what can you give back to them that equals their gift to you? 7.29. With all your soul fear the Lord,and honor his priests. 7.31. Fear the Lord and honor the priest,and give him his portion, as is commanded you:the first fruits, the guilt offering, the gift of the shoulders,the sacrifice of sanctification,and the first fruits of the holy things. 7.32. Stretch forth your hand to the poor,so that your blessing may be complete. 7.34. Do not fail those who weep,but mourn with those who mourn. |
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4. Septuagint, 2 Maccabees, 1.3-1.4, 2.18, 4.10, 5.6, 6.1, 6.6, 7.36-7.38, 11.25, 15.30-15.31 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •maccabees, books of Found in books: Gruen, Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter (2020) 135, 136 | 1.3. May he give you all a heart to worship him and to do his will with a strong heart and a willing spirit." 1.4. May he open your heart to his law and his commandments, and may he bring peace.' 2.18. as he promised through the law. For we have hope in God that he will soon have mercy upon us and will gather us from everywhere under heaven into his holy place, for he has rescued us from great evils and has purified the place.' 4.10. When the king assented and Jason came to office, he at once shifted his countrymen over to the Greek way of life.' 4.10. When the king assented and Jason came to office, he at once shifted his countrymen over to the Greek way of life. 11 He set aside the existing royal concessions to the Jews, secured through John the father of Eupolemus, who went on the mission to establish friendship and alliance with the Romans; and he destroyed the lawful ways of living and introduced new customs contrary to the law. 12 For with alacrity he founded a gymnasium right under the citadel, and he induced the noblest of the young men to wear the Greek hat. 13 There was such an extreme of Hellenization and increase in the adoption of foreign ways because of the surpassing wickedness of Jason, who was ungodly and no high priest, 14 that the priests were no longer intent upon their service at the altar. Despising the sanctuary and neglecting the sacrifices, they hastened to take part in the unlawful proceedings in the wrestling arena after the call to the discus, 15 disdaining the honors prized by their fathers and putting the highest value upon Greek forms of prestige. 16 For this reason heavy disaster overtook them, and those whose ways of living they admired and wished to imitate completely became their enemies and punished them. 17 For it is no light thing to show irreverence to the divine laws — a fact which later events will make clear. 18 When the quadrennial games were being held at Tyre and the king was present, 19 the vile Jason sent envoys, chosen as being Antiochian citizens from Jerusalem, to carry three hundred silver drachmas for the sacrifice to Hercules. Those who carried the money, however, thought best not to use it for sacrifice, because that was inappropriate, but to expend it for another purpose. 5.6. But Jason kept relentlessly slaughtering his fellow citizens, not realizing that success at the cost of one's kindred is the greatest misfortune, but imagining that he was setting up trophies of victory over enemies and not over fellow countrymen.' 6.1. Not long after this, the king sent an Athenian senator to compel the Jews to forsake the laws of their fathers and cease to live by the laws of God,' 6.1. Not long after this, the king sent an Athenian senator to compel the Jews to forsake the laws of their fathers and cease to live by the laws of God, 2 and also to pollute the temple in Jerusalem and call it the temple of Olympian Zeus, and to call the one in Garizin the temple of Zeus Xenios, as did the people who dwelt in that place. 3 Harsh and utterly grievous was the onslaught of evil. 4 For the temple was filled with debauchery and reveling by the Gentiles, who dallied with harlots and had intercourse with women within the sacred precincts, and besides brought in things for sacrifice that were unfit. 5 The altar was covered with abominable offerings which were forbidden by the laws. 6 A man could neither keep the sabbath, nor observe the feasts of his fathers, nor so much as confess himself to be a Jew. 7 On the monthly celebration of the king's birthday, the Jews were taken, under bitter constraint, to partake of the sacrifices; and when the feast of Dionysus came, they were compelled to walk in the procession in honor of Dionysus, wearing wreaths of ivy. 8 At the suggestion of Ptolemy a decree was issued to the neighboring Greek cities, that they should adopt the same policy toward the Jews and make them partake of the sacrifices, 9 and should slay those who did not choose to change over to Greek customs. One could see, therefore, the misery that had come upon them. 6.6. A man could neither keep the sabbath, nor observe the feasts of his fathers, nor so much as confess himself to be a Jew.' 7.36. For our brothers after enduring a brief suffering have drunk of everflowing life under God's covet; but you, by the judgment of God, will receive just punishment for your arrogance.' 7.37. I, like my brothers, give up body and life for the laws of our fathers, appealing to God to show mercy soon to our nation and by afflictions and plagues to make you confess that he alone is God,' 7.38. and through me and my brothers to bring to an end the wrath of the Almighty which has justly fallen on our whole nation.' 11.25. Accordingly, since we choose that this nation also be free from disturbance, our decision is that their temple be restored to them and that they live according to the customs of their ancestors.' 15.30. And the man who was ever in body and soul the defender of his fellow citizens, the man who maintained his youthful good will toward his countrymen, ordered them to cut off Nicanor's head and arm and carry them to Jerusalem.' 15.30. And the man who was ever in body and soul the defender of his fellow citizens, the man who maintained his youthful good will toward his countrymen, ordered them to cut off Nicanor's head and arm and carry them to Jerusalem. 31 And when he arrived there and had called his countrymen together and stationed the priests before the altar, he sent for those who were in the citadel. 32 He showed them the vile Nicanor's head and that profane man's arm, which had been boastfully stretched out against the holy house of the Almighty; 33 and he cut out the tongue of the ungodly Nicanor and said that he would give it piecemeal to the birds and hang up these rewards of his folly opposite the sanctuary. 34 And they all, looking to heaven, blessed the Lord who had manifested himself, saying, "Blessed is he who has kept his own place undefiled." 35 And he hung Nicanor's head from the citadel, a clear and conspicuous sign to every one of the help of the Lord. 36 And they all decreed by public vote never to let this day go unobserved, but to celebrate the thirteenth day of the twelfth month — which is called Adar in the Syrian language — the day before Mordecai's day. 37 This, then, is how matters turned out with Nicanor. And from that time the city has been in the possession of the Hebrews. So I too will here end my story. 38 If it is well told and to the point, that is what I myself desired; if it is poorly done and mediocre, that was the best I could do. 39 For just as it is harmful to drink wine alone, or, again, to drink water alone, while wine mixed with water is sweet and delicious and enhances one's enjoyment, so also the style of the story delights the ears of those who read the work. And here will be the end.END 15.31. And when he arrived there and had called his countrymen together and stationed the priests before the altar, he sent for those who were in the citadel.' |
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5. Septuagint, 1 Maccabees, 1.1-1.2, 1.11, 1.14, 1.41, 2.17, 2.40, 2.50-2.60, 2.66-2.67, 3.48, 3.55, 3.59, 4.14, 4.17, 4.61, 5.1-5.2, 5.9-5.10, 5.13, 5.16-5.19, 5.42-5.43, 6.19, 6.22, 6.58, 7.18-7.19, 7.33, 8.23-8.27, 9.29, 10.80-10.81, 11.21, 11.30, 12.35, 13.6, 13.17, 13.36, 14.4, 14.14, 14.28, 14.33, 14.35, 14.44, 14.46, 15.1-15.2, 16.3 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •maccabees, books of Found in books: Gruen, Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter (2020) 132, 133, 134, 135 | 1.1. After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeated Darius, king of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. (He had previously become king of Greece.) 2 He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and put to death the kings of the earth. 3 He advanced to the ends of the earth, and plundered many nations. When the earth became quiet before him, he was exalted, and his heart was lifted up. 4 He gathered a very strong army and ruled over countries, nations, and princes, and they became tributary to him. 5 After this he fell sick and perceived that he was dying. 6 So he summoned his most honored officers, who had been brought up with him from youth, and divided his kingdom among them while he was still alive. 7 And after Alexander had reigned twelve years, he died. 8 Then his officers began to rule, each in his own place. 9 They all put on crowns after his death, and so did their sons after them for many years; and they caused many evils on the earth. 1.1. After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeated Darius, king of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. (He had previously become king of Greece.) 