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All subjects (including unvalidated):
subject book bibliographic info
forum Baumann and Liotsakis (2022), Reading History in the Roman Empire, 45, 186, 188, 189
Benefiel and Keegan (2016), Inscriptions in the Private Sphere in the Greco-Roman World, 135
Edmondson (2008), Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture, 23, 29, 31, 33, 35, 38, 39, 43, 51, 52, 58, 64, 65, 75, 80, 81, 82, 91, 93, 96, 97, 98, 103, 109, 246, 264, 280
Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 131, 167
Kingsley Monti and Rood (2022), The Authoritative Historian: Tradition and Innovation in Ancient Historiography, 237
Pinheiro et al. (2018), Cultural Crossroads in the Ancient Novel, 170, 294
Poulsen (2021), Usages of the Past in Roman Historiography, 56, 71, 73, 151, 156, 172, 173, 174, 178, 284, 311, 313, 314, 315
Rüpke (2011), The Roman Calendar from Numa to Constantine Time, History and the Fasti 100, 126
Shannon-Henderson (2019), Power Play in Latin Love Elegy and its Multiple Forms of Continuity in Ovid’s , 7, 214, 238, 269, 276, 286, 291, 298, 309
Tuori (2016), The Emperor of Law: The Emergence of Roman Imperial Adjudication<, 28, 48, 49, 53, 54, 97, 117, 138, 148, 151, 156, 161, 164, 167, 202, 210, 231, 266
forum, aeneas, in augustus’ Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 251
forum, anchises, in augustus’ Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 251
forum, and the erechtheum, relationship with caesar’s Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 254
forum, and the summi viri, relationship with caesar’s Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 117, 251, 256
forum, and vergil’s aeneid, relationship with caesar’s Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 253, 257
forum, appii Bianchetti et al. (2015), Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition, 229
Tacoma (2020), Cicero and Roman Education: The Reception of the Speeches and Ancient Scholarship, 199, 200
forum, ara pacis Eliav (2023), A Jew in the Roman Bathhouse: Cultural Interaction in the Ancient Mediterranean, 136
forum, arena for leisure Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 93, 94
forum, augusti Nuno et al. (2021), SENSORIVM: The Senses in Roman Polytheism, 226, 229
forum, augustum Erker (2023), Ambiguity and Religion in Ovid’s Fasti: Religious Innovation and the Imperial Family, 33, 60, 72, 77, 91, 120, 138, 147, 190, 198
Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 49, 50, 51, 95, 191, 294, 329, 334, 335, 337
Roller (2018), Disclosure and Discretion in Roman Astrology: Manilius and his Augustan Contemporaries, 151, 154, 190, 221
Rüpke (2011), The Roman Calendar from Numa to Constantine Time, History and the Fasti 137
Xinyue (2022), Politics and Divinization in Augustan Poetry, 29, 155, 156
forum, augustum exempla, augustus/octavian, and Roller (2018), Disclosure and Discretion in Roman Astrology: Manilius and his Augustan Contemporaries, 117, 151, 154, 190
forum, augustum, rome Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 279, 313, 471
forum, augustum, rome, porticus iulia in the Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 313
forum, augustum, statues, in the Xinyue (2022), Politics and Divinization in Augustan Poetry, 155, 156
forum, augustum, statues, quadrigate, in the Xinyue (2022), Politics and Divinization in Augustan Poetry, 155, 156
forum, baths, pompeii McGinn (2004), The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman world: A study of Social History & The Brothel. 213, 292
forum, boarium Athanassaki and Titchener (2022), Plutarch's Cities, 63, 69
Erker (2023), Ambiguity and Religion in Ovid’s Fasti: Religious Innovation and the Imperial Family, 45, 49, 50, 159, 192
Gorain (2019), Language in the Confessions of Augustine, 85, 90, 99
Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 141, 156
Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 46, 60, 345
McGinn (2004), The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman world: A study of Social History & The Brothel. 248
van 't Westeinde (2021), Roman Nobilitas in Jerome's Letters: Roman Values and Christian Asceticism for Socialites, 122
forum, boarium, rome Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 404
Panoussi(2019), Brides, Mourners, Bacchae: Women's Rituals in Roman Literature, 173, 176, 178, 189, 195, 196, 197, 259
Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 39, 143, 171, 197
forum, business in Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 87, 88, 155, 168
forum, caryatids in relationship with caesar’s Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 251, 254, 261
forum, cattle in Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 106, 272, 273
forum, claudii ceutronum Bianchetti et al. (2015), Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition, 228
forum, clodii Nuno et al. (2021), SENSORIVM: The Senses in Roman Polytheism, 224
forum, clodius pulcher, p., orders to purge the Walters (2020), Imagery of the Body Politic in Ciceronian Rome, 47, 48
forum, corinth Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 192
forum, crowds in Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 34, 130, 144, 145, 159, 160, 173, 174, 175, 176
forum, cupidinis Graverini (2012), Literature and Identity in The Golden Ass of Apuleius. 180, 182
forum, descending to Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 150, 171, 181, 182
forum, divine gaze over Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 26, 27, 28, 29
forum, domicilii, roman empire Bickerman and Tropper (2007), Studies in Jewish and Christian History, 758, 759
forum, during civil unrest Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 158, 159, 160, 161, 164
forum, festivals, of concordia on the Erker (2023), Ambiguity and Religion in Ovid’s Fasti: Religious Innovation and the Imperial Family, 1, 38
forum, flaminii Konrad (2022), The Challenge to the Auspices: Studies on Magisterial Power in the Middle Roman Republic, 236, 237
forum, for debate of contemporary issues, song-culture Kowalzig (2007), Singing for the Gods: Performances of Myth and Ritual in Archaic and Classical Greece, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 353
forum, for, leisure Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 93, 94
forum, foundation Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 131, 167
forum, funeral processions Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 88, 89, 156, 157
forum, gladiatorial shows Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 90, 179
forum, holitorium Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 64
forum, holitorium, rome Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 345
Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 291
forum, in latin advocate, speeches of in Griffiths (1975), The Isis-Book (Metamorphoses, Book XI), 3, 28, 336, 349
forum, iulium Erker (2023), Ambiguity and Religion in Ovid’s Fasti: Religious Innovation and the Imperial Family, 93, 155
Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 94, 95, 100, 115, 335, 337
forum, iulium, cividale, venetia Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 47
forum, iulus, in augustus’ Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 251
forum, judicial dimensions Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 12, 13, 34, 88, 93, 94
forum, julium, rule Borg (2008), Paideia: the World of the Second Sophistic: The World of the Second Sophistic, 111, 295
forum, kosmas and damian, saints, claim of incubation in roman Renberg (2017), Where Dreams May Come: Incubation Sanctuaries in the Greco-Roman World, 764
forum, lists of conquests in relationship with caesar’s Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 205
forum, male and female spheres of activity Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 19, 20, 160
forum, merida Rizzi (2010), Hadrian and the Christians, 28
forum, murders Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 87, 129, 130, 141, 163
forum, nervas Johnson and Parker (2009), ?Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome, 271
forum, of augustus Edmondson (2008), Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture, 38, 43, 64, 69, 83
Giusti (2018), Disclosure and Discretion in Roman Astrology: Manilius and his Augustan Contemporaries, 41
Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 49, 50, 51, 95, 191, 294, 329, 334, 335, 337
Keeline (2018), The Cambridge Companion to Cicero's Philosophy, 108
forum, of augustus, material commemoration of exempla, statues in Langlands (2018), Exemplary Ethics in Ancient Rome, 239
forum, of augustus, republic Scott (2023), An Age of Iron and Rust: Cassius Dio and the History of His Time. 126
forum, of augustus, rome Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 4, 7, 132, 136, 221, 228, 251, 253, 254, 256, 257, 261, 294, 296
forum, of caesar, rome Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 747
forum, of constantine Klein and Wienand (2022), City of Caesar, City of God: Constantinople and Jerusalem in Late Antiquity, 72, 201, 276
forum, of forum, rome, peace, and julius caesar’s Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 273
forum, of hadrian, tetraconch in the Breytenbach and Tzavella (2022), Early Christianity in Athens, Attica, and Adjacent Areas, 73, 148, 157, 362
forum, of hadrian, “library of hadrian” Breytenbach and Tzavella (2022), Early Christianity in Athens, Attica, and Adjacent Areas, 24, 67, 71, 73, 165, 185, 208, 306, 362, 406, 503
forum, of julius caesar Edmondson (2008), Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture, 77, 78
forum, of julius caesar, augustus, finishes the Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 226, 227
forum, of julius caesar, rome Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 58, 111, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 261
forum, of julius rome, caesar, and alexander’s horse Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 230
forum, of julius rome, caesar, and tiberius’ statue Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 218
forum, of julius rome, caesar, its collection Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235
forum, of nerva, rome Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 174, 175, 228
forum, of peace Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 263
forum, of peace, and augustus’ forum, rome, rome Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 273, 283, 284
forum, of peace, procopius, on the Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 274
forum, of peace, rome Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 56, 228, 272, 273, 274, 275, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284
forum, of rome, augustus, alexander memorabilia in Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 253, 256
forum, of rome, augustus, and apollo Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 256
forum, of rome, augustus, and athena aleana Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 251, 256, 257
forum, of rome, augustus, kings of alba longa in Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 251
forum, of rome, nerva, temple of minerva in Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 4
forum, of rome, peace, alexander the great in Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 281, 282
forum, of rome, peace, and cephisodotus Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 274
forum, of rome, peace, and praxiteles Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 274
forum, of rome, peace, and the ara pacis Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 282
forum, of rome, peace, and the domus aurea Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 272, 273, 275
forum, of rome, peace, and venus Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 273, 281, 303
forum, of rome, peace, boëthius’ works in Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 275
forum, of rome, peace, cosmic significance of spoils in Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 64, 122, 242, 272, 282, 283
forum, of rome, peace, cult statue of pax Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 144, 273, 274, 282
forum, of rome, peace, gauls depicted in Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 275
forum, of rome, peace, its collection Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 272, 273, 274, 275, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281
forum, of rome, peace, its name Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 272
forum, of rome, peace, josephus describes Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 272
forum, of rome, peace, lysippus’ works in Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 274
forum, of rome, peace, myron’s calf in Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 274
forum, of rome, peace, nile depicted in Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 275, 278, 282
forum, of rome, peace, phidias’ works in Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 274
forum, of rome, peace, polyclitus’ works in Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 274
forum, of rome, peace, protogenes’ works in Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 275
forum, of rome, peace, spoils of jewish war adorn Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 272, 275, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281
forum, of tauros forum, constantinople Tanaseanu-Döbler and von Alvensleben (2020), Athens II: Athens in Late Antiquity, 271
forum, of theodosius Klein and Wienand (2022), City of Caesar, City of God: Constantinople and Jerusalem in Late Antiquity, 151, 218
forum, of trajan Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 94, 111, 134, 263, 345, 350, 352
forum, of trajan, rome Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 376, 378, 477
Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 144, 228
forum, of vespasian Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 343
forum, pacis, rome Rizzi (2010), Hadrian and the Christians, 31
forum, political dimensions Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 88, 89, 90, 93, 94, 159, 160
forum, pompeii Benefiel and Keegan (2016), Inscriptions in the Private Sphere in the Greco-Roman World, 82
McGinn (2004), The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman world: A study of Social History & The Brothel. 240, 241, 246, 247, 248, 250, 251, 253, 254
forum, popilii, polla, lucania Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 654, 655, 656, 682
forum, popillii Bianchetti et al. (2015), Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition, 229, 238
forum, profit in through advocates speeches Griffiths (1975), The Isis-Book (Metamorphoses, Book XI), 28, 336
forum, puteoli, pozzuoli, campania Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 313
forum, relationship with caesar’s Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 230
forum, roman Ferrándiz (2022), Shipwrecks, Legal Landscapes and Mediterranean Paradigms: Gone Under Sea, 55, 65, 133, 134
Mcclellan (2019), Paulinus Noster: Self and Symbols in the Letters of Paulinus of Nola, 44, 73, 99, 128, 147, 214
forum, roman speech, used by advocate in Griffiths (1975), The Isis-Book (Metamorphoses, Book XI), 28, 336
forum, romanum Athanassaki and Titchener (2022), Plutarch's Cities, 63
Duffalo (2006), The Ghosts of the Past: Latin Literature, the Dead, and Rome's Transition to a Principate. 6, 93
Erker (2023), Ambiguity and Religion in Ovid’s Fasti: Religious Innovation and the Imperial Family, 37, 38, 40, 155, 169, 170, 185, 200, 206, 227
Fertik (2019), The Ruler's House: Contesting Power and Privacy in Julio-Claudian Rome, 3, 71
Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 53, 188, 228
McGinn (2004), The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman world: A study of Social History & The Brothel. 21, 92, 246, 247, 248, 250, 251, 253, 254
forum, romanum, rome Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 92, 102, 169, 279, 345, 364, 381
Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 5, 14, 82, 135, 144, 147, 154, 155, 156, 167, 188
forum, romanum, rome, arch of tiberius, lost, in Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 197
forum, romanum, rome, city of Richlin (2018), Slave Theater in the Roman Republic: Plautus and Popular Comedy, 14, 114, 188, 247, 379
forum, romanum, rule Borg (2008), Paideia: the World of the Second Sophistic: The World of the Second Sophistic, 387
forum, rome ara pacis Welch (2015), Tarpeia: Workings of a Roman Myth. 40, 72, 124, 125, 130, 145, 151, 174, 192, 193, 195, 196, 201, 249, 279
forum, rome, arch of augustus in Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 102
forum, rome, augustan Rizzi (2010), Hadrian and the Christians, 28
forum, rome, augustum, legal business in Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 487
forum, rome, dream interpreters in roman Renberg (2017), Where Dreams May Come: Incubation Sanctuaries in the Greco-Roman World, 717
forum, rome, romanum, and augustus Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 292
forum, rome, romanum, and the tabernae argentariae Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 153
forum, rome, romanum, paving of Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 475
forum, rome, romanum, pictures displayed in Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 77, 104
forum, rome, romanum, shields displayed in Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 127
forum, rome, romanum, verres adorns Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 46
forum, rome, trajan’s Rizzi (2010), Hadrian and the Christians, 31
forum, romulus, in augustus’ Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 251
forum, segusiavorum, gallia lugdunensis Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 551
forum, servius, on augustus’ Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 253
forum, shrine of sts. kosmas and damian, rome, claim of incubation at roman Renberg (2017), Where Dreams May Come: Incubation Sanctuaries in the Greco-Roman World, 764
forum, temple of vesta, in the Bierl (2017), Time and Space in Ancient Myth, Religion and Culture, 299, 302, 304, 309, 313
forum, through advocates speeches, money, needed for initiation, indicated by isis, profit in Griffiths (1975), The Isis-Book (Metamorphoses, Book XI), 28, 336
forum, through advocates speeches, profit, in Griffiths (1975), The Isis-Book (Metamorphoses, Book XI), 28, 336, 341
forum, traiani Arthur-Montagne, DiGiulio and Kuin (2022), Documentality: New Approaches to Written Documents in Imperial Life and Literature, 198, 199, 201
forum, traiani, rule Borg (2008), Paideia: the World of the Second Sophistic: The World of the Second Sophistic, 295
forum, trajans Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 94, 111, 134, 263, 345, 350, 352
Johnson and Parker (2009), ?Ancient Literacies: The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome, 82
forum, transitorium, dominus et deus, and the Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 174, 175, 228
forum, vesta, temple of romanum Fertik (2019), The Ruler's House: Contesting Power and Privacy in Julio-Claudian Rome, 64
forum, with sponges, blood, scrubbed from Walters (2020), Imagery of the Body Politic in Ciceronian Rome, 48
forums, functions of Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 92
forums, imperial Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 88, 89, 93, 94, 95, 96, 115, 118
with/forum, for bold claims, choregia, social crisis dealt with in/matters dealt Kowalzig (2007), Singing for the Gods: Performances of Myth and Ritual in Archaic and Classical Greece, 187, 330

