1. Hebrew Bible, Deuteronomy, 5.12-5.15, 15.12-15.18, 24.10-24.14 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Activity (labor) • Kilayim, Labor, prohibitions on • Knappert, Jan, x, labor, paying for • Labour • Sabbath, prohibitions on labor • labor, prohibitions • laborers, • physical labor, prohibited on Sabbath
Found in books: Balberg (2023), Fractured Tablets: Forgetfulness and Fallibility in Late Ancient Rabbinic Culture, 5; Jassen (2014), Scripture and Law in the Dead Sea Scrolls, 139, 140; Neusner (2001), The Theology of Halakha, 25; Neusner (2003), The Perfect Torah. 15, 16; Stuckenbruck (2007), 1 Enoch 91-108, 345; Wilson (2010), Philo of Alexandria: On Virtues: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 284
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5.12 שָׁמוֹר אֶת־יוֹם הַשַׁבָּת לְקַדְּשׁוֹ כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוְּךָ יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ 5.13 שֵׁשֶׁת יָמִים תַּעֲבֹד וְעָשִׂיתָ כָּל־מְלַאכְתֶּךָ׃ 5.14 וְיוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי שַׁבָּת לַיהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה כָל־מְלָאכָה אַתָּה וּבִנְךָ־וּבִתֶּךָ וְעַבְדְּךָ־וַאֲמָתֶךָ וְשׁוֹרְךָ וַחֲמֹרְךָ וְכָל־בְּהֶמְתֶּךָ וְגֵרְךָ אֲשֶׁר בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָ לְמַעַן יָנוּחַ עַבְדְּךָ וַאֲמָתְךָ כָּמוֹךָ׃ 5.15 וְזָכַרְתָּ כִּי־עֶבֶד הָיִיתָ בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם וַיֹּצִאֲךָ יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ מִשָּׁם בְּיָד חֲזָקָה וּבִזְרֹעַ נְטוּיָה עַל־כֵּן צִוְּךָ יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ לַעֲשׂוֹת אֶת־יוֹם הַשַׁבָּת׃
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5.12 כִּי־יִמָּכֵר לְךָ אָחִיךָ הָעִבְרִי אוֹ הָעִבְרִיָּה וַעֲבָדְךָ שֵׁשׁ שָׁנִים וּבַשָּׁנָה הַשְּׁבִיעִת תְּשַׁלְּחֶנּוּ חָפְשִׁי מֵעִמָּךְ׃ 15.13 וְכִי־תְשַׁלְּחֶנּוּ חָפְשִׁי מֵעִמָּךְ לֹא תְשַׁלְּחֶנּוּ רֵיקָם׃ 15.14 הַעֲנֵיק תַּעֲנִיק לוֹ מִצֹּאנְךָ וּמִגָּרְנְךָ וּמִיִּקְבֶךָ אֲשֶׁר בֵּרַכְךָ יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ תִּתֶּן־לוֹ׃ 15.15 וְזָכַרְתָּ כִּי עֶבֶד הָיִיתָ בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם וַיִּפְדְּךָ יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ עַל־כֵּן אָנֹכִי מְצַוְּךָ אֶת־הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה הַיּוֹם׃ 15.16 וְהָיָה כִּי־יֹאמַר אֵלֶיךָ לֹא אֵצֵא מֵעִמָּךְ כִּי אֲהֵבְךָ וְאֶת־בֵּיתֶךָ כִּי־טוֹב לוֹ עִמָּךְ׃ 15.17 וְלָקַחְתָּ אֶת־הַמַּרְצֵעַ וְנָתַתָּה בְאָזְנוֹ וּבַדֶּלֶת וְהָיָה לְךָ עֶבֶד עוֹלָם וְאַף לַאֲמָתְךָ תַּעֲשֶׂה־כֵּן׃ 15.18 לֹא־יִקְשֶׁה בְעֵינֶךָ בְּשַׁלֵּחֲךָ אֹתוֹ חָפְשִׁי מֵעִמָּךְ כִּי מִשְׁנֶה שְׂכַר שָׂכִיר עֲבָדְךָ שֵׁשׁ שָׁנִים וּבֵרַכְךָ יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר תַּעֲשֶׂה׃' '24.11 בַּחוּץ תַּעֲמֹד וְהָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר אַתָּה נֹשֶׁה בוֹ יוֹצִיא אֵלֶיךָ אֶת־הַעֲבוֹט הַחוּצָה׃ 24.12 וְאִם־אִישׁ עָנִי הוּא לֹא תִשְׁכַּב בַּעֲבֹטוֹ׃ 24.13 הָשֵׁב תָּשִׁיב לוֹ אֶת־הַעֲבוֹט כְּבֹא הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ וְשָׁכַב בְּשַׂלְמָתוֹ וּבֵרֲכֶךָּ וּלְךָ תִּהְיֶה צְדָקָה לִפְנֵי יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ׃'' None | sup>
5.12 Observe the sabbath day, to keep it holy, as the LORD thy God commanded thee. 5.13 Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work; 5.14 but the seventh day is a sabbath unto the LORD thy God, in it thou shalt not do any manner of work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, nor thy man-servant, nor thy maid-servant, nor thine ox, nor thine ass, nor any of thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates; that thy man-servant and thy maid-servant may rest as well as thou. 5.15 And thou shalt remember that thou was a servant in the land of Egypt, and the LORD thy God brought thee out thence by a mighty hand and by an outstretched arm; therefore the LORD thy God commanded thee to keep the sabbath day.
