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Tiresias: The Ancient Mediterranean Religions Source Database



11244
Xenophon, Constitution Of The Athenians, 1.2
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Intertexts (texts cited often on the same page as the searched text):

9 results
1. Euripides, Suppliant Women, 404-441, 403 (5th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)

403. Sir stranger, thou hast made a false beginning to thy speech, in seeking here a despot. For this city is not ruled
2. Herodotus, Histories, 3.80-3.82 (5th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)

3.80. After the tumult quieted down, and five days passed, the rebels against the Magi held a council on the whole state of affairs, at which sentiments were uttered which to some Greeks seem incredible, but there is no doubt that they were spoken. ,Otanes was for turning the government over to the Persian people: “It seems to me,” he said, “that there can no longer be a single sovereign over us, for that is not pleasant or good. You saw the insolence of Cambyses, how far it went, and you had your share of the insolence of the Magus. ,How can monarchy be a fit thing, when the ruler can do what he wants with impunity? Give this power to the best man on earth, and it would stir him to unaccustomed thoughts. Insolence is created in him by the good things to hand, while from birth envy is rooted in man. ,Acquiring the two he possesses complete evil; for being satiated he does many reckless things, some from insolence, some from envy. And yet an absolute ruler ought to be free of envy, having all good things; but he becomes the opposite of this towards his citizens; he envies the best who thrive and live, and is pleased by the worst of his fellows; and he is the best confidant of slander. ,of all men he is the most inconsistent; for if you admire him modestly he is angry that you do not give him excessive attention, but if one gives him excessive attention he is angry because one is a flatter. But I have yet worse to say of him than that; he upsets the ancestral ways and rapes women and kills indiscriminately. ,But the rule of the multitude has in the first place the loveliest name of all, equality, and does in the second place none of the things that a monarch does. It determines offices by lot, and holds power accountable, and conducts all deliberating publicly. Therefore I give my opinion that we make an end of monarchy and exalt the multitude, for all things are possible for the majority.” 3.81. Such was the judgment of Otanes: but Megabyzus urged that they resort to an oligarchy. “I agree,” said he, “with all that Otanes says against the rule of one; but when he tells you to give the power to the multitude, his judgment strays from the best. Nothing is more foolish and violent than a useless mob; ,for men fleeing the insolence of a tyrant to fall victim to the insolence of the unguided populace is by no means to be tolerated. Whatever the one does, he does with knowledge, but for the other knowledge is impossible; how can they have knowledge who have not learned or seen for themselves what is best, but always rush headlong and drive blindly onward, like a river in flood? ,Let those like democracy who wish ill to Persia ; but let us choose a group of the best men and invest these with the power. For we ourselves shall be among them, and among the best men it is likely that there will be the best counsels.” 3.82. Such was the judgment of Megabyzus. Darius was the third to express his opinion. “It seems to me,” he said, “that Megabyzus speaks well concerning democracy but not concerning oligarchy. For if the three are proposed and all are at their best for the sake of argument, the best democracy and oligarchy and monarchy, I hold that monarchy is by far the most excellent. ,One could describe nothing better than the rule of the one best man; using the best judgment, he will govern the multitude with perfect wisdom, and best conceal plans made for the defeat of enemies. ,But in an oligarchy, the desire of many to do the state good service often produces bitter hate among them; for because each one wishes to be first and to make his opinions prevail, violent hate is the outcome, from which comes faction and from faction killing, and from killing it reverts to monarchy, and by this is shown how much better monarchy is. ,Then again, when the people rule it is impossible that wickedness will not occur; and when wickedness towards the state occurs, hatred does not result among the wicked, but strong alliances; for those that want to do the state harm conspire to do it together. This goes on until one of the people rises to stop such men. He therefore becomes the people's idol, and being their idol is made their monarch; and thus he also proves that monarchy is best. ,But (to conclude the whole matter in one word) tell me, where did freedom come from for us and who gave it, from the people or an oligarchy or a single ruler? I believe, therefore, that we who were liberated through one man should maintain such a government, and, besides this, that we should not alter our ancestral ways that are good; that would not be better.”
3. Thucydides, The History of The Peloponnesian War, 3.97-3.98, 8.24.2 (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE)