1.2. He fought many battles, conquered strongholds, and put to death the kings of the earth. 1.11. In those days lawless men came forth from Israel, and misled many, saying, "Let us go and make a covet with the Gentiles round about us, for since we separated from them many evils have come upon us." 1.14. So they built a gymnasium in Jerusalem, according to Gentile custom, 1.41. Then the king wrote to his whole kingdom that all should be one people, 2.17. Then the kings officers spoke to Mattathias as follows: "You are a leader, honored and great in this city, and supported by sons and brothers. 2.40. And each said to his neighbor: "If we all do as our brethren have done and refuse to fight with the Gentiles for our lives and for our ordices, they will quickly destroy us from the earth." 41 So they made this decision that day: "Let us fight against every man who comes to attack us on the sabbath day; let us not all die as our brethren died in their hiding places." 42 Then there united with them a company of Hasideans, mighty warriors of Israel, every one who offered himself willingly for the law. 43 And all who became fugitives to escape their troubles joined them and reinforced them. 44 They organized an army, and struck down sinners in their anger and lawless men in their wrath; the survivors fled to the Gentiles for safety. 45 And Mattathias and his friends went about and tore down the altars; 46 they forcibly circumcised all the uncircumcised boys that they found within the borders of Israel. 47 They hunted down the arrogant men, and the work prospered in their hands. 48 They rescued the law out of the hands of the Gentiles and kings, and they never let the sinner gain the upper hand. 49 Now the days drew near for Mattathias to die, and he said to his sons: "Arrogance and reproach have now become strong; it is a time of ruin and furious anger. 2.40. And each said to his neighbor: "If we all do as our brethren have done and refuse to fight with the Gentiles for our lives and for our ordices, they will quickly destroy us from the earth." 2.50. Now, my children, show zeal for the law, and give your lives for the covet of our fathers. 51 "Remember the deeds of the fathers, which they did in their generations; and receive great honor and an everlasting name. 52 Was not Abraham found faithful when tested, and it was reckoned to him as righteousness? 53 Joseph in the time of his distress kept the commandment, and became lord of Egypt. 54 Phinehas our father, because he was deeply zealous, received the covet of everlasting priesthood. 55 Joshua, because he fulfilled the command, became a judge in Israel. 56 Caleb, because he testified in the assembly, received an inheritance in the land. 57 David, because he was merciful, inherited the throne of the kingdom for ever. 58 Elijah because of great zeal for the law was taken up into heaven. 59 Haniah, Azariah, and Mishael believed and were saved from the flame. 2.50. Now, my children, show zeal for the law, and give your lives for the covet of our fathers. 2.51. Remember the deeds of the fathers, which they did in their generations; and receive great honor and an everlasting name. 2.52. Was not Abraham found faithful when tested, and it was reckoned to him as righteousness? 2.53. Joseph in the time of his distress kept the commandment, and became lord of Egypt. 2.54. Phinehas our father, because he was deeply zealous, received the covet of everlasting priesthood. 2.55. Joshua, because he fulfilled the command, became a judge in Israel. 2.56. Caleb, because he testified in the assembly, received an inheritance in the land. 2.57. David, because he was merciful, inherited the throne of the kingdom for ever. 2.58. Elijah because of great zeal for the law was taken up into heaven. 2.59. Haniah, Azariah, and Mishael believed and were saved from the flame. 2.60. Daniel because of his innocence was delivered from the mouth of the lions. 61 "And so observe, from generation to generation, that none who put their trust in him will lack strength. 62 Do not fear the words of a sinner, for his splendor will turn into dung and worms. 63 Today he will be exalted, but tomorrow he will not be found, because he has returned to the dust, and his plans will perish. 64 My children, be courageous and grow strong in the law, for by it you will gain honor. 65 "Now behold, I know that Simeon your brother is wise in counsel; always listen to him; he shall be your father. 66 Judas Maccabeus has been a mighty warrior from his youth; he shall command the army for you and fight the battle against the peoples. 67 You shall rally about you all who observe the law, and avenge the wrong done to your people. 68 Pay back the Gentiles in full, and heed what the law commands." 69 Then he blessed them, and was gathered to his fathers. 2.60. Daniel because of his innocence was delivered from the mouth of the lions. 2.66. Judas Maccabeus has been a mighty warrior from his youth; he shall command the army for you and fight the battle against the peoples. 2.67. You shall rally about you all who observe the law, and avenge the wrong done to your people. 3.48. And they opened the book of the law to inquire into those matters about which the Gentiles were consulting the images of their idols. 3.55. After this Judas appointed leaders of the people, in charge of thousands and hundreds and fifties and tens. 3.59. It is better for us to die in battle than to see the misfortunes of our nation and of the sanctuary. 4.14. and engaged in battle. The Gentiles were crushed and fled into the plain, 4.17. and he said to the people, "Do not be greedy for plunder, for there is a battle before us; 4.61. And he stationed a garrison there to hold it. He also fortified Beth-zur, so that the people might have a stronghold that faced Idumea. 5.1. When the Gentiles round about heard that the altar had been built and the sanctuary dedicated as it was before, they became very angry, 2 and they determined to destroy the descendants of Jacob who lived among them. So they began to kill and destroy among the people. 3 But Judas made war on the sons of Esau in Idumea, at Akrabattene, because they kept lying in wait for Israel. He dealt them a heavy blow and humbled them and despoiled them. 4 He also remembered the wickedness of the sons of Baean, who were a trap and a snare to the people and ambushed them on the highways. 5 They were shut up by him in their towers; and he encamped against them, vowed their complete destruction, and burned with fire their towers and all who were in them. 6 Then he crossed over to attack the Ammonites, where he found a strong band and many people with Timothy as their leader. 7 He engaged in many battles with them and they were crushed before him; he struck them down. 8 He also took Jazer and its villages; then he returned to Judea. 9 Now the Gentiles in Gilead gathered together against the Israelites who lived in their territory, and planned to destroy them. But they fled to the stronghold of Dathema, 5.1. When the Gentiles round about heard that the altar had been built and the sanctuary dedicated as it was before, they became very angry, 5.2. and they determined to destroy the descendants of Jacob who lived among them. So they began to kill and destroy among the people. 5.9. Now the Gentiles in Gilead gathered together against the Israelites who lived in their territory, and planned to destroy them. But they fled to the stronghold of Dathema, 5.10. and sent to Judas and his brothers a letter which said, "The Gentiles around us have gathered together against us to destroy us. 11 They are preparing to come and capture the stronghold to which we have fled, and Timothy is leading their forces. 12 Now then come and rescue us from their hands, for many of us have fallen, 13 and all our brethren who were in the land of Tob have been killed; the enemy have captured their wives and children and goods, and have destroyed about a thousand men there." 14 While the letter was still being read, behold, other messengers, with their garments rent, came from Galilee and made a similar report; 15 they said that against them had gathered together men of Ptolemais and Tyre and Sidon, and all Galilee of the Gentiles, "to annihilate us." 16 When Judas and the people heard these messages, a great assembly was called to determine what they should do for their brethren who were in distress and were being attacked by enemies. 17 Then Judas said to Simon his brother, "Choose your men and go and rescue your brethren in Galilee; I and Jonathan my brother will go to Gilead." 18 But he left Joseph, the son of Zechariah, and Azariah, a leader of the people, with the rest of the forces, in Judea to guard it; 19 and he gave them this command, "Take charge of this people, but do not engage in battle with the Gentiles until we return." 5.10. and sent to Judas and his brothers a letter which said, "The Gentiles around us have gathered together against us to destroy us. 5.13. and all our brethren who were in the land of Tob have been killed; the enemy have captured their wives and children and goods, and have destroyed about a thousand men there." 5.16. When Judas and the people heard these messages, a great assembly was called to determine what they should do for their brethren who were in distress and were being attacked by enemies. 5.17. Then Judas said to Simon his brother, "Choose your men and go and rescue your brethren in Galilee; I and Jonathan my brother will go to Gilead." 