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5.12 If thy brother, a Hebrew man, or a Hebrew woman, be sold unto thee, he shall serve thee six years; and in the seventh year thou shalt let him go free from thee. 15.13 And when thou lettest him go free from thee, thou shalt not let him go empty; 15.14 thou shalt furnish him liberally out of thy flock, and out of thy threshing-floor, and out of thy winepress; of that wherewith the LORD thy God hath blessed thee thou shalt give unto him. 15.15 And thou shalt remember that thou wast a bondman in the land of Egypt, and the LORD thy God redeemed thee; therefore I command thee this thing to-day. 15.16 And it shall be, if he say unto thee: ‘I will not go out from thee’; because he loveth thee and thy house, because he fareth well with thee; 15.17 then thou shalt take an awl, and thrust it through his ear and into the door, and he shall be thy bondman for ever. And also unto thy bondwoman thou shalt do likewise. 15.18 It shall not seem hard unto thee, when thou lettest him go free from thee; for to the double of the hire of a hireling hath he served thee six years; and the LORD thy God will bless thee in all that thou doest.
24.10 When thou dost lend thy neighbour any manner of loan, thou shalt not go into his house to fetch his pledge. 24.11 Thou shalt stand without, and the man to whom thou dost lend shall bring forth the pledge without unto thee. 24.12 And if he be a poor man, thou shalt not sleep with his pledge; 24.13 thou shalt surely restore to him the pledge when the sun goeth down, that he may sleep in his garment, and bless thee; and it shall be righteousness unto thee before the LORD thy God.' ' None |
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2. Hebrew Bible, Exodus, 20.9, 21.2 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Labour • labor, prohibitions • laborers, • physical labor, prohibited on Sabbath
Found in books: Balberg (2023), Fractured Tablets: Forgetfulness and Fallibility in Late Ancient Rabbinic Culture, 5; Jassen (2014), Scripture and Law in the Dead Sea Scrolls, 139, 140, 158; Stuckenbruck (2007), 1 Enoch 91-108, 345; Wilson (2010), Philo of Alexandria: On Virtues: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 284
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20.9 שֵׁשֶׁת יָמִים תַּעֲבֹד וְעָשִׂיתָ כָּל־מְלַאכְתֶּךָ
21.2 וְכִי־יַכֶּה אִישׁ אֶת־עַבְדּוֹ אוֹ אֶת־אֲמָתוֹ בַּשֵּׁבֶט וּמֵת תַּחַת יָדוֹ נָקֹם יִנָּקֵם׃21.2 כִּי תִקְנֶה עֶבֶד עִבְרִי שֵׁשׁ שָׁנִים יַעֲבֹד וּבַשְּׁבִעִת יֵצֵא לַחָפְשִׁי חִנָּם׃ ' None | sup>
20.9 Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work;
21.2 If thou buy a Hebrew servant, six years he shall serve; and in the seventh he shall go out free for nothing.'' None |
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3. Hebrew Bible, Genesis, 6.3 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Labour • medicine, and labour, bodily
Found in books: Champion (2022), Dorotheus of Gaza and Ascetic Education, 53; Stuckenbruck (2007), 1 Enoch 91-108, 345
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6.3 וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוָה לֹא־יָדוֹן רוּחִי בָאָדָם לְעֹלָם בְּשַׁגַּם הוּא בָשָׂר וְהָיוּ יָמָיו מֵאָה וְעֶשְׂרִים שָׁנָה׃'' None | sup>
6.3 And the LORD said: ‘My spirit shall not abide in man for ever, for that he also is flesh; therefore shall his days be a hundred and twenty years.’'' None |
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4. Hebrew Bible, Leviticus, 19.19, 25.39-25.40, 25.42-25.46 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Labour • animals, labor of • kilayim, in animal labor • labor, of animals • laborers,
Found in books: Neis (2012), When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species. 88, 121; Stuckenbruck (2007), 1 Enoch 91-108, 345; Wilson (2010), Philo of Alexandria: On Virtues: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 284, 286, 321
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19.19 אֶת־חֻקֹּתַי תִּשְׁמֹרוּ בְּהֶמְתְּךָ לֹא־תַרְבִּיעַ כִּלְאַיִם שָׂדְךָ לֹא־תִזְרַע כִּלְאָיִם וּבֶגֶד כִּלְאַיִם שַׁעַטְנֵז לֹא יַעֲלֶה עָלֶיךָ׃
25.39 וְכִי־יָמוּךְ אָחִיךָ עִמָּךְ וְנִמְכַּר־לָךְ לֹא־תַעֲבֹד בּוֹ עֲבֹדַת עָבֶד׃' 25.42 כִּי־עֲבָדַי הֵם אֲשֶׁר־הוֹצֵאתִי אֹתָם מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם לֹא יִמָּכְרוּ מִמְכֶּרֶת עָבֶד׃ 25.43 לֹא־תִרְדֶּה בוֹ בְּפָרֶךְ וְיָרֵאתָ מֵאֱלֹהֶיךָ׃ 25.44 וְעַבְדְּךָ וַאֲמָתְךָ אֲשֶׁר יִהְיוּ־לָךְ מֵאֵת הַגּוֹיִם אֲשֶׁר סְבִיבֹתֵיכֶם מֵהֶם תִּקְנוּ עֶבֶד וְאָמָה׃ 25.45 וְגַם מִבְּנֵי הַתּוֹשָׁבִים הַגָּרִים עִמָּכֶם מֵהֶם תִּקְנוּ וּמִמִּשְׁפַּחְתָּם אֲשֶׁר עִמָּכֶם אֲשֶׁר הוֹלִידוּ בְּאַרְצְכֶם וְהָיוּ לָכֶם לַאֲחֻזָּה׃ 25.46 וְהִתְנַחֲלְתֶּם אֹתָם לִבְנֵיכֶם אַחֲרֵיכֶם לָרֶשֶׁת אֲחֻזָּה לְעֹלָם בָּהֶם תַּעֲבֹדוּ וּבְאַחֵיכֶם בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל אִישׁ בְּאָחִיו לֹא־תִרְדֶּה בוֹ בְּפָרֶךְ׃'' None | sup>
19.19 Ye shall keep My statutes. Thou shalt not let thy cattle gender with a diverse kind; thou shalt not sow thy field with two kinds of seed; neither shall there come upon thee a garment of two kinds of stuff mingled together.
