1. Hebrew Bible, Song of Songs, 2.8-2.14, 4.8, 5.2 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
| 2.8. קוֹל דּוֹדִי הִנֵּה־זֶה בָּא מְדַלֵּג עַל־הֶהָרִים מְקַפֵּץ עַל־הַגְּבָעוֹת׃ 2.9. דּוֹמֶה דוֹדִי לִצְבִי אוֹ לְעֹפֶר הָאַיָּלִים הִנֵּה־זֶה עוֹמֵד אַחַר כָּתְלֵנוּ מַשְׁגִּיחַ מִן־הַחֲלֹּנוֹת מֵצִיץ מִן־הַחֲרַכִּים׃ 2.11. כִּי־הִנֵּה הסתו [הַסְּתָיו] עָבָר הַגֶּשֶׁם חָלַף הָלַךְ לוֹ׃ 2.12. הַנִּצָּנִים נִרְאוּ בָאָרֶץ עֵת הַזָּמִיר הִגִּיעַ וְקוֹל הַתּוֹר נִשְׁמַע בְּאַרְצֵנוּ׃ 2.13. הַתְּאֵנָה חָנְטָה פַגֶּיהָ וְהַגְּפָנִים סְמָדַר נָתְנוּ רֵיחַ קוּמִי לכי [לָךְ] רַעְיָתִי יָפָתִי וּלְכִי־לָךְ׃ 2.14. יוֹנָתִי בְּחַגְוֵי הַסֶּלַע בְּסֵתֶר הַמַּדְרֵגָה הַרְאִינִי אֶתּ־מַרְאַיִךְ הַשְׁמִיעִינִי אֶת־קוֹלֵךְ כִּי־קוֹלֵךְ עָרֵב וּמַרְאֵיךְ נָאוֶה׃ 4.8. אִתִּי מִלְּבָנוֹן כַּלָּה אִתִּי מִלְּבָנוֹן תָּבוֹאִי תָּשׁוּרִי מֵרֹאשׁ אֲמָנָה מֵרֹאשׁ שְׂנִיר וְחֶרְמוֹן מִמְּעֹנוֹת אֲרָיוֹת מֵהַרְרֵי נְמֵרִים׃ 5.2. אֲנִי יְשֵׁנָה וְלִבִּי עֵר קוֹל דּוֹדִי דוֹפֵק פִּתְחִי־לִי אֲחֹתִי רַעְיָתִי יוֹנָתִי תַמָּתִי שֶׁרֹּאשִׁי נִמְלָא־טָל קְוֻּצּוֹתַי רְסִיסֵי לָיְלָה׃ | 2.8. Hark! my beloved! behold, he cometh, Leaping upon the mountains, skipping upon the hills. 2.9. My beloved is like a gazelle or a young hart; Behold, he standeth behind our wall, He looketh in through the windows, He peereth through the lattice. 2.10. My beloved spoke, and said unto me: ‘Rise up, my love, my fair one, and come away. 2.11. For, lo, the winter is past, The rain is over and gone; 2.12. The flowers appear on the earth; The time of singing is come, And the voice of the turtle is heard in our land; 2.13. The fig-tree putteth forth her green figs, And the vines in blossom give forth their fragrance. Arise, my love, my fair one, and come away. 2.14. O my dove, that art in the clefts of the rock, in the covert of the cliff, Let me see thy countece, let me hear thy voice; For sweet is thy voice, and thy countece is comely.’ 4.8. Come with me from Lebanon, my bride, With me from Lebanon; Look from the top of Amana, From the top of Senir and Hermon, From the lions’dens, From the mountains of the leopards. 5.2. I sleep, but my heart waketh; Hark! my beloved knocketh: ‘Open to me, my sister, my love, my dove, my undefiled; For my head is filled with dew, My locks with the drops of the night.’ |
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2. Hebrew Bible, Deuteronomy, 25.17 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
| 25.17. זָכוֹר אֵת אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂה לְךָ עֲמָלֵק בַּדֶּרֶךְ בְּצֵאתְכֶם מִמִּצְרָיִם׃ | 25.17. Remember what Amalek did unto thee by the way as ye came forth out of Egypt;" |
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3. Hebrew Bible, Exodus, 12.2, 12.41, 17.1-17.16, 20.6 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
| 12.2. כָּל־מַחְמֶצֶת לֹא תֹאכֵלוּ בְּכֹל מוֹשְׁבֹתֵיכֶם תֹּאכְלוּ מַצּוֹת׃ 12.2. הַחֹדֶשׁ הַזֶּה לָכֶם רֹאשׁ חֳדָשִׁים רִאשׁוֹן הוּא לָכֶם לְחָדְשֵׁי הַשָּׁנָה׃ 12.41. וַיְהִי מִקֵּץ שְׁלֹשִׁים שָׁנָה וְאַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה וַיְהִי בְּעֶצֶם הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה יָצְאוּ כָּל־צִבְאוֹת יְהוָה מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם׃ 17.1. וַיִּסְעוּ כָּל־עֲדַת בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּדְבַּר־סִין לְמַסְעֵיהֶם עַל־פִּי יְהוָה וַיַּחֲנוּ בִּרְפִידִים וְאֵין מַיִם לִשְׁתֹּת הָעָם׃ 17.1. וַיַּעַשׂ יְהוֹשֻׁעַ כַּאֲשֶׁר אָמַר־לוֹ מֹשֶׁה לְהִלָּחֵם בַּעֲמָלֵק וּמֹשֶׁה אַהֲרֹן וְחוּר עָלוּ רֹאשׁ הַגִּבְעָה׃ 17.2. וַיָּרֶב הָעָם עִם־מֹשֶׁה וַיֹּאמְרוּ תְּנוּ־לָנוּ מַיִם וְנִשְׁתֶּה וַיֹּאמֶר לָהֶם מֹשֶׁה מַה־תְּרִיבוּן עִמָּדִי מַה־תְּנַסּוּן אֶת־יְהוָה׃ 17.3. וַיִּצְמָא שָׁם הָעָם לַמַּיִם וַיָּלֶן הָעָם עַל־מֹשֶׁה וַיֹּאמֶר לָמָּה זֶּה הֶעֱלִיתָנוּ מִמִּצְרַיִם לְהָמִית אֹתִי וְאֶת־בָּנַי וְאֶת־מִקְנַי בַּצָּמָא׃ 17.4. וַיִּצְעַק מֹשֶׁה אֶל־יְהוָה לֵאמֹר מָה אֶעֱשֶׂה לָעָם הַזֶּה עוֹד מְעַט וּסְקָלֻנִי׃ 17.5. וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה עֲבֹר לִפְנֵי הָעָם וְקַח אִתְּךָ מִזִּקְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וּמַטְּךָ אֲשֶׁר הִכִּיתָ בּוֹ אֶת־הַיְאֹר קַח בְּיָדְךָ וְהָלָכְתָּ׃ 17.6. הִנְנִי עֹמֵד לְפָנֶיךָ שָּׁם עַל־הַצּוּר בְּחֹרֵב וְהִכִּיתָ בַצּוּר וְיָצְאוּ מִמֶּנּוּ מַיִם וְשָׁתָה הָעָם וַיַּעַשׂ כֵּן מֹשֶׁה לְעֵינֵי זִקְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל׃ 17.7. וַיִּקְרָא שֵׁם הַמָּקוֹם מַסָּה וּמְרִיבָה עַל־רִיב בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְעַל נַסֹּתָם אֶת־יְהוָה לֵאמֹר הֲיֵשׁ יְהוָה בְּקִרְבֵּנוּ אִם־אָיִן׃ 17.8. וַיָּבֹא עֲמָלֵק וַיִּלָּחֶם עִם־יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּרְפִידִם׃ 17.9. וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֶל־יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בְּחַר־לָנוּ אֲנָשִׁים וְצֵא הִלָּחֵם בַּעֲמָלֵק מָחָר אָנֹכִי נִצָּב עַל־רֹאשׁ הַגִּבְעָה וּמַטֵּה הָאֱלֹהִים בְּיָדִי׃ 17.11. וְהָיָה כַּאֲשֶׁר יָרִים מֹשֶׁה יָדוֹ וְגָבַר יִשְׂרָאֵל וְכַאֲשֶׁר יָנִיחַ יָדוֹ וְגָבַר עֲמָלֵק׃ 17.12. וִידֵי מֹשֶׁה כְּבֵדִים וַיִּקְחוּ־אֶבֶן וַיָּשִׂימוּ תַחְתָּיו וַיֵּשֶׁב עָלֶיהָ וְאַהֲרֹן וְחוּר תָּמְכוּ בְיָדָיו מִזֶּה אֶחָד וּמִזֶּה אֶחָד וַיְהִי יָדָיו אֱמוּנָה עַד־בֹּא הַשָּׁמֶשׁ׃ 17.13. וַיַּחֲלֹשׁ יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אֶת־עֲמָלֵק וְאֶת־עַמּוֹ לְפִי־חָרֶב׃ 17.14. וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה כְּתֹב זֹאת זִכָּרוֹן בַּסֵּפֶר וְשִׂים בְּאָזְנֵי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ כִּי־מָחֹה אֶמְחֶה אֶת־זֵכֶר עֲמָלֵק מִתַּחַת הַשָּׁמָיִם׃ 17.15. וַיִּבֶן מֹשֶׁה מִזְבֵּחַ וַיִּקְרָא שְׁמוֹ יְהוָה נִסִּי׃ 17.16. וַיֹּאמֶר כִּי־יָד עַל־כֵּס יָהּ מִלְחָמָה לַיהוָה בַּעֲמָלֵק מִדֹּר דֹּר׃ 20.6. וְעֹשֶׂה חֶסֶד לַאֲלָפִים לְאֹהֲבַי וּלְשֹׁמְרֵי מִצְוֺתָי׃ | 12.2. ’This month shall be unto you the beginning of months; it shall be the first month of the year to you." 12.41. And it came to pass at the end of four hundred and thirty years, even the selfsame day it came to pass, that all the host of the LORD went out from the land of Egypt." 17.1. And all the congregation of the children of Israel journeyed from the wilderness of Sin, by their stages, according to the commandment of the LORD, and encamped in Rephidim; and there was no water for the people to drink." 17.2. Wherefore the people strove with Moses, and said: ‘Give us water that we may drink.’ And Moses said unto them: ‘Why strive ye with me? wherefore do ye try the LORD?’" 17.3. And the people thirsted there for water; and the people murmured against Moses, and said: ‘Wherefore hast thou brought us up out of Egypt, to kill us and our children and our cattle with thirst?’" 17.4. And Moses cried unto the LORD, saying: ‘What shall I do unto this people? they are almost ready to stone me.’" 17.5. And the LORD said unto Moses: ‘Pass on before the people, and take with thee of the elders of Israel; and thy rod, wherewith thou smotest the river, take in thy hand, and go." 17.6. Behold, I will stand before thee there upon the rock in Horeb; and thou shalt smite the rock, and there shall come water out of it, that the people may drink.’ And Moses did so in the sight of the elders of Israel." 17.7. And the name of the place was called Massah, and Meribah, because of the striving of the children of Israel, and because they tried the LORD, saying: ‘Is the LORD among us, or not?’" 17.8. Then came Amalek, and fought with Israel in Rephidim." 17.9. And Moses said unto Joshua: ‘Choose us out men, and go out, fight with Amalek; tomorrow I will stand on the top of the hill with the rod of God in my hand.’" 17.10. So Joshua did as Moses had said to him, and fought with Amalek; and Moses, Aaron, and Hur went up to the top of the hill." 17.11. And it came to pass, when Moses held up his hand, that Israel prevailed; and when he let down his hand, Amalek prevailed." 17.12. But Moses’hands were heavy; and they took a stone, and put it under him, and he sat thereon; and Aaron and Hur stayed up his hands, the one on the one side, and the other on the other side; and his hands were steady until the going down of the sun." 17.13. And Joshua discomfited Amalek and his people with the edge of the sword." 17.14. And the LORD said unto Moses: ‘Write this for a memorial in the book, and rehearse it in the ears of Joshua: for I will utterly blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven.’" 17.15. And Moses built an altar, and called the name of it Adonai-nissi." 17.16. And he said: ‘The hand upon the throne of the LORD: the LORD will have war with Amalek from generation to generation.’" 20.6. and showing mercy unto the thousandth generation of them that love Me and keep My commandments." |
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4. Hebrew Bible, Genesis, 2-3, 1 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
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5. Hebrew Bible, Leviticus, 18.3-18.23, 19.19, 20.10-20.20 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