5.18. But he left Joseph, the son of Zechariah, and Azariah, a leader of the people, with the rest of the forces, in Judea to guard it; 5.19. and he gave them this command, "Take charge of this people, but do not engage in battle with the Gentiles until we return." 5.42. When Judas approached the stream of water, he stationed the scribes of the people at the stream and gave them this command, "Permit no man to encamp, but make them all enter the battle." 5.43. Then he crossed over against them first, and the whole army followed him. All the Gentiles were defeated before him, and they threw away their arms and fled into the sacred precincts at Carnaim. 6.19. So Judas decided to destroy them, and assembled all the people to besiege them. 6.22. They went to the king and said, "How long will you fail to do justice and to avenge our brethren? 6.58. Now then let us come to terms with these men, and make peace with them and with all their nation, 7.18. Then the fear and dread of them fell upon all the people, for they said, "There is no truth or justice in them, for they have violated the agreement and the oath which they swore." 7.19. Then Bacchides departed from Jerusalem and encamped in Beth-zaith. And he sent and seized many of the men who had deserted to him, and some of the people, and killed them and threw them into a great pit. 7.33. After these events Nicanor went up to Mount Zion. Some of the priests came out of the sanctuary, and some of the elders of the people, to greet him peaceably and to show him the burnt offering that was being offered for the king. 8.23. May all go well with the Romans and with the nation of the Jews at sea and on land for ever, and may sword and enemy be far from them. 8.24. If war comes first to Rome or to any of their allies in all their dominion, 8.25. the nation of the Jews shall act as their allies wholeheartedly, as the occasion may indicate to them. 8.26. And to the enemy who makes war they shall not give or supply grain, arms, money, or ships, as Rome has decided; and they shall keep their obligations without receiving any return. 8.27. In the same way, if war comes first to the nation of the Jews, the Romans shall willingly act as their allies, as the occasion may indicate to them. 9.29. "Since the death of your brother Judas there has been no one like him to go against our enemies and Bacchides, and to deal with those of our nation who hate us. 10.80. Jonathan learned that there was an ambush behind him, for they surrounded his army and shot arrows at his men from early morning till late afternoon. 81 But his men stood fast, as Jonathan commanded, and the enemy's horses grew tired. 82 Then Simon brought forward his force and engaged the phalanx in battle (for the cavalry was exhausted); they were overwhelmed by him and fled, 83 and the cavalry was dispersed in the plain. They fled to Azotus and entered Beth-dagon, the temple of their idol, for safety. 84 But Jonathan burned Azotus and the surrounding towns and plundered them; and the temple of Dagon, and those who had taken refuge in it he burned with fire. 85 The number of those who fell by the sword, with those burned alive, came to eight thousand men. 86 Then Jonathan departed from there and encamped against Askalon, and the men of the city came out to meet him with great pomp. 87 And Jonathan and those with him returned to Jerusalem with much booty. 88 When Alexander the king heard of these things, he honored Jonathan still more; 89 and he sent to him a golden buckle, such as it is the custom to give to the kinsmen of kings. He also gave him Ekron and all its environs as his possession. 10.80. Jonathan learned that there was an ambush behind him, for they surrounded his army and shot arrows at his men from early morning till late afternoon. 10.81. But his men stood fast, as Jonathan commanded, and the enemys horses grew tired. 11.21. But certain lawless men who hated their nation went to the king and reported to him that Jonathan was besieging the citadel. 11.30. "King Demetrius to Jonathan his brother and to the nation of the Jews, greeting. 31 This copy of the letter which we wrote concerning you to Lasthenes our kinsman we have written to you also, so that you may know what it says. 32 `King Demetrius to Lasthenes his father, greeting. 33 To the nation of the Jews, who are our friends and fulfil their obligations to us, we have determined to do good, because of the good will they show toward us. 34 We have confirmed as their possession both the territory of Judea and the three districts of Aphairema and Lydda and Rathamin; the latter, with all the region bordering them, were added to Judea from Samaria. To all those who offer sacrifice in Jerusalem, we have granted release from the royal taxes which the king formerly received from them each year, from the crops of the land and the fruit of the trees. 35 And the other payments henceforth due to us of the tithes, and the taxes due to us, and the salt pits and the crown taxes due to us — from all these we shall grant them release. 36 And not one of these grants shall be canceled from this time forth for ever. 37 Now therefore take care to make a copy of this, and let it be given to Jonathan and put up in a conspicuous place on the holy mountain.'" 38 Now when Demetrius the king saw that the land was quiet before him and that there was no opposition to him, he dismissed all his troops, each man to his own place, except the foreign troops which he had recruited from the islands of the nations. So all the troops who had served his fathers hated him. 39 Now Trypho had formerly been one of Alexander's supporters. He saw that all the troops were murmuring against Demetrius. So he went to Imalkue the Arab, who was bringing up Antiochus, the young son of Alexander, 11.30. King Demetrius to Jonathan his brother and to the nation of the Jews, greeting. 12.35. When Jonathan returned he convened the elders of the people and planned with them to build strongholds in Judea, 13.6. But I will avenge my nation and the sanctuary and your wives and children, for all the nations have gathered together out of hatred to destroy us." 13.17. Simon knew that they were speaking deceitfully to him, but he sent to get the money and the sons, lest he arouse great hostility among the people, who might say, 13.36. "King Demetrius to Simon, the high priest and friend of kings, and to the elders and nation of the Jews, greeting. 14.4. The land had rest all the days of Simon. He sought the good of his nation;his rule was pleasing to them,as was the honor shown him, all his days. 14.14. He strengthened all the humble of his people;he sought out the law,and did away with every lawless and wicked man. 14.28. in Asaramel, in the great assembly of the priests and the people and the rulers of the nation and the elders of the country, the following was proclaimed to us: 14.33. He fortified the cities of Judea, and Beth-zur on the borders of Judea, where formerly the arms of the enemy had been stored, and he placed there a garrison of Jews. 14.35. The people saw Simons faithfulness and the glory which he had resolved to win for his nation, and they made him their leader and high priest, because he had done all these things and because of the justice and loyalty which he had maintained toward his nation. He sought in every way to exalt his people. 14.44. And none of the people or priests shall be permitted to nullify any of these decisions or to oppose what he says, or to convene an assembly in the country without his permission, or to be clothed in purple or put on a gold buckle. 14.46. And all the people agreed to grant Simon the right to act in accord with these decisions. 15.1. Antiochus, the son of Demetrius the king, sent a letter from the islands of the sea to Simon, the priest and ethnarch of the Jews, and to all the nation; 2 its contents were as follows: "King Antiochus to Simon the high priest and ethnarch and to the nation of the Jews, greeting. 3 Whereas certain pestilent men have gained control of the kingdom of our fathers, and I intend to lay claim to the kingdom so that I may restore it as it formerly was, and have recruited a host of mercenary troops and have equipped warships, 4 and intend to make a landing in the country so that I may proceed against those who have destroyed our country and those who have devastated many cities in my kingdom, 5 now therefore I confirm to you all the tax remissions that the kings before me have granted you, and release from all the other payments from which they have released you. 6 I permit you to mint your own coinage as money for your country, 7 and I grant freedom to Jerusalem and the sanctuary. All the weapons which you have prepared and the strongholds which you have built and now hold shall remain yours. 8 Every debt you owe to the royal treasury and any such future debts shall be canceled for you from henceforth and for all time. 9 When we gain control of our kingdom, we will bestow great honor upon you and your nation and the temple, so that your glory will become manifest in all the earth." 15.1. Antiochus, the son of Demetrius the king, sent a letter from the islands of the sea to Simon, the priest and ethnarch of the Jews, and to all the nation; 15.2. its contents were as follows: "King Antiochus to Simon the high priest and ethnarch and to the nation of the Jews, greeting. 16.3. But now I have grown old, and you by His mercy are mature in years. Take my place and my brothers, and go out and fight for our nation, and may the help which comes from Heaven be with you." |