List of validated texts:
37 validated results for "forum"
1. None, None, nan (3rd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Forum Boarium • Forum, funeral processions • forum

 Found in books: Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 156; Rüpke (2011), The Roman Calendar from Numa to Constantine Time, History and the Fasti 100
2. None, None, nan (3rd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Forum • Forum Romanum • Forum, business in • Forum, murders • Pompeii, Forum • Rome, city of, Forum Romanum

 Found in books: Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 87; McGinn (2004), The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman world: A study of Social History & The Brothel. 247, 250, 254; Richlin (2018), Slave Theater in the Roman Republic: Plautus and Popular Comedy, 188, 379
3. Cicero, On Divination, 1.20-1.21 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Forum Augustum • Forum, Roman

 Found in books: Erker (2023), Ambiguity and Religion in Ovid’s Fasti: Religious Innovation and the Imperial Family, 91; Rosa and Santangelo (2020), Cicero and Roman Religion: Eight Studies, 51

sup>1.21 Haec tardata diu species multumque morata Consule te tandem celsa est in sede locata, Atque una fixi ac signati temporis hora Iuppiter excelsa clarabat sceptra columna, Et clades patriae flamma ferroque parata Vocibus Allobrogum patribus populoque patebat. Rite igitur veteres, quorum monumenta tenetis, Qui populos urbisque modo ac virtute regebant, Rite etiam vestri, quorum pietasque fidesque Praestitit et longe vicit sapientia cunctos, Praecipue coluere vigenti numine divos. Haec adeo penitus cura videre sagaci, Otia qui studiis laeti tenuere decoris,' ' Nonesup>1.21 Long was the statue delayed and much was it hindered in making.Finally, you being consul, it stood in its lofty position.Just at the moment of time, which the gods had set and predicted,When on column exalted the sceptre of Jove was illumined,Did Allobrogian voices proclaim to Senate and peopleWhat destruction by dagger and torch was prepared for our country.13 Rightly, therefore, the ancients whose monuments you have in keeping,Romans whose rule over peoples and cities was just and courageous,Rightly your kindred, foremost in honour and pious devotion,Far surpassing the rest of their fellows in shrewdness and wisdom,Held it a duty supreme to honour the Infinite Godhead.Such were the truths they beheld who painfully searching for wisdomGladly devoted their leisure to study of all that was noble,' ' None
4. Polybius, Histories, 6.53-6.54 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Augustus, Forum of • Forum Augustum • forum • forum, Roman • forum, of Augustus

