The Ancient Mediterranean Religions Index Database

Results for
Please note: the results are produced through a computerized process which may frequently lead to errors, both in incorrect tagging and in other issues. Please use with caution.
Due to load times, full text fetching is currently attempted for validated results only.
Full texts for Hebrew Bible and rabbinic texts is kindly supplied by Sefaria; for Greek and Latin texts, by Perseus Scaife, for the Quran, by Tanzil.net

For a list of book indices included, see here.

graph

All subjects (including unvalidated):

subject	book bibliographic info
force	Mackey (2022) 76, 294 Sommerstein and Torrance (2014) 196
force, air, as vital elemental	Williams (2012) 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183
force, cosmic	Clay and Vergados (2022) 50, 51, 63, 75, 78, 79
force, daimo¯n, divine	Pucci (2016) 73, 91
force, flesh, as negative	deSilva (2022) 24, 115, 119, 133, 144, 145, 224, 229, 253, 260, 274
force, for, war dead, burial of social unity and cohesion, female ritual as	Panoussi(2019) 104, 105, 222
force, illocutionary	Osborne (2010) 111, 120, 215 Peels (2016) 130, 186, 199
force, in ephesos, artemision, as economic	Kalinowski (2021) 99, 257
force, in future indicative, imperative	Griffiths (1975) 163
force, in south italy, pythagoras and the pythagoreans, a social and political	Tor (2017) 274
force, judaism, pneuma as unifying cosmic	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021) 212
force, labour	Konig and Wiater (2022) 143, 144 König and Wiater (2022) 143, 144
force, law, as binding	Ando (2013) 47, 48, 406
force, love, empedoclean cosmic	Wolfsdorf (2020) 56, 57, 63, 64, 65, 70, 72, 571, 572, 573, 574
force, matrimony, by	Monnickendam (2020) 133
force, of alexander jannaeus, mercenary	Udoh (2006) 59
force, of cold, elemental	Trott (2019) 89, 97, 101, 102, 104, 105, 107, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156
force, of his narratives, hesiod, the prescriptive	Tor (2017) 57, 72, 92, 340
force, of itonian cult, athena itonia in thessaly, unifying	Lalone (2019) 40, 41, 42
force, of law, decree with	Lupu(2005) 43
force, of memories, religious, intertwined with current practice, social	Kowalzig (2007) 82, 109, 110, 117, 118, 399
force, of moisture, moist, elemental	Trott (2019) 101, 104, 105, 107, 109, 144, 220, 232, 239
force, of nutrition, nourishment, semen as actualising	Trott (2019) 116, 193, 194, 206, 207
force, of portraits, imperial, precedents	Ando (2013) 35, 36, 378, 379
force, of term spiritus, air, special	Williams (2012) 189, 190, 191, 237, 238, 247
force, of victim, magic, absorption of life	Bickerman and Tropper (2007) 25, 26
force, pervading cosmic nature, law, as the	Brouwer (2013) 90, 174
force, psychological method, sacred	Bickerman and Tropper (2007) 887, 889
force, rape, as stuprum achieved by	Kaster(2005) 36, 37, 163
force, religion, use of term, as a social	Alvar Ezquerra (2008) 49
force, rumour, as historical	Davies (2004) 178
force, sacred	Bickerman and Tropper (2007) 887, 889
force, spirit, characterizations as	Frey and Levison (2014) 274
force, spirit, modes of presence, physical	Levison (2009) 32, 33, 34, 35, 49, 84, 135, 141, 153, 169, 171, 172, 184, 195, 241, 278, 294, 305, 324, 381, 393, 395, 412, 425
force, strife, empedoclean cosmic	Wolfsdorf (2020) 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 72, 571, 572, 573, 574
force, stuprum, achieved by, rape	Kaster(2005) 36, 37, 163
force, vs. trickery	Jouanna (2018) 528
force/life, principle, spirit, characterizations as, life	Frey and Levison (2014) 140
forced, assimilation, ethnic boundary making model	van Maaren (2022) 32, 66, 121
forced, by hasmoneans, conversion to judaism	Hayes (2022) 16
forced, by, dictator, abdication of consul	Konrad (2022) 19, 20, 83, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 210, 284, 285
forced, circumcision	Lavee (2017) 59
forced, conversion of jews	Ashbrook Harvey et al (2015) 37, 39, 41, 42