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6. Hebrew Bible, Daniel, 7 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •books of maccabees Found in books: Bezzel and Pfeiffer, Prophecy and Hellenism (2021) 1 | 7. A fiery stream issued And came forth from before him; thousand thousands ministered unto him, And ten thousand times ten thousand stood before him; The judgment was set, And the books were opened.,After this I saw in the night visions, and behold a fourth beast, dreadful and terrible, and strong exceedingly; and it had great iron teeth; it devoured and broke in pieces, and stamped the residue with its feet; and it was diverse from all the beasts that were before it; and it had ten horns.,Daniel spoke and said: I saw in my vision by night, and, behold, the four winds of the heaven broke forth upon the great sea.,I beheld Till thrones were placed, And one that was ancient of days did sit: His raiment was as white snow, And the hair of his head like pure wool; His throne was fiery flames, and the wheels thereof burning fire.,But the saints of the Most High shall receive the kingdom, and possess the kingdom for ever, even for ever and ever.’,I saw in the night visions, And, behold, there came with the clouds of heaven One like unto a son of man, And he came even to the Ancient of days, And he was brought near before Him.,I came near unto one of them that stood by, and asked him the truth concerning all this. So he told me, and made me know the interpretation of the things:,I considered the horns, and, behold, there came up among them another horn, a little one, before which three of the first horns were plucked up by the roots; and, behold, in this horn were eyes like the eyes of a man, and a mouth speaking great things.,After this I beheld, and lo another, like a leopard, which had upon the sides of it four wings of a fowl; the beast had also four heads; and dominion was given to it.,In the first year of Belshazzar king of Babylon Daniel had a dream and visions of his head upon his bed; then he wrote the dream and told the sum of the matters.,And behold another beast, a second, like to a bear, and it raised up itself on one side, and it had three ribs in its mouth between its teeth; and it was said thus unto it: ‘Arise, devour much flesh.’,And four great beasts came up from the sea, diverse one from another.,And as for the ten horns, out of this kingdom shall ten kings arise; and another shall arise after them; and he shall be diverse from the former, and he shall put down three kings.,Then I desired to know the truth concerning the fourth beast, which was diverse from all of them, exceeding terrible, whose teeth were of iron, and its nails of brass; which devoured, brake in pieces, and stamped the residue with its feet;,’These great beasts, which are four, are four kings, that shall arise out of the earth.,But the judgment shall sit, and his dominions shall be taken away, to be consumed and to be destroy unto the end.,I beheld, and the same horn made war with the saints, and prevailed against them;,until the Ancient of days came, and judgment was given for the saints of the Most High; and the time came, and the saints possessed the kingdom.,and concerning the ten horns that were on its head, and the other horn which came up, and before which three fell; even that horn that had eyes, and a mouth that spoke great things, whose appearance was greater than that of its fellows.,And as for the rest of the beasts, their dominion was taken away; yet their lives were prolonged for a season and a time.,Thus he said: ‘The fourth beast shall be a fourth kingdom upon earth, which shall be diverse from all the kingdoms, and shall devour the whole earth, and shall tread it down, and break it in pieces.,I beheld at that time because of the voice of the great words which the horn spoke, I beheld even till the beast was slain, and its body destroyed, and it was given to be burned with fire.,Here is the end of the matter. As for me Daniel, my thoughts much affrighted me, and my countece was changed in me; but I kept the matter in my heart.,And there was given him dominion, And glory, and a kingdom, That all the peoples, nations, and languages Should serve him; His dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, And his kingdom that which shall not be destroyed.,And he shall speak words against the Most High, and shall wear out the saints of the Most High; and he shall think to change the seasons and the law; and they shall be given into his hand until a time and times and half a time.,And the kingdom and the dominion, and the greatness of the kingdoms under the whole heaven, shall be given to the people of the saints of the Most High; their kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and all dominions shall serve and obey them.’,The first was like a lion, and had eagle’s wings; I beheld till the wings thereof were plucked off, and it was lifted up from the earth, and made stand upon two feet as a man, and a man’s heart was given to it.,As for me Daniel, my spirit was pained in the midst of my body, and the visions of my head affrighted me. ." |
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| 7. Dead Sea Scrolls, Aramaic Levi, a.15-17 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •maccabees, books of Found in books: Gruen, Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter (2020) 126 |
8. Septuagint, 3 Maccabees, 1.6-2.23, 2.21, 2.22, 2.23, 2.24, 2.25, 2.26, 3-10.8, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 4.1, 7.3, 7.4 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Gruen, Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter (2020) 148 | 4.1. In every place, then, where this decree arrived, a feast at public expense was arranged for the Gentiles with shouts and gladness, for the inveterate enmity which had long ago been in their minds was now made evident and outspoken. 4.1. and in addition they were confined under a solid deck, so that with their eyes in total darkness, they should undergo treatment befitting traitors during the whole voyage. |
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9. Cicero, On The Nature of The Gods, 1.36 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •maccabees, maccabees, books of Found in books: Petersen and van Kooten, Religio-Philosophical Discourses in the Mediterranean World: From Plato, through Jesus, to Late Antiquity (2017) 107 | 1.36. Zeno (to come to your sect, Balbus) thinks the law of nature to be the divinity, and that it has the power to force us to what is right, and to restrain us from what is wrong. How this law can be an animated being I cannot conceive; but that God is so we would certainly maintain. The same person says, in another place, that the sky is God; but can we possibly conceive that God is a being insensible, deaf to our prayers, our wishes, and our vows, and wholly unconnected with us? In other books he thinks there is a certain rational essence pervading all nature, indued with divine efficacy. He attributes the same power to the stars, to the years, to the months, and to the seasons. In his interpretation of Hesiod's Theogony, he entirely destroys the established notions of the Gods; for he excludes Jupiter, Juno, and Vesta, and those esteemed divine, from the number of them; but his doctrine is that these are names which by some kind of allusion are given to mute and iimate beings. The sentiments of his disciple Aristo are not less erroneous. He thought it impossible to conceive the form of the Deity, and asserts that the Gods are destitute of sense; and he is entirely dubious whether the Deity is an animated being or not. Cleanthes, who next comes under my notice, a disciple of Zeno at the same time with Aristo, in one place says that the world is God; in another, he attributes divinity to the mind and spirit of universal nature; then he asserts that the most remote, the highest, the all-surrounding, the all-enclosing and embracing heat, which is called the sky, is most certainly the Deity. In the books he wrote against pleasure, in which he seems to be raving, he imagines the Gods to have a certain form and shape; then he ascribes all divinity to the stars; and, lastly, he thinks nothing more divine than reason. So that this God, whom we know mentally and in the speculations of our minds, from which traces we receive our impression, has at last actually no visible form at all. Persaeus, another disciple of Zeno, says that they who have made discoveries advantageous to the life of man should be esteemed as Gods; and the very things, he says, which are healthful and beneficial have derived their names from those of the Gods; so that he thinks it not sufficient to call them the discoveries of Gods, but he urges that they themselves should be deemed divine. 1.36. "Lastly, Balbus, I come to your Stoic school. Zeno's view is that the law of nature is divine, and that its function is to command what is right and to forbid the opposite. How he makes out this law to be alive passes our comprehension; yet we undoubtedly expect god to be a living being. In another passage however Zeno declares that the aether is god — if there is any meaning in a god without sensation, a form of deity that never presents itself to us when we offer up our prayers and supplications and make our vows. And in other books again he holds the view that a 'reason' which pervades all nature is possessed of divine power. He likewise attributes the same powers to the stars, or at another time to the years, the months and the seasons. Again, in his interpretation of Hesiod's Theogony (or Origin of the Gods) he does away with the customary and received ideas of the gods altogether, for he does not reckon either Jupiter, Juno or Vesta as gods, or any being that bears a personal name, but teaches that these names have been assigned allegorically to dumb and lifeless things. |