| 18.3. וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם אֶת־מִשְׁמַרְתִּי לְבִלְתִּי עֲשׂוֹת מֵחֻקּוֹת הַתּוֹעֵבֹת אֲשֶׁר נַעֲשׂוּ לִפְנֵיכֶם וְלֹא תִטַּמְּאוּ בָּהֶם אֲנִי יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם׃ 18.3. כְּמַעֲשֵׂה אֶרֶץ־מִצְרַיִם אֲשֶׁר יְשַׁבְתֶּם־בָּהּ לֹא תַעֲשׂוּ וּכְמַעֲשֵׂה אֶרֶץ־כְּנַעַן אֲשֶׁר אֲנִי מֵבִיא אֶתְכֶם שָׁמָּה לֹא תַעֲשׂוּ וּבְחֻקֹּתֵיהֶם לֹא תֵלֵכוּ׃ 18.4. אֶת־מִשְׁפָּטַי תַּעֲשׂוּ וְאֶת־חֻקֹּתַי תִּשְׁמְרוּ לָלֶכֶת בָּהֶם אֲנִי יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם׃ 18.5. וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם אֶת־חֻקֹּתַי וְאֶת־מִשְׁפָּטַי אֲשֶׁר יַעֲשֶׂה אֹתָם הָאָדָם וָחַי בָּהֶם אֲנִי יְהוָה׃ 18.6. אִישׁ אִישׁ אֶל־כָּל־שְׁאֵר בְּשָׂרוֹ לֹא תִקְרְבוּ לְגַלּוֹת עֶרְוָה אֲנִי יְהוָה׃ 18.7. עֶרְוַת אָבִיךָ וְעֶרְוַת אִמְּךָ לֹא תְגַלֵּה אִמְּךָ הִוא לֹא תְגַלֶּה עֶרְוָתָהּ׃ 18.8. עֶרְוַת אֵשֶׁת־אָבִיךָ לֹא תְגַלֵּה עֶרְוַת אָבִיךָ הִוא׃ 18.9. עֶרְוַת אֲחוֹתְךָ בַת־אָבִיךָ אוֹ בַת־אִמֶּךָ מוֹלֶדֶת בַּיִת אוֹ מוֹלֶדֶת חוּץ לֹא תְגַלֶּה עֶרְוָתָן׃ 18.11. עֶרְוַת בַּת־אֵשֶׁת אָבִיךָ מוֹלֶדֶת אָבִיךָ אֲחוֹתְךָ הִוא לֹא תְגַלֶּה עֶרְוָתָהּ׃ 18.12. עֶרְוַת אֲחוֹת־אָבִיךָ לֹא תְגַלֵּה שְׁאֵר אָבִיךָ הִוא׃ 18.13. עֶרְוַת אֲחוֹת־אִמְּךָ לֹא תְגַלֵּה כִּי־שְׁאֵר אִמְּךָ הִוא׃ 18.14. עֶרְוַת אֲחִי־אָבִיךָ לֹא תְגַלֵּה אֶל־אִשְׁתּוֹ לֹא תִקְרָב דֹּדָתְךָ הִוא׃ 18.15. עֶרְוַת כַּלָּתְךָ לֹא תְגַלֵּה אֵשֶׁת בִּנְךָ הִוא לֹא תְגַלֶּה עֶרְוָתָהּ׃ 18.16. עֶרְוַת אֵשֶׁת־אָחִיךָ לֹא תְגַלֵּה עֶרְוַת אָחִיךָ הִוא׃ 18.17. עֶרְוַת אִשָּׁה וּבִתָּהּ לֹא תְגַלֵּה אֶת־בַּת־בְּנָהּ וְאֶת־בַּת־בִּתָּהּ לֹא תִקַּח לְגַלּוֹת עֶרְוָתָהּ שַׁאֲרָה הֵנָּה זִמָּה הִוא 18.18. וְאִשָּׁה אֶל־אֲחֹתָהּ לֹא תִקָּח לִצְרֹר לְגַלּוֹת עֶרְוָתָהּ עָלֶיהָ בְּחַיֶּיהָ׃ 18.19. וְאֶל־אִשָּׁה בְּנִדַּת טֻמְאָתָהּ לֹא תִקְרַב לְגַלּוֹת עֶרְוָתָהּ׃ 18.21. וּמִזַּרְעֲךָ לֹא־תִתֵּן לְהַעֲבִיר לַמֹּלֶךְ וְלֹא תְחַלֵּל אֶת־שֵׁם אֱלֹהֶיךָ אֲנִי יְהוָה׃ 18.22. וְאֶת־זָכָר לֹא תִשְׁכַּב מִשְׁכְּבֵי אִשָּׁה תּוֹעֵבָה הִוא׃ 18.23. וּבְכָל־בְּהֵמָה לֹא־תִתֵּן שְׁכָבְתְּךָ לְטָמְאָה־בָהּ וְאִשָּׁה לֹא־תַעֲמֹד לִפְנֵי בְהֵמָה לְרִבְעָהּ תֶּבֶל הוּא׃ 19.19. אֶת־חֻקֹּתַי תִּשְׁמֹרוּ בְּהֶמְתְּךָ לֹא־תַרְבִּיעַ כִּלְאַיִם שָׂדְךָ לֹא־תִזְרַע כִּלְאָיִם וּבֶגֶד כִּלְאַיִם שַׁעַטְנֵז לֹא יַעֲלֶה עָלֶיךָ׃ 20.11. וְאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יִשְׁכַּב אֶת־אֵשֶׁת אָבִיו עֶרְוַת אָבִיו גִּלָּה מוֹת־יוּמְתוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם דְּמֵיהֶם בָּם׃ 20.12. וְאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יִשְׁכַּב אֶת־כַּלָּתוֹ מוֹת יוּמְתוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם תֶּבֶל עָשׂוּ דְּמֵיהֶם בָּם׃ 20.13. וְאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יִשְׁכַּב אֶת־זָכָר מִשְׁכְּבֵי אִשָּׁה תּוֹעֵבָה עָשׂוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם מוֹת יוּמָתוּ דְּמֵיהֶם בָּם׃ 20.14. וְאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יִקַּח אֶת־אִשָּׁה וְאֶת־אִמָּהּ זִמָּה הִוא בָּאֵשׁ יִשְׂרְפוּ אֹתוֹ וְאֶתְהֶן וְלֹא־תִהְיֶה זִמָּה בְּתוֹכְכֶם׃ 20.15. וְאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יִתֵּן שְׁכָבְתּוֹ בִּבְהֵמָה מוֹת יוּמָת וְאֶת־הַבְּהֵמָה תַּהֲרֹגוּ׃ 20.16. וְאִשָּׁה אֲשֶׁר תִּקְרַב אֶל־כָּל־בְּהֵמָה לְרִבְעָה אֹתָהּ וְהָרַגְתָּ אֶת־הָאִשָּׁה וְאֶת־הַבְּהֵמָה מוֹת יוּמָתוּ דְּמֵיהֶם בָּם׃ 20.17. וְאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר־יִקַּח אֶת־אֲחֹתוֹ בַּת־אָבִיו אוֹ בַת־אִמּוֹ וְרָאָה אֶת־עֶרְוָתָהּ וְהִיא־תִרְאֶה אֶת־עֶרְוָתוֹ חֶסֶד הוּא וְנִכְרְתוּ לְעֵינֵי בְּנֵי עַמָּם עֶרְוַת אֲחֹתוֹ גִּלָּה עֲוֺנוֹ יִשָּׂא׃ 20.18. וְאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר־יִשְׁכַּב אֶת־אִשָּׁה דָּוָה וְגִלָּה אֶת־עֶרְוָתָהּ אֶת־מְקֹרָהּ הֶעֱרָה וְהִיא גִּלְּתָה אֶת־מְקוֹר דָּמֶיהָ וְנִכְרְתוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם מִקֶּרֶב עַמָּם׃ 20.19. וְעֶרְוַת אֲחוֹת אִמְּךָ וַאֲחוֹת אָבִיךָ לֹא תְגַלֵּה כִּי אֶת־שְׁאֵרוֹ הֶעֱרָה עֲוֺנָם יִשָּׂאוּ׃ | 18.3. After the doings of the land of Egypt, wherein ye dwelt, shall ye not do; and after the doings of the land of Canaan, whither I bring you, shall ye not do; neither shall ye walk in their statutes." 18.4. Mine ordices shall ye do, and My statutes shall ye keep, to walk therein: I am the LORD your God." 18.5. Ye shall therefore keep My statutes, and Mine ordices, which if a man do, he shall live by them: I am the LORD." 18.6. None of you shall approach to any that is near of kin to him, to uncover their nakedness. I am the LORD." 18.7. The nakedness of thy father, and the nakedness of thy mother, shalt thou not uncover: she is thy mother; thou shalt not uncover her nakedness." 18.8. The nakedness of thy father’s wife shalt thou not uncover: it is thy father’s nakedness." 18.9. The nakedness of thy sister, the daughter of thy father, or the daughter of thy mother, whether born at home, or born abroad, even their nakedness thou shalt not uncover. ." 18.10. The nakedness of thy son’s daughter, or of thy daughter’s daughter, even their nakedness thou shalt not uncover; for theirs is thine own nakedness." 18.11. The nakedness of thy father’s wife’s daughter, begotten of thy father, she is thy sister, thou shalt not uncover her nakedness." 18.12. Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy father’s sister: she is thy father’s near kinswoman." 18.13. Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy mother’s sister; for she is thy mother’s near kinswoman." 18.14. Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy fathers brother, thou shalt not approach to his wife: she is thine aunt." 18.15. Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy daughter-in-law: she is thy son’wife; thou shalt not uncover her nakedness." 18.16. Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy brother’s wife: it is thy brother’s nakedness." 18.17. Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of a woman and her daughter; thou shalt not take her son’s daughter, or her daughter’s daughter, to uncover her nakedness: they are near kinswomen; it is lewdness." 18.18. And thou shalt not take a woman to her sister, to be a rival to her, to uncover her nakedness, beside the other in her lifetime." 18.19. And thou shalt not approach unto a woman to uncover her nakedness, as long as she is impure by her uncleanness." 18.20. And thou shalt not lie carnally with thy neighbour’s wife, to defile thyself with her." 18.21. And thou shalt not give any of thy seed to set them apart to Molech, neither shalt thou profane the name of thy God: I am the LORD." 18.22. Thou shalt not lie with mankind, as with womankind; it is abomination." 18.23. And thou shalt not lie with any beast to defile thyself therewith; neither shall any woman stand before a beast, to lie down thereto; it is perversion." 19.19. Ye shall keep My statutes. Thou shalt not let thy cattle gender with a diverse kind; thou shalt not sow thy field with two kinds of seed; neither shall there come upon thee a garment of two kinds of stuff mingled together." 20.10. And the man that committeth adultery with another man’s wife, even he that committeth adultery with his neighbour’s wife, both the adulterer and the adulteress shall surely be put to death." 20.11. And the man that lieth with his father’s wife—he hath uncovered his father’s nakedness—both of them shall surely be put to death; their blood shall be upon them." 20.12. And if a man lie with his daughter-in-law, both of them shall surely be put to death; they have wrought corruption; their blood shall be upon them." 20.13. And if a man lie with mankind, as with womankind, both of them have committed abomination: they shall surely be put to death; their blood shall be upon them." 20.14. And if a man take with his wife also her mother, it is wickedness: they shall be burnt with fire, both he and they; that there be no wickedness among you." 20.15. And if a man lie with a beast, he shall surely be put to death; and ye shall slay the beast." 20.16. And if a woman approach unto any beast, and lie down thereto, thou shalt kill the woman, and the beast: they shall surely be put to death; their blood shall be upon them." 20.17. And if a man shall take his sister, his father’s daughter, or his mother’s daughter, and see her nakedness, and she see his nakedness: it is a shameful thing; and they shall be cut off in the sight of the children of their people: he hath uncovered his sister’s nakedness; he shall bear his iniquity." 20.18. And if a man shall lie with a woman having her sickness, and shall uncover her nakedness—he hath made naked her fountain, and she hath uncovered the fountain of her blood—both of them shall be cut off from among their people." 20.19. And thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy mother’s sister, nor of thy father’s sister; for he hath made naked his near kin; they shall bear their iniquity." 20.20. And if a man shall lie with his uncle’s wife—he hath uncovered his uncle’s nakedness—they shall bear their sin; they shall die childless." |
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6. Hebrew Bible, Proverbs, 25.16, 31.25 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
| 25.16. דְּבַשׁ מָצָאתָ אֱכֹל דַּיֶּךָּ פֶּן־תִּשְׂבָּעֶנּוּ וַהֲקֵאתוֹ׃ 31.25. עֹז־וְהָדָר לְבוּשָׁהּ וַתִּשְׂחַק לְיוֹם אַחֲרוֹן׃ | 25.16. Hast thou found honey? eat so much as is sufficient for thee, Lest thou be filled therewith, and vomit it." 31.25. Strength and dignity are her clothing; And she laugheth at the time to come." |
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7. Hebrew Bible, Psalms, 82.6-82.7, 116.15, 148.7 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
| 82.6. אֲנִי־אָמַרְתִּי אֱלֹהִים אַתֶּם וּבְנֵי עֶלְיוֹן כֻּלְּכֶם׃ 82.7. אָכֵן כְּאָדָם תְּמוּתוּן וּכְאַחַד הַשָּׂרִים תִּפֹּלוּ׃ 116.15. יָקָר בְּעֵינֵי יְהוָה הַמָּוְתָה לַחֲסִידָיו׃ 148.7. הַלְלוּ אֶת־יְהוָה מִן־הָאָרֶץ תַּנִּינִים וְכָל־תְּהֹמוֹת׃ | 82.6. I said: Ye are godlike beings, and all of you sons of the Most High." 82.7. Nevertheless ye shall die like men, and fall like one of the princes.'" 116.15. Precious in the sight of the LORD Is the death of His saints." 148.7. Praise the LORD from the earth, Ye sea-monsters, and all deeps;" |
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8. Hebrew Bible, 1 Kings, 6.3 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
| 6.3. וְהָאוּלָם עַל־פְּנֵי הֵיכַל הַבַּיִת עֶשְׂרִים אַמָּה אָרְכּוֹ עַל־פְּנֵי רֹחַב הַבָּיִת עֶשֶׂר בָּאַמָּה רָחְבּוֹ עַל־פְּנֵי הַבָּיִת׃ 6.3. וְאֶת־קַרְקַע הַבַּיִת צִפָּה זָהָב לִפְנִימָה וְלַחִיצוֹן׃ | 6.3. And the porch before the atemple of the house, twenty cubits was the length thereof, according to the breadth of the house; and ten cubits was the breadth thereof before the house." |