25.39 And if thy brother be waxen poor with thee, and sell himself unto thee, thou shalt not make him to serve as a bondservant. 25.40 As a hired servant, and as a settler, he shall be with thee; he shall serve with thee unto the year of jubilee.
25.42 For they are My servants, whom I brought forth out of the land of Egypt; they shall not be sold as bondmen. 25.43 Thou shalt not rule over him with rigour; but shalt fear thy God. 25.44 And as for thy bondmen, and thy bondmaids, whom thou mayest have: of the nations that are round about you, of them shall ye buy bondmen and bondmaids. 25.45 Moreover of the children of the strangers that do sojourn among you, of them may ye buy, and of their families that are with you, which they have begotten in your land; and they may be your possession. 25.46 And ye may make them an inheritance for your children after you, to hold for a possession: of them may ye take your bondmen for ever; but over your brethren the children of Israel ye shall not rule, one over another, with rigour.'' None |
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5. Hesiod, Works And Days, 397-398 (8th cent. BCE - 7th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • hired labor • labor, in Hesiod
Found in books: Gale (2000), Virgil on the Nature of Things: The Georgics, Lucretius and the Didactic Tradition, 155; Raaflaub Ober and Wallace (2007), Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece, 34
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397 οὐδʼ ἐπιμετρήσω· ἐργάζευ, νήπιε Πέρση,'398 ἔργα, τά τʼ ἀνθρώποισι θεοὶ διετεκμήραντο, ' None | sup>
397 A witness. Trust and mistrust both can kill.'398 Let not a dame, fawning and lascivious, ' None |
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6. Hesiod, Theogony, 328 (8th cent. BCE - 7th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Heracles, labors of • Herakles, labours
Found in books: Pirenne-Delforge and Pironti (2022), The Hera of Zeus: Intimate Enemy, Ultimate Spouse, 254, 256; Simon, Zeyl, and Shapiro, (2021), The Gods of the Greeks, 62
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328 τόν ῥʼ Ἥρη θρέψασα Διὸς κυδρὴ παράκοιτις'' None | sup>
328 Across the sea and slain Eurytion'' None |
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7. Xenophon, On Household Management, 4.21 (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • labor, in the Georgics • wealth, acquisition/labor balance
Found in books: Gale (2000), Virgil on the Nature of Things: The Georgics, Lucretius and the Didactic Tradition, 259; Yona (2018), Epicurean Ethics in Horace: The Psychology of Satire, 36
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4.21 Now Lysander admired the beauty of the trees in it, the accuracy of the spacing, the straightness of the rows, the regularity of the angles and the multitude of the sweet scents that clung round them as they walked; and for wonder of these things he cried, Cyrus , I really do admire all these lovely things, but I am far more impressed with your agent’s skill in measuring and arranging everything so exactly.'' None |
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8. Cicero, On Duties, 1.13, 1.150 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • aetiology of labor’ • labor • labor, banausic • labor, for wages • labor, in Hesiod • labor, meaning of, to upper class • labor,, hired • labour market • slave and free labour
Found in books: Bowditch (2001), Cicero on the Philosophy of Religion: On the Nature of the Gods and On Divination, 146; Gale (2000), Virgil on the Nature of Things: The Georgics, Lucretius and the Didactic Tradition, 62; Richlin (2018), Slave Theater in the Roman Republic: Plautus and Popular Comedy, 99; Tacoma (2016), Models from the Past in Roman Culture: A World of Exempla, 183
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1.150 Iam de artificiis et quaestibus, qui liberales habendi, qui sordidi sint, haec fere accepimus. Primum improbantur ii quaestus, qui in odia hominum incurrunt, ut portitorum, ut faeneratorum. Illiberales autem et sordidi quaestus mercennariorum omnium, quorum operae, non quorum artes emuntur; est enim in illis ipsa merces auctoramentum servitutis. Sordidi etiam putandi, qui mercantur a mercatoribus, quod statim vendant; nihil enim proficiant, nisi admodum mentiantur; nec vero est quicquam turpius vanitate. Opificesque omnes in sordida arte versantur; nec enim quicquam ingenuum habere potest officina. Minimeque artes eae probandae, quae ministrae sunt voluptatum: Cetárii, lanií, coqui, fartóres, piscatóres, ut ait Terentius; adde hue, si placet, unguentarios, saltatores totumque ludum talarium.' ' None | sup>
1.150 \xa0Now in regard to trades and other means of livelihood, which ones are to be considered becoming to a gentleman and which ones are vulgar, we have been taught, in general, as follows. First, those means of livelihood are rejected as undesirable which incur people\'s ill-will, as those of tax-gatherers and usurers. Unbecoming to a gentleman, too, and vulgar are the means of livelihood of all hired workmen whom we pay for mere manual labour, not for artistic skill; for in their case the very wage they receive is a pledge of their slavery. Vulgar we must consider those also who buy from wholesale merchants to retail immediately; for they would get no profits without a great deal of downright lying; and verily, there is no action that is meaner than misrepresentation. And all mechanics are engaged in vulgar trades; for no workshop can have anything liberal about it. Least respectable of all are those trades which cater for sensual pleasures: "Fishmongers, butchers, cooks, and poulterers, And fishermen," as Terence says. Add to these, if you please, the perfumers, dancers, and the whole corps de\xa0ballet. <' ' None |