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| 10. Dead Sea Scrolls, 4Qmmt, 0 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •maccabees, books of Found in books: Gruen, Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter (2020) 126 |
11. Philo of Alexandria, On The Special Laws, 1.29, 2.166, 3.29 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •maccabees, books of Found in books: Gruen, Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter (2020) 126, 147 | 1.29. Not but what they have also joined to themselves the arts of statuary and painting as copartners in their system of deceit, in order that, bringing over the spectators by well-fabricated appearances of colours, and forms, and distinctive qualities, and having won over by their allurements those principal outward senses of sight and hearing, the one by the exquisite beauty of lifeless forms, and the other by a poetical harmony of numbers--they may ravish the unstable soul and render it feeble, and deprive it of any settled foundation. 2.166. Since they slipped in the most essential matter, the nation of the Jews--to speak most accurately--set aright the false step of others by having looked beyond everything which has come into existence through creation since it is generate and corruptible in nature, and chose only the service of the ungenerate and eternal. The first reason for this is because it is excellent; the second is because it is profitable to be dedicated and associated with the Older rather than those who are younger and with the Ruler rather than those who are ruled and with the Maker rather those things which come into existence. 3.29. Again. Moses commands, do not either form a connection of marriage with one of another nation, and do not be seduced into complying with customs inconsistent with your own, and do not stray from the right way and forget the path which leads to piety, turning into a road which is no road. And, perhaps, you will yourself resist, if you have been from your earliest youth trained in the best possible instruction, which your parents have instilled into you, continually filling your mind with the sacred laws. And the anxiety and fear which parents feel for their sons and daughters is not slight; for, perchance, they may be allured by mischievous customs instead of genuine good ones, and so they may be in danger of learning to forget the honour belonging to the one God, which is the beginning and end of extreme unhappiness. |
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12. Lucretius Carus, On The Nature of Things, 2.1150-2.1152, 5.380-5.415 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •maccabees, maccabees, books of Found in books: Petersen and van Kooten, Religio-Philosophical Discourses in the Mediterranean World: From Plato, through Jesus, to Late Antiquity (2017) 118| 2.1150. Iamque adeo fracta est aetas effetaque tellus 2.1151. vix animalia parva creat, quae cuncta creavit 2.1152. saecla deditque ferarum ingentia corpora partu. 5.380. Denique tantopere inter se cum maxima mundi 5.381. pugnent membra, pio nequaquam concita bello, 5.382. nonne vides aliquam longi certaminis ollis 5.383. posse dari finem, vel cum sol et vapor omnis 5.384. omnibus epotis umoribus exsuperarint? 5.385. quod facere intendunt, neque adhuc conata patrantur; 5.386. tantum suppeditant amnes ultraque mitur 5.387. omnia diluviare ex alto gurgite ponti: 5.388. ne quiquam, quoniam verrentes aequora venti 5.389. deminuunt radiisque retexens aetherius sol, 5.390. et siccare prius confidunt omnia posse 5.391. quam liquor incepti possit contingere finem. 5.392. tantum spirantes aequo certamine bellum 5.393. magnis inter se de rebus cernere certant, 5.394. cum semel interea fuerit superantior ignis 5.395. et semel, ut fama est, umor regnarit in arvis. 5.396. ignis enim superavit et ambiens multa perussit, 5.397. avia cum Phaethonta rapax vis solis equorum 5.398. aethere raptavit toto terrasque per omnis. 5.399. at pater omnipotens ira tum percitus acri 5.400. magimum Phaethonta repenti fulminis ictu 5.401. deturbavit equis in terram, Solque cadenti 5.402. obvius aeternam succepit lampada mundi 5.403. disiectosque redegit equos iunxitque trementis, 5.404. inde suum per iter recreavit cuncta gubers, 5.405. scilicet ut veteres Graium cecinere poetae poëtae . 5.406. quod procul a vera nimis est ratione repulsum. 5.407. ignis enim superare potest ubi materiai 5.408. ex infinito sunt corpora plura coorta; 5.409. inde cadunt vires aliqua ratione revictae, 5.410. aut pereunt res exustae torrentibus auris. 5.411. umor item quondam coepit superare coortus, 5.412. ut fama est, hominum vitas quando obruit undis; 5.413. inde ubi vis aliqua ratione aversa recessit, 5.414. ex infinito fuerat quae cumque coorta, 5.415. constiterunt imbres et flumina vim minuerunt. | 5.380. Again, since battle so fiercely one with other The four most mighty members the world, Aroused in an all unholy war, Seest not that there may be for them an end of the long strife?- Or when the skiey sun And all the heat have won dominion o'er The sucked-up waters all?- And this they try Still to accomplish, though as yet they fail,- For so aboundingly the streams supply New store of waters that 'tis rather they Who menace the world with inundations vast From forth the unplumbed chasms of the sea. But vain- since winds (that over-sweep amain) And skiey sun (that with his rays dissolves) Do minish the level seas and trust their power To dry up all, before the waters can Arrive at the end of their endeavouring. Breathing such vasty warfare, they contend In balanced strife the one with other still Concerning mighty issues,- though indeed The fire was once the more victorious, And once- as goes the tale- the water won A kingdom in the fields. For fire o'ermastered And licked up many things and burnt away, What time the impetuous horses of the Sun Snatched Phaethon headlong from his skiey road Down the whole ether and over all the lands. But the omnipotent Father in keen wrath Then with the sudden smite of thunderbolt Did hurl the mighty-minded hero off Those horses to the earth. And Sol, his sire, Meeting him as he fell, caught up in hand The ever-blazing lampion of the world, And drave together the pell-mell horses there And yoked them all a-tremble, and amain, Steering them over along their own old road, Restored the cosmos,- as forsooth we hear From songs of ancient poets of the Greeks- A tale too far away from truth, meseems. For fire can win when from the infinite Has risen a larger throng of particles of fiery stuff; and then its powers succumb, Somehow subdued again, or else at last It shrivels in torrid atmospheres the world. And whilom water too began to win- As goes the story- when it overwhelmed The lives of men with billows; and thereafter, When all that force of water-stuff which forth From out the infinite had risen up Did now retire, as somehow turned aside, The rain-storms stopped, and streams their fury checked. FORMATION OF THE WORLD AND ASTRONOMICAL QUESTIONS But in what modes that conflux of first-stuff Did found the multitudinous universe of earth, and sky, and the unfathomed deeps of ocean, and courses of the sun and moon, I'll now in order tell. For of a truth Neither by counsel did the primal germs 'Stablish themselves, as by keen act of mind, Each in its proper place; nor did they make, Forsooth, a compact how each germ should move; But, lo, because primordials of things, Many in many modes, astir by blows From immemorial aeons, in motion too By their own weights, have evermore been wont To be so borne along and in all modes To meet together and to try all sorts Which, by combining one with other, they Are powerful to create: because of this It comes to pass that those primordials, Diffused far and wide through mighty aeons, The while they unions try, and motions too, of every kind, meet at the last amain, And so become oft the commencements fit of mighty things- earth, sea, and sky, and race of living creatures. |