 Found in books: Edmondson (2008), Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture, 38; Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 49, 51; Mcclellan (2019), Paulinus Noster: Self and Symbols in the Letters of Paulinus of Nola, 128

sup>
6.53 1. \xa0Whenever any illustrious man dies, he is carried at his funeral into the forum to the soâ\x80\x91called rostra, sometimes conspicuous in an upright posture and more rarely reclined.,2. \xa0Here with all the people standing round, a grown-up son, if he has left one who happens to be present, or if not some other relative mounts the rostra and discourses on the virtues and success­ful achievements of the dead.,3. \xa0As a consequence the multitude and not only those who had a part in these achievements, but those also who had none, when the facts are recalled to their minds and brought before their eyes, are moved to such sympathy that the loss seems to be not confined to the mourners, but a public one affecting the whole people.,4. \xa0Next after the interment and the performance of the usual ceremonies, they place the image of the departed in the most conspicuous position in the house, enclosed in a wooden shrine.,5. \xa0This image is a mask reproducing with remarkable fidelity both the features and complexion of the deceased.,6. \xa0On the occasion of public sacrifices they display these images, and decorate them with much care, and when any distinguished member of the family dies they take them to the funeral, putting them on men who seem to them to bear the closest resemblance to the original in stature and carriage.,7. \xa0These representatives wear togas, with a purple border if the deceased was a consul or praetor, whole purple if he was a censor, and embroidered with gold if he had celebrated a triumph or achieved anything similar.,8. \xa0They all ride in chariots preceded by the fasces, axes, and other insignia by which the different magistrates are wont to be accompanied according to the respective dignity of the offices of state held by each during his life;,9. \xa0and when they arrive at the rostra they all seat themselves in a row on ivory chairs. There could not easily be a more ennobling spectacle for a young man who aspires to fame and virtue.,10. \xa0For who would not be inspired by the sight of the images of men renowned for their excellence, all together and as if alive and breathing? What spectacle could be more glorious than this? 6.54 1. \xa0Besides, he who makes the oration over the man about to be buried, when he has finished speaking of him recounts the successes and exploits of the rest whose images are present, beginning with the most ancient.,2. \xa0By this means, by this constant renewal of the good report of brave men, the celebrity of those who performed noble deeds is rendered immortal, while at the same time the fame of those who did good service to their country becomes known to the people and a heritage for future generations.,3. \xa0But the most important result is that young men are thus inspired to endure every suffering for public welfare in the hope of winning the glory that attends on brave men.,4. \xa0What I\xa0say is confirmed by the facts. For many Romans have voluntarily engaged in single combat in order to decide a battle, not a\xa0few have faced certain death, some in war to save the lives of the rest, and others in peace to save the republic.,5. \xa0Some even when in office have put their own sons to death contrary to every law or custom, setting a higher value on the interest of their country than on the ties of nature that bound them to their nearest and dearest.,6. \xa0Many such stories about many men are related in Roman history, but one told of a certain person will suffice for the present as an example and as a confirmation of what I\xa0say.'' None
5. None, None, nan (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Forum Augustum • Forum, Roman • Forum, during civil unrest • forum

 Found in books: Edmondson (2008), Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture, 93; Erker (2023), Ambiguity and Religion in Ovid’s Fasti: Religious Innovation and the Imperial Family, 91; Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 164; Rosa and Santangelo (2020), Cicero and Roman Religion: Eight Studies, 35
6. None, None, nan (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Augustus, Forum of • Forum Augustum • Forum, Roman • Rome, Forum Romanum • Rome, Forum Romanum, pictures displayed in

 Found in books: Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 49, 50; Rosa and Santangelo (2020), Cicero and Roman Religion: Eight Studies, 70; Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 82, 104
7. None, None, nan (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Augustus, Forum of • Forum Augustum • Rome, Forum Romanum, and the tabernae argentariae

 Found in books: Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 50; Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 153
8. None, None, nan (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Clodius Pulcher, P., orders to purge the forum • Forum, crowds in • Forum, during civil unrest • Forum, male and female spheres of activity • Forum, political dimensions • blood, scrubbed from forum with sponges

 Found in books: Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 160; Walters (2020), Imagery of the Body Politic in Ciceronian Rome, 48
9. None, None, nan (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Forum Augustum • Forum, Roman • Rome, Forum Romanum • forum

 Found in books: Edmondson (2008), Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture, 93; Erker (2023), Ambiguity and Religion in Ovid’s Fasti: Religious Innovation and the Imperial Family, 91; Rosa and Santangelo (2020), Cicero and Roman Religion: Eight Studies, 35; Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 155
10. Dionysius of Halycarnassus, Roman Antiquities, 6.13 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Forum Boarium • Forum Romanum

 Found in books: Gorain (2019), Language in the Confessions of Augustine, 90; Lipka (2021), Epiphanies and Dreams in Greek Polytheism: Textual Genres and 'Reality' from Homer to Heliodorus, 160

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6.13 1. \xa0It is said that in this battle two men on horseback, far excelling in both beauty and stature those our human stock produces, and just growing their first beard, appeared to Postumius, the dictator, and to those arrayed about him, and charged at the head of the Roman horse, striking with their spears all the Latins they encountered and driving them headlong before them. And after the flight of the Latins and the capture of their camp, the battle having come to an end in the late afternoon, two youths are said to have appeared in the same manner in the Roman Forum attired in military garb, very tall and beautiful and of the same age, themselves retaining on their counteces as having come from a battle, the look of combatants, and the horses they led being all in a sweat.,2. \xa0And when they had each of them watered their horses and washed them at the fountain which rises near the temple of Vesta and forms a small but deep pool, and many people stood about them and inquired if they brought any news from the camp, they related how the battle had gone and that the Romans were the victors. And it is said that after they left the Forum they were not seen again by anyone, though great search was made for them by the man who had been left in command of the city.,3. \xa0The next day, when those at the head of affairs received the letters from the dictator, and besides the other particulars of the battle, learned also of the appearance of the divinities, they concluded, as we may reasonably infer, that it was the same gods who had appeared in both places, and were convinced that the apparitions had been those of Castor and Pollux.,4. \xa0of this extraordinary and wonderful appearance of these gods there are many monuments at Rome, not only the temple of Castor and Pollux which the city erected in the Forum at the place where their apparitions had been seen, and the adjacent fountain, which bears the names of these gods and is to this day regarded as holy, but also the costly sacrifices which the people perform each year through their chief priests in the month called Quintilis, on the day known as the Ides, the day on which they gained this victory. But above all these things there is the procession performed after the sacrifice by those who have a public horse and who, being arrayed by tribes and centuries, ride in regular ranks on horseback, as if they came from battle, crowned with olive branches and attired in the purple robes with stripes of scarlet which they call trabeae. They begin their procession from a certain temple of Mars built outside the walls, and going through several parts of the city and the Forum, they pass by the temple of Castor and Pollux, sometimes to the number even of five thousand, wearing whatever rewards for valour in battle they have received from their commanders, a fine sight and worthy of the greatness of the Roman dominion.,5. \xa0These are the things I\xa0have found both related and performed by the Romans in commemoration of the appearance of Castor and Pollux; and from these, as well as from many other important instances, one may judge how dear to the gods were the men of those times. '' None
11. Ovid, Ars Amatoria, 3.117 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Forum Romanum • Forum, cattle in

 Found in books: Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 106; Talbert (1984), The Senate of Imperial Rome, 114

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3.117 Curia, concilio quae nunc dignissima tanto,'' None		sup>
3.117 Then crop the flow'r which yet invites your eye,"" None
12. Ovid, Fasti, 1.591, 1.641-1.644, 3.415, 3.421-3.422, 3.428, 3.697-3.702, 5.551-5.570, 6.465, 6.477-6.478, 6.569-6.572, 6.613-6.626, 6.637-6.648 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Augustus, Forum of • Forum Augustum • Forum Boarium, Rome • Forum Romanum • Forum, divine gaze over • Rome Ara Pacis, Forum • Rome, Forum Boarium • Rome, Forum of Augustus • Rome, Forum of Augustus, Alexander memorabilia in • Rome, Forum of Augustus, and Apollo • Rome, Forum of Augustus, and Athena Aleana • Rome, Forum of Julius Caesar • festivals, of Concordia on the Forum • relationship with Caesar’s forum, and the summi viri • temple of Vesta, in the Forum

 Found in books: Bierl (2017), Time and Space in Ancient Myth, Religion and Culture, 302, 304, 313; Erker (2023), Ambiguity and Religion in Ovid’s Fasti: Religious Innovation and the Imperial Family, 1, 37, 38, 40, 190, 198, 206; Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 29, 50, 294, 329; Panoussi(2019), Brides, Mourners, Bacchae: Women's Rituals in Roman Literature, 189, 195, 196, 197; Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 111, 117, 171, 197, 256; Welch (2015), Tarpeia: Workings of a Roman Myth. 174