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9. Diodorus Siculus, Historical Library, 2.13.5, 4.19.3, 13.47.4, 14.49.3, 14.51.1, 17.40.5, 17.41.1-17.41.2, 17.41.5-17.41.6 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • labour force
Found in books: Konig and Wiater (2022), Late Hellenistic Greek Literature in Dialogue, 143, 144; König and Wiater (2022), Late Hellenistic Greek Literature in Dialogue, 143, 144
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2.13.5 \xa0After this she advanced in the direction of Ecbatana and arrived at the mountain called Zarcaeus; and since this extended many stades and was full of cliffs and chasms it rendered the journey round a long one. And so she became ambitious both to leave an immortal monument of herself and at the same time to shorten her way; consequently she cut through the cliffs, filled up the low places, and thus at great expense built a short road, which to this day is called the road of Semiramis.
4.19.3 \xa0Heracles then made his way from Celtica to Italy, and as he traversed the mountain pass through the Alps he made a highway out of the route, which was rough and almost impassable, with the result that it can now be crossed by armies and baggage-trains.
13.47.4 \xa0The Boeotians agreed to this, since it was to their special advantage that Euboea should be an island to everybody else but a part of the mainland to themselves. Consequently all the cities threw themselves vigorously into the building of the causeway and vied with one another; for orders were issued not only to the citizens to report en\xa0masse but to the foreigners dwelling among them as well, so that by reason of the great number that came forward to the work the proposed task was speedily completed.
14.49.3 \xa0Dionysius, after ravaging all the territory held by the Carthaginians and forcing the enemy to take refuge behind walls, led all his army against Motyê; for he hoped that when this city had been reduced by siege, all the others would forthwith surrender themselves to him. Accordingly, he at once put many times more men on the task of filling up the strait between the city and the coast, and, as the mole was extended, advanced his engines of war little by little toward the walls.
14.51.1 \xa0After Dionysius had completed the mole by employing a large force of labourers, he advanced war engines of every kind against the walls and kept hammering the towers with his battering-rams, while with the catapults he kept down the fighters on the battlements; and he also advanced against the walls his wheeled towers, six stories high, which he had built to equal the height of the houses.
17.40.5 \xa0Immediately he demolished what was called Old Tyre and set many tens of thousands of men to work carrying stones to construct a mole two plethra in width. He drafted into service the entire population of the neighbouring cities and the project advanced rapidly because the workers were numerous. <
17.41.1 \xa0At first, the Tyrians sailed up to the mole and mocked the king, asking if he thought that he would get the better of Poseidon. Then, as the work proceeded with unexpected rapidity, they voted to transport their children and women and old men to Carthage, assigned the young and able-bodied to the defence of the walls, and made ready for a naval engagement with their eighty triremes.' "17.41.2 \xa0They did succeed in getting a part of their children and women to safety with the Carthaginians, but they were outstripped by the abundance of Alexander's labour force, and, not being able to stop his advance with their ships, were compelled to stand the siege with almost their whole population still in the city." 17.41.5 \xa0As the Macedonian construction came within range of their missiles, portents were sent by the gods to them in their danger. Out of the sea a tidal wave tossed a sea-monster of incredible size into the midst of the Macedonian operations. It crashed into the mole but did it no harm, remained resting a portion of its body against it for a long time and then swam off into the sea again. 17.41.6 \xa0This strange event threw both sides into superstition, each imagining that the portent signified that Poseidon would come to their aid, for they were swayed by their own interest in the matter.'' None |
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10. Horace, Sermones, 2.6.10-2.6.13 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • labor • labor,, hired
Found in books: Bowditch (2001), Cicero on the Philosophy of Religion: On the Nature of the Gods and On Divination, 146, 147, 148; Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 656