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13. Anon., Sibylline Oracles, 1.157-1.158, 2.231, 3.29-3.38, 3.547-3.557, 3.573-3.590, 3.757, 5.265, 7.144-7.145 (1st cent. BCE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •maccabees, maccabees, books of •maccabees, books of Found in books: Gruen, Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter (2020) 147; Petersen and van Kooten, Religio-Philosophical Discourses in the Mediterranean World: From Plato, through Jesus, to Late Antiquity (2017) 107 | 1.157. From heaven thus spoke: “Noah, be of good cheer 1.158. In thyself and to all the people preach 2.231. To them that sleep, that from the starry heaven 3.29. Imperishable fire, and days and nights. 3.29. O For these are all deceptive, in so far 3.30. 30 This is the God who formed four-lettered Adam, 3.30. As foolish men go seeking day by day 3.31. The first one formed, and filling with his name 3.31. Training their souls unto no useful work; 3.32. East, west, and south, and north. The same is he 3.32. And then did they teach miserable men 3.33. Who fixed the pattern of the human form, 3.33. Deceptions, whence to mortals on the earth 3.34. And made wild beasts, and creeping things, and fowls. 3.35. 35 Ye do not worship neither fear ye God, 3.36. But vainly go astray and bow the knee 3.37. To serpents, and make offering to cats, 3.38. And idols, and stone images of men, 3.547. Shall break off. And, Byzantium of Ares, 3.548. Thou some time shalt by Asia be laid waste, 3.549. And also groans and blood immeasurable 3.550. 550 Shalt thou receive. And Cragus, lofty mount 3.551. of Lycia, from thy peaks by yawning chasm 3.552. of opened rock shall babbling water flow, 3.553. Until even Patara's oracles shall cease. 3.554. O Cyzicus, that dwellest by Proponti 3.555. 555 The wine-producing, round thee Rhyndacu 3.556. Shall crash the crested billow. And thou, Rhodes, 3.557. Daughter of day, shalt long be unenslaved, 3.573. O sign of Cyprus, may an earthquake waste 3.574. Thy phalanxes away, and many soul 3.575. 575 With one accord shall Hades bold in charge. 3.576. And Trallis near by Ephesus, and wall 3.577. Well made, and very precious wealth of men 3.578. Shall be dissolved by earthquake; and the land 3.579. Shall burst out with hot water; and the earth 3.580. 580 Shall swallow down those who are by the fire 3.581. And stench of brimstone heavily oppressed. 3.582. And Samos shall in time build royal houses. 3.583. But to thee, Italy, no foreign war 3.584. Shall come, but lamentable tribal blood 3.585. 585 Not easily exhausted, much renowned, 3.586. Shall make thee, impudent one, desolate. 3.587. And thou thyself beside hot ashes stretched, 3.588. As thou in thine own heart didst not foresee, 3.589. Shalt slay thyself. And thou shalt not of men 3.590. 590 Be mother, but a nurse of beasts of prey. 3.757. Which they were under. Therefore on all men 5.265. 265 Shall overthrow Syene; by their might 7.144. And thou from peoples ever far away |
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| 14. Pliny The Elder, Natural History, 7.73 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •maccabees, maccabees, books of Found in books: Petersen and van Kooten, Religio-Philosophical Discourses in the Mediterranean World: From Plato, through Jesus, to Late Antiquity (2017) 118 |
| 15. Valerius Maximus, Memorable Deeds And Sayings, 1.4.ext. (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •books of maccabees Found in books: Bezzel and Pfeiffer, Prophecy and Hellenism (2021) 1 |
16. Josephus Flavius, Jewish Antiquities, 8.191-8.193 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •maccabees, books of Found in books: Gruen, Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter (2020) 126| 8.191. εἰς δὲ γυναῖκας ἐκμανεὶς καὶ τὴν τῶν ἀφροδισίων ἀκρασίαν οὐ ταῖς ἐπιχωρίαις μόνον ἠρέσκετο, πολλὰς δὲ καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἀλλοτρίων ἐθνῶν γήμας Σιδωνίας καὶ Τυρίας καὶ ̓Αμμανίτιδας καὶ ̓Ιδουμαίας παρέβη μὲν τοὺς Μωσήους νόμους, ὃς ἀπηγόρευσε συνοικεῖν ταῖς οὐχ ὁμοφύλοις, 8.192. τοὺς δ' ἐκείνων ἤρξατο θρησκεύειν θεοὺς ταῖς γυναιξὶ καὶ τῷ πρὸς αὐτὰς ἔρωτι χαριζόμενος, τοῦτ' αὐτὸ ὑπιδομένου τοῦ νομοθέτου προειπόντος μὴ γαμεῖν τὰς ἀλλοτριοχώρους, ἵνα μὴ τοῖς ξένοις ἐπιπλακέντες ἔθεσι τῶν πατρίων ἀποστῶσι, μηδὲ τοὺς ἐκείνων σέβωνται θεοὺς παρέντες τιμᾶν τὸν ἴδιον. 8.193. ἀλλὰ τούτων μὲν κατημέλησεν ὑπενεχθεὶς εἰς ἡδονὴν ἀλόγιστον Σολόμων, ἀγαγόμενος δὲ γυναῖκας ἀρχόντων καὶ διασήμων θυγατέρας ἑπτακοσίας τὸν ἀριθμὸν καὶ παλλακὰς τριακοσίας, πρὸς δὲ ταύταις καὶ τὴν τοῦ βασιλέως τῶν Αἰγυπτίων θυγατέρα, εὐθὺς μὲν ἐκρατεῖτο πρὸς αὐτῶν, ὥστε μιμεῖσθαι τὰ παρ' ἐκείναις, καὶ τῆς εὐνοίας καὶ φιλοστοργίας ἠναγκάζετο παρέχειν αὐταῖς δεῖγμα τὸ βιοῦν ὡς αὐταῖς πάτριον ἦν: | 8.191. He grew mad in his love of women, and laid no restraint on himself in his lusts; nor was he satisfied with the women of his country alone, but he married many wives out of foreign nations; Sidontans, and Tyrians, and Ammonites, and Edomites; and he transgressed the laws of Moses, which forbade Jews to marry any but those that were of their own people. 8.192. He also began to worship their gods, which he did in order to the gratification of his wives, and out of his affection for them. This very thing our legislator suspected, and so admonished us beforehand, that we should not marry women of other countries, lest we should be entangled with foreign customs, and apostatize from our own; lest we should leave off to honor our own God, and should worship their gods. 8.193. But Solomon was Gllen headlong into unreasonable pleasures, and regarded not those admonitions; for when he had married seven hundred wives, the daughters of princes and of eminent persons, and three hundred concubines, and those besides the king of Egypt’s daughter, he soon was governed by them, till he came to imitate their practices. He was forced to give them this demonstration of his kindness and affection to them, to live according to the laws of their countries. |
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17. Josephus Flavius, Against Apion, 2.251-2.254 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •maccabees, books of Found in books: Gruen, Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter (2020) 147| 2.251. ποιήσασθαι τὴν ἄλλην τάξιν τοῦ πολιτεύματος, ἀλλ' ὥσπερ ἄλλο τι τῶν φαυλοτάτων ἐφῆκαν τοῖς μὲν ποιηταῖς οὕστινας ἂν βούλωνται θεοὺς εἰσάγειν πάντα πάσχοντας, τοῖς δὲ ῥήτορσι πολιτογραφεῖν 2.252. κατὰ ψήφισμα τῶν ξένων θεῶν τὸν ἐπιτήδειον: πολλῆς δὲ καὶ ζωγράφοι καὶ πλάσται τῆς εἰς τοῦτο παρὰ τῶν ̔Ελλήνων ἀπέλαυσαν ἐξουσίας, αὐτὸς ἕκαστός τινα μορφὴν ἐπινοῶν, ὁ μὲν ἐκ πηλοῦ πλάττων, ὁ δὲ γράφων, οἱ δὲ μάλιστα δὴ θαυμαζόμενοι τῶν δημιουργῶν τὸν ἐλέφαντα καὶ τὸν χρυσὸν ἔχουσι τῆς ἀεὶ καινουργίας 2.253. τὴν ὑπόθεσιν. [καὶ τὰ μὲν τῶν ἱερῶν ἐν ἐρημίᾳ παντελῶς εἰσιν, τὰ δὲ ἐμπερισπούδαστα καθάρσεσι παντοδαπαῖς περικοσμούμενα.] εἶθ' οἱ μὲν πρότερον ἐν ταῖς τιμαῖς ἀκμάσαντες θεοὶ γεγηράκασιν: [οἱ δὲ ὑπακμάζοντες τούτων ἐν δευτέρᾳ τάξει 2.254. ὑποβέβληνται] οὕτω γὰρ εὐφημότερον λέγειν: ἄλλοι δὲ καινοί τινες εἰσαγόμενοι θρησκείας τυγχάνουσιν, [ὡς ἐν παρεκβάσει ὧν προείπομεν τοὺς τόπους ἐρημωθέντας καταλιπεῖν] καὶ τῶν ἱερῶν τὰ μὲν ἐρημοῦται, τὰ δὲ νεωστὶ κατὰ τὴν αὐτῶν βούλησιν ἕκαστος ἱδρύεται, δέον [τοίνυν] τοὐναντίον τὴν περὶ τοῦ θεοῦ δόξαν αὐτοὺς καὶ τὴν πρὸς αὐτὸν τιμὴν ἀμετακίνητον διαφυλάττειν. | 2.251. but omitted it as a thing of very little consequence, and gave leave both to the poets to introduce what gods they pleased, and those subject to all sorts of passions, and to the orators to procure political decrees from the people for the admission of such foreign gods as they thought proper. 2.252. The painters also, and statuaries of Greece, had herein great power, as each of them could contrive a shape [proper for a god]; the one to be formed out of clay, and the other by making a bare picture of such a one; but those workmen that were principally admired, had the use of ivory and of gold as the constant materials for their new statues; 2.253. [whereby it comes to pass that some temples are quite deserted, while others are in great esteem, and adorned with all the rites of all kinds of purification]. Besides this, the first gods, who have long flourished in the honors done them, are now grown old [while those that flourished after them are come in their room as a second rank, that I may speak the most honorably of them that I can]: 2.254. nay, certain other gods there are who are newly introduced, and newly worshipped [as we, by way of digression have said already, and yet have left their places of worship desolate]; and for their temples, some of them are already left desolate, and others are built anew, according to the pleasure of men; whereas they ought to have preserved their opinion about God, and that worship which is due to him, always and immutably the same. |
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| 18. Pliny The Younger, Letters, 6.20.17 (2nd cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •maccabees, maccabees, books of Found in books: Petersen and van Kooten, Religio-Philosophical Discourses in the Mediterranean World: From Plato, through Jesus, to Late Antiquity (2017) 118 |
| 19. Palestinian Talmud, Taanit, 2.13 (66a) (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •apocrypha and pseudepigrapha, maccabees, books of •logocentrism, maccabees, books of Found in books: Hayes, The Literature of the Sages: A Re-Visioning (2022) 285, 286 |
| 20. Palestinian Talmud, Shabbat, 16.18 (15c) (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •apocrypha and pseudepigrapha, maccabees, books of •logocentrism, maccabees, books of Found in books: Hayes, The Literature of the Sages: A Re-Visioning (2022) 284 |
| 21. Palestinian Talmud, Berachot, 5.1 (9a) (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •apocrypha and pseudepigrapha, maccabees, books of •logocentrism, maccabees, books of Found in books: Hayes, The Literature of the Sages: A Re-Visioning (2022) 284 |
| 22. Anon., Sifra, emor 9.5 (2nd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •apocrypha and pseudepigrapha, maccabees, books of •logocentrism, maccabees, books of Found in books: Hayes, The Literature of the Sages: A Re-Visioning (2022) 287 |
| 23. Pliny The Younger, Letters, 6.20.17 (2nd cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •maccabees, maccabees, books of Found in books: Petersen and van Kooten, Religio-Philosophical Discourses in the Mediterranean World: From Plato, through Jesus, to Late Antiquity (2017) 118 |