forced, conversion to nicene christianity among, dissident christians	Kraemer (2020) 78
forced, conversion to nicene christianity and, donatists	Kraemer (2020) 78
forced, conversions to christianity and, samaritans	Kraemer (2020) 75, 78, 259
forced, diocletian to retire, leaves africa for nicomedia, says galerius	Simmons(1995) 45
forced, marriage, rape, vs.	Monnickendam (2020) 133
forced, migration	Tacoma (2016) 7, 29, 60, 171, 256
forced, to abdicate, flaminius, c., magister equitum	Konrad (2022) 206, 207, 210
forced, to become nicene christians, arians	Kraemer (2020) 78
forces, and powers, evil	Berglund Crostini and Kelhoffer (2022) 139, 143, 219, 310, 371
forces, and, naples, jews’ defense of city against byzantine	Kraemer (2020) 295, 349, 353
forces, beyond their control, athens and athenians, exposed to	Joho (2022) 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 106, 175, 176, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 192, 193, 275, 276, 277, 303, 304
forces, beyond their control, sparta and spartans, exposed to	Joho (2022) 167, 168, 169, 176, 177, 178, 179, 184
forces, demonic	Moss (2012) 51, 108, 114, 148
forces, divine	Janowitz (2002b) 60 Papadodima (2022) 158
forces, elemental powers, as constituent parts of elements	Trott (2019) 89, 159, 161, 180
forces, elemental powers, hippocratic view of	Trott (2019) 133, 134, 135, 140
forces, elemental powers, in elemental generation	Trott (2019) 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 150
forces, elemental powers, in sense perception	Trott (2019) 58
forces, elemental powers, in sexual reproduction	Trott (2019) 110, 144, 146, 147, 148, 152, 156, 183, 239
forces, elemental powers, pre-socratic views of	Trott (2019) 134, 135, 136
forces, euripides, and naturalistic representation of divine	Joho (2022) 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 136, 137, 144, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154
forces, external	Garcia (2021) 165, 203, 225, 270, 280
forces, fear, of natural	Stuckenbruck (2007) 472, 477, 478, 479, 482
forces, imperial administration and the city	Breytenbach and Tzavella (2022) 143, 148
forces, in elements, elemental, elemental	Trott (2019) 133, 148
forces, in the body, balance, between	van der EIjk (2005) 130
forces, in the soul, emotions, plato, posidonius, galen, without irrational	Sorabji (2000) 86, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 257, 258, 259
forces, in the soul, galen, platonizing ecletic doctor, philosophy and good example cannot on their own produce good character without training of irrational	Sorabji (2000) 257
forces, laberius on stage, julius caesar, c.	Walters (2020) 70
forces, limitanei, frontier	Phang (2001) 328
forces, nature, φύσις, and dynamic	Joho (2022) 124, 128
forces, of language, centrifugal	Tupamahu (2022) 9, 51, 98, 146, 198, 199, 210
forces, of language, centripetal	Tupamahu (2022) 9, 51, 98, 146, 198, 199, 210, 215
forces, of speech act, illocutionary	Mackey (2022) 76, 294, 295, 297, 311, 313, 319
forces, peloponnesian war, encapsulated by various	Joho (2022) 69, 70, 187, 188
forces, roman empire, imperial security	Bickerman and Tropper (2007) 746, 770, 779, 782
forces, self, includes irrational	Sorabji (2000) 249
forces, sicilian expedition, decision for, and transpersonal	Joho (2022) 200, 201
forces, sicilians to erect dedications, verres, c.	Rutledge (2012) 104, 290
forces, tire, time-lapse, effects of because irrational	Sorabji (2000) 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 241
forces, trained by diet, galen, platonizing ecletic doctor, irrational music, gymnastics	Sorabji (2000) 257, 258
forces”, lit. “shells, ” “husks, ” qĕlipōt, heb. “evil or impure “peels”	Zawanowska and Wilk (2022) 514
power/force, of creation	d, Hoine and Martijn (2017) 92, 106, 109, 114, 150
troops/forces, military	Piotrkowski (2019) 1, 2, 3, 39, 48, 49, 64, 73, 116, 119, 129, 177, 196, 199, 253, 258, 327, 330, 338, 340, 356, 360, 361, 362, 413

List of validated texts:

14 validated results for "force"