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9. Hebrew Bible, Jeremiah, 33.11 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
| 33.11. קוֹל שָׂשׂוֹן וְקוֹל שִׂמְחָה קוֹל חָתָן וְקוֹל כַּלָּה קוֹל אֹמְרִים הוֹדוּ אֶת־יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת כִּי־טוֹב יְהוָה כִּי־לְעוֹלָם חַסְדּוֹ מְבִאִים תּוֹדָה בֵּית יְהוָה כִּי־אָשִׁיב אֶת־שְׁבוּת־הָאָרֶץ כְּבָרִאשֹׁנָה אָמַר יְהוָה׃ | 33.11. the voice of joy and the voice of gladness, the voice of the bridegroom and the voice of the bride, the voice of them that say: ‘Give thanks to the LORD of hosts, for the LORD is good, for His mercy endureth for ever’, even of them that bring offerings of thanksgiving into the house of the LORD. For I will cause the captivity of the land to return as at the first, saith the LORD." |
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10. Hebrew Bible, Ezekiel, 44.7 (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
| 44.7. בַּהֲבִיאֲכֶם בְּנֵי־נֵכָר עַרְלֵי־לֵב וְעַרְלֵי בָשָׂר לִהְיוֹת בְּמִקְדָּשִׁי לְחַלְּלוֹ אֶת־בֵּיתִי בְּהַקְרִיבְכֶם אֶת־לַחְמִי חֵלֶב וָדָם וַיָּפֵרוּ אֶת־בְּרִיתִי אֶל כָּל־תּוֹעֲבוֹתֵיכֶם׃ | 44.7. in that ye have brought in aliens, uncircumcised in heart and uncircumcised in flesh, to be in My sanctuary, to profane it, even My house, when ye offer My bread, the fat and the blood, and they have broken My covet, to add unto all your abominations." |
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11. Hebrew Bible, Ecclesiastes, 1.8, 5.5 (5th cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
| 1.8. כָּל־הַדְּבָרִים יְגֵעִים לֹא־יוּכַל אִישׁ לְדַבֵּר לֹא־תִשְׂבַּע עַיִן לִרְאוֹת וְלֹא־תִמָּלֵא אֹזֶן מִשְּׁמֹעַ׃ 5.5. אַל־תִּתֵּן אֶת־פִּיךָ לַחֲטִיא אֶת־בְּשָׂרֶךָ וְאַל־תֹּאמַר לִפְנֵי הַמַּלְאָךְ כִּי שְׁגָגָה הִיא לָמָּה יִקְצֹף הָאֱלֹהִים עַל־קוֹלֶךָ וְחִבֵּל אֶת־מַעֲשֵׂה יָדֶיךָ׃ | 1.8. All things toil to weariness; Man cannot utter it, The eye is not satisfied with seeing, Nor the ear filled with hearing." 5.5. Suffer not thy mouth to bring thy flesh into guilt, neither say thou before the messenger, that it was an error; wherefore should God be angry at thy voice, and destroy the work of thy hands?" |
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12. Anon., Letter of Aristeas, 120, 225-228, 119 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
| 119. We were told that from the neighbouring mountains of Arabia copper and iron were formerly obtained. This was stopped, however, at the time of the Persian rule, since the authorities of the time spread |
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13. Dead Sea Scrolls, Community Rule, 4.22 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE)
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14. Hebrew Bible, Daniel, 2.21 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
| 2.21. וְהוּא מְהַשְׁנֵא עִדָּנַיָּא וְזִמְנַיָּא מְהַעְדֵּה מַלְכִין וּמְהָקֵים מַלְכִין יָהֵב חָכְמְתָא לְחַכִּימִין וּמַנְדְּעָא לְיָדְעֵי בִינָה׃ | 2.21. And He changeth the times and the seasons; He removeth kings, and setteth up kings; He giveth wisdom unto the wise, And knowledge to them that know understanding;" |
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15. Anon., Didache, 8.1 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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16. Mishnah, Avot, 5.20 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
| 5.20. Judah ben Tema said: Be strong as a leopard, and swift as an eagle, and fleet as a gazelle, and brave as a lion, to do the will of your Father who is in heaven. He used to say: the arrogant is headed for Gehinnom and the blushing for the garden of Eden. May it be the will, O Lord our God, that your city be rebuilt speedily in our days and set our portion in the studying of your Torah." |
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17. Mishnah, Berachot, 1.5, 5.1, 5.5 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
| 1.5. They mention the Exodus from Egypt at night. Rabbi Elazar ben Azaryah said: \"Behold, I am almost a seventy-year old man and I have not succeeded in [understanding why] the Exodus from Egypt should be mentioned at night, until Ben Zoma explained it from a verse (Deuteronomy 16:3): ‘In order that you may remember the day you left Egypt all the days of your life.’ ‘The days of your life’ refers to the days. ‘All the days of your life’ refers to the nights. And the sages say: ‘the days of your life’ refers to this world. ‘All the days of your life’ includes the days of the Messiah." 5.1. One should not stand up to say Tefillah except in a reverent state of mind. The pious men of old used to wait an hour before praying in order that they might direct their thoughts to God. Even if a king greets him [while praying] he should not answer him: even if a snake is wound round his heel he should not stop." 5.5. One who is praying and makes a mistake, it is a bad sign for him. And if he is the messenger of the congregation (the prayer leader) it is a bad sign for those who have sent him, because one’s messenger is equivalent to one’s self. They said about Rabbi Hanina ben Dosa that he used to pray for the sick and say, “This one will die, this one will live.” They said to him: “How do you know?” He replied: “If my prayer comes out fluently, I know that he is accepted, but if not, then I know that he is rejected.”" |
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18. Mishnah, Eduyot, 5.7 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
| 5.7. At the time of his death he said to his son, “Retract the four opinions which I used to declare.” He (the said to him, “Why did not you retract them?” He said to him, “I heard them from the mouth of the many, and they heard [the contrary] from the mouth of the many. I stood fast by the tradition which I heard, and they stood fast by the tradition which they heard. But you have heard [my tradition] from the mouth of a single individual and [their tradition] from the mouth of the many. It is better to leave the opinion of the single individual and to hold by the opinion of the many.” He said to him, “Father commend me to your colleagues.” He said to him, “I will not commend you.” He said to him, “Have you found in me any wrong?” He said, “No; your own deeds will cause you to be near, and your own deeds will cause you to be far.”" |
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19. Mishnah, Hagigah, 1.1, 1.8, 2.1 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
| 1.1. All are obligated to appear [at the Temple], except a deaf person, an imbecile and a minor, a person of unknown sex [tumtum], a hermaphrodite, women, unfreed slaves, a lame person, a blind person, a sick person, an aged person, and one who is unable to go up on foot. Who is a minor? Whoever is unable to ride on his father’s shoulders and go up from Jerusalem to the Temple Mount, the words of Bet Shammai. But Bet Hillel say: whoever is unable to hold his father’s hand and go up from Jerusalem to the Temple Mount, as it is said: “Three regalim” (Exodus 23:14)." 1.8. [The laws concerning] the dissolution of vows hover in the air and have nothing to rest on. The laws concerning Shabbat, hagigot, and trespassing are as mountains hanging by a hair, for they have scant scriptural basis but many halakhot. [The laws concerning] civil cases and [Temple] worship, purity and impurity, and the forbidden relations have what to rest on, and they that are the essentials of the Torah." 2.1. They may not expound upon the subject of forbidden relations in the presence of three. Nor the work of creation in the presence of two. Nor [the work of] the chariot in the presence of one, unless he is a sage and understands of his own knowledge. Whoever speculates upon four things, it would have been better had he not come into the world: what is above, what is beneath, what came before, and what came after. And whoever takes no thought for the honor of his creator, it would have been better had he not come into the world." |
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20. Mishnah, Kilayim, 9.8 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
| 9.8. Only that which is spun or woven is forbidden under the law of kilayim, as it says, “You shall not wear shatnez” (Deuteronomy 22:1, that which is shua (combed) tavui (spun) and nuz (woven). Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar says: [the word shaatnez means that] he [the transgressor] is perverted (naloz) and causes his father in heaven to avert himself [from him]." |
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21. Mishnah, Middot, 4.5 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
| 4.5. The mesibbah (a winding walkway) went up from the north-east corner to the north-west corner by which they used to go up to the roofs of the cells. One would ascend the messibah facing the west, traversing the whole of the northern side till he reached the west. When he reached the west he turned to face south and then traversed whole of the west side till he reached the south. When he reached the south he turned to face eastwards and then traversed the south side till he reached the door of the upper chamber, since the door of the upper chamber opened to the south. In the doorway of the upper chamber were two columns of cedar by which they used to climb up to the roof of the upper chamber, and at the top of them was a row of stones showing the division in the upper chamber between the holy part and the Holy of Holies. There were trap doors in the upper chamber opening into the Holy of Holies by which the workmen were let down in baskets so that they should not feast their eyes on the Holy of Holies." |
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22. Mishnah, Rosh Hashanah, 3.8 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