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1.591 perlege dispositas generosa per atria ceras:
1.641 Furius antiquam populi superator Etrusci 1.642 voverat et voti solverat ille fidem, 1.643 causa, quod a patribus sumptis secesserat armis 1.644 volgus, et ipsa suas Roma timebat opes.
3.421 ignibus aeternis aeterni numina praesunt 3.422 Caesaris: imperii pignora iuncta vides,
3.428 vivite inextincti, flammaque duxque, precor. 7. B NON — F
3.697 praeteriturus eram gladios in principe fixos, 3.698 cum sic a castis Vesta locuta focis: 3.699 ‘ne dubita meminisse: meus fuit ille sacerdos, 3.700 sacrilegae telis me petiere manus. 3.701 ipsa virum rapui simulacraque nuda reliqui: 3.702 quae cecidit ferro, Caesaris umbra fuit.’
5.551 Ultor ad ipse suos caelo descendit honores 5.552 templaque in Augusto conspicienda foro. 5.553 et deus est ingens et opus: debebat in urbe 5.554 non aliter nati Mars habitare sui. 5.555 digna Giganteis haec sunt delubra tropaeis: 5.556 hinc fera Gradivum bella movere decet, 5.557 seu quis ab Eoo nos impius orbe lacesset, 5.558 seu quis ab occiduo sole domandus erit. 5.559 prospicit armipotens operis fastigia summi 5.560 et probat invictos summa tenere deos. 5.561 prospicit in foribus diversae tela figurae 5.562 armaque terrarum milite victa suo. 5.563 hinc videt Aenean oneratum pondere caro 5.564 et tot Iuleae nobilitatis avos: 5.565 hinc videt Iliaden humeris ducis arma ferentem, 5.566 claraque dispositis acta subesse viris, 5.567 spectat et Augusto praetextum nomine templum, 5.568 et visum lecto Caesare maius opus. 5.569 voverat hoc iuvenis tunc, cum pia sustulit arma: 5.570 a tantis Princeps incipiendus erat.
6.477 pontibus et magno iuncta est celeberrima Circo 6.478 area, quae posito de bove nomen habet:
6.569 Lux eadem, Fortuna, tua est auctorque locusque; 6.570 sed superiniectis quis latet iste togis? 6.571 Servius est, hoc constat enim, sed causa latendi 6.572 discrepat et dubium me quoque mentis habet,
6.613 signum erat in solio residens sub imagine Tulli; 6.614 dicitur hoc oculis opposuisse manum, 6.615 et vox audita est ‘voltus abscondite nostros, 6.616 ne natae videant ora nefanda meae.’ 6.617 veste data tegitur, vetat hanc Fortuna moveri 6.618 et sic e templo est ipsa locuta suo: 6.619 ‘ore revelato qua primum luce patebit 6.620 Servius, haec positi prima pudoris erit.’ 6.621 parcite, matronae, vetitas attingere vestes: 6.622 sollemni satis est voce movere preces, 6.623 sitque caput semper Romano tectus amictu, 6.624 qui rex in nostra septimus urbe fuit. 6.625 arserat hoc templum, signo tamen ille pepercit 6.626 ignis: opem nato Mulciber ipse tulit,
6.637 Te quoque magnifica, Concordia, dedicat aede 6.638 Livia, quam caro praestitit ipsa viro. 6.639 disce tamen, veniens aetas, ubi Livia nunc est 6.640 porticus, immensae tecta fuisse domus; 6.641 urbis opus domus una fuit, spatiumque tenebat, 6.642 quo brevius muris oppida multa tenent, 6.643 haec aequata solo est, nullo sub crimine regni, 6.644 sed quia luxuria visa nocere sua, 6.645 sustinuit tantas operum subvertere moles 6.646 totque suas heres perdere Caesar opes, 6.647 sic agitur censura et sic exempla parantur, 6.648 cum iudex, alios quod monet, ipse facit.' ' None		sup>
1.591 Such titles were never bestowed on men before.
1.641 Vowed your ancient temple and kept his vow. 1.642 His reason was that the commoners had armed themselves, 1.643 Seceding from the nobles, and Rome feared their power. 1.644 This latest reason was a better one: revered Leader, Germany
3.421 You may see the pledges of empire conjoined. 3.422 Gods of ancient Troy, worthiest prize for that Aenea
3.428 The Nones of March are free of meetings, because it’s thought
3.697 Our leader, when Vesta spoke from her pure hearth: 3.698 Don’t hesitate to recall them: he was my priest, 3.699 And those sacrilegious hands sought me with their blades. 3.700 I snatched him away, and left a naked semblance: 3.701 What died by the steel, was Caesar’s shadow.’ 3.702 Raised to the heavens he found Jupiter’s halls,
5.551 Am I wrong, or did weapons clash? I’m not: they clashed, 5.552 Mars comes, giving the sign for war as he comes. 5.553 The Avenger himself descends from the sky 5.554 To view his shrine and honours in Augustus’ forum. 5.555 The god and the work are mighty: Mar 5.556 Could not be housed otherwise in his son’s city. 5.557 The shrine is worthy of trophies won from Giants: 5.558 From it the Marching God initiates fell war, 5.559 When impious men attack us from the East, 5.560 Or those from the setting sun must be conquered. 5.561 The God of Arms sees the summits of the work, 5.562 And approves of unbeaten gods holding the heights. 5.563 He sees the various weapons studding the doors, 5.564 Weapons from lands conquered by his armies. 5.565 Here he views Aeneas bowed by his dear burden, 5.566 And many an ancestor of the great Julian line: 5.567 There he views Romulus carrying Acron’s weapon 5.568 And famous heroes’ deeds below their ranked statues. 5.569 And he sees Augustus’ name on the front of the shrine, 5.570 And reading ‘Caesar’ there, the work seems greater still.
6.477 Near the bridges and mighty Circus is a famous square, 6.478 One that takes its name from the statue of an ox:
6.569 Day, doubled the enemy’s strength. 6.570 Fortuna, the same day is yours, your temple 6.571 Founded by the same king, in the same place. 6.572 And whose is that statue hidden under draped robes?
6.613 Yet she still dared to visit her father’s temple, 6.614 His monument: what I tell is strange but true. 6.615 There was a statue enthroned, an image of Servius: 6.616 They say it put a hand to its eyes, 6.617 And a voice was heard: ‘Hide my face, 6.618 Lest it view my own wicked daughter.’ 6.619 It was veiled by cloth, Fortune refused to let the robe 6.620 Be removed, and she herself spoke from her temple: 6.621 ‘The day when Servius’ face is next revealed, 6.622 Will be a day when shame is cast aside.’ 6.623 Women, beware of touching the forbidden cloth, 6.624 (It’s sufficient to utter prayers in solemn tones) 6.625 And let him who was the City’s seventh king 6.626 Keep his head covered, forever, by this veil.
6.637 His father showed his paternity by touching the child’ 6.638 Head with fire, and a cap of flames glowed on his hair. 6.639 And Livia, this day dedicated a magnificent shrine to you, 6.640 Concordia, that she offered to her dear husband. 6.641 Learn this, you age to come: where Livia’s Colonnade 6.642 Now stands, there was once a vast palace. 6.643 A site that was like a city: it occupied a space 6.644 Larger than that of many a walled town. 6.645 It was levelled to the soil, not because of its owner’s treason, 6.646 But because its excess was considered harmful. 6.647 Caesar counteced the demolition of such a mass, 6.648 Destroying its great wealth to which he was heir.' ' None
13. Vitruvius Pollio, On Architecture, 6.5.1-6.5.2 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Forum • Rome, Forum of Julius Caesar • Rome, Forum of Peace, cosmic significance of spoils in

 Found in books: Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 58, 64; Tuori (2016), The Emperor of Law: The Emergence of Roman Imperial Adjudication<, 49

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6.5.1 1. The aspects proper for each part being appropriated, we must determine the situation of the private rooms for the master of the house, and those which are for general use, and for the guests. 6.5.2 2. Those, however, who have to lay up stores that are the produce of the country, should have stalls and shops in their vestibules: under their houses they should have vaults (cryptæ), granaries (horrea), store rooms (apothecæ), and other apartments, suited rather to preserve such produce, than to exhibit a magnificent appearance.'' None
14. None, None, nan (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Augustus, Forum of • Augustus/Octavian, and Forum Augustum exempla • Forum • Forum Augustum • Forum Boarium • Forum Iulium • Rome, Forum Romanum • Rome, Forum Romanum, Verres adorns • Rome, Forum Romanum, and Augustus • Rome, Forum of Augustus • Rome, Forum of Julius Caesar • Rome, Forum of Julius Caesar, its collection • Rome, Forum of Peace • Rome, Forum of Peace, and Augustus’ Rome, Forum • forum • forums, imperial • relationship with Caesar’s forum, and the Erechtheum • relationship with Caesar’s forum, caryatids in • statues, in the Forum Augustum • statues, quadrigate, in the Forum Augustum

 Found in books: Erker (2023), Ambiguity and Religion in Ovid’s Fasti: Religious Innovation and the Imperial Family, 33, 77, 192, 198; Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 49, 95, 334; Roller (2018), Disclosure and Discretion in Roman Astrology: Manilius and his Augustan Contemporaries, 154; Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 5, 46, 235, 254, 284, 292; Rüpke (2011), The Roman Calendar from Numa to Constantine Time, History and the Fasti 126; Tuori (2016), The Emperor of Law: The Emergence of Roman Imperial Adjudication<, 97; Xinyue (2022), Politics and Divinization in Augustan Poetry, 155, 156
15. None, None, nan (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Forum Romanum • Forum, cattle in • Pompeii, Forum