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2.6.10 However, it is not a very easy thing to go over this man’s discourse, nor to know plainly what he means; yet does he seem, amidst a great confusion and disorder in his falsehoods, to produce, in the first place, such things as resemble what we have examined already, and relate to the departure of our forefathers out of Egypt;
2.6.10 nay, when last of all Caesar had taken Alexandria, she came to that pitch of cruelty, that she declared she had some hope of preserving her affairs still, in case she could kill the Jews, though it were with her own hand; to such a degree of barbarity and perfidiousness had she arrived; and doth any one think that we cannot boast ourselves of any thing, if, as Apion says, this queen did not at a time of famine distribute wheat among us? 2.6.13 nay, when last of all Caesar had taken Alexandria, she came to that pitch of cruelty, that she declared she had some hope of preserving her affairs still, in case she could kill the Jews, though it were with her own hand; to such a degree of barbarity and perfidiousness had she arrived; and doth any one think that we cannot boast ourselves of any thing, if, as Apion says, this queen did not at a time of famine distribute wheat among us? '' None |
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11. Philo of Alexandria, On Husbandry, 3-4 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Philo, on farmer and labourer • laborers,
Found in books: O'Brien (2015), The Demiurge in Ancient Thought, 148, 149; Wilson (2010), Philo of Alexandria: On Virtues: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 222, 223
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3 For what man is there who is at all hasty in forming an opinion, who would not think that the being a husbandman (geoµrgia), and the occupying one's self in cultivating the ground (heµ geµsergasia), were the same thing? And yet in real truth, not only are these things not the same, but they are even very much separated from one another, so as to be opposed to, and at variance with one another. "4 For a man without any skill may labour at taking care of the land; but if a man is called a husbandman, he, from his mere name, is believed to be no unskilful man, but a farmer of experience, inasmuch as his name (geoµrgos) has been derived from agricultural skill (geoµrgikeµ techneµ), of which he is the namesake. ' "' None |
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12. None, None, nan (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Heracles/Hercules, Labors of • Labors of Heracles • Lucretius, labor in • aetiology of labor’ • labor • labor, in Hesiod • labor, in Lucretius • labor, in the Georgics
Found in books: Clay and Vergados (2022), Teaching through Images: Imagery in Greco-Roman Didactic Poetry, 245; Gale (2000), Virgil on the Nature of Things: The Georgics, Lucretius and the Didactic Tradition, 64, 140, 150, 151, 154, 162, 176, 206; Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 655, 668
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13. New Testament, 1 Corinthians, 4.11-4.13, 9.15 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Laborers, manual • manual labor • manual labor, Pauline
Found in books: Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 11, 190; Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 161, 200, 305, 307, 392
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4.11 ἄχρι τῆς ἄρτι ὥρας καὶ πεινῶμεν καὶ διψῶμεν καὶ γυμνιτεύομεν καὶ κολαφιζόμεθα καὶ ἀστατοῦμεν 4.12 καὶ κοπιῶμεν ἐργαζόμενοι ταῖς ἰδίαις χερσίν· λοιδορούμενοι εὐλογοῦμεν, διωκόμενοι ἀνεχόμεθα, 4.13 δυσφημούμενοι παρακαλοῦμεν· ὡς περικαθάρματα τοῦ κόσμου ἐγενήθημεν, πάντων περίψημα, ἕως ἄρτι.
9.15 ἐγὼ δὲ οὐ κέχρημαι οὐδενὶ τούτων. Οὐκ ἔγραψα δὲ ταῦτα ἵνα οὕτως γένηται ἐν ἐμοί, καλὸν γάρ μοι μᾶλλον ἀποθανεῖν ἢ - τὸ καύχημά μου οὐδεὶς κενώσει.'' None | sup>
4.11 Even to this present hour we hunger, thirst, arenaked, are beaten, and have no certain dwelling place. 4.12 We toil,working with our own hands. Being reviled, we bless. Being persecuted,we endure. 4.13 Being defamed, we entreat. We are made as the filthof the world, the dirt wiped off by all, even until now.' "
9.15 But Ihave used none of these things, and I don't write these things that itmay be done so in my case; for I would rather die, than that anyoneshould make my boasting void."' None |
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14. New Testament, 1 Thessalonians, 2.9, 4.11 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Epicureanism, manual labor • Laborers, manual • labor • manual labor
Found in books: Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 190; Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 180, 200, 206, 319, 323, 373, 392, 593, 595; Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 239
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2.9 μνημονεύετε γάρ, ἀδελφοί, τὸν κόπον ἡμῶν καὶ τὸν μόχθον· νυκτὸς καὶ ἡμέρας ἐργαζόμενοι πρὸς τὸ μὴ ἐπιβαρῆσαί τινα ὑμῶν ἐκηρύξαμεν εἰς ὑμᾶς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ θεοῦ.
4.11 καὶ φιλοτιμεῖσθαι ἡσυχάζειν καὶ πράσσειν τὰ ἴδια καὶ ἐργάζεσθαι ταῖς χερσὶν ὑμῶν, καθὼς ὑμῖν παρηγγείλαμεν,'' None | sup>
2.9 For you remember, brothers, our labor and travail; for working night and day, that we might not burden any of you, we preached to you the gospel of God.