| 3.8. “And it came to pass, when Moses held up his hand Israel prevailed” etc. (Exodus 17:1. Did the hands of Moses wage war or break [Israel’s ability] to wage war? Rather this teaches that as long as Israel would look upwards and subject their hearts to their Father in heaven they prevailed, and if not they fell. Similarly, “Make for yourself a fiery serpent and mount it on a pole. And if anyone who is bitten shall look at it, he shall live” (Numbers 21:8). Did the serpent kill or did the serpent keep alive? Rather, when Israel would look upwards and subject their hearts to their Father in heaven, they were healed, and if not their [flesh] would melt away. A deaf-mute, a lunatic and a minor cannot cause others to fulfill their religious obligation. This is the general principle: one who is not himself obligated in the matter cannot perform it on behalf of others." |
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23. Mishnah, Sotah, 9.15 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
| 9.15. When Rabbi Meir died, the composers of fables ceased. When Ben Azzai died, the diligent students [of Torah] ceased. When Ben Zoma died, the expounders ceased. When Rabbi Joshua died, goodness ceased from the world. When Rabban Shimon ben Gamaliel died, locusts come and troubles multiplied. When Rabbi Elazar ben Azaryah died, the sages ceased to be wealthy. When Rabbi Akiba died, the glory of the Torah ceased. When Rabbi Hanina ben Dosa died, men of wondrous deeds ceased. When Rabbi Yose Katnuta died, the pious men (hasidim) ceased and why was his name called Katnuta? Because he was the youngest of the pious men. When Rabban Yoha ben Zakkai died, the splendor of wisdom ceased. When Rabban Gamaliel the elder died, the glory of the torah ceased, and purity and separateness perished. When Rabbi Ishmael ben Fabi died, the splendor of the priesthood ceased. When Rabbi died, humility and fear of sin ceased. Rabbi Phineas ben Yair says: when Temple was destroyed, scholars and freemen were ashamed and covered their head, men of wondrous deeds were disregarded, and violent men and big talkers grew powerful. And nobody expounds, nobody seeks, and nobody asks. Upon whom shall we depend? Upon our father who is in heaven. Rabbi Eliezer the Great says: from the day the Temple was destroyed, the sages began to be like scribes, scribes like synagogue-attendants, synagogue-attendants like common people, and the common people became more and more debased. And nobody seeks. Upon whom shall we depend? Upon our father who is in heaven. In the footsteps of the messiah insolence (hutzpah) will increase and the cost of living will go up greatly; the vine will yield its fruit, but wine will be expensive; the government will turn to heresy, and there will be no one to rebuke; the meeting-place [of scholars] will be used for licentiousness; the Galilee will be destroyed, the Gablan will be desolated, and the dwellers on the frontier will go about [begging] from place to place without anyone to take pity on them; the wisdom of the learned will rot, fearers of sin will be despised, and the truth will be lacking; youths will put old men to shame, the old will stand up in the presence of the young, “For son spurns father, daughter rises up against mother, daughter-in-law against mother-in-law a man’s own household are his enemies” (Micah 7:6). The face of the generation will be like the face of a dog, a son will not feel ashamed before his father. Upon whom shall we depend? Upon our father who is in heaven. Rabbi Pinchas ben Yair says, “Heedfulness leads to cleanliness, cleanliness leads to purity, purity leads to separation, separation leads to holiness, holiness leads to modesty, modesty leads to fear of sin, fear of sin leads to piety, piety leads to the Holy Spirit, The Holy Spirit leads to the resurrection of the dead, and the resurrection of the dead comes from Elijah, blessed be his memory, Amen.”" |
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24. Mishnah, Yevamot, 16.7 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
| 16.7. Rabbi Akiva said: When I went down to Nehardea to intercalate the year, I met Nehemiah of Bet D’li who said to me, “I heard that in the land of Israel no one, permits a [married] woman to marry again on the evidence of one witness, except Rabbi Judah ben Bava”. “That is so”, I told him. He said to me, “Tell them in my name: ‘You know that this country is in confusion because of marauders. I have received a tradition from Rabban Gamaliel the Elder: that they allow a [married] woman to remarry on the evidence of one witness’”. And when I came and recounted the conversation in the presence of Rabban Gamaliel he rejoiced at my words and exclaimed, “We have found a match for Rabbi Judah ben Bava!” As a result of this talk Rabban Gamaliel remembered that some men were once killed at Tel Arza, and that Rabban Gamaliel the Elder had allowed their wives to marry again on the evidence of one witness, and the law was established that they allow a woman to marry again on the evidence of one witness, and on the testimony of one [who states that he has heard] from another witness, from a slave, from a woman or from a female slave. Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Joshua say: a woman is not be allowed to remarry on the evidence of one witness. Rabbi Akiva ruled: [a woman is not allowed to marry again] on the evidence of a woman, on that of a slave, on that of a female slave or on that of relatives. They said to him: It once happened that a number of Levites went to Tsoar, the city of palms, and one of them became ill on the way, and they left him in an inn. When they returned they asked the [female] innkeeper, “Where is our friend?” And she replied, “He is dead and I buried him”, and they allowed his wife to remarry. Should not then a priest’s wife [be believed at least as much] as an innkeeper!” He answered them: When she will [give such evidence] as the innkeeper [gave] she will be believed, for the innkeeper had brought out to them [the dead man’s] staff, his bag and the Torah scroll which he had with him." |
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25. Mishnah, Yoma, 8.9 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
| 8.9. One who says: I shall sin and repent, sin and repent, they do not afford him the opportunity to repent. [If one says]: I shall sin and Yom HaKippurim will atone for me, Yom HaKippurim does not effect atonement. For transgressions between man and God Yom HaKippurim effects atonement, but for transgressions between man and his fellow Yom HaKippurim does not effect atonement, until he has pacified his fellow. This was expounded by Rabbi Elazar b. Azariah: “From all your sins before the Lord you shall be clean” (Leviticus 16:30) for transgressions between man and God Yom HaKippurim effects atonement, but for transgressions between man and his fellow Yom HaKippurim does not effect atonement, until he has pacified his fellow.. Rabbi Akiva said: Happy are you, Israel! Who is it before whom you become pure? And who is it that purifies you? Your Father who is in heaven, as it is said: “And I will sprinkle clean water upon you and you shall be clean” (Ezekiel 36:25). And it further says: “O hope (mikveh) of Israel, O Lord” (Jeremiah 17:1--just as a mikveh purifies the unclean, so too does he Holy One, blessed be He, purify Israel." |
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26. Mishnah, Yadayim, 3.5 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
| 3.5. A scroll on which the writing has become erased and eighty-five letters remain, as many as are in the section beginning, \"And it came to pass when the ark set forward\" (Numbers 11:35-36) defiles the hands. A single sheet on which there are written eighty-five letters, as many as are in the section beginning, \"And it came to pass when the ark set forward\", defiles the hands. All the Holy Scriptures defile the hands. The Song of Songs and Kohelet (Ecclesiastes) defile the hands. Rabbi Judah says: the Song of Songs defiles the hands, but there is a dispute about Kohelet. Rabbi Yose says: Kohelet does not defile the hands, but there is a dispute about the Song of Songs. Rabbi Shimon says: [the ruling about] Kohelet is one of the leniencies of Bet Shammai and one of the stringencies of Bet Hillel. Rabbi Shimon ben Azzai said: I have received a tradition from the seventy-two elders on the day when they appointed Rabbi Elazar ben Azariah head of the academy that the Song of Songs and Kohelet defile the hands. Rabbi Akiba said: Far be it! No man in Israel disputed that the Song of Songs [saying] that it does not defile the hands. For the whole world is not as worthy as the day on which the Song of Songs was given to Israel; for all the writings are holy but the Song of Songs is the holy of holies. If they had a dispute, they had a dispute only about Kohelet. Rabbi Yoha ben Joshua the son of the father-in-law of Rabbi Akiva said in accordance with the words of Ben Azzai: so they disputed and so they reached a decision." |
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27. New Testament, 2 Corinthians, 12.2-12.4 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
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28. New Testament, Acts, 19.35 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
| 19.35. When the town clerk had quieted the multitude, he said, "You men of Ephesus, what man is there who doesn't know that the city of the Ephesians is temple-keeper of the great goddess Artemis, and of the image which fell down from Zeus? |
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29. New Testament, John, 3 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
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30. New Testament, Luke, 4.20-4.22, 5.21, 6.7, 11.53 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