 Found in books: Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 106; McGinn (2004), The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman world: A study of Social History & The Brothel. 253
16. None, None, nan (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Augustus, Forum of • Forum • Forum Augustum • Rome, Forum Romanum

 Found in books: Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 329; Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 82; Shannon-Henderson (2019), Power Play in Latin Love Elegy and its Multiple Forms of Continuity in Ovid’s , 309
17. None, None, nan (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Forum • Forum Boarium • Forum Holitorium • Forum Romanum • Forum, during civil unrest • Forum, funeral processions • Rome, Forum Boarium

 Found in books: Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 156, 158; Kazantzidis and Spatharas (2018), Hope in Ancient Literature, History, and Art, 265; Mowat (2021), Engendering the Future: Divination and the Construction of Gender in the Late Roman Republic, 89; Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 171; Shannon-Henderson (2019), Power Play in Latin Love Elegy and its Multiple Forms of Continuity in Ovid’s , 276, 309
18. None, None, nan (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Forum Boarium, Rome • Forum, cattle in

 Found in books: Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 273; Panoussi(2019), Brides, Mourners, Bacchae: Women's Rituals in Roman Literature, 178
19. Plutarch, Mark Antony, 60.3 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Augustus, Forum of • Forum Augustum • Rome, Forum of Peace, cosmic significance of spoils in

 Found in books: Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 51; Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 242

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60.3 προσῳκείου δὲ ἑαυτὸν Ἀντώνιος Ἡρακλεῖ κατὰ γένος καὶ Διονύσῳ κατὰ τὸν τοῦ βίου ζῆλον, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, Διόνυσος νέος προσαγορευόμενος. ἡ δὲ αὐτὴ θύελλα καὶ τοὺς Εὐμενοῦς καὶ Ἀττάλου κολοσσοὺς ἐπιγεγραμμένους Ἀντωνείους Ἀθήνησιν ἐμπεσοῦσα μόνους ἐκ πολλῶν ἀνέτρεψε. ἡ δὲ Κλεοπάτρας ναυαρχὶς ἐκαλεῖτο μὲν Ἀντωνιάς, σημεῖον δὲ περὶ αὐτὴν δεινὸν ἐφάνη· χελιδόνες γὰρ ὑπὸ τὴν πρύμναν ἐνεόττευσαν· ἕτεραι δὲ ἐπελθοῦσαι καὶ ταύτας ἐξήλασαν καὶ τὰ νεόττια διέφθειραν.'' None		sup>
60.3 '' None
20. Seneca The Younger, Letters, 55.3 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Forum Romanum • Forum, divine gaze over

 Found in books: Fertik (2019), The Ruler's House: Contesting Power and Privacy in Julio-Claudian Rome, 71; Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 26

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55.3 As my habit is, I began to look about for something there that might be of service to me, when my eyes fell upon the villa which had once belonged to Vatia. So this was the place where that famous praetorian millionaire passed his old age! He was famed for nothing else than his life of leisure, and he was regarded as lucky only for that reason. For whenever men were ruined by their friendship with Asinius Gallus2 whenever others were ruined by their hatred of Sejanus, and later3 by their intimacy with him, – for it was no more dangerous to have offended him than to have loved him, – people used to cry out: "O Vatia, you alone know how to live!" '' None
21. Tacitus, Annals, 2.49, 3.72, 12.43 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Augustus/Octavian, and Forum Augustum exempla • Forum • Forum Augustum • Forum Holitorium • Rome Ara Pacis, Forum • Rome, Forum Romanum • Rome, Forum of Augustus

 Found in books: Kazantzidis and Spatharas (2018), Hope in Ancient Literature, History, and Art, 26, 162, 265; Roller (2018), Disclosure and Discretion in Roman Astrology: Manilius and his Augustan Contemporaries, 151; Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 14, 296; Shannon-Henderson (2019), Power Play in Latin Love Elegy and its Multiple Forms of Continuity in Ovid’s , 269; Tuori (2016), The Emperor of Law: The Emergence of Roman Imperial Adjudication<, 164, 167; Welch (2015), Tarpeia: Workings of a Roman Myth. 125

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2.49 Isdem temporibus deum aedis vetustate aut igni abolitas coeptasque ab Augusto dedicavit, Libero Liberaeque et Cereri iuxta circum maximum, quam A. Postumius dictator voverat, eodemque in loco aedem Florae ab Lucio et Marco Publiciis aedilibus constitutam, et Iano templum, quod apud forum holitorium C. Duilius struxerat, qui primus rem Romanam prospere mari gessit triumphumque navalem de Poenis meruit. Spei aedes a Germanico sacratur: hanc A. Atilius voverat eodem bello.
12.43 Multa eo anno prodigia evenere. insessum diris avibus Capitolium, crebris terrae motibus prorutae domus, ac dum latius metuitur, trepidatione vulgi invalidus quisque obtriti; frugum quoque egestas et orta ex eo fames in prodigium accipiebatur. nec occulti tantum questus, sed iura reddentem Claudium circumvasere clamoribus turbidis, pulsumque in extremam fori partem vi urgebant, donec militum globo infensos perrupit. quindecim dierum alimenta urbi, non amplius superfuisse constitit, magnaque deum benignitate et modestia hiemis rebus extremis subventum. at hercule olim Italia legionibus longinquas in provincias commeatus portabat, nec nunc infecunditate laboratur, sed Africam potius et Aegyptum exercemus, navibusque et casibus vita populi Romani permissa est.' ' None		sup>
2.49 \xa0Nearly at the same time, he consecrated the temples, ruined by age or fire, the restoration of which had been undertaken by Augustus. They included a temple to Liber, Libera, and Ceres, close to the Circus Maximus, and vowed by Aulus Postumius, the dictator; another, on the same site, to Flora, founded by Lucius and Marcus Publicius in their aedileship, and a shrine of Janus, built in the Herb Market by Gaius Duilius, who first carried the Roman cause to success on sea and earned a naval triumph over the Carthaginians. The temple of Hope, vowed by Aulus Atilius in the same war, was dedicated by Germanicus. <
12.43 \xa0Many prodigies occurred during the year. Ominous birds took their seat on the Capitol; houses were overturned by repeated shocks of earthquake, and, as the panic spread, the weak were trampled underfoot in the trepidation of the crowd. A\xa0shortage of corn, again, and the famine which resulted, were construed as a supernatural warning. Nor were the complaints always whispered. Claudius, sitting in judgement, was surrounded by a wildly clamorous mob, and, driven into the farthest corner of the Forum, was there subjected to violent pressure, until, with the help of a body of troops, he forced a way through the hostile throng. It was established that the capital had provisions for fifteen days, no more; and the crisis was relieved only by the especial grace of the gods and the mildness of the winter. And yet, Heaven knows, in the past, Italy exported supplies for the legions into remote provinces; nor is sterility the trouble now, but we cultivate Africa and Egypt by preference, and the life of the Roman nation has been staked upon cargo-boats and accidents. <' ' None
22. Tacitus, Histories, 1.4, 1.17, 1.32, 1.36, 1.40, 1.43, 3.67-3.68, 3.71, 3.85 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Forum • Forum Holitorium • Forum, during civil unrest • Forum, gladiatorial shows • Rome, Forum Romanum • forum

 Found in books: Baumann and Liotsakis (2022), Reading History in the Roman Empire, 186, 188, 189; Edmondson (2008), Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture, 97; Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 179; Kazantzidis and Spatharas (2018), Hope in Ancient Literature, History, and Art, 26; Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 156