8.24.2. Meanwhile Leon and Diomedon with the Athenian fleet from Lesbos issuing from the OeLacedaenussae, the isles off Chios, and from their forts of Sidussa and Pteleum in the Erythraeid, and from Lesbos, carried on the war against the Chians from the ships, having on board heavy infantry from the rolls pressed to serve as marines.
4. Xenophon, Hellenica, 2.4.9, 2.4.20 (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE)

2.4.20. And Cleocritus, the herald of the initiated, i.e. in the Eleusinian mysteries. a man with a very fine voice, obtained silence and said: Fellow citizens, why do you drive us out of the city? why do you wish to kill us? For we never did you any harm, but we have shared with you in the most solemn rites and sacrifices and the most splendid festivals, we have been companions in the dance and schoolmates and comrades in arms, and we have braved many dangers with you both by land and by sea in defense of the 404 B.C. common safety and freedom of us both.
5. Xenophon, Constitution of The Athenians, 1.4-1.9 (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE)

6. Aristotle, Athenian Constitution, 7.3-7.4, 8.3, 8.5, 24.2, 26.3-26.4, 27.4, 42.1 (4th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE)

7. Plutarch, Phocion, 4.2 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)

8. Plutarch, Solon, 18.1-18.2 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)

18.1. In the second place, wishing to leave all the magistracies in the hands of the well-to-do, as they were, but to give the common people a share in the rest of the government, of which they had hitherto been deprived, Solon made an appraisement of the property of the citizens. Cf. Aristot. Const. Ath. 7.3 f. Those who enjoyed a yearly increase of five hundred measures (wet and dry), he placed in the first class, and called them Pentakosiomedimnoi; the second class was composed of those who were able to keep a horse, or had a yearly increase of three hundred measures 18.2. and they were called Hippada Telountes, since they paid a Knight’s tax; the members of the third class, whose yearly increase amounted to two hundred measures (wet and dry together), were called Zeugitai. All the rest were called Thetes, they were not allowed to hold any office, but took part in the administration only as members of the assembly and as jurors. This last privilege seemed at first of no moment, but afterwards proved to be of the very highest importance, since most disputes finally came into the hands of these jurors. For even in cases which Solon assigned to the magistrates for decision, he allowed also an appeal to a popular court when any one desired it.
9. Epigraphy, Ig Ii2, 1623



Subjects of this text:

subject book bibliographic info
aetolia, aetolians Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 153
antipater Amendola, The Demades Papyrus (P.Berol. inv. 13045): A New Text with Commentary (2022) 378
archons, archons, qualifications for Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80
areopagus, council of Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80
aristeides Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80
aristocracy, aristocrats, aristocratic Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80, 123
aristotle Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80, 123, 153
army Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80
assembly, the right to address Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 123
athenian naval records Amendola, The Demades Papyrus (P.Berol. inv. 13045): A New Text with Commentary (2022) 378
athenian property-classes Amendola, The Demades Papyrus (P.Berol. inv. 13045): A New Text with Commentary (2022) 378
boeotia, boeotians Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 153
ceccarelli, paola Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 123
chalcis Amendola, The Demades Papyrus (P.Berol. inv. 13045): A New Text with Commentary (2022) 378
cimon Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80
citizens Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80, 123
class, census Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 122, 153
class, hoplite Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80
class, lower Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 122, 123
class, propertied Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 122
class Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 122
cleisthenes Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80, 153
commoners Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80, 123
critias Liddel, Civic Obligation and Individual Liberty in Ancient Athens (2007) 137
critolaus of phaselis Amendola, The Demades Papyrus (P.Berol. inv. 13045): A New Text with Commentary (2022) 378
damon Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80
delian league Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 122
delion, battle of Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 153
democracy, ancient and modern, definition of Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 123
democracy, ancient and modern, naval power and Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 122, 123
democracy, ancient and modern, preconditions for Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 122
democracy, ancient and modern Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80
demos (damos), empowerment of Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80
eder, walter Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 123
egalitarianism Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 123
election Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 123
eleusis, bastion of the anti-democrats Liddel, Civic Obligation and Individual Liberty in Ancient Athens (2007) 137
empire Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80, 122, 123
ephialtes Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80
eucharistos Amendola, The Demades Papyrus (P.Berol. inv. 13045): A New Text with Commentary (2022) 378
euthune, peasant Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80
foreigners Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80
grain fund Amendola, The Demades Papyrus (P.Berol. inv. 13045): A New Text with Commentary (2022) 378
great rhetra Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 153
herodotus Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 153
homer, homeric Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 123, 153
hoplites Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 122, 123
ideology, democratic Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80, 123
ideology Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 123
idomeneus of lampsacus Amendola, The Demades Papyrus (P.Berol. inv. 13045): A New Text with Commentary (2022) 378
independence Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 122
lamptrai Liddel, Civic Obligation and Individual Liberty in Ancient Athens (2007) 137
marines Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 153
megara, megarians Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 153
meta-compounds Liddel, Civic Obligation and Individual Liberty in Ancient Athens (2007) 137
methexis Liddel, Civic Obligation and Individual Liberty in Ancient Athens (2007) 137
military Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 122, 153
navy Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80, 122, 123
obligation, military Liddel, Civic Obligation and Individual Liberty in Ancient Athens (2007) 137
obligation, negotiation of Liddel, Civic Obligation and Individual Liberty in Ancient Athens (2007) 137
old oligarch (pseudo-xenophon) Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80, 122
parrhesia Liddel, Civic Obligation and Individual Liberty in Ancient Athens (2007) 137
participation in government, by thetes Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80, 122
participation in government, military service and Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80, 122, 123
participation in government Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80
pay, for attending the assembly, for jurors Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80
pay, for attending the assembly, for participation in government Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 122
pay, for attending the assembly, for service in the navy Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80, 122
peloponnesian war Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 153
pericles, citizenship law of Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80
persia, persians Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 122
philotimia, inspired by rights of participation Liddel, Civic Obligation and Individual Liberty in Ancient Athens (2007) 137
phocion Amendola, The Demades Papyrus (P.Berol. inv. 13045): A New Text with Commentary (2022) 378
plato Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 123
politeia Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80, 123
public office, officials, accountability of Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80
raaflaub, kurt Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80
reciprocity, of rights and duties Liddel, Civic Obligation and Individual Liberty in Ancient Athens (2007) 137
reform Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80
revolution Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80
rome Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 153
rowers Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 122, 123, 153
salamis, battle of Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 153
servius tullius Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 153
shares, sharing' Liddel, Civic Obligation and Individual Liberty in Ancient Athens (2007) 137
solon Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80, 122, 153
solon of athens Amendola, The Demades Papyrus (P.Berol. inv. 13045): A New Text with Commentary (2022) 378
sortition Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 123
taxation Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80, 153
themistocles Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 153
theophrastus Amendola, The Demades Papyrus (P.Berol. inv. 13045): A New Text with Commentary (2022) 378
thetes, militarization of Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 122, 123
thirty tyrants, sharing and Liddel, Civic Obligation and Individual Liberty in Ancient Athens (2007) 137
timocracy Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80
tribes (phulai) Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80, 153
trierarchy Amendola, The Demades Papyrus (P.Berol. inv. 13045): A New Text with Commentary (2022) 378
urban areas/urbanization Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80
wallace, robert, viii Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 123
warfare Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 122, 123, 153
wealth Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80, 123
xenophon, ps.-xenophon, ath. pol. Rengakos and Tsakmakis, Brill's Companion to Thucydides (2006) 210
zeugitai Raaflaub Ober and Wallace, Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece (2007) 80