| 4.20. He closed the book, gave it back to the attendant, and sat down. The eyes of all in the synagogue were fastened on him. 4.21. He began to tell them, "Today, this Scripture has been fulfilled in your hearing. 4.22. All testified about him, and wondered at the gracious words which proceeded out of his mouth, and they said, "Isn't this Joseph's son? 5.21. The scribes and the Pharisees began to reason, saying, "Who is this that speaks blasphemies? Who can forgive sins, but God alone? 6.7. The scribes and the Pharisees watched him, to see whether he would heal on the Sabbath, that they might find an accusation against him. 11.53. As he said these things to them, the scribes and the Pharisees began to be terribly angry, and to draw many things out of him; |
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31. New Testament, Mark, 2.16 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
| 2.16. The scribes and the Pharisees, when they saw that he was eating with the sinners and tax collectors, said to his disciples, "Why is it that he eats and drinks with tax collectors and sinners? |
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32. New Testament, Matthew, 5.20, 6.2, 6.5, 6.16-6.18, 15.1, 15.7, 21.39, 22.15, 22.18, 23.13-23.15, 23.23, 23.25, 23.27, 23.29 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
| 5.20. For I tell you that unless your righteousness exceeds that of the scribes and Pharisees, there is no way you will enter into the Kingdom of Heaven. 6.2. Therefore when you do merciful deeds, don't sound a trumpet before yourself, as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, that they may get glory from men. Most assuredly I tell you, they have received their reward. 6.5. When you pray, you shall not be as the hypocrites, for they love to stand and pray in the synagogues and in the corners of the streets, that they may be seen by men. Most assuredly, I tell you, they have received their reward. 6.16. Moreover when you fast, don't be like the hypocrites, with sad faces. For they disfigure their faces, that they may be seen by men to be fasting. Most assuredly I tell you, they have received their reward. 6.17. But you, when you fast, anoint your head, and wash your face; 6.18. so that you are not seen by men to be fasting, but by your Father who is in secret, and your Father, who sees in secret, will reward you. 15.1. Then Pharisees and scribes came to Jesus from Jerusalem, saying 15.7. You hypocrites! Well did Isaiah prophesy of you, saying 21.39. So they took him, and threw him out of the vineyard, and killed him. 22.15. Then the Pharisees went and took counsel how they might entrap him in his talk. 22.18. But Jesus perceived their wickedness, and said, "Why do you test me, you hypocrites? 23.13. Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you devour widows' houses, and as a pretense you make long prayers. Therefore you will receive greater condemnation. 23.14. But woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! Because you shut up the Kingdom of Heaven against men; for you don't enter in yourselves, neither do you allow those who are entering in to enter. 23.15. Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you travel around by sea and land to make one proselyte; and when he becomes one, you make him twice as much of a son of Gehenna as yourselves. 23.23. Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you tithe mint, dill, and cumin, and have left undone the weightier matters of the law: justice, mercy, and faith. But you ought to have done these, and not to have left the other undone. 23.25. Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you clean the outside of the cup and of the platter, but within they are full of extortion and unrighteousness. 23.27. Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you are like whitened tombs, which outwardly appear beautiful, but inwardly are full of dead men's bones, and of all uncleanness. 23.29. Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you build the tombs of the prophets, and decorate the tombs of the righteous |
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33. Tosefta, Berachot, 3.14, 6.24 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
| 3.14. Any [holiday] on which there is no Mussaf [prayer] for example, Chanukah and Purim, on Shacharit and Mincha he prays [the Shmoneh Esreh with] eighteen [Berachot (blessings)] and he says [the paragraph] about the occasion in [the Beracha of] Hodaah (Thanks). And if he did not say [the paragraph] about the occasion, he does not have to go back [to the beginning of Shmoneh Esreh]. And any [holiday] which has on it [the] Mussaf [prayer], for example Rosh Chodesh (New Month), and Chol Hamoed (the intermediate days of Sukkot and Pesach), on Shacharit and Mincha10 he would pray [the prayer of Shmoneh Esreh with] eighteen [Berachot] and he says [the paragraph] about the holiness of the day11 in [the Beracha of] Avodah (Temple Service).12 Rebbi Eliezer says, “[he says the paragraph about the holiness of the day] in [the Beracha of] Hodaah, and if he did not say it then he has to go back [to the beginning of Shmoneh Esreh].” In [the] Mussaf [prayer] he prays [the Shmoneh Esreh consisting of] seven [Berachot] and he says [the paragraph about the] holiness of the day in the middle [Beracha]. [On] Shabbat that fell out on Rosh Chodesh or on Chol Hamoed, during Shacharit and during Mincha he prays [the Shmoneh Esreh prayer that consists of] seven [Berachot] and he says [the paragraph about the] occasion in [the Beracha of] Avodah. Rebbi Eliezer says, “[He says the paragraph about the holiness of the day] in [the Beracha of] Hodaah, and if he did not say it then he has to go back [to the beginning of Shmoneh Esreh].” In [the] Mussaf [prayer] he prays [the Shmoneh Esreh consisting of] seven [Berachot] and he says [the paragraph about the] holiness of the day in the middle [Beracha]. On Shabbat, on Yom Tov (Pesach, Shavuot and Sukkot), and on Yom Kippur] he prays [the Shmoneh Esreh consisting of] seven [Berachot] and he says [the paragraph about the] holiness of the day in the middle [Beracha]. Rabban Shimon Ben Gamliel and Rebbi Yishmael the son of Rebbi Yocha Ben Beroka say, “Any time that he is supposed to say seven [Berachot in Shmoneh Esreh] he says [the paragraph about the] holiness of the day in the middle [Beracha].”" 6.24. A person should not enter the Temple Mount2 with money bundled in his cloak, and with dust on his feet, and with his money-belt tied on him on the outside as it is said, “Watch your feet when you go to the House of God …” (Ecclesiastes 4:17)" |
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34. Tosefta, Hagigah, 2.2-2.7 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
| 2.2. Four entered the orchard: Ben Azzai, Ben Zoma, another, and Rabbi Akiva. One looked and died. One looked and was harmed. One looked and cut down the trees. And one went up in peace and went down in peace. Ben Azzai looked and died. Scripture says about him (Psalms 116, 15): \"Precious in the sight of the LORD Is the death of His saints\". Ben Zoma looked and was harmed. Scripture says about him (Proverbs 25, 16): \"Hast thou found honey? eat so much as is sufficient for thee\" and the continuation. [Cont. of the verse: \"Lest thou be filled therewith, and vomit it.\" Elisha looked and cut down the trees. Scripture says about him (Ecclesiastes 5, 5): \"Suffer not thy mouth to bring thy flesh into guilt\" etc. Rabbi Akiva went up in peace and went down in peace. Scripture says about him (Song of Songs 1, 4): \"Draw me, we will run after thee\" etc. They gave a parable: What is this similar to? To the orchard of a king and there is an attic above it. It is upon [the man] to look so long as he does not move [his eyes] from it. Another parable was given. What is this similar tp? To [a street] that passes between two paths, one of fire, and one of snow. If it leans one way, it gets burned [by the fire]. If it leans the other way it gets burned by the snow. A man must walk in the middle and not lean to or fro. A story of Rabbi Yehoshua [Who was walkin in the street and Ben Zoma came opposite him] he reached him and did not greet him. He said to him [from where and to where] Ben Zoma? He said to him: I was watching the creation, and there is not between the upper waters and the lower waters even a handbreadth. As it is written (Genesis 1, 2) \"and the spirit of God hovered over the face of the waters\". And it says (Deuteronomy 32, 11): \"As a vulture that stirreth up her nest\" etc. Just as the vulture flies over the nest, touching and not touching, so too there is not even a handbreadth between the upper waters and lower waters. Rabbi Yehoshua said to his students: Ben Zoma is already outside. In a few days, Ben Zoma passed away." 2.4. In their days they only argued about laying of hands. There were five pairs. three of the first pairs said not to lay on hands and two of the other pairs said to lay on hands. Three were Nesi'im (princes) and two (of them) were the heads of courts. The words of R. Meir. R. Judah said Simon ben Shetah was Nasi (prince) and Judah ben Tabbai the head of the court....Said R. Yose: Originally there were no arguments in Israel. Rather, a 71 member court sat in the chamber of hewn stone and other courts of 23 existed in the cities of Erez Yisrael. And two courts of 3 apiece were in Jerusalem, one on the temple mount and one in Hayil. When one of them was necessary [a person] goes to the court in his city. No court (in his city)--[the person] goes to the court near his city. If they heard, they say to him; if not, he and their most distinguished member go to the court on the temple mount. If they heard, they say to him; if not, he and their most distinguished member go to the court in Hayil. If they heard they say