1. Hebrew Bible, Genesis, 2.7, 6.3, 7.15, 7.22 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Spirit, characterizations as,, life force/life principle • Spirit, modes of presence, physical force • evil, forces and powers • spirit-force

Found in books: Berglund Crostini and Kelhoffer (2022) 310; Frey and Levison (2014) 140; Garcia (2021) 71; Levison (2009) 49, 135

2.7. וַיִּיצֶר יְהוָה אֱלֹהִים אֶת־הָאָדָם עָפָר מִן־הָאֲדָמָה וַיִּפַּח בְּאַפָּיו נִשְׁמַת חַיִּים וַיְהִי הָאָדָם לְנֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה׃
6.3. וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוָה לֹא־יָדוֹן רוּחִי בָאָדָם לְעֹלָם בְּשַׁגַּם הוּא בָשָׂר וְהָיוּ יָמָיו מֵאָה וְעֶשְׂרִים שָׁנָה׃
7.15. וַיָּבֹאוּ אֶל־נֹחַ אֶל־הַתֵּבָה שְׁנַיִם שְׁנַיִם מִכָּל־הַבָּשָׂר אֲשֶׁר־בּוֹ רוּחַ חַיִּים׃
7.22. כֹּל אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁמַת־רוּחַ חַיִּים בְּאַפָּיו מִכֹּל אֲשֶׁר בֶּחָרָבָה מֵתוּ׃''. None

2.7. Then the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.
6.3. And the LORD said: ‘My spirit shall not abide in man for ever, for that he also is flesh; therefore shall his days be a hundred and twenty years.’
7.15. And they went in unto Noah into the ark, two and two of all flesh wherein is the breath of life.
7.22. all in whose nostrils was the breath of the spirit of life, whatsoever was in the dry land, died.''. None

2. Hebrew Bible, Isaiah, 27.1 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • demonic forces • evil, forces and powers

Found in books: Berglund Crostini and Kelhoffer (2022) 143; Moss (2012) 114

27.1. בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא יִפְקֹד יְהוָה בְּחַרְבוֹ הַקָּשָׁה וְהַגְּדוֹלָה וְהַחֲזָקָה עַל לִוְיָתָן נָחָשׁ בָּרִחַ וְעַל לִוְיָתָן נָחָשׁ עֲקַלָּתוֹן וְהָרַג אֶת־הַתַּנִּין אֲשֶׁר בַּיָּם׃'
27.1. כִּי עִיר בְּצוּרָה בָּדָד נָוֶה מְשֻׁלָּח וְנֶעֱזָב כַּמִּדְבָּר שָׁם יִרְעֶה עֵגֶל וְשָׁם יִרְבָּץ וְכִלָּה סְעִפֶיהָ׃ '. None

27.1. In that day the LORD with his sore and great and strong sword will punish leviathan the slant serpent, and leviathan the tortuous serpent; and He will slay the dragon that is in the sea.''. None

3. Hebrew Bible, Judges, 16.16 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Fear, of Natural Forces • Spirit, modes of presence, physical force

Found in books: Levison (2009) 35; Stuckenbruck (2007) 472

16.16. וַיְהִי כִּי־הֵצִיקָה לּוֹ בִדְבָרֶיהָ כָּל־הַיָּמִים וַתְּאַלֲצֵהוּ וַתִּקְצַר נַפְשׁוֹ לָמוּת׃''. None

16.16. And it came to pass, when she harassed him daily with her words, and urged him, so that he was sick to death;''. None

4. Hesiod, Theogony, 191-193 (8th cent. BCE - 7th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Love (Empedocles’ uniting force) • cosmic (force)

Found in books: Clay and Vergados (2022) 75; Álvarez (2019) 144

191. ἀφρὸς ἀπʼ ἀθανάτου χροὸς ὤρνυτο· τῷ δʼ ἔνι κούρη'192. ἐθρέφθη· πρῶτον δὲ Κυθήροισιν ζαθέοισιν 193. ἔπλητʼ, ἔνθεν ἔπειτα περίρρυτον ἵκετο Κύπρον. '. None

191. At what he said vast Earth was glad at heart'192. And in an ambush set her child apart 193. And told him everything she had in mind. '. None

5. Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 160 (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Euripides, and naturalistic representation of divine forces • Force (personification) • Κράτος / Force (personification)