4.11 and that you make it your ambition to lead a quiet life, and to do your own business, and to work with your own hands, even as we charged you; '' None |
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15. New Testament, 2 Thessalonians, 3.10 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Laborers, manual • Manual labor • manual labor
Found in books: Cain (2016), The Greek Historia Monachorum in Aegypto: Monastic Hagiography in the Late Fourth Century, 237; Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 136; Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 392, 594, 595
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3.10 καὶ γὰρ ὅτε ἦμεν πρὸς ὑμᾶς, τοῦτο παρηγγέλλομεν ὑμῖν, ὅτι εἴ τις οὐ θέλει ἐργάζεσθαι μηδὲ ἐσθιέτω.'' None | sup>
3.10 For even when we were with you, we commanded you this: "If anyone will not work, neither let him eat."'' None |
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16. New Testament, Luke, 7.34 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Labour • Labourers • Michal, death in labor
Found in books: Stuckenbruck (2007), 1 Enoch 91-108, 323; Visnjic (2021), The Invention of Duty: Stoicism as Deontology, 254
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7.34 ἐλήλυθεν ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἔσθων καὶ πίνων, καὶ λέγετε Ἰδοὺ ἄνθρωπος φάγος καὶ οἰνοπότης, φίλος τελωνῶν καὶ ἁμαρτωλῶν.'' None | sup>
7.34 The Son of Man has come eating and drinking, and you say, 'Behold, a gluttonous man, and a drunkard; a friend of tax collectors and sinners!' "" None |
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17. Seneca The Younger, Letters, 90.24-90.26 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Laborers, manual • aetiology of labor’ • labor • labor, in Hesiod
Found in books: Gale (2000), Virgil on the Nature of Things: The Georgics, Lucretius and the Didactic Tradition, 62; Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 136, 282
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90.24 But, it is said, "is not the wise man happier if he has lived longer and has been distracted by no pain, than one who has always been compelled to grapple with evil fortune?" Answer me now, – is he any better or more honourable? If he is not, then he is not happier either. In order to live more happily, he must live more rightly; if he cannot do that, then he cannot live more happily either. Virtue cannot be strained tighter,10 and therefore neither can the happy life, which depends on virtue. For virtue is so great a good that it is not affected by such insignificant assaults upon it as shortness of life, pain, and the various bodily vexations. For pleasure does not deserve that. virtue should even glance at it.
90.24 Reason did indeed devise all these things, but it was not right reason. It was man, but not the wise man, that discovered them; just as they invented ships, in which we cross rivers and seas – ships fitted with sails for the purpose of catching the force of the winds, ships with rudders added at the stern in order to turn the vessel's course in one direction or another. The model followed was the fish, which steers itself by its tail, and by its slightest motion on this side or on that bends its swift course. " '90.25 But, says Posidonius, "the wise man did indeed discover all these things; they were, however, too petty for him to deal with himself and so he entrusted them to his meaner assistants." Not so; these early inventions were thought out by no other class of men than those who have them in charge to-day. We know that certain devices have come to light only within our own memory – such as the use of windows which admit the clear light through transparent tiles,16 and such as the vaulted baths, with pipes let into their walls for the purpose of diffusing the heat which maintains an even temperature in their lowest as well as in their highest spaces. Why need I mention the marble with which our temples and our private houses are resplendent? Or the rounded and polished masses of stone by means of which we erect colonnades and buildings roomy enough for nations? Or our signs17 for whole words, which enable us to take down a speech, however rapidly uttered, matching speed of tongue by speed of hand? All this sort of thing has been devised by the lowest grade of slaves. 90.25 Now what is the chief thing in virtue? It is the quality of not needing a single day beyond the present, and of not reckoning up the days that are ours; in the slightest possible moment of time virtue completes an eternity of good. These goods seem to us incredible and transcending man\'s nature; for we measure its grandeur by the standard of our own weakness, and we call our vices by the name of virtue. Furthermore, does it not seem just as incredible that any man in the midst of extreme suffering should say, "I am happy"? And yet this utterance was heard in the very factory of pleasure, when Epicurus said:11 "To-day and one other day have been the happiest of all!" although in the one case he was tortured by strangury, and in the other by the incurable pain of an ulcerated stomach. ' "90.26 Why, then, should those goods which virtue bestows be incredible in the sight of us, who cultivate virtue, when they are found even in those who acknowledge pleasure as their mistress? These also, ignoble and base-minded as they are, declare that even in the midst of excessive pain and misfortune the wise man will be neither wretched nor happy. And yet this also is incredible, – nay, still more incredible than the other case. For I do not understand how, if virtue falls from her heights, she can help being hurled all the way to the bottom. She either must preserve one in happiness, or, if driven from this position, she will not prevent us from becoming unhappy. If virtue only stands her ground, she cannot be driven from the field; she must either conquer or be conquered. '90.26 Wisdom's seat is higher; she trains not the hands, but is mistress of our minds. Would you know what wisdom has brought forth to light, what she has accomplished? It is not the graceful poses of the body, or the varied notes produced by horn and flute, whereby the breath is received and, as it passes out or through, is transformed into voice. It is not wisdom that contrives arms, or walls, or instruments useful in war; nay, her voice is for peace, and she summons all mankind to concord. " '" None |
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18. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Laborers, manual • female labour • labour market • male labour
Found in books: Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 189; Tacoma (2016), Models from the Past in Roman Culture: A World of Exempla, 192
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19. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Knappert, Jan, x, labor, classification of • labor • labor, prohibitions
Found in books: Balberg (2023), Fractured Tablets: Forgetfulness and Fallibility in Late Ancient Rabbinic Culture, 114, 115, 119, 120, 121, 123, 126; Neusner (2003), The Perfect Torah. 52
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20. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Laborers, manual • manual labor
Found in books: Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 11, 190, 191; Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 161, 200, 391, 392
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21. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Laborers, manual • physical labor, prohibited on Sabbath
Found in books: Jassen (2014), Scripture and Law in the Dead Sea Scrolls, 153; Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 193
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22. None, None, nan (2nd cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Laborers, manual • labour market • temporary labour migration • unskilled labour
Found in books: Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 189; Tacoma (2016), Models from the Past in Roman Culture: A World of Exempla, 198
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23. None, None, nan (5th cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Laborers, manual • labour market • skilled labour • unskilled labour
Found in books: Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 344; Tacoma (2016), Models from the Past in Roman Culture: A World of Exempla, 190
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24. Vergil, Aeneis, 1.205, 1.207, 5.191-5.192, 5.197-5.200, 5.286, 5.410-5.414, 5.499-5.500, 6.135, 6.273-6.281, 6.852, 8.55, 8.325
Tagged with subjects: • Heracles, labors • Labour • Valerius Flaccus, G., labor • aetiology of labor’ • hard work (labor, novoc,) • labor • labor, defined • labor, in Roman ideology • labor, in the Georgics • labor, labors (labor, labores) • labor,, in the golden age
Found in books: Blum and Biggs (2019), The Epic Journey in Greek and Roman Literature, 69; Bowditch (2001), Cicero on the Philosophy of Religion: On the Nature of the Gods and On Divination, 140; Cairns (1989), Virgil's Augustan Epic. 31, 32, 226; Farrell (2021), Juno's Aeneid: A Battle for Heroic Identity, 154, 158, 166, 176; Gale (2000), Virgil on the Nature of Things: The Georgics, Lucretius and the Didactic Tradition, 65, 146, 162, 177, 273; Mackay (2022), Animal Encounters in Valerius Flaccus’ Argonautica, 195
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1.205 tendimus in Latium; sedes ubi fata quietas