to him; if not these and these arrive at the court in the chamber of hewn stone (And the court of the chamber of hewn stone even though it is 71, it can never have less than 23. If one of them needs to leave, he sees if there will be 23 he may leave; if not, he may not leave until there are 23. They would sit from the offering of the morning sacrifice until the offering of the afternoon sacrifice. And on sabbaths and Holidays they would enter the Beit Midrash on the temple mount.) If they heard they say to them, and if not, they establish a quorum and take a roll. If the majority says impure it is impure. If the majority says pure it is pure. From there the Halakhah (law) goes out widespread in Israel. When there increased the students of Shammai and Hillel who did not properly apprentice, conflict increased in Israel and it became as though there were two Torahs. And for there they would sit and inspect. Whoever was wise and humble and abundant and sin-fearing and mature and getting along with other people they make him a judge in his city. After being made a judge in his city they could elevate and set him on the temple mount and from there they could elevate and seat him in Hayil and from there they can elevate and seat him in the chamber of hewn stone and from there they sit and inspect the lineages of the priests and levites. A priest in whom has been found a blemish wears black and wraps in black, exits and leaves. One in whom not a blemish is found wears white and wraps in white, enters and serves with his brothers the priests. They would make a holiday that not a blemish was found among the children of Aaron. And he would bring a tenth of an Eifah of his own flour and do the service with his own hands even though it is not his priestly shift. A high priest and a regular priest who served before bringing their tenth of an Eifah their service is acceptable. |
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35. Tosefta, Horayot, 2.5 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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36. Tosefta, Hulin, 2.22, 2.24 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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37. Tosefta, Sanhedrin, 12.10 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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38. Tosefta, Shekalim, 1.6 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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39. Tosefta, Yadayim, 2.14 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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40. Anon., Qohelet Rabba, 7.8.1 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
| 7.8.1. טוֹב אַחֲרִית דָּבָר מֵרֵאשִׁיתוֹ, רַבִּי מֵאִיר הֲוָה יָתֵיב וְדָרִישׁ בְּבֵי מִדְרְשָׁא דִּטְבֶרְיָה וַהֲוָה אֱלִישָׁע רַבֵּיהּ גָּיֵּיז בְּשׁוּקָא אַרְכֵּיב עַל סוּסְיָא בְּשַׁבַּתָּא, אָמְרוּן לְרַבִּי מֵאִיר הָא אֱלִישָׁע רַבָּךְ אָתֵי גָּיֵּיז בְּשַׁבַּתָּא בְּשׁוּקָא, נָפַק לְגַבֵּיהּ אֲמַר לֵיהּ בַּמֶּה הֲוֵיתָא עָסֵיק, אָמַר לֵיהּ (איוב מב, יב): וַה' בֵּרַךְ אֶת אַחֲרִית אִיּוֹב מֵרֵאשִׁתוֹ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ בֵּרַךְ, שֶׁהִכְפִּיל אֶת מָמוֹנוֹ. אָמַר לֵיהּ עֲקִיבָא רַבָּךְ לָא הֲוָה אָמַר כֵּן, אֶלָּא: וַה' בֵּרַךְ אַחֲרִית אִיּוֹב מֵרֵאשִׁתוֹ, בִּזְכוּת תְּשׁוּבָה וּמַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים שֶׁהָיָה בְּיָדוֹ מֵרֵאשִׁיתוֹ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ וּמָה אַתְּ אֲמַרְתְּ שׁוּב טוֹב אַחֲרִית דָּבָר מֵרֵאשִׁתוֹ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ וּמָה אַתְּ אֲמַרְתְּ בֵּיהּ, אָמַר לוֹ יֵשׁ לְךָ אָדָם שֶׁהוּא קוֹנֶה סְחוֹרָה בְּנַעֲרוּתוֹ וְהוּא מַפְסִיד, וּבְזִקְנוּתוֹ הוּא מִשְׂתַּכֵּר בָּהּ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, טוֹב אַחֲרִית דָּבָר מֵרֵאשִׁתוֹ, יֵשׁ לְךָ אָדָם שֶׁמּוֹלִיד בָּנִים בְּנַעֲרוּתוֹ וְהֵן מֵתִים, מוֹלִיד בְּזִקְנוּתוֹ וְהֵן מִתְקַיְּמִין. דָּבָר אַחֵר, טוֹב אַחֲרִית דָּבָר מֵרֵאשִׁתוֹ, יֵשׁ לְךָ אָדָם שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה מַעֲשִׂים רָעִים בְּנַעֲרוּתוֹ וּבְזִקְנוּתוֹ עוֹשֶׂה מַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים. דָּבָר אַחֵר, טוֹב אַחֲרִית דָּבָר מֵרֵאשִׁתוֹ, יֵשׁ לְךָ אָדָם שֶׁהוּא לָמֵד תּוֹרָה בְּנַעֲרוּתוֹ וּמְשַׁכְּחָהּ, וּבְזִקְנוּתוֹ הוּא חוֹזֵר עָלֶיהָ, הֱוֵי: טוֹב אַחֲרִית דָּבָר מֵרֵאשִׁתוֹ. אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא רַבָּךְ לֹא כָךְ אָמַר, אֶלָּא: טוֹב אַחֲרִית דָּבָר כְּשֶׁהוּא טוֹב מֵרֵאשִׁתוֹ, וְכֵן הָיָה מַעֲשֶׂה אֲבוּיָה אָבִי מִגְּדוֹלֵי הַדּוֹר, וּכְשֶׁבָּא לְמוּלֵנִי קָרָא לְכָל גְּדוֹלֵי יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, וְקָרָא לְכָל גְּדוֹלֵי הַדּוֹר, וְקָרָא לְרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר וּלְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ עִמָּהֶם, וּכְשֶׁאָכְלוּ וְשָׁתוּ שָׁרוֹן אִילֵּין אָמְרִין מִזְמוֹרִין, וְאִילֵּין אָמְרִין אַלְפָבֵּתָרִין, אָמַר רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר לְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אִילֵּין עָסְקִין בְּדִידְהוֹן, וַאֲנַן לֵית אֲנַן עָסְקִין בְּדִידָן, וְהִתְחִילוּ בַּתּוֹרָה וּמִן הַתּוֹרָה לַנְּבִיאִים, וּמִן הַנְבִיאִים לַכְּתוּבִים, וְהָיוּ הַדְּבָרִים שְׂמֵחִין כִּנְתִינָתָן מִסִּינַי וְהָאֵשׁ מְלַהֶטֶת סְבִיבוֹתֵיהֶן, עִקַּר נְתִינָתָן לֹא מִסִּינַי נִתְּנוּ בָּאֵשׁ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ד, יא): וְהָהָר בֹּעֵר בָּאֵשׁ עַד לֵב הַשָּׁמַיִם, אָמַר הוֹאִיל וְכָךְ הוּא גָּדוֹל כֹּחָהּ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה, הַבֵּן הַזֶּה אִם מִתְקַיֵם לִי הֲרֵינִי נוֹתְנוֹ לַתּוֹרָה, וְעַל יְדֵי שֶׁלֹא הָיְתָה כַּוָּנַת מַחְשַׁבְתּוֹ לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם לֹא נִתְקַיְמָה בִּי תּוֹרָתִי. וּמָה אַתְּ אָמַר תּוּבָן (איוב כח, יז): לֹא יַעַרְכֶנָּה זָהָב וּזְכוּכִית. אֲמַר לֵיהּ וּמָה אֲמַרְתְּ בֵּיהּ, אָמַר לוֹ אֵלּוּ דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה שֶׁקָּשִׁין לִקְנוֹת כִּכְלֵי זָהָב וּזְכוּכִית, אָמַר לוֹ עֲקִיבָא רַבְּךָ לֹא אָמַר כֵּן, אֶלָּא מַה כְּלֵי זָהָב וּזְכוּכִית אִם נִשְׁבְּרוּ יֵשׁ לָהֶם תַּקָּנָה, אַף תַּלְמִיד חָכָם שֶׁאִבֵּד מִשְׁנָתוֹ יָכוֹל הוּא לַחֲזֹר עָלֶיהָ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ חֲזוֹר עוֹל לָךְ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ לָמָּה, עַד כָּאן תְּחוּם שַׁבָּת. אֲמַר לֵיהּ מְנָּן אַתְּ יָדַע, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מִטַּלְפֵי סוּסִי, שֶׁכְּבָר הָלַךְ אַלְפַּיִם אַמָּה. אֲמַר לֵיהּ וְכָל הֲדָא חָכְמְתָא אִית בָּךְ וְלֵית אַתְּ חוֹזֵר בָּךְ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ לֵית בְּחֵילִי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ לָמָּה, אֲמַר לֵיהּ רוֹכֵב הָיִיתִי עַל הַסּוּס וּמְטַיֵּל אֲחוֹרֵי בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים שֶׁחָל לִהְיוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת, וְשָׁמַעְתִּי בַּת קוֹל מְצַפְצֶפֶת וְאוֹמֶרֶת (ירמיה ג, כב): שׁוּבוּ בָּנִים שׁוֹבָבִים, (מלאכי ג, ז): שׁוּבוּ אֵלַי וְאָשׁוּבָה אֲלֵיכֶם, חוּץ מֵאֱלִישָׁע בֶּן אֲבוּיָה, שֶׁהָיָה יוֹדֵעַ כֹּחִי וּמָרַד בִּי. וּמֵהֵיכָן הָיָה לוֹ, רָאָה אָדָם אֶחָד עָלָה לְרֹאשׁ הַדֶּקֶל בְּשַׁבָּת וְנָטַל הָאֵם עַל הַבָּנִים וְיָרַד בְּשָׁלוֹם, וּבְמוֹצָאֵי שַׁבָּת רָאָה אָדָם אֶחָד עָלָה לְרֹאשׁ הַדֶּקֶל וְנָטַל הַבָּנִים וְשִׁלַּח אֶת הָאֵם, וְיָרַד וְהִכִּישׁוֹ נָחָשׁ וָמֵת, אָמַר כְּתִיב (דברים כב, ז): שַׁלֵּחַ תְּשַׁלַּח אֶת הָאֵם וְאֶת הַבָּנִים תִּקַּח לָךְ לְמַעַן יִיטַב לָךְ וְהַאֲרַכְתָּ יָמִים, הֵיכָן טוּבוֹ שֶׁל זֶה וְהֵיכָן אֲרִיכוּת יָמָיו שֶׁל זֶה, וְלֹא יָדַע שֶׁדְּרָשָׁהּ רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא לְמַעַן יִיטַב לָךְ בָּעוֹלָם שֶׁכֻּלּוֹ טוֹב, וְהַאֲרַכְתָּ יָמִים לָעוֹלָם שֶׁכֻּלּוֹ אָרֹךְ. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים עַל יְדֵי שֶׁרָאָה לְשׁוֹנוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי יְהוּדָה הַנַּחְתּוֹם נָתוּן בְּפִי הַכֶּלֶב, אָמַר מָה הַלָּשׁוֹן שֶׁיָּגַע בַּתּוֹרָה כָּל יָמָיו כָּךְ, לָשׁוֹן שֶׁאֵינוֹ יוֹדֵעַ וְיָגֵעַ בַּתּוֹרָה עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה. אָמַר אִם כֵּן לֹא מַתַּן שָׂכָר לַצַּדִּיקִים, וְלֹא תְּחִיַּת הַמֵּתִים. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים עַל יְדֵי שֶׁכְּשֶׁהָיְתָה אִמּוֹ מְעֻבֶּרֶת בּוֹ עָבְרָה עַל בָּתֵּי עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים וְהֵרִיחָה וְנָתְנוּ לוֹ מֵאוֹתוֹ הַמִּין וְאָכְלָה, וְהָיָה מְפַעְפֵּעַ בִּכְרֵיסָהּ כַּאֲרִיסָה שֶׁל חֲכִינָה. לְאַחַר יָמִים חָלָה אֱלִישָׁע בֶּן אֲבוּיָה, אֲתוֹן אָמְרִין לְרַבִּי מֵאִיר אֱלִישָׁע חוֹלֶה, אֲזַל לְגַבֵּיהּ אֲמַר לֵיהּ חֲזוֹר בָּךְ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ וְעַד כַּדּוּן מְקַבְּלִין, אֲמַר לֵיהּ וְלָא כְתִיב (תהלים צ, ג): תָּשֵׁב אֱנוֹשׁ עַד דַּכָּא, עַד דִּכְדּוּכָהּ שֶׁל נֶפֶשׁ. בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה בָּכָה אֱלִישָׁע בֶּן אֲבוּיָה וָמֵת, וְהָיָה רַבִּי מֵאִיר שָׂמֵחַ וְאוֹמֵר דּוֹמֶה שֶׁמִּתּוֹךְ תְּשׁוּבָה נִסְתַּלֵּק רַבִּי. וְכֵיוָן שֶׁקְּבָרוּהוּ בָּאתָה הָאוּר לִשְׂרֹף אֶת קִבְרוֹ, אֲתוֹן אָמְרִין לֵיהּ לְרַבִּי מֵאִיר קֶבֶר רַבְּךָ נִשְׂרַף, יָצָא וּפָרַשׂ טַלִּיתוֹ עָלֶיהָ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ (רות ג, יג): לִינִי הַלַּיְלָה, בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה שֶׁכֻּלּוֹ לַיְלָה, וְהָיָה בַבֹּקֶר אִם יִגְאָלֵךְ טוֹב יִגְאָל, מַהוּ וְהָיָה בַבֹּקֶר, בָּעוֹלָם שֶׁכֻּלּוֹ טוֹב, אִם יִגְאָלֵךְ טוֹב זֶה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קמה, ט): טוֹב ה' לַכֹּל. וְאִם לֹא יַחְפֹּץ לְגָאֳלֵךְ וּגְאַלְתִּיךְ אָנֹכִי חַי ה' שִׁכְבִי עַד הַבֹּקֶר. וּדְמָכַת לֵיהּ. אָמְרוּן לֵיהּ רַבִּי לְעָלְמִין דְּאָתֵי אִין אָמְרִין לָךְ מָה אַתְּ בָּעֵי אָבִיךְ אוֹ רַבָּךְ מַה תֵּימַר, אֲמַר אַבָּא וּבָתַר כֵּן רַבִּי. אָמְרִין לֵיהּ וְשָׁמְעֵי לָךְ אִינוּן, אֲמַר לְהוֹן וְלָאו מַתְנִיתָּא הִיא, מַצִּילִין תִּיק הַסֵּפֶר עִם הַסֵּפֶר וְתִיק הַתְּפִלִּין עִם הַתְּפִלִּין, מַצִּילִין אֱלִישָׁע בִּזְכוּת תּוֹרָתוֹ. לְבַסּוֹף בָּאוּ בְנוֹתָיו וְתוֹבְעוֹת