Found in books: Joho (2022) 151; Lipka (2021) 121

160. Ζεύς, ὅστις ποτʼ ἐστίν, εἰ τόδʼ αὐ-''. None

160. Zeus, whosoe’er he be, — if that express ''. None

6. Thucydides, The History of The Peloponnesian War, 1.23.6 (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Athens and Athenians, exposed to forces beyond their control • Sparta and Spartans, exposed to forces beyond their control • emotions as a destructive force,

Found in books: Hau (2017) 208; Joho (2022) 168, 304

1.23.6. τὴν μὲν γὰρ ἀληθεστάτην πρόφασιν, ἀφανεστάτην δὲ λόγῳ, τοὺς Ἀθηναίους ἡγοῦμαι μεγάλους γιγνομένους καὶ φόβον παρέχοντας τοῖς Λακεδαιμονίοις ἀναγκάσαι ἐς τὸ πολεμεῖν: αἱ δ’ ἐς τὸ φανερὸν λεγόμεναι αἰτίαι αἵδ’ ἦσαν ἑκατέρων, ἀφ’ ὧν λύσαντες τὰς σπονδὰς ἐς τὸν πόλεμον κατέστησαν.''. None

1.23.6. The real cause I consider to be the one which was formally most kept out of sight. The growth of the power of Athens, and the alarm which this inspired in Lacedaemon, made war inevitable. Still it is well to give the grounds alleged by either side, which led to the dissolution of the treaty and the breaking out of the war. ''. None

7. None, None, nan (5th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Love (Empedocles’ uniting force) • Strife (Empedocles’ separating force) • elemental forces, powers, Hippocratic view of • elemental forces, powers, Pre-Socratic views of

Found in books: Trott (2019) 135; Álvarez (2019) 118

8. Septuagint, 1 Maccabees, 1.60-1.61 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • flesh (as negative force) • military, troops/forces

Found in books: Piotrkowski (2019) 129; deSilva (2022) 133

1.60. According to the decree, they put to death the women who had their children circumcised, 1.61. and their families and those who circumcised them; and they hung the infants from their mothers necks.''. None

9. None, None, nan (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Spirit, modes of presence, physical force • military, troops/forces

Found in books: Levison (2009) 294; Piotrkowski (2019) 129

10. Diodorus Siculus, Historical Library, 2.13.5, 4.19.3, 13.47.4, 14.49.3, 14.51.1, 17.40.5, 17.41.1-17.41.2, 17.41.5-17.41.6 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • labour force

Found in books: Konig and Wiater (2022) 143, 144; König and Wiater (2022) 143, 144

2.13.5. \xa0After this she advanced in the direction of Ecbatana and arrived at the mountain called Zarcaeus; and since this extended many stades and was full of cliffs and chasms it rendered the journey round a long one. And so she became ambitious both to leave an immortal monument of herself and at the same time to shorten her way; consequently she cut through the cliffs, filled up the low places, and thus at great expense built a short road, which to this day is called the road of Semiramis.
4.19.3. \xa0Heracles then made his way from Celtica to Italy, and as he traversed the mountain pass through the Alps he made a highway out of the route, which was rough and almost impassable, with the result that it can now be crossed by armies and baggage-trains.
13.47.4. \xa0The Boeotians agreed to this, since it was to their special advantage that Euboea should be an island to everybody else but a part of the mainland to themselves. Consequently all the cities threw themselves vigorously into the building of the causeway and vied with one another; for orders were issued not only to the citizens to report en\xa0masse but to the foreigners dwelling among them as well, so that by reason of the great number that came forward to the work the proposed task was speedily completed.
14.49.3. \xa0Dionysius, after ravaging all the territory held by the Carthaginians and forcing the enemy to take refuge behind walls, led all his army against MotyÃª; for he hoped that when this city had been reduced by siege, all the others would forthwith surrender themselves to him. Accordingly, he at once put many times more men on the task of filling up the strait between the city and the coast, and, as the mole was extended, advanced his engines of war little by little toward the walls.
14.51.1. \xa0After Dionysius had completed the mole by employing a large force of labourers, he advanced war engines of every kind against the walls and kept hammering the towers with his battering-rams, while with the catapults he kept down the fighters on the battlements; and he also advanced against the walls his wheeled towers, six stories high, which he had built to equal the height of the houses.
17.40.5. \xa0Immediately he demolished what was called Old Tyre and set many tens of thousands of men to work carrying stones to construct a mole two plethra in width. He drafted into service the entire population of the neighbouring cities and the project advanced rapidly because the workers were numerous. <
17.41.1. \xa0At first, the Tyrians sailed up to the mole and mocked the king, asking if he thought that he would get the better of Poseidon. Then, as the work proceeded with unexpected rapidity, they voted to transport their children and women and old men to Carthage, assigned the young and able-bodied to the defence of the walls, and made ready for a naval engagement with their eighty triremes.' "17.41.2. \xa0They did succeed in getting a part of their children and women to safety with the Carthaginians, but they were outstripped by the abundance of Alexander's labour force, and, not being able to stop his advance with their ships, were compelled to stand the siege with almost their whole population still in the city." '
17.41.5. \xa0As the Macedonian construction came within range of their missiles, portents were sent by the gods to them in their danger. Out of the sea a tidal wave tossed a sea-monster of incredible size into the midst of the Macedonian operations. It crashed into the mole but did it no harm, remained resting a portion of its body against it for a long time and then swam off into the sea again. 17.41.6. \xa0This strange event threw both sides into superstition, each imagining that the portent signified that Poseidon would come to their aid, for they were swayed by their own interest in the matter.''. None