1.207 Durate, et vosmet rebus servate secundis.
5.191 delegi comites; nunc illas promite vires, 5.192 nunc animos, quibus in Gaetulis Syrtibus usi,
5.197 et prohibete nefas. Olli certamine summo 5.198 procumbunt; vastis tremit ictibus aerea puppis, 5.199 subtrahiturque solum; tum creber anhelitus artus 5.200 aridaque ora quatit, sudor fluit undique rivis.
5.410 Quid, si quis caestus ipsius et Herculis arma 5.411 vidisset, tristemque hoc ipso in litore pugnam? 5.412 Haec germanus Eryx quondam tuus arma gerebat;— 5.413 sanguine cernis adhuc sparsoque infecta cerebro;— 5.414 his magnum Alciden contra stetit; his ego suetus,
5.499 ausus et ipse manu iuvenum temptare laborem. 5.500 Tum validis flexos incurvant viribus arcus
6.135 Tartara, et insano iuvat indulgere labori,
6.273 Vestibulum ante ipsum, primisque in faucibus Orci 6.274 Luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; 6.275 pallentesque habitant Morbi, tristisque Senectus, 6.276 et Metus, et malesuada Fames, ac turpis Egestas, 6.277 terribiles visu formae: Letumque, Labosque; 6.278 tum consanguineus Leti Sopor, et mala mentis 6.280 ferreique Eumenidum thalami, et Discordia demens, 6.281 vipereum crinem vittis innexa cruentis.
6.852 hae tibi erunt artes; pacisque imponere morem,
8.55 Hi bellum adsidue ducunt cum gente Latina;
8.325 saecula. Sic placida populos in pace regebat,' ' None | sup>
1.205 a life to duty given, swift silence falls; ' "
1.207 with clear and soothing speech the people's will. " 5.191 their hot hearts throb, impassioned for renown. 5.192 Soon pealed the signal clear; from all the line
5.197 yawned wide beneath their blades and cleaving keels. ' "5.198 Not swifter scour the chariots o'er the plain, " '5.199 ped headlong from the line behind their teams 5.200 of mated coursers, while each driver shakes
5.410 hall bind their foreheads with fair olive green, 5.411 and win the rewards due. The first shall lead, 5.412 victorious, yon rich-bridled steed away; 5.413 this Amazonian quiver, the next prize, 5.414 well-stocked with Thracian arrows; round it goes
5.499 believing none now dare but yield the palm, 5.500 he stood before Aeneas, and straightway
6.135 Reverberated through the bellowing cave,
6.273 Whose seed is never from the parent tree ' "6.274 O'er whose round limbs its tawny tendrils twine,— " "6.275 So shone th' out-leafing gold within the shade " '6.276 of dark holm-oak, and so its tinsel-bract 6.277 Rustled in each light breeze. Aeneas grasped 6.278 The lingering bough, broke it in eager haste, 6.280 Meanwhile the Trojans on the doleful shore 6.281 Bewailed Misenus, and brought tribute there
6.852 Here dwell the brave who for their native land
8.55 has stilled its swollen wave. A sign I tell:
8.325 the riven earth should crack, and open wide ' ' None |
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25. Vergil, Eclogues, 1.6, 4.32
Tagged with subjects: • aetiology of labor’ • labor, in the Georgics • labor,, hired • labor,, in the golden age
Found in books: Bowditch (2001), Cicero on the Philosophy of Religion: On the Nature of the Gods and On Divination, 140, 148; Gale (2000), Virgil on the Nature of Things: The Georgics, Lucretius and the Didactic Tradition, 194, 248
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1.6 it careless in the shade, and, at your call,
4.32 die shall the treacherous poison-plant, and far'' None |
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26. Vergil, Georgics, 1.125-1.128, 1.145, 1.152-1.159, 1.176-1.186, 1.280-1.283, 2.532-2.540
Tagged with subjects: • Lucretius, labor in • Valerius Flaccus, G., labor • aetiology of labor’ • labor • labor, in Hesiod • labor, in Lucretius • labor, in Roman ideology • labor, in the Georgics • labor,, in the golden age
Found in books: Blum and Biggs (2019), The Epic Journey in Greek and Roman Literature, 69; Bowditch (2001), Cicero on the Philosophy of Religion: On the Nature of the Gods and On Divination, 140; Clay and Vergados (2022), Teaching through Images: Imagery in Greco-Roman Didactic Poetry, 232, 253; Gale (2000), Virgil on the Nature of Things: The Georgics, Lucretius and the Didactic Tradition, 8, 16, 18, 39, 40, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 81, 140, 159, 161, 162, 163, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 183, 188, 206, 246, 252, 254
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1.125 Ante Iovem nulli subigebant arva coloni; 1.126 ne signare quidem aut partiri limite campum 1.127 fas erat: in medium quaerebant ipsaque tellus 1.128 omnia liberius nullo poscente ferebat.