sup>
3.67 \xa0Vitellius's ears were deaf to all sterner counsels. His mind was overwhelmed by pity and anxiety for his wife and children, since he feared that if he made an obstinate struggle, he might leave the victor less mercifully disposed toward them. He had also his mother, who was bowed with years; but through an opportune death she anticipated by a\xa0few days the destruction of her house, having gained nothing from the elevation of her son to the principate but sorrow and good repute. On December eighteenth, when Vitellius heard of the defection of the legion and cohorts that had given themselves up at Narnia, he put on mourning and came down from his palace, surrounded by his household in tears; his little son was carried in a litter as if in a funeral procession. The voices of the people were flattering and untimely; the soldiers maintained an ominous silence." "3.68 \xa0There was no one so indifferent to human fortunes as not to be moved by the sight. Here was a Roman emperor who, but yesterday lord of all mankind, now, abandoning the seat of his high fortune, was going through the midst of his people and the heart of the city to give up his imperial power. Men had never seen or heard the like before. A\xa0sudden violent act had crushed the dictator Caesar, a secret plot the emperor Gaius; night and the obscurity of the country had concealed the flight of Nero; Piso and Galba had fallen, so to say, on the field of battle. But now Vitellius, in an assembly called by himself, surrounded by his own soldiers, while even women looked on, spoke briefly and in a manner befitting his present sad estate, saying that he withdrew for the sake of peace and his country; he asked the people simply to remember him and to have pity on his brother, his wife, and his innocent young children. As he spoke, he held out his young son in his arms, commending him now to one or another, again to the whole assembly; finally, when tears choked his voice, taking his dagger from his side he offered it to the consul who stood beside him, as if surrendering his power of life and death over the citizens. The consul's name was Caecilius Simplex. When he refused it and the assembled people cried out in protest, Vitellius left them with the intention of depositing the imperial insignia in the Temple of Concord and after that going to his brother's home. Thereupon the people with louder cries opposed his going to a private house, but called him to the palace. Every other path was blocked against him; the only road open was along the Sacred Way. Then in utter perplexity he returned to the palace." 3.71 \xa0Martialis had hardly returned to the Capitol when the soldiers arrived in fury. They had no leader; each directed his own movements. Rushing through the Forum and past the temples that rise above it, they advanced in column up the hill, as far as the first gates of the Capitoline citadel. There were then some old colonnades on the right as you go up the slopes; the defenders came out on the roofs of these and showered stones and tiles on their assailants. The latter had no arms except their swords, and they thought that it would cost too much time to send for artillery and missiles; consequently they threw firebrands on a projecting colonnade, and then followed in the path of the flames; they actually burned the gates of the Capitol and would have forced their way through, if Sabinus had not torn down all the statues, memorials to the glory of our ancestors, and piled them up across the entrance as a barricade. Then the assailants tried different approaches to the Capitol, one by the grove of the asylum and another by the hundred steps that lead up to the Tarpeian Rock. Both attacks were unexpected; but the one by the asylum was closer and more threatening. Moreover, the defenders were unable to stop those who climbed through neighbouring houses, which, built high in time of peace, reached the level of the Capitol. It is a question here whether it was the besiegers or the besieged who threw fire on the roofs. The more common tradition says this was done by the latter in their attempts to repel their assailants, who were climbing up or had reached the top. From the houses the fire spread to the colonnades adjoining the temple; then the "eagles" which supported the roof, being of old wood, caught and fed the flames. So the Capitol burned with its doors closed; none defended it, none pillaged it.
3.85 \xa0Vitellius was forced at the point of the sword now to lift his face and offer it to his captors\' insults, now to see his own statues falling, and to look again and again on the rostra or the place where Galba had been killed. Finally, the soldiers drove him to the Gemonian stairs where the body of Flavius Sabinus had recently been lying. His only utterance marked his spirit as not ignoble, for when the tribune insulted him, he replied, "Yet I\xa0was your Emperor." Then he fell under a shower of blows; and the people attacked his body after he was dead with the same base spirit with which they had fawned on him while he lived.' " None
23. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Forum Romanum

 Found in books: Erker (2023), Ambiguity and Religion in Ovid’s Fasti: Religious Innovation and the Imperial Family, 169; McGinn (2004), The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman world: A study of Social History & The Brothel. 92
24. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Aeneas, in Augustus’ forum • Anchises, in Augustus’ forum • Augustus/Octavian, and Forum Augustum exempla • Forum Augustum • Iulus, in Augustus’ forum • Rome, Forum Romanum, pictures displayed in • Rome, Forum of Augustus • Rome, Forum of Augustus, and Athena Aleana • Rome, Forum of Augustus, kings of Alba Longa in • Rome, Forum of Nerva • Romulus, in Augustus’ forum • dominus et deus, and the Forum Transitorium • forum • relationship with Caesar’s forum, and the summi viri • relationship with Caesar’s forum, caryatids in • statues, in the Forum Augustum • statues, quadrigate, in the Forum Augustum

 Found in books: Edmondson (2008), Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture, 33; Erker (2023), Ambiguity and Religion in Ovid’s Fasti: Religious Innovation and the Imperial Family, 190; Roller (2018), Disclosure and Discretion in Roman Astrology: Manilius and his Augustan Contemporaries, 117, 154; Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 77, 132, 174, 251; Xinyue (2022), Politics and Divinization in Augustan Poetry, 155, 156
25. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Forum • Rome, Forum of Julius Caesar • Rome, Forum of Julius Caesar, its collection • forum

 Found in books: Edmondson (2008), Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture, 93; Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 232; Tuori (2016), The Emperor of Law: The Emergence of Roman Imperial Adjudication<, 49
26. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Rome, Forum Romanum • forum

 Found in books: Poulsen (2021), Usages of the Past in Roman Historiography, 71, 73; Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 82
27. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Forum Romanum • Pompeii, Forum • forum • forum, of Augustus

 Found in books: Edmondson (2008), Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture, 43; McGinn (2004), The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman world: A study of Social History & The Brothel. 247
28. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - missingth cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Augustus, Forum of • Forum Augustum • Rome, Forum of Julius Caesar • Rome, Forum of Peace, and Venus

 Found in books: Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 51; Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 58, 303
29. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Forum Holitorium • Forum Romanum • Pompeii, Forum • Procopius, on the Forum of Peace • Roman forum • Rome, Forum of Peace • Rome, Forum of Peace, Lysippus’ works in • Rome, Forum of Peace, Myron’s calf in • Rome, Forum of Peace, Phidias’ works in • Rome, Forum of Peace, Polyclitus’ works in • Rome, Forum of Peace, and Cephisodotus • Rome, Forum of Peace, and Praxiteles • Rome, Forum of Peace, cult statue of Pax • Rome, Forum of Peace, its collection

 Found in books: Ferrándiz (2022), Shipwrecks, Legal Landscapes and Mediterranean Paradigms: Gone Under Sea, 134; Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 64; McGinn (2004), The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman world: A study of Social History & The Brothel. 253; Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 274
30. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Forum, business in • forum

 Found in books: Edmondson (2008), Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture, 103; Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 168
31. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Augustus,finishes the Forum of Julius Caesar • Forum • Forum Augustum • Rome Ara Pacis, Forum • Rome, Forum Romanum • Rome, Forum Romanum, pictures displayed in • Rome, Forum of Augustus • Rome, Forum of Julius Caesar • Rome, Forum of Julius Caesar, and Alexander’s horse • Rome, Forum of Julius Caesar, its collection • Rome, Forum of Peace, and Venus • Rome, Forum of Peace, cosmic significance of spoils in • forum • forum, of Julius Caesar • forums, functions of • relationship with Caesar’s forum • relationship with Caesar’s forum, caryatids in • rule, Forum Julium

 Found in books: Borg (2008), Paideia: the World of the Second Sophistic: The World of the Second Sophistic, 111; Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 92; Edmondson (2008), Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture, 78, 80, 81, 91, 93; Erker (2023), Ambiguity and Religion in Ovid’s Fasti: Religious Innovation and the Imperial Family, 91; Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 64, 77, 227, 230, 231, 261, 303; Shannon-Henderson (2019), Power Play in Latin Love Elegy and its Multiple Forms of Continuity in Ovid’s , 291; Welch (2015), Tarpeia: Workings of a Roman Myth. 72, 279
32. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Forum • Forum, gladiatorial shows • Forum, political dimensions • Rome, Forum Romanum

 Found in books: Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 90; Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 154
33. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Forum Augustum • forum

 Found in books: Edmondson (2008), Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture, 93; Erker (2023), Ambiguity and Religion in Ovid’s Fasti: Religious Innovation and the Imperial Family, 91
34. Cassius Dio, Roman History, 44.4.4, 51.22.3, 53.16.7, 55.10.3, 60.25.2-60.25.3, 69.18.3 (2nd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Aeneas, in Augustus’ forum • Anchises, in Augustus’ forum • Forum • Forum Augusti • Forum Boarium • Forum Romanum • Iulus, in Augustus’ forum • Rome, Forum Romanum • Rome, Forum Romanum, and Augustus • Rome, Forum Romanum, pictures displayed in • Rome, Forum of Augustus • Rome, Forum of Augustus, and Athena Aleana • Rome, Forum of Augustus, kings of Alba Longa in • Rome, Forum of Julius Caesar • Rome, Forum of Julius Caesar, its collection • Rome, Forum of Nerva • Rome, Forum of Peace • Rome, Forum of Peace, and Venus • Rome, Forum of Trajan • Romulus, in Augustus’ forum • dominus et deus, and the Forum Transitorium • forum • forum, of Julius Caesar • forums, functions of • relationship with Caesar’s forum, and the summi viri • relationship with Caesar’s forum, caryatids in

 Found in books: Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 92; Edmondson (2008), Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture, 23, 77, 93; Erker (2023), Ambiguity and Religion in Ovid’s Fasti: Religious Innovation and the Imperial Family, 185, 192; Nuno et al. (2021), SENSORIVM: The Senses in Roman Polytheism, 226; Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 77, 132, 228, 251, 292, 303; Talbert (1984), The Senate of Imperial Rome, 117; Tuori (2016), The Emperor of Law: The Emergence of Roman Imperial Adjudication<, 210

sup>
44.4.4 \xa0In addition to these remarkable privileges they named him father of his country, stamped this title on the coinage, voted to celebrate his birthday by public sacrifice, ordered that he should have a statue in the cities and in all the temples of Rome,
55.10.3 \xa0that the senate should take its votes there in regard to the granting of triumphs, and that the victors after celebrating them should dedicate to this Mars their sceptre and their crown; that such victors and all others who receive triumphal honours should have their statues in bronze erected in the Forum;
60.25.2 \xa0Accordingly, as in earlier times, one of the praetors, one of the tribunes, and one of each of the other groups of officials recited the oaths for their colleagues. This practice was followed for several years. In view of the fact that the city was becoming filled with a great multitude of images (for any who wished were free to have their likenesses appear in public in a painting or in bronze or marble), 60.25.3 \xa0Claudius removed most of them elsewhere and for the future forbade that any private citizen should be allowed to follow the practice, except by permission of the senate or unless he should have built or repaired some public work; for he permitted such persons and their relatives to have their images set up in the places in question.' "
69.18.3 \xa0In this connexion the following anecdote is related of Cornelius Fronto, who was the foremost Roman of the time in pleading before the courts. One night he was returning home from dinner very late, and ascertained from a man whose counsel he had promised to be that Turbo was already holding court. Accordingly, just as he was, in his dinner dress, he went into Turbo's court-room and greeted him, not with the morning salutation, Salve, but with the one appropriate to the evening, Vale." ' None
35. Babylonian Talmud, Shabbat, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Forum Romanum • Pompeii, Forum • ara pacis, forum