24. Anon., Lamentations Rabbah, 1.50 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •apocrypha and pseudepigrapha, maccabees, books of •logocentrism, maccabees, books of Found in books: Hayes, The Literature of the Sages: A Re-Visioning (2022) 287, 288| 1.50. מַעֲשֶׂה בְּמִרְיָם בַּת נַחְתּוֹם שֶׁנִּשְׁבֵּית הִיא וְשִׁבְעָה בָנֶיהָ, נְטָלָן קֵיסָר וּנְתָנָן לְגָיו מִן שִׁבְעָה קַנְקַלִּין, הֵבִיא אֶת הָרִאשׁוֹן וְאָמַר לוֹ הִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לַצֶּלֶם, אָמַר לוֹ חַס וְשָׁלוֹם אֵינִי מִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לַצֶּלֶם. אָמַר לוֹ לָמָּה, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁכָּךְ כְּתִיב בְּתוֹרָתֵנוּ (שמות כ, ב): אָנֹכִי ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ, מִיָּד הוֹצִיאוֹ וַהֲרָגוֹ. הוֹצִיא הַשֵּׁנִי וְאָמַר לוֹ הִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לַצֶּלֶם, אָמַר לוֹ חַס וְשָׁלוֹם, אָחִי לֹא הִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה וַאֲנִי אֵינִי מִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה. אָמַר לוֹ לָמָּה, אָמַר לוֹ שֶׁכָּךְ כְּתִיב בַּתּוֹרָה (שמות ב, ג): לֹא יִהְיֶה לְךָ אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים עַל פָּנָי, מִיָּד גָּזַר עָלָיו וַהֲרָגוּהוּ. הוֹצִיא הַשְּׁלִישִׁי וְאָמַר לוֹ הִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לַצֶּלֶם, אָמַר לוֹ אֵינִי מִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה. אָמַר לוֹ לָמָּה, [אמר לו שכתוב בתורה] (שמות לד, יד): כִּי לֹא תִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לְאֵל אַחֵר, מִיָּד גָּזַר עָלָיו וַהֲרָגוּהוּ. הוֹצִיא הָרְבִיעִי וְאָמַר פְּסוּקֵיהּ (שמות כב, יט): זֹבֵחַ לָאֱלֹהִים יָחֳרָם, גָּזַר עָלָיו וַהֲרָגוּהוּ. הוֹצִיא הַחֲמִישִׁי וְאָמַר גַּם הוּא פְּסוּקֵיהּ (דברים ו, ד): שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל ה' אֱלֹהֵינוּ ה' אֶחָד, מִיָּד גָּזַר עָלָיו וַהֲרָגוּהוּ. הוֹצִיא הַשִּׁשִּׁי וְאָמַר גַּם הוּא פְּסוּקֵיהּ (שמות ז, כא): כִּי ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ בְּקִרְבֶּךָ אֵל גָּדוֹל וְנוֹרָא, גָּזַר עָלָיו וַהֲרָגוּהוּ. הוֹצִיא הַשְּׁבִיעִי וְהוּא הָיָה קָטָן שֶׁבְּכֻלָּן, אָמַר, בְּנִי הִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לַצֶּלֶם, אָמַר לוֹ חַס וְשָׁלוֹם. אָמַר לוֹ לָמָּה, אָמַר לוֹ שֶׁכֵּן כְּתִיב בְּתוֹרָתֵינוּ (שמות ד, לט): וְיָדַעְתָּ הַיּוֹם וַהֲשֵׁבֹתָ אֶל לְבָבֶךָ כִּי ה' הוּא הָאֱלֹהִים בַּשָּׁמַיִם מִמַּעַל וְעַל הָאָרֶץ מִתָּחַת אֵין עוֹד, וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁנִּשְׁבַּעְנוּ לֵאלֹהֵינוּ שֶׁאֵין אָנוּ מְמִירִין אוֹתוֹ בְּאֵל אַחֵר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כו, יז): אֶת ה' הֶאֱמַרְתָּ הַיּוֹם, וּכְשֵׁם שֶׁנִּשְׁבַּעְנוּ לוֹ כָּךְ נִשְׁבַּע לָנוּ שֶׁאֵין מְמִירֵנוּ בְּאֻמָּה אַחֶרֶת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כו, יח): וַה' הֶאֱמִירְךָ הַיּוֹם. אָמַר לוֹ קֵיסָר אַחֶיךָ שָׂבְעוּ יָמִים וְשָׂבְעוּ חַיִּים וְרָאוּ טוֹבָה, וְאַתָּה קָטָן לֹא שָׂבַעְתָּ יָמִים וְלֹא שָׂבַעְתָּ חַיִּים וְלֹא רָאִיתָ טוֹב בָּעוֹלָם, הִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לַצֶּלֶם וְאֶעֱשֶׂה בְךָ טוֹבוֹת, אָמַר לוֹ כְּתִיב בְּתוֹרָתֵנוּ (שמות טו, יח): ה' יִמְלֹךְ לְעֹלָם וָעֶד, וְאוֹמֵר (תהלים י, טז): ה' מֶלֶךְ עוֹלָם וָעֶד אָבְדוּ גוֹיִם מֵאַרְצוֹ, וְאַתֶּם בְּטֵלִים וְאוֹיְבָיו בְּטֵלִים. בָּשָׂר וָדָם הַיּוֹם חַי וּלְמָחָר מֵת, הַיּוֹם עָשִׁיר וּלְמָחָר עָנִי, אֲבָל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא חַי וְקַיָם לְעוֹלָם וּלְעוֹלְמֵי עוֹלָמִים. אָמַר לוֹ קֵיסָר, רְאֵה אַחֶיךָ הֲרוּגִים לְפָנֶיךָ, וַהֲרֵינִי מַשְׁלִיךְ טַבַּעְתִּי לָאָרֶץ לִפְנֵי הַצֶּלֶם וְהַגְבִּיהָהּ כְּדֵי שֶׁיֵּדְעוּ הַכֹּל שֶׁשָּׁמַעְתָּ לְקוֹלִי. אָמַר לוֹ חֲבָל עֲלָיךְ קֵיסָר, מָה אִם אַתָּה מִתְיָרֵא מִבְּנֵי אָדָם שֶׁכְּמוֹתְךָ, אֲנִי לֹא אֶתְיָירֵא מִמֶּלֶךְ מַלְכֵי הַמְּלָכִים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֱלֹהֵי עוֹלָם. אָמַר לוֹ וְכִי יֵשׁ אֱלוֹהַּ לָעוֹלָם, אָמַר לוֹ אַלְלַי עָלֶיךָ קֵיסָר, וְכִי עוֹלָם שֶׁל הֶפְקֵר רָאִיתָ. אָמַר לוֹ וְכִי יֵשׁ פֶּה לֵאלֹהֵיכֶם, אָמַר לוֹ בֵּאלֹהֵיכֶם כְּתִיב (תהלים קטו, ה): פֶּה לָהֶם וְלֹא יְדַבֵּרוּ, וּבֵאלֹהֵינוּ כְּתִיב (תהלים לג, ו): בִּדְבַר ה' שָׁמַיִם נַעֲשׂוּ. אָמַר לוֹ וְכִי יֵשׁ עֵינַיִם לֵאלֹהֵיכֶם, אָמַר לוֹ בֵּאלֹהֵיכֶם כְּתִיב (תהלים קטו, ה): עֵינַיִם לָהֶם וְלֹא יִרְאוּ, וּבֵאלֹהֵינוּ כְּתִיב (זכריה ד, י): עֵינֵי ה' הֵמָּה מְשׁוֹטְטִים בְּכָל הָאָרֶץ. אָמַר לוֹ וְכִי יֵשׁ אָזְנַיִם לֵאלֹהֵיכֶם, אָמַר לוֹ בֵּאלֹהֵיכֶם כְּתִיב (תהלים קטו, ו): אָזְנַיִם לָהֶם וְלֹא יִשְׁמָעוּ, וּבֵאלֹהֵינוּ כְּתִיב (מלאכי ג, טז): וַיַּקְשֵׁב ה' וַיִּשְׁמָע. אָמַר לוֹ וְכִי יֵשׁ אַף לֵאלֹהֵיכֶם, אָמַר לוֹ בֵּאלֹהֵיכֶם כְּתִיב (תהלים קטו, ו): אַף לָהֶם וְלֹא יְרִיחוּן, וּבֵאלֹהֵינוּ כְּתִיב (בראשית ח, כא): וַיָּרַח ה' אֶת רֵיחַ הַנִּיחֹחַ. אָמַר לוֹ וְכִי יֵשׁ יָדַיִם לֵאלֹהֵיכֶם, אָמַר לוֹ בֵּאלֹהֵיכֶם כְּתִיב (תהלים קטו, ז): יְדֵיהֶם וְלֹא יְמִישׁוּן, וּבֵאלֹהֵינוּ כְּתִיב (ישעיה מח, יג): אַף יָדִי יָסְדָה אֶרֶץ. אָמַר לוֹ וְכִי יֵשׁ רַגְלַיִם לֵאלֹהֵיכֶם, אָמַר לוֹ בֵּאלֹהֵיכֶם כְּתִיב (תהלים קטו, ז): רַגְלֵיהֶם וְלֹא יְהַלֵּכוּ, וּבֵאלֹהֵינוּ כְּתִיב (זכריה יד, ד): וְעָמְדוּ רַגְלָיו בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא עַל הַר הַזֵּיתִים. אָמַר לוֹ וְכִי יֵשׁ גָּרוֹן לֵאלֹהֵיכֶם, אָמַר לוֹ בֵּאלֹהֵיכֶם כְּתִיב (תהלים קטו, ז): לֹא יֶהְגּוּ בִּגְרוֹנָם, וּבֵאלֹהֵינוּ כְּתִיב (איוב לז, ב): וְהֶגֶה מִפִּיו יֵצֵא. אָמַר לוֹ אִם יֵשׁ בּוֹ כָּל הַמִּדּוֹת הַלָּלוּ בֵּאלֹהֵיכֶם מִפְּנֵי מָה אֵינוֹ מַצִּיל אֶתְכֶם מִיָּדִי כְּמוֹ שֶׁהִצִּיל לַחֲנַנְיָה מִישָׁאֵל וַעֲזַרְיָה מִיַּד נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר. אָמַר לוֹ חֲנַנְיָה מִישָׁאֵל וַעֲזַרְיָה כְּשֵׁרִים הָיוּ וּנְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר מֶלֶךְ הָגוּן הָיָה לֵעָשׂוֹת נֵס עַל יָדוֹ, אֲבָל אַתָּה אֵינְךָ הָגוּן וְאָנוּ נִתְחַיַּבְנוּ מִיתָה לַשָּׁמַיִם, אִם אֵין אַתָּה הוֹרְגֵנוּ הַרְבֵּה הוֹרְגִים יֵשׁ לַמָּקוֹם, הַרְבֵּה דֻּבִּים הַרְבֵּה זְאֵבִים וַאֲרָיוֹת וּנְחָשִׁים וּנְמֵרִים וְעַקְרַבִּים שֶׁיִּפְגְּעוּ בָּנוּ וְיַהַרְגוּנוּ, אֶלָּא לַסּוֹף הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עָתִיד לִפָּרַע מִמְּךָ אֶת דָּמֵינוּ, מִיָּד גָּזַר עָלָיו לְהוֹרְגוֹ. אָמְרָה לוֹ אִמּוֹ בְּחַיֵּי רֹאשְׁךָ קֵיסָר תְּנָה אֶת בְּנִי וַאֲחַבְּקֵהוּ וַאֲנַשְׁקֵהוּ. נְתָנוּהוּ לָהּ וְהוֹצִיאָה לוֹ דַּדֶּיהָ וֶהֱנִיקַתּוּ חָלָב, אָמְרָה לוֹ בְּחַיֵּי רֹאשְׁךָ קֵיסָר הָרְגֵנִי תְּחִלָּה וְאַחַר כָּךְ הָרְגֵהוּ, אָמַר לָהּ קֵיסָר אֵינִי שׁוֹמֵעַ לִיךְ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁכָּתוּב בְּתוֹרַתְכֶם (ויקרא כב, כח): וְשׁוֹר אוֹ שֶׂה אֹתוֹ וְאֶת בְּנוֹ לֹא תִשְׁחֲטוּ בְּיוֹם אֶחָד, אָמְרָה לוֹ שׁוֹטֶה שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם כְּבָר קִיַּמְתָּ כָּל הַמִּצְווֹת וְלֹא נִשְׁאָר לְךָ אֶלָּא זוֹ בִּלְבָד, מִיָּד צִוָּה עָלָיו לְהָרְגוֹ. נָפְלָה אִמּוֹ עָלָיו וְהָיְתָה מְחַבַּקְתּוּ וּמְנַשַׁקְתּוּ וְאָמְרָה לוֹ בְּנִי, לֵךְ אֵצֶל אַבְרָהָם אֲבִיכֶם וֶאֱמָר לוֹ כָּךְ אָמְרָה אִמִּי אַל תָּזוּחַ דַּעְתְּךָ עָלֶיךָ וְתֹאמַר בָּנִיתִי מִזְבֵּחַ וְהֶעֱלֵיתִי אֶת יִצְחָק בְּנִי, הֲרֵי אִמֵּנוּ בָּנְתָה שִׁבְעָה מִזְבְּחוֹת וְהֶעֶלְתָה שִׁבְעָה בָנִים בְּיוֹם אֶחָד, אַתָּה נִסָּיוֹן וַאֲנִי מַעֲשֶׂה, עַד שֶׁהָיְתָה מְנַשַּׁקְתּוּ וּמְחַבַּקְתּוּ גָּזַר עָלָיו וַהֲרָגוּהוּ עָלֶיהָ, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁנֶּהֱרַג שִׁעֲרוּ חֲכָמִים שְׁנוֹתָיו שֶׁל אוֹתוֹ תִּינוֹק וְנִמְצָא בֶּן שְׁתֵּי שָׁנִים וְשִׁשָּׁה חֳדָשִׁים וְשֵׁשׁ שָׁעוֹת וּמֶחֱצָה. בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה צָעֲקוּ כָּל אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם וְאָמְרוּ מָה אֱלֹהֵיהֶם שֶׁל אֵלּוּ עוֹשֶׂה לָהֶם שֶׁכָּךְ נֶהֱרָגִין עָלָיו בְּכָל שָׁעָה, וַעֲלֵיהֶם כְּתִיב (תהלים מד, כג): כִּי עָלֶיךָ הֹרַגְנוּ כָל הַיּוֹם. לְאַחַר יָמִים נִשְׁתַּטֵּית אוֹתָהּ הָאִשָּׁה וְנָפְלָה מִן הַגַּג וּמֵתָה, לְקַיֵּם מַה שֶּׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה טו, ט): אֻמְלְלָה יֹלֶדֶת הַשִּׁבְעָה, וּבַת קוֹל יוֹצֵאת וְאוֹמֶרֶת (תהלים קיג, ט): אֵם הַבָּנִים שְׂמֵחָה, וְרוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ צוֹוַחַת וְאוֹמֶרֶת: עַל אֵלֶּה אֲנִי בוֹכִיָּה. | |
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| 25. Babylonian Talmud, Gittin, 55b-58a (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •apocrypha and pseudepigrapha, maccabees, books of •logocentrism, maccabees, books of Found in books: Hayes, The Literature of the Sages: A Re-Visioning (2022) 288 |
26. Babylonian Talmud, Taanit, 18b (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •apocrypha and pseudepigrapha, maccabees, books of •logocentrism, maccabees, books of Found in books: Hayes, The Literature of the Sages: A Re-Visioning (2022) 285, 286 18b. מותרין בהספד ותענית אימת אילימא בני חמיסר וקא קרו ליה בארביסר ומי שרי,והכתיב במגילת תענית יום ארבעה עשר בו ויום חמשה עשר בו יומי פוריא אינון דלא למיספד בהון ואמר רבא לא נצרכא אלא לאסור את של זה בזה ואת של זה בזה,ואלא בני ארביסר וקא קרי ליה בתליסר יום ניקנור הוא ואלא בני ארביסר וקא קרי ליה בתריסר יום טוריינוס הוא,אלא לאו דקא קרו ליה בחדיסר וקתני מותר בהספד ובתענית,לא בני ארבעה עשר וקא קרו ליה בתריסר ודקאמרת יום טריינוס הוא יום טריינוס גופיה בטולי בטלוהו הואיל ונהרגו בו שמעיה ואחיה אחיו כי הא דרב נחמן גזר תעניתא בתריסר אמרו ליה רבנן יום טוריינוס הוא אמר להו יום טוריינוס גופיה בטולי בטלוהו הואיל ונהרגו בו שמעיה ואחיה אחיו,ותיפוק ליה דהוה ליה יום שלפני ניקנור אמר רב אשי השתא איהו גופיה בטלוהו משום יום ניקנור ניקום ונגזר,מאי ניקנור ומאי טוריינוס דתניא ניקנור אחד מאפרכי יוונים היה ובכל יום ויום היה מניף ידו על יהודה וירושלים ואומר אימתי תפול בידי וארמסנה וכשגברה מלכות בית חשמונאי ונצחום קצצו בהונות ידיו ורגליו ותלאום בשערי ירושלים ואמרו פה שהיה מדבר בגאוה וידים שהיו מניפות על ירושלים תעשה בהם נקמה,מאי טוריינוס אמרו כשבקש טוריינוס להרוג את לולינוס ופפוס אחיו בלודקיא אמר להם אם מעמו של חנניה מישאל ועזריה אתם יבא אלהיכם ויציל אתכם מידי כדרך שהציל את חנניה מישאל ועזריה מיד נבוכדנצר