11. None, None, nan (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • amor, as destructive force • disease, as a force of (re)creation • disease, as a force of destruction • war imagery, war between elemental forces

Found in books: Gale (2000) 48, 96, 97; Kazantzidis (2021) 11, 12, 13, 20, 21, 22, 23, 34, 35, 158

12. New Testament, Romans, 1.24, 6.3-6.4 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Fear, of Natural Forces • evil, forces and powers • flesh (as negative force)

Found in books: Berglund Crostini and Kelhoffer (2022) 371; Stuckenbruck (2007) 482; deSilva (2022) 24, 119, 224

1.24. Διὸ παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς ὁ θεὸς ἐν ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις τῶν καρδιῶν αὐτῶν εἰς ἀκαθαρσίαν τοῦ ἀτιμάζεσθαι τὰ σώματα αὐτῶν ἐν αὐτοῖς,
6.3. ἢ ἀγνοεῖτε ὅτι ὅσοι ἐβαπτίσθημεν εἰς Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν εἰς τὸν θάνατον αὐτοῦ ἐβαπτίσθημεν; 6.4. συνετάφημεν οὖν αὐτῷ διὰ τοῦ βαπτίσματος εἰς τὸν θάνατον, ἵνα ὥσπερ ἠγέρθη Χριστὸς ἐκ νεκρῶν διὰ τῆς δόξης τοῦ πατρός, οὕτως καὶ ἡμεῖς ἐν καινότητι ζωῆς περιπατήσωμεν.''. None

1.24. Therefore God also gave them up in the lusts of their hearts to uncleanness, that their bodies should be dishonored among themselves, ' "
6.3. Or don't you know that all we who were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death? " '6.4. We were buried therefore with him through baptism to death, that just like Christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the Father, so we also might walk in newness of life. ''. None

13. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • evil, forces and powers • rhetorical force,

Found in books: Berglund Crostini and Kelhoffer (2022) 371; Robbins et al (2017) 144, 166

14. Vergil, Aeneis, 2.264, 4.376
Tagged with subjects: • amor, as destructive force • disease, as a force of (re)creation • disease, as a force of destruction • ethical qualities, force, violence

Found in books: Farrell (2021) 206, 248; Gale (2000) 48; Kazantzidis (2021) 14

2.264. et Menelaus, et ipse doli fabricator Epeos.
4.376. Heu furiis incensa feror! Nunc augur Apollo,''. None

2.264. a ruin horrible—O, may the gods
4.376. flowed purple from his shoulder, broidered fair ''. None

Please note: the results are produced through a computerized process which may frequently lead to errors, both in incorrect tagging and in other issues. Please use with caution.
Due to load times, full text fetching is currently attempted for validated results only.
Full texts for Hebrew Bible and rabbinic texts is kindly supplied by Sefaria; for Greek and Latin texts, by Perseus Scaife, for the Quran, by Tanzil.net

For a list of book indices included, see here.

Tiresias: The Ancient Mediterranean Religions Source Database