 Found in books: Eliav (2023), A Jew in the Roman Bathhouse: Cultural Interaction in the Ancient Mediterranean, 136; McGinn (2004), The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman world: A study of Social History & The Brothel. 250, 251

33b על המעשר ר\' אלעזר בר\' יוסי אומר על לשון הרע אמר רבא ואיתימא ריב"ל מאי קראה (תהלים סג, יב) והמלך ישמח באלהים יתהלל כל הנשבע בו כי יסכר פי דוברי שקר,איבעיא להו רבי אלעזר ברבי יוסי על לשון הרע קאמר או דילמא אף על לשון הרע נמי קאמר ת"ש כשנכנסו רבותינו לכרם ביבנה היה שם רבי יהודה ור\' אלעזר בר\' יוסי ור"ש נשאלה שאלה זו בפניהם מכה זו מפני מה מתחלת בבני מעיים וגומרת בפה נענה רבי יהודה ברבי אלעאי ראש המדברים בכל מקום ואמר אע"פ שכליות יועצות ולב מבין ולשון מחתך פה גומר נענה רבי אלעזר ברבי יוסי ואמר מפני שאוכלין בה דברים טמאין דברים טמאים סלקא דעתך אלא שאוכלין בה דברים שאינן מתוקנים נענה ר\' שמעון ואמר בעון ביטול תורה,אמרו לו נשים יוכיחו שמבטלות את בעליהן נכרים יוכיחו שמבטלין את ישראל תינוקות יוכיחו שמבטלין את אביהן תינוקות של בית רבן יוכיחו,התם כדרבי גוריון דאמר רבי גוריון ואיתימא רב יוסף ברבי שמעיה בזמן שהצדיקים בדור צדיקים נתפסים על הדור אין צדיקים בדור תינוקות של בית רבן נתפסים על הדור א"ר יצחק בר זעירי ואמרי לה א"ר שמעון בן נזירא מאי קראה (שיר השירים א, ח) אם לא תדעי לך היפה בנשים צאי לך בעקבי הצאן וגו\' ואמרינן גדיים הממושכנין על הרועים ש"מ אף על לשון הרע נמי קאמר ש"מ,ואמאי קרו ליה ראש המדברים בכל מקום דיתבי רבי יהודה ורבי יוסי ורבי שמעון ויתיב יהודה בן גרים גבייהו פתח ר\' יהודה ואמר כמה נאים מעשיהן של אומה זו תקנו שווקים תקנו גשרים תקנו מרחצאות ר\' יוסי שתק נענה רשב"י ואמר כל מה שתקנו לא תקנו אלא לצורך עצמן תקנו שווקין להושיב בהן זונות מרחצאות לעדן בהן עצמן גשרים ליטול מהן מכס הלך יהודה בן גרים וסיפר דבריהם ונשמעו למלכות אמרו יהודה שעילה יתעלה יוסי ששתק יגלה לציפורי שמעון שגינה יהרג,אזל הוא ובריה טשו בי מדרשא כל יומא הוה מייתי להו דביתהו ריפתא וכוזא דמיא וכרכי כי תקיף גזירתא א"ל לבריה נשים דעתן קלה עליהן דילמא מצערי לה ומגליא לן אזלו טשו במערתא איתרחיש ניסא איברי להו חרובא ועינא דמיא והוו משלחי מנייהו והוו יתבי עד צוארייהו בחלא כולי יומא גרסי בעידן צלויי לבשו מיכסו ומצלו והדר משלחי מנייהו כי היכי דלא ליבלו איתבו תריסר שני במערתא אתא אליהו וקם אפיתחא דמערתא אמר מאן לודעיה לבר יוחי דמית קיסר ובטיל גזירתיה,נפקו חזו אינשי דקא כרבי וזרעי אמר מניחין חיי עולם ועוסקין בחיי שעה כל מקום שנותנין עיניהן מיד נשרף יצתה בת קול ואמרה להם להחריב עולמי יצאתם חיזרו למערתכם הדור אזול איתיבו תריסר ירחי שתא אמרי משפט רשעים בגיהנם י"ב חדש יצתה בת קול ואמרה צאו ממערתכם נפקו כל היכא דהוה מחי ר\' אלעזר הוה מסי ר"ש אמר לו בני די לעולם אני ואתה,בהדי פניא דמעלי שבתא חזו ההוא סבא דהוה נקיט תרי מדאני אסא ורהיט בין השמשות אמרו ליה הני למה לך אמר להו לכבוד שבת ותיסגי לך בחד חד כנגד (שמות כ, ז) זכור וחד כנגד (דברים ה, יא) שמור א"ל לבריה חזי כמה חביבין מצות על ישראל יתיב דעתייהו,שמע ר\' פנחס בן יאיר חתניה ונפק לאפיה עייליה לבי בניה הוה קא אריך ליה לבישריה חזי דהוה ביה פילי בגופיה הוה קא בכי וקא נתרו דמעת עיניה וקמצוחא ליה א"ל אוי לי שראיתיך בכך א"ל אשריך שראיתני בכך שאילמלא לא ראיתני בכך לא מצאת בי כך דמעיקרא כי הוה מקשי ר"ש בן יוחי קושיא הוה מפרק ליה ר\' פנחס בן יאיר תריסר פירוקי לסוף כי הוה מקשי ר"פ בן יאיר קושיא הוה מפרק ליה רשב"י עשרין וארבעה פירוקי,אמר הואיל ואיתרחיש ניסא איזיל אתקין מילתא דכתיב (בראשית לג, יח) ויבא יעקב שלם ואמר רב שלם בגופו שלם בממונו שלם בתורתו (בראשית לג, יח) ויחן את פני העיר אמר רב מטבע תיקן להם ושמואל אמר שווקים תיקן להם ור\' יוחנן אמר מרחצאות תיקן להם אמר איכא מילתא דבעי לתקוני אמרו ליה איכא דוכתא דאית ביה ספק טומאה'' None33b for neglecting to separate tithes. Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Yosei, says: Askara comes as punishment for slander. Rava said, and some say that it was Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi who said it: What is the verse that alludes to this? “But the king shall rejoice in God; every one that swears by Him shall glory; for the mouth of them that speak lies shall be stopped” (Psalms 63:12). The punishment for lying is that the mouth will be stopped. Askara affects the mouth along with other parts of the body.,A dilemma was raised before those who were sitting in the study hall: Did Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Yosei, say that askara comes as punishment only for slander, or perhaps he said it was also for slander? Come and hear a resolution to this dilemma from that which was taught in a baraita: When our Sages entered the vineyard in Yavne, Rabbi Yehuda, and Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Yosei, and Rabbi Shimon were there, and a question was asked before them with regard to this plague of askara: Why does it begin in the intestines and end in the mouth? Rabbi Yehuda, son of Rabbi Ila’i, who was the head of the speakers in every place, responded and said: Even though the kidneys advise, and the heart understands, and the tongue shapes the voice that emerges from the mouth, still, the mouth completes the formation of the voice. Therefore, the disease begins in the same place that slander begins and it ends in the mouth. Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Yosei, responded and said: This disease ends in the mouth because one eats with it non-kosher things. They immediately wondered about this: Does it enter your mind to say that askara is caused by eating non-kosher food? Are those who eat non-kosher food so numerous? Rather, it comes as a punishment for eating foods that were not ritually prepared, i.e., were not tithed. Rabbi Shimon responded and said: This disease comes as a punishment for the sin of dereliction in the study of Torah.,They said to him: Women will prove that dereliction in the study of Torah is not the cause, as they are not obligated to study Torah and, nevertheless, they contract askara. He answered them: They are punished because they cause their husbands to be idle from the study of Torah. They said to him: Gentiles will prove that this is not the cause, as they also contract askara even though they are not obligated to study Torah. He answered them: They are also punished because they cause Israel to be idle from the study of Torah. They said to him: Children will prove that this is not the cause, for they are not at all obligated to study Torah and they also suffer from askara. He answered them: They are punished because they cause their fathers to be idle from the study of Torah. They said to him: School children will prove that this is not the cause, as they study Torah and, nevertheless, they suffer from askara.,The Gemara answers: There, it must be understood in accordance with the statement of Rabbi Guryon, as Rabbi Guryon said, and some say that it was Rav Yosef, son of Rabbi Shemaya, who said it: At a time when there are righteous people in the generation, the righteous are seized, i.e., they die or suffer, for the sins of the generation. If there are no righteous people in the generation, school children, who are also without sin, are seized for the sins of the generation. Rabbi Yitzḥak bar Ze’iri said, and some say that Rabbi Shimon ben Nezira said: What is the verse that alludes to this? “If you know not, you fairest among women, go your way forth by the footsteps of the flock and feed your kids, beside the shepherds’ tents mishkenot” (Song of Songs 1:8). And we say in explanation of this verse: They are the lambs that are taken as collateral hamemushkanin, which is etymologically similar to the word mishkenot, in place of the shepherds. If the shepherds and leaders of the generation corrupt the multitudes, young children die because of their sins. With regard to the dilemma, conclude from it that Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Yosei, said that the illness of askara also results from slander, as the baraita provides an additional cause of the illness. The Gemara comments: Indeed, conclude from it.,In this baraita Rabbi Yehuda is described as head of the speakers in every place. The Gemara asks: And why did they call him head of the speakers in every place? The Gemara relates that this resulted due to an incident that took place when Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Yosei and Rabbi Shimon were sitting, and Yehuda, son of converts, sat beside them. Rabbi Yehuda opened and said: How pleasant are the actions of this nation, the Romans, as they established marketplaces, established bridges, and established bathhouses. Rabbi Yosei was silent. Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai responded and said: Everything that they established, they established only for their own purposes. They established marketplaces, to place prostitutes in them; bathhouses, to pamper themselves; and bridges, to collect taxes from all who pass over them. Yehuda, son of converts, went and related their statements to his household, and those statements continued to spread until they were heard by the monarchy. They ruled and said: Yehuda, who elevated the Roman regime, shall be elevated and appointed as head of the Sages, the head of the speakers in every place. Yosei, who remained silent, shall be exiled from his home in Judea as punishment, and sent to the city of Tzippori in the Galilee. And Shimon, who denounced the government, shall be killed.,Rabbi Shimon bar Yoḥai and his son, Rabbi Elazar, went and hid in the study hall. Every day Rabbi Shimon’s wife would bring them bread and a jug of water and they would eat. When the decree intensified, Rabbi Shimon said to his son: Women are easily impressionable and, therefore, there is room for concern lest the authorities torture her and she reveal our whereabouts. They went and they hid in a cave. A miracle occurred and a carob tree was created for them as well as a spring of water. They would remove their clothes and sit covered in sand up to their necks. They would study Torah all day in that manner. At the time of prayer, they would dress, cover themselves, and pray, and they would again remove their clothes afterward so that they would not become tattered. They sat in the cave for twelve years. Elijah the Prophet came and stood at the entrance to the cave and said: Who will inform bar Yoḥai that the emperor died and his decree has been abrogated?,They emerged from the cave, and saw people who were plowing and sowing. Rabbi Shimon bar Yoḥai said: These people abandon eternal life of Torah study and engage in temporal life for their own sustece. The Gemara relates that every place that Rabbi Shimon and his son Rabbi Elazar directed their eyes was immediately burned. A Divine Voice emerged and said to them: Did you emerge from the cave in order to destroy My world? Return to your cave. They again went and sat there for twelve months. They said: The judgment of the wicked in Gehenna lasts for twelve months. Surely their sin was atoned in that time. A Divine Voice emerged and said to them: Emerge from your cave. They emerged. Everywhere that Rabbi Elazar would strike, Rabbi Shimon would heal. Rabbi Shimon said to Rabbi Elazar: My son, you and I suffice for the entire world, as the two of us are engaged in the proper study of Torah.,As the sun was setting on Shabbat eve, they saw an elderly man who was holding two bundles of myrtle branches and running at twilight. They said to him: Why do you have these? He said to them: In honor of Shabbat. They said to him: And let one suffice. He answered them: One is corresponding to: “Remember the Shabbat day, to keep it holy” (Exodus 20:8), and one is corresponding to: “Observe the Shabbat day, to keep it holy” (Deuteronomy 5:12). Rabbi Shimon said to his son: See how beloved the mitzvot are to Israel. Their minds were put at ease and they were no longer as upset that people were not engaged in Torah study.,Rabbi Pineḥas ben Ya’ir, Rabbi Shimon’s son-in-law, heard and went out to greet him. He brought him into the bathhouse and began tending to his flesh. He saw that Rabbi Shimon had cracks in the skin on his body. He was crying, and the tears fell from his eyes and caused Rabbi Shimon pain. Rabbi Pineḥas said to Rabbi Shimon, his father-in-law: Woe is me, that I have seen you like this. Rabbi Shimon said to him: Happy are you that you have seen me like this, as had you not seen me like this, you would not have found in me this prominence in Torah, as the Gemara relates: At first, when Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai would raise a difficulty, Rabbi Pineḥas ben Ya’ir would respond to his question with twelve answers. Ultimately, when Rabbi Pineḥas ben Ya’ir would raise a difficulty, Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai would respond with twenty-four answers.,Rabbi Shimon said: Since a miracle transpired for me, I will go and repair something for the sake of others in gratitude for God’s kindness, as it is written: “And Jacob came whole to the city of Shechem, which is in the land of Canaan, when he came from Paddan-aram; and he graced the countece of the city” (Genesis 33:18). Rav said, the meaning of: And Jacob came whole, is: Whole in his body, whole in his money, whole in his Torah. And what did he do? And he graced the countece of the city; he performed gracious acts to benefit the city. Rav said: Jacob established a currency for them. And Shmuel said: He established marketplaces for them. And Rabbi Yoḥa said: He established bathhouses for them. In any event, clearly one for whom a miracle transpires should perform an act of kindness for his neighbors as a sign of gratitude. He said: Is there something that needs repair? They said to him: There is a place where there is uncertainty with regard to ritual impurity'' None
36. Ammianus Marcellinus, History, 16.10.13-16.10.15 (4th cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Forum of Peace • Forum of Trajan • Rome, Forum Romanum, pictures displayed in • Rome, Forum of Peace • Rome, Forum of Peace, Josephus describes • Rome, Forum of Peace, and the Domus Aurea • Rome, Forum of Peace, cosmic significance of spoils in • Rome, Forum of Peace, its collection • Rome, Forum of Peace, its name • Rome, Forum of Peace, spoils of Jewish War adorn • Trajans Forum • rule, Forum Romanum