1.145 tum variae venere artes. Labor omnia vicit
1.152 carduus; intereunt segetes, subit aspera silva, 1.153 lappaeque tribolique, interque nitentia culta 1.154 infelix lolium et steriles domitur avenae. 1.155 Quod nisi et adsiduis herbam insectabere rastris, 1.156 et sonitu terrebis aves, et ruris opaci 1.157 falce premes umbras votisque vocaveris imbrem, 1.158 heu magnum alterius frustra spectabis acervum, 1.159 concussaque famem in silvis solabere quercu.
1.176 Possum multa tibi veterum praecepta referre, 1.177 ni refugis tenuisque piget cognoscere curas. 1.178 Area cum primis ingenti aequanda cylindro 1.179 et vertenda manu et creta solidanda tenaci, 1.180 ne subeant herbae neu pulvere victa fatiscat, 1.181 tum variae inludant pestes: saepe exiguus mus 1.182 sub terris posuitque domos atque horrea fecit, 1.183 aut oculis capti fodere cubilia talpae, 1.184 inventusque cavis bufo et quae plurima terrae 1.185 monstra ferunt, populatque ingentem farris acervum 1.186 curculio atque inopi metuens formica senectae.
1.280 et coniuratos caelum rescindere fratres. 1.281 Ter sunt conati inponere Pelio Ossam 1.282 scilicet, atque Ossae frondosum involvere Olympum; 1.283 ter pater exstructos disiecit fulmine montis.
2.532 Hanc olim veteres vitam coluere Sabini, 2.533 hanc Remus et frater, sic fortis Etruria crevit 2.534 scilicet et rerum facta est pulcherrima Roma, 2.535 septemque una sibi muro circumdedit arces. 2.536 Ante etiam sceptrum Dictaei regis et ante 2.537 inpia quam caesis gens est epulata iuvencis, 2.538 aureus hanc vitam in terris Saturnus agebat; 2.539 necdum etiam audierant inflari classica, necdum 2.540 inpositos duris crepitare incudibus enses.'' None | sup>
1.125 Ye husbandmen; in winter's dust the crop" '1.126 Exceedingly rejoice, the field hath joy; 1.127 No tilth makes 1.128 Nor Gargarus his own harvests so admire.
1.145 Holds all the country, whence the hollow dyke
1.152 Or shade not injure. The great Sire himself 1.153 No easy road to husbandry assigned, 1.154 And first was he by human skill to rouse 1.155 The slumbering glebe, whetting the minds of men 1.156 With care on care, nor suffering realm of hi 1.157 In drowsy sloth to stagnate. Before Jove 1.158 Fields knew no taming hand of husbandmen; 1.159 To mark the plain or mete with boundary-line—
1.176 And hem with hounds the mighty forest-glades. 1.177 Soon one with hand-net scourges the broad stream, 1.178 Probing its depths, one drags his dripping toil' "1.179 Along the main; then iron's unbending might," '1.180 And shrieking saw-blade,—for the men of old 1.181 With wedges wont to cleave the splintering log;— 1.182 Then divers arts arose; toil conquered all,' "1.183 Remorseless toil, and poverty's shrewd push" '1.184 In times of hardship. Ceres was the first 1.185 Set mortals on with tools to turn the sod,' "1.186 When now the awful groves 'gan fail to bear" "
1.280 Let Atlas' daughters hide them in the dawn," '1.281 The Cretan star, a crown of fire, depart,' "1.282 Or e'er the furrow's claim of seed thou quit," "1.283 Or haste thee to entrust the whole year's hope" 2.532 Apples, moreover, soon as first they feel 2.533 Their stems wax lusty, and have found their strength, 2.534 To heaven climb swiftly, self-impelled, nor crave 2.535 Our succour. All the grove meanwhile no le 2.536 With fruit is swelling, and the wild haunts of bird 2.537 Blush with their blood-red berries. Cytisu 2.538 Is good to browse on, the tall forest yield 2.539 Pine-torches, and the nightly fires are fed 2.540 And shoot forth radiance. And shall men be loath'" None |
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27. None, None, nan
Tagged with subjects: • Labour • Valerius Flaccus, G., labor
Found in books: Blum and Biggs (2019), The Epic Journey in Greek and Roman Literature, 87; Mackay (2022), Animal Encounters in Valerius Flaccus’ Argonautica, 123
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