צְדָקָה אֵצֶל רַבֵּנוּ, אָמַר (תהלים קט, יב): אַל יְהִי לוֹ משֵׁךְ חָסֶד וְאַל יְהִי חוֹנֵן לִיתוֹמָיו. אָמְרִין, רַבִּי לָא תִסְתַּכַּל בְּעוֹבָדוֹהִי אִסְתַּכַּל לְאוֹרָיְיתֵיהּ, בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה בָּכָה רַבִּי וְגָזַר עֲלֵיהֶם שֶׁיִתְפַּרְנְסוּ, אָמַר מַה מִּי שֶׁלֹא הָיְתָה תּוֹרָתוֹ לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם כָּךְ הֶעֱמִיד, מִי שֶׁתּוֹרָתוֹ לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה. טוֹב אֶרֶךְ רוּחַ מִגְּבַהּ רוּחַ, חַד פַּרְסִי אֲתָא גַּבֵּי רַב אֲמַר לֵיהּ אַלְפֵנִי אוֹרָיָא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ אֱמֹר אָלֶ״ף, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מַאן דְּיֵימַר דְּהוּא אָלֶ״ף, יֵמְרוּן דְּאֵינוֹ כֵן. אֱמֹר בֵּי״ת, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מַאן אֲמַר דְּהוּא בֵּי״ת, גָּעַר בּוֹ וְהוֹצִיאוֹ בִּנְזִיפָה, אֲזַל לְגַבֵּי שְׁמוּאֵל, אֲמַר לֵיהּ אַלְפֵנִי אוֹרָיָא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ אֱמֹר אָלֶ״ף, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מַאן דְּיֵימַר דְּהוּא אָלֶ״ף, אֲמַר לֵיהּ אֱמֹר בֵּי״ת, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מַאן אֲמַר דְּהוּא בֵּי״ת, אַחֲדֵיהּ בְּאוּדְנֵיהּ וַאֲמַר אוּדְנִי אוּדְנִי, אֲמַר לֵיהּ שְׁמוּאֵל מַאן אֲמַר דְּהוּא אוּדְנִיךְ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ כּוּלֵּי עָלְמָא יָדְעִין דְּהוּא אוּדְנִי, אֲמַר לֵיהּ אוֹף הָכָא כּוּלֵּי עַלְמָא יָדְעִין דְּהוּא אל״ף וּדְהוּא בי״ת, מִיָּד נִשְׁתַּתֵּק הַפַּרְסִי וְקַבֵּיל עֲלוֹי, הֱוֵי: טוֹב אֶרֶךְ רוּחַ מִגְּבַהּ רוּחַ, טוֹבָה הִיא הָאֲרִיכָה שֶׁהֶאֱרִיךְ שְׁמוּאֵל עִם הַפַּרְסִי מֵהַקְפָּדָה שֶׁהִקְפִּיד עֲלֵיהּ רַב, אִלּוּלֵי כֵן חָזַר הַפַּרְסִי לְסִיאוּרוֹ, וְקָרָא עָלָיו: טוֹב אֶרֶךְ רוּחַ. וְעוֹד, עֲקִילַס הַגֵּר שָׁאַל לְרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר, אָמַר לוֹ הֲרֵי חִבָּה שֶׁחִבֵּב הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֶת הַגֵּר בְּלֶחֶם וּבְשִׂמְלָה בִּלְבָד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים י, יח): וְאֹהֵב גֵּר לָתֶת לוֹ לֶחֶם וְשִׂמְלָה, כַּמָּה טַוָּוסִין וְכַמָּה פַּסְיוֹנִין אִית לִי וַאֲפִלּוּ עֲבָדַי לָא מַשְׁגִּיחִין עֲלֵיהוֹן. אָמַר לֵיהּ וְכִי קַלָּה הִיא בְּעֵינֶיךָ דָּבָר שֶׁבִּקֵּשׁ בּוֹ אָבִינוּ יַעֲקֹב מִתְּחִלָּה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית כח, כ): וְנָתַן לִי לֶחֶם לֶאֱכֹל וּבֶגֶד לִלְבּשׁ, דָּבָר קַל הוּא. אֲתָא לְגַבֵּי רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וּשְׁאֵיל לֵיהּ כָּךְ, אָמַר לוֹ גֵּר שֶׁנִּתְגַּיֵּר לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם זָכָה וּמַשִֹּׂיאִין מִבְּנוֹתָיו לִכְהֻנָּה. לֶחֶם זוֹ לֶחֶם הַפָּנִים. וּבֶגֶד אֵלּוּ בִּגְדֵי כְּהֻנָּה. צִמְצְמוֹ בִּדְבָרִים, אָמְרוּ לוֹ תַּלְמִידָיו וְכִי קַלָּה הִיא בְּעֵינֶיךָ דָּבָר שֶׁנֶּחְבַּט בּוֹ הַזָּקֵן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית כח, כ): וְנָתַן לִי לֶחֶם, וְלָמָּה אַתְּ מוֹשִׁיטוֹ בְּקָנֶה, הִתְחִיל מְפַיְּסוֹ בִּדְבָרִים, לֶחֶם זוֹ הַתּוֹרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי ט, ה): לְכוּ לַחֲמוּ בְלַחְמִי. וּבֶגֶד זֶה הַכָּבוֹד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי ח, טו): בִּי מְלָכִים יִמְלֹכוּ. הֱוֵי: טוֹב אֶרֶךְ רוּחַ טוֹבָה הִיא הָאֲרִיכָה שֶׁהֶאֱרִיךְ רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ עִם עֲקִילַס הַגֵּר, מֵהַקְפָּדָה שֶׁהִקְפִּיד בּוֹ רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר, שֶׁאִלּוּלֵי כֵן חָזַר לְסִיאוּרוֹ, וְקָרָא עָלָיו: טוֹב אֶרֶךְ רוּחַ מִגְבַהּ רוּח. | |
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41. Anon., Genesis Rabba, 2.4, 4.7, 8.9, 62.2 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
| 2.4. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ פָּתַר קְרָיָא בַּגָּלֻיּוֹת, וְהָאָרֶץ הָיְתָה תֹהוּ, זֶה גָּלוּת בָּבֶל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה ד, כט): רָאִיתִי אֶת הָאָרֶץ וְהִנֵּה תֹהוּ. וָבֹהוּ, זֶה גָּלוּת מָדַי (אסתר ו, יד): וַיַּבְהִלוּ לְהָבִיא אֶת הָמָן. וְחשֶׁךְ, זֶה גָּלוּת יָוָן, שֶׁהֶחֱשִׁיכָה עֵינֵיהֶם שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּגְזֵרוֹתֵיהֶן, שֶׁהָיְתָה אוֹמֶרֶת לָהֶם, כִּתְבוּ עַל קֶרֶן הַשּׁוֹר שֶׁאֵין לָכֶם חֵלֶק בֵּאלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל. עַל פְּנֵי תְהוֹם, זֶה גָּלוּת מַמְלֶכֶת הָרְשָׁעָה, שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם חֵקֶר כְּמוֹ הַתְּהוֹם, מַה הַתְּהוֹם הַזֶּה אֵין לוֹ חֵקֶר, אַף הָרְשָׁעִים כֵּן. וְרוּחַ אֱלֹהִים מְרַחֶפֶת, זֶה רוּחוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ הַמָּשִׁיחַ, הֵיאַךְ מָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (ישעיה יא, ב): וְנָחָה עָלָיו רוּחַ ה', בְּאֵיזוֹ זְכוּת מְמַשְׁמֶשֶׁת וּבָאָה, הַמְרַחֶפֶת עַל פְּנֵי הַמָּיִם, בִּזְכוּת הַתְּשׁוּבָה שֶׁנִּמְשְׁלָה כַּמַּיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (איכה ב, יט): שִׁפְכִי כַמַּיִם לִבֵּךְ. רַבִּי חַגַּי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי פְּדָת אָמַר, בְּרִית כְּרוּתָה לַמַּיִם שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ בִּשְׁעַת שָׁרָב רוּחָה שַׁיְיפָה, וּכְבָר הָיָה רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן זוֹמָא יוֹשֵׁב וְתוֹהֶא, וְעָבַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְשָׁאַל בִּשְׁלוֹמוֹ, פַּעַם וּשְׁתַּיִם וְלֹא הֵשִׁיבוֹ, בַּשְׁלִישִׁית הֵשִׁיבוֹ בִּבְהִילוּת, אָמַר לוֹ בֶּן זוֹמָא מֵאַיִן הָרַגְלַיִם, אָמַר לוֹ מְעַיֵּן הָיִיתִי, אָמַר לוֹ מֵעִיד אֲנִי עָלַי שָׁמַיִם וָאָרֶץ שֶׁאֵינִי זָז מִכָּאן עַד שֶׁתּוֹדִיעֵנִי מֵאַיִן הָרַגְלַיִם. אָמַר לוֹ מִסְתַּכֵּל הָיִיתִי בְּמַעֲשֵׂה בְרֵאשִׁית, וְלֹא הָיָה בֵּין מַיִם הָעֶלְיוֹנִים לַמַּיִם הַתַּחְתּוֹנִים אֶלָּא כִּשְׁתַּיִם וְשָׁלשׁ אֶצְבָּעוֹת, וְרוּחַ אֱלֹהִים מְנַשֶּׁבֶת אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן אֶלָּא מְרַחֶפֶת, כָּעוֹף הַזֶּה שֶׁהוּא מְרַפְרֵף בִּכְנָפָיו וּכְנָפָיו נוֹגְעוֹת וְאֵינָן נוֹגְעוֹת. נֶהְפַּךְ רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְאָמַר לְתַלְמִידָיו, הָלַךְ לוֹ בֶּן זוֹמָא, וְלֹא שָׁהוּ יָמִים מֻעָטִים וּבֶן זוֹמָא בָּעוֹלָם. 4.7. וַיִּקְרָא אֱלֹהִים לָרָקִיעַ שָׁמָיִם, רַב אָמַר אֵשׁ וּמָיִם, רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא אָמַר מִשּׁוּם רַב, נָטַל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֵשׁ וּמַיִם וּפְתָכָן זֶה בָּזֶה וּמֵהֶן נַעֲשׂוּ שָׁמַיִם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, שָׁמִים כְּתִיב, שֶׁהֵן שָׁמִים מַעֲשֵׂיהֶן שֶׁל בְּרִיּוֹת, אִם זָכוּ (תהלים צז, ו): וְהִגִּידוּ הַשָּׁמַיִם צִדְקוֹ, וְאִם לָאו (איוב כ, כז): יְגַלּוּ שָׁמַיִם עֲוֹנוֹ. דָּבָר אַחֵר שָׁמַיִם, שֶׁהַבְּרִיּוֹת מִשְׁתּוֹמְמִים עֲלֵיהֶן לֵאמֹר, שֶׁל מָה הֵן, שֶׁל אֵשׁ הֵן, שֶׁל מַיִם הֵן, אֶתְמְהָא. רַבִּי פִּינְחָס בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר, הוּא אָתָא וְקָם עָלָיו (תהלים קד, ג): הַמְקָרֶה בַמַּיִם עֲלִיּוֹתָיו, הֱוֵי שֶׁל מַיִם הֵן. סַמִּים, מַה סַּמִּים הַלָּלוּ, מֵהֶן יְרֻקִּין וּמֵהֶן אֲדֻמִּים, מֵהֶם שְׁחֹרִים וּמֵהֶם לְבָנִים, כָּךְ שָׁמַיִם פְּעָמִים יְרֻקִּין, וּפְעָמִים אֲדֻמִּים, פְּעָמִים שְׁחֹרִים, וּפְעָמִים לְבָנִים. רַבִּי יִצְחָק אָמַר, שָׁמַיִם, שָׂא מַיִם, טְעוֹן מַיִם. מָשָׁל לְחָלָב שֶׁהָיָה נָתוּן בִּקְעָרָה, עַד שֶׁלֹא תֵּרֵד לְתוֹכוֹ טִפָּה אַחַת שֶׁל מְסוֹ הוּא מְרַפֵּף, כֵּיוָן שֶׁיָּרַד לְתוֹכוֹ טִפָּה אַחַת שֶׁל מְסוֹ, מִיָּד הוּא קוֹפֵא וְעוֹמֵד, כָּךְ (איוב כו, יא): עַמּוּדֵי שָׁמַיִם יְרוֹפָפוּ, עָמְדוּ שָׁמַיִם נִתַּן בָּהֶם אֶת הַמְּסוֹ, וַיְהִי עֶרֶב וַיְהִי בֹקֶר יוֹם שֵׁנִי, אַתְיָא כִּדְאָמַר רַב, לַחִים הָיוּ בָּרִאשׁוֹן וּבַשֵּׁנִי קָרְשׁוּ. 8.9. שָׁאֲלוּ הַמִּינִים אֶת רַבִּי שִׂמְלָאי, כַּמָּה אֱלֹהוֹת בָּרְאוּ אֶת הָעוֹלָם. אָמַר לָהֶם אֲנִי וְאַתֶּם נִשְׁאַל לְיָמִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים. הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (דברים ד, לב): כִּי שְׁאַל נָא לְיָמִים רִאשֹׁנִים לְמִן הַיּוֹם אֲשֶׁר בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים אָדָם, אֲשֶׁר בָּרְאוּ אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא אֲשֶׁר בָּרָא. חָזְרוּ וְשָׁאֲלוּ אוֹתוֹ, אָמְרוּ לוֹ, מָה הוּא דֵין דִּכְתִיב: בְּרֵאשִׁית בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים, אָמַר לָהֶם בָּרְאוּ אֱלֹהִים אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׂמְלָאי בְּכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁאַתָּה מוֹצֵא פִּתְחוֹן פֶּה לַמִּינִים, אַתָּה מוֹצֵא תְּשׁוּבָה בְּצִדָּהּ. חָזְרוּ וְשָׁאֲלוּ אוֹתוֹ, אָמְרוּ לוֹ, מָה הוּא דֵּין דִּכְתִיב: נַעֲשֶׂה אָדָם בְּצַלְמֵנוּ כִּדְמוּתֵנוּ. אָמַר לָהֶם קִרְאוּן מַה דְּבַתְרֵיהּ, וַיִּבְרְאוּ אֱלֹהִים אֶת הָאָדָם בְּצַלְמֵיהֶם, לֹא נֶאֱמַר, אֶלָּא וַיִּבְרָא אֱלֹהִים אֶת הָאָדָם בְּצַלְמוֹ, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁיָּצְאוּ אָמְרוּ לוֹ תַּלְמִידָיו, רַבִּי, לְאֵלּוּ דָּחִית בְּקָנֶה, לָנוּ מָה אַתְּ מֵשִׁיב. אָמַר לָהֶם, לְשֶׁעָבַר אָדָם נִבְרָא מִן הָאֲדָמָה, חַוָּה נִבְרֵאת מִן הָאָדָם, מִכָּאן וָאֵילָךְ בְּצַלְמֵנוּ כִּדְמוּתֵנוּ, לֹא אִישׁ בְּלֹא אִשָּׁה וְלֹא אִשָּׁה בְּלֹא אִישׁ וְלֹא שְׁנֵיהֶם בְּלֹא שְׁכִינָה. חָזְרוּ וְשָׁאֲלוּ אוֹתוֹ, אָמְרוּ לֵיהּ, מַה דֵּין דִּכְתִיב (יהושע כב, כב): אֵל אֱלֹהִים ה' וגו', אָמַר לָהֶם הֵם יוֹדְעִים אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא (יהושע כב, כב): הוּא יֹדֵעַ. אָמְרוּ לוֹ תַּלְמִידָיו, לְאֵלּוּ דָּחִיתָ בְּקָנֶה, לָנוּ מָה אַתָּה מֵשִׁיב. אָמַר לָהֶם, שְׁלָשְׁתָּן שֵׁם אֱלֹהִים הֵן. כְּאֵינַשׁ דַּאֲמַר, בְּסִילוּגוּס קֵיסָר, אֲגוּסְטוּס קֵיסָר. חָזְרוּ וְשָׁאֲלוּ לוֹ, אָמְרוּ לוֹ מָה הוּא דֵין דִּכְתִיב (יהושע כד, יט): כִּי אֱלֹהִים קְדשִׁים הוּא, אָמַר לָהֶן, קְדשִׁים הֵמָּה אֵין כְּתִיב, אֶלָּא קְדשִׁים הוּא. 62.2. וַיִּקְבְּרוּ אֹתוֹ יִצְחָק וְיִשְׁמָעֵאל אֶל מְעָרַת הַמַּכְפֵּלָה (בראשית כה, ט), כָּאן בֶּן הָאָמָה חוֹלֵק כָּבוֹד לְבֶן הַגְּבִירָה. (בראשית כה, י): הַשָּׂדֶה אֲשֶׁר קָנָה אַבְרָהָם, אָמַר רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא וַהֲלוֹא מִקְבוּרָתָהּ שֶׁל שָׂרָה לִקְבוּרָתוֹ שֶׁל אַבְרָהָם שְׁלשִׁים וּשְׁמוֹנֶה שָׁנָה, וְהָכָא אַתְּ אָמַר (בראשית כה, י): שָׁמָּה קֻבַּר אַבְרָהָם וְשָׂרָה אִשְׁתּוֹ, אֶלָּא בָּא לְלַמֶּדְךָ שֶׁכָּל מִי שֶׁגָּמַל חֶסֶד לְשָׂרָה זָכָה לִגְמֹל חֶסֶד לְאַבְרָהָם. אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן שֵׁם וְעֵבֶר הָיוּ מְהַלְּכִין לִפְנֵי מִטָּתוֹ וְרָאוּ גַּבָּהּ מָקוֹם מֻפְנֶה לְאָבִינוּ אַבְרָהָם וְקָבְרוּ אוֹתוֹ בִּדְיוֹטְרִין שֶׁלּוֹ בַּמָּקוֹם הַמּוּכָן וּמְזֻמָּן לוֹ. | 4.7. \"and god called the ferment heavens\", rav says it means fire and water mixed together. r abba the son of r chahna said in the name of rav, god took fire and water, joined them together and made the heavens. another matter, the word שמים can be read as meaning \"evaluation\" for the heavens evaluate the actions of people, if they merit than \"the heavens will tell his righteousness\" and if he doesn't merit \"the heavens will reveal his sin\". another matter why is it called shumiaim because people wonder about them are they water or fire?!!! r pinchas said he came and revealed it \"" 8.9. ... [R’ Simlai] said to them: In the past Adam was created from the adamah and Chavah was created from the adam. From here and onward, “in our image as our likeness”—not man without woman and not woman without man, and not both of them without Shekhinah (God’s presence)." |