 Found in books: Borg (2008), Paideia: the World of the Second Sophistic: The World of the Second Sophistic, 387; Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 263; Rutledge (2012), Ancient Rome as a Museum: Power, Identity, and the Culture of Collecting, 104, 272

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16.10.13 So then he entered Rome, the home of empire and of every virtue, and when he had come to the Rostra, the most renowned forum of ancient dominion, he stood amazed; and on every side on which his eyes rested he was dazzled by the array of marvellous sights. He addressed the nobles in the senate-house and the populace from the tribunal, and being welcomed to the palace with manifold attentions, he enjoyed a longed-for pleasure; and on several occasions, when holding equestrian games, he took delight in the sallies of the commons, who were neither presumptuous nor regardless of their old-time freedom, while he himself also respectfully observed the due mean. 16.10.14 For he did not (as in the case of other cities) permit the contests to be terminated at his own discretion, but left them (as the custom is) to various chances. Then, as he surveyed the sections of the city and its suburbs, lying within the summits of the seven hills, along their slopes, or on level ground, he thought that whatever first met his gaze towered above all the rest: the sanctuaries of Tarpeian Jove so far surpassing as things divine excel those of earth; the baths built up to the measure of provinces; the huge bulk of the amphitheatre, strengthened by its framework of Tiburtine stone, Travertine. to whose top human eyesight barely ascends; the Pantheon like a rounded city-district, Regio here refers to one of the regions, or districts, into which the city was divided. vaulted over in lofty beauty; and the exalted heights which rise with platforms to which one may mount, and bear the likenesses of former emperors; The columns of Trajan, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius. The platform at the top was reached by a stairway within the column. the Temple of the City, The double temple of Venus and Roma, built by Hadriian and dedicated in A.D. 135 the Forum of Peace, The Forum Pacis, or Vespasiani, was begun by Vespasian in A.D. 71, after the taking of Jerusalem, and dedicated in 75. It lay behind the basilica Aemilia. the Theatre of Pompey, Built in 55 B.C. in the Campus Martius. the Oleum, A building for musical performances, erected by Domitian, probably near his Stadium. the Stadium, The Stadium of Domitian in the Campus Martius, the shape and size of which is almost exactly preserved by the modern Piazza Navona. and amongst these the other adornments of the Eternal City. 16.10.15 But when he came to the Forum of Trajan, a construction unique under the heavens, as we believe, and admirable even in the uimous opinion of the gods, he stood fast in amazement, turning his attention to the gigantic complex about him, beggaring description and never again to be imitated by mortal men. Therefore abandoning all hope of attempting anything like it, he said that he would and could copy Trajan’s steed alone, which stands in the centre of the vestibule, carrying the emperor himself.'' None
37. None, None, nan
 Tagged with subjects: • Augustus/Octavian, and Forum Augustum exempla • Forum Augustum • Forum Clodii • Rome, Arch of Tiberius, lost, in Forum Romanum • Rome, Forum Augustum

 Found in books: Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 197, 471; Nuno et al. (2021), SENSORIVM: The Senses in Roman Polytheism, 224; Roller (2018), Disclosure and Discretion in Roman Astrology: Manilius and his Augustan Contemporaries, 151, 190



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