אמרו לו חנניה מישאל ועזריה צדיקים גמורין היו וראויין היו ליעשות להם נס ונבוכדנצר מלך הגון היה וראוי ליעשות נס על ידו,ואותו רשע הדיוט הוא ואינו ראוי ליעשות נס על ידו ואנו נתחייבנו כליה למקום ואם אין אתה הורגנו הרבה הורגים יש לו למקום והרבה דובין ואריות יש לו למקום בעולמו שפוגעין בנו והורגין אותנו אלא לא מסרנו הקדוש ברוך הוא בידך אלא שעתיד ליפרע דמינו מידך,אעפ"כ הרגן מיד אמרו לא זזו משם עד שבאו דיופלי מרומי ופצעו את מוחו בגיזרין:,אין גוזרין תענית על הצבור בתחלה בחמישי כו' אין גוזרין תענית בראשי חדשים כו': וכמה הויא התחלה רב אחא אמר שלש רבי אסי אמר אחת,אמר רב יהודה אמר רב זו דברי רבי מאיר שאמר משום רבן (שמעון בן) גמליאל אבל חכמים אומרים מתענה ומשלים דרש מר זוטרא משמיה דרב הונא הלכה מתענה ומשלים:,| 18b. as the Sages decreed that in certain places one may read the Scroll of Esther on the eleventh, twelfth, or thirteenth of Adar, nevertheless, it is permitted to eulogize and fast on these days. The Gemara clarifies: When does this ruling apply? If we say that it applies to those in walled cities, who normally read the scroll on the fifteenth of Adar and yet this year they read it on the fourteenth, a day on which they normally are permitted to fast and eulogize, but this cannot be the case, as are they permitted to fast and eulogize at all on these days?,But isn’t it written in Megillat Ta’anit: The day of the fourteenth of Adar and the day of the fifteenth of Adar are the days of Purim, on which eulogizing is prohibited. And Rava said: Since these days are already mentioned in the Bible (Esther 9:18–19), it is necessary to state this halakha in Megillat Ta’anit only to prohibit those living in these walled cities from fasting and eulogizing on this date, the fourteenth, and those living in these non-walled cities from fasting and eulogizing on this date, the fifteenth.,The Gemara continues its explanation of the difficulty. But rather, the mishna must be referring to those who normally read on the fourteenth of Adar, but who read the Scroll of Esther early, on the thirteenth. However, it is already prohibited to fast on the thirteenth, as it is Nicanor’s Day, which is a commemorative day in its own right. But rather, you will say that the mishna is referring to those residents of cities who normally read on the fourteenth, but who read it early that year, on the twelfth; however, the twelfth of Adar is also a commemorative day, as it is Trajan’s Day.,Rather, isn’t the mishna referring to a case where they read the Scroll of Esther on the eleventh of Adar, and nevertheless that mishna teaches that it is permitted to eulogize and fast on this day, despite the fact that it is the day before Trajan’s Day? The opinion in this unattributed mishna is not in accordance with that of Rabbi Yosei, which means that there is a contradiction between the two statements of Rabbi Yoḥa.,The Gemara answers: No; the mishna is actually referring to those who normally read on the fourteenth, but who read it that year on the twelfth of Adar. And with regard to that which you said, that it is Trajan’s Day, Trajan’s Day itself was annulled and is no longer celebrated, since Shemaya and his brother Aḥiya were killed on that day. We learn this as in the incident when Rav Naḥman decreed a fast on the twelfth of Adar and the Sages said to him: It is Trajan’s Day. He said to them: Trajan’s Day itself was annulled, since Shemaya and his brother Aḥiya were killed on that day.,The Gemara asks: And let him derive that fasting on the twelfth is prohibited in any case, as it is the day before Nicanor’s Day. Rav Ashi said: Now that with regard to Trajan’s Day itself, they annulled it, will we then arise and issue a decree not to fast on this date due to the following day, Nicanor’s Day?,In relation to the above, the Gemara inquires: What is the origin of Nicanor’s Day and what is the origin of Trajan’s Day? As it is taught in a baraita: Nicanor was one of the generals [iparkhei] in the Greek army, and each and every day he would wave his hand over Judea and Jerusalem and say: When will this city fall into my hands, and I shall trample it? And when the Hasmonean monarchy overcame the Greeks and emerged victorious over them, they killed Nicanor in battle, cut off his thumbs and big toes, and hung them on the gates of Jerusalem, saying: The mouth that spoke with pride, and the hands that waved over Jerusalem, may vengeance be taken against them. This occurred on the thirteenth of Adar.,What is the origin of Trajan’s Day? They said in explanation: When Trajan sought to kill the important leaders Luleyanus and his brother Pappas in Laodicea, he said to them: If you are from the nation of Haiah, Mishael, and Azariah, let your God come and save you from my hand, just as He saved Haiah, Mishael, and Azariah from the hand of Nebuchadnezzar. Luleyanus and Pappas said to him: Haiah, Mishael, and Azariah were full-fledged righteous people, and they were worthy that a miracle should be performed for them, and Nebuchadnezzar was a legitimate king who rose to power through his merit, and it is fitting that a miracle be performed through him.,But this wicked man, Trajan, is a commoner, not a real king, and it is not fitting that a miracle be performed through him. Luleyanus and Pappas continued: And we are not wholly righteous, and have been condemned to destruction by the Omnipresent for our sins. And if you do not kill us, the Omnipresent has many other executioners. And if men do not kill us, the Omnipresent has many bears and lions in His world that can hurt us and kill us. Instead, the Holy One, Blessed be He, placed us into your hands only so that He will avenge our blood in the future.,Even so, Trajan remained unmoved by their response and killed them immediately. It is said that they had not moved from the place of execution when two officials [diyoflei] arrived from Rome with permission to remove Trajan from power, and they split his skull with clubs. This was viewed as an act of divine retribution and was established as a commemorative day.,§ The mishna taught: One may not decree a fast on the community starting on a Thursday, so as not to cause prices to rise. Furthermore, one may not decree a fast on New Moons, on Hanukkah, or on Purim. However, if one began a set of fasts, one does not interrupt the sequence for these days. The Gemara asks: And how many fasts are considered a beginning? Rav Aḥa said: If one fasted three fasts before the festive day. Rabbi Asi said: Even if one fasted one fast before it.,Rav Yehuda said that Rav said: This halakha of the mishna that a fast that occurs on a festival is not observed, is the statement of Rabbi Meir, who said it in the name of Rabban Gamliel. However, the Rabbis say: If a communal fast occurs on one of these days, one must fast and complete the fast until nightfall. Mar Zutra taught in the name of Rav Huna: The practical halakha is in accordance with the opinion of the Rabbis, that one fasts and completes his fast until nightfall.,,The order of these fasts of increasing severity, as explained in Chapter One, is stated only in a case when the first rainfall has not materialized. However, if there is vegetation that grew and its appearance changed due to disease, the court does not wait at all; they cry out about it immediately. And likewise, if rain ceased for a period of forty days between one rainfall and another, they cry out about it because it is a plague of drought.,If sufficient rain fell for the vegetation but not enough fell for the trees; or if it was enough for the trees but not for the vegetation; or if sufficient rain fell for both this and that, i.e., vegetation and trees, but not enough to fill the cisterns, ditches, and caves with water to last the summer, they cry out about it immediately. And likewise, if there is a particular city upon which it did not rain, while the surrounding area did receive rain, this is considered a divine curse, as it is written: “And I caused it to rain upon one city, but caused it not to rain upon another city; one piece was rained upon, and the portion upon which it did not rain withered” (Amos 4:7). | |
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| 27. Lactantius, Divine Institutes, 1.5 (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •maccabees, maccabees, books of Found in books: Petersen and van Kooten, Religio-Philosophical Discourses in the Mediterranean World: From Plato, through Jesus, to Late Antiquity (2017) 107 |
| 29. Anon., Letter of Aristeas, 14.20 Tagged with subjects: •apocrypha and pseudepigrapha, maccabees, books of •logocentrism, maccabees, books of Found in books: Hayes, The Literature of the Sages: A Re-Visioning (2022) 288 |
| 30. Cleanthes, Hymn To Zeus, 39 Tagged with subjects: •maccabees, maccabees, books of Found in books: Petersen and van Kooten, Religio-Philosophical Discourses in the Mediterranean World: From Plato, through Jesus, to Late Antiquity (2017) 107 |
| 31. Plutarch, On The Fortune And Virtue of Alexander, 329b, 329c, 329d, 329a Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Petersen and van Kooten, Religio-Philosophical Discourses in the Mediterranean World: From Plato, through Jesus, to Late Antiquity (2017) 107 |
| 32. Anon., Seder Olam, 30.20 Tagged with subjects: •apocrypha and pseudepigrapha, maccabees, books of •logocentrism, maccabees, books of Found in books: Hayes, The Literature of the Sages: A Re-Visioning (2022) 285 |
| 33. Anon., Megillat Taanit (Lichtenstein), 13 adar, scholia Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Hayes, The Literature of the Sages: A Re-Visioning (2022) 285, 286 |