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42. Anon., Pesiqta De Rav Kahana, 18.5 (2nd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
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43. Anon., Pesikta Rabbati, 12 (2nd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
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44. Anon., Sifre Deuteronomy, 306, 343-344, 352, 48, 232 (2nd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
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45. Anon., Sifre Numbers, 161 (2nd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
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46. Palestinian Talmud, Avodah Zarah, 2.8 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
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47. Palestinian Talmud, Berachot, 9.1 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
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48. Palestinian Talmud, Hagigah, 2.1, 77a, 77b, 77c, 2 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
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49. Babylonian Talmud, Berachot, 57b, 7a, 54a (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 54a. מתני׳ big strongהרואה /strong /big מקום שנעשו בו נסים לישראל אומר ברוך שעשה נסים לאבותינו במקום הזה מקום שנעקרה ממנו עכו"ם אומר ברוך שעקר עכו"ם מארצנו,על הזיקין ועל הזועות ועל הרעמים ועל הרוחות ועל הברקים אומר ברוך שכחו וגבורתו מלא עולם על ההרים ועל הגבעות ועל הימים ועל הנהרות ועל המדברות אומר ברוך עושה בראשית רבי יהודה אומר הרואה את הים הגדול אומר ברוך שעשה את הים הגדול בזמן שרואהו לפרקים,על הגשמים ועל בשורות טובות אומר ברוך הטוב והמטיב על בשורות רעות אומר ברוך דיין האמת בנה בית חדש וקנה כלים חדשים אומר ברוך שהחיינו וקיימנו והגיענו לזמן הזה מברך על הרעה מעין על הטובה ועל הטובה מעין על הרעה,והצועק לשעבר הרי זו תפלת שוא היתה אשתו מעוברת ואומר יהי רצון שתלד אשתי זכר הרי זו תפלת שוא היה בא בדרך ושמע קול צוחה בעיר ואומר יהי רצון שלא תהא בתוך ביתי הרי זו תפלת שוא,הנכנס לכרך מתפלל שתים אחת בכניסתו ואחת ביציאתו בן עזאי אומר ארבע שתים בכניסתו ושתים ביציאתו נותן הודאה על שעבר וצועק על העתיד,חייב אדם לברך על הרעה כשם שמברך על הטובה שנאמר (דברים ו, ה) ואהבת את ה' אלהיך בכל לבבך וגו' בכל לבבך בשני יצריך ביצר טוב וביצר הרע ובכל נפשך אפילו הוא נוטל את נפשך ובכל מאדך בכל ממונך ד"א בכל מאדך בכל מדה ומדה שהוא מודד לך הוי מודה לו,לא יקל אדם את ראשו כנגד שער המזרח שהוא מכוון כנגד בית קדשי הקדשים ולא יכנס להר הבית במקלו ובמנעלו ובפונדתו ובאבק שעל רגליו ולא יעשנו קפנדריא ורקיקה מקל וחומר,כל חותמי ברכות שבמקדש היו אומרים עד העולם משקלקלו הצדוקים ואמרו אין עולם אלא אחד התקינו שיהו אומרים מן העולם ועד העולם,והתקינו שיהא אדם שואל את שלום חברו בשם שנאמר (רות ב, ד) והנה בעז בא מבית לחם ויאמר לקוצרים ה' עמכם ויאמרו לו יברכך ה' ואומר (שופטים ו, יב) ה' עמך גבור החיל ואומר (משלי כג, כב) אל תבוז כי זקנה אמך ואומר (תהלים קיט, קכו) עת לעשות לה' הפרו תורתך רבי נתן אומר הפרו תורתך משום עת לעשות לה':, big strongגמ׳ /strong /big מנא הני מילי אמר רבי יוחנן דאמר קרא (שמות יח, י) ויאמר יתרו ברוך ה' אשר הציל וגו',אניסא דרבים מברכינן אניסא דיחיד לא מברכינן והא ההוא גברא דהוה קא אזיל בעבר ימינא נפל עליה אריא אתעביד ליה ניסא ואיתצל מיניה אתא לקמיה דרבא וא"ל כל אימת דמטית להתם בריך ברוך שעשה לי נס במקום הזה,מר בריה דרבינא הוה קאזיל בפקתא דערבות וצחא למיא איתעביד ליה ניסא איברי ליה עינא דמיא ואישתי,ותו זמנא חדא הוה קאזיל ברסתקא דמחוזא ונפל עליה גמלא פריצא איתפרקא ליה אשיתא על לגוה כי מטא לערבות בריך ברוך שעשה לי נס בערבות ובגמל כי מטא לרסתקא דמחוזא בריך ברוך שעשה לי נס בגמל ובערבות אמרי אניסא דרבים כולי עלמא מיחייבי לברוכי אניסא דיחיד איהו חייב לברוכי,תנו רבנן הרואה מעברות הים ומעברות הירדן מעברות נחלי ארנון אבני אלגביש במורד בית חורון ואבן שבקש לזרוק עוג מלך הבשן על ישראל ואבן שישב עליה משה בשעה שעשה יהושע מלחמה בעמלק ואשתו של לוט וחומת יריחו שנבלעה במקומה על כולן צריך שיתן הודאה ושבח לפני המקום,בשלמא מעברות הים דכתיב (שמות יד, טז) ויבאו בני ישראל בתוך הים ביבשה מעברות הירדן דכתיב (יהושע ג, יז) ויעמדו הכהנים נושאי הארון ברית ה' בחרבה בתוך הירדן הכן וכל ישראל עוברים בחרבה עד אשר תמו כל הגוי לעבור את הירדן,אלא מעברות נחלי ארנון מנלן דכתיב (במדבר כא, יד) על כן יאמר בספר מלחמות ה' את והב בסופה וגו' תנא את והב בסופה שני מצורעים היו דהוו מהלכין בסוף מחנה ישראל כי הוו קא חלפי ישראל אתו אמוראי | 54a. This mishna, which includes all of this chapter’s imishnayot /i, contains a series of blessings and ihalakhotthat are not recited at specific times, but rather in response to various experiences and events. br br strongMISHNA: strong span class="gemarra-regular"One who sees a place where miracles occurred /span span class="gemarra-regular" on Israel’s behalf recites: Blessed…Who performed miracles /span span class="gemarra-regular"for our forefathers in this place. /spanOne who sees span class="gemarra-regular" a /span span class="gemarra-regular"place from which idolatry was eradicated recites: Blessed…Who eradicated /span span class="gemarra-regular"idolatry from our land. /span /strong /strong,One who sees conspicuous natural occurrences recites a blessing. bFor izikinand izeva’ot /i,which the Gemara will discuss below, bfor thunder,gale force bwinds, and lightning,manifestations of the power of the Creator, one brecites: Blessed…Whose strength and power fill the world. Forextraordinary (Rambam) bmountains, hills, seas, rivers, and deserts, one recites: Blessed…Author of creation.Consistent with his opinion that a separate blessing should be instituted for each individual species, bRabbi Yehuda says: One who sees the great sea recitesa special blessing: bBlessed…Who made the great sea.As with all blessings of this type, one only recites it bwhen he seesthe sea bintermittently,not on a regular basis., bFor rain andother bgood tidings, one recitesthe special blessing: bBlessed…Who is good and Who does good.Even bfor bad tidings, one recitesa special blessing: bBlessed…the true Judge.Similarly, when bone built a new house or purchased new vessels, he recites: Blessed…Who has given us life, sustained us, and brought us to this time.The mishna articulates a general principle: bOne recites a blessing for the badthat befalls him bjust ashe does bfor the good.In other words, one recites the appropriate blessing for the trouble that he is experiencing at present despite the fact that it may conceal some positive element in the future. bSimilarly,one must recite a blessing for bthe goodthat befalls him bjust as for the bad. /b,The mishna states: bAnd one who cries out over the pastin an attempt to change that which has already occurred, bit is a vain prayer.For example, bone whose wife was pregt and he says: May it beGod’s bwill that my wife will give birth to a male child, it is a vain prayer.Or bone who was walking on the pathhome band he heard the sound of a scream in the city, and he says: May it beGod’s bwill thatthis scream bwill not be from my house, it is a vain prayer.In both cases, the event already occurred.,The Sages also said: bOne who enters a large city,the Gemara explains below that this is in a case where entering the city is dangerous, brecites two prayers: One upon his entrance,that he may enter in peace, band one upon his exit,that he may leave in peace. bBen Azzai says:He recites bfourprayers, btwo upon his entrance and two upon his exit.In addition to praying that he may enter and depart in peace, he bgives thanks for the past and cries outin prayer bfor the future. /b,The mishna articulates a general principle: bOne is obligated to recite a blessing for the badthat befalls him bjust as he recites a blessing for the goodthat befalls him, bas it is stated: “And you shall love the Lord your God with all your heart,with all your soul, and with all your might” (Deuteronomy 6:5). The mishna explains this verse as follows: “ bWith all your heart”means bwith your two inclinations, with your good inclination and your evil inclination,both of which must be subjugated to the love of God. b“With all your soul”means beven if God takes your soul. “And with all your might”means bwith all your money,as money is referred to in the Bible as might. bAlternatively,it may be explained that “ bwith all your might”means bwith every measure that He metes out to you;whether it is good or troublesome, bthank Him. /b,The mishna teaches several Temple-related ihalakhot /i. bOne may not act irreverentlyor conduct himself flippantly bopposite the eastern gateof the Temple Mount, bwhich is aligned opposite the Holy of Holies.In deference to the Temple, one bmay not enter the Temple Mount with his staff, his shoes, his money belt [ ipunda /i], oreven bthe dust on his feet. One may not makethe Temple ba shortcutto pass through it, band through an ia fortioriinference,all the more so bone may not spiton the Temple Mount.,The mishna relates: bAt the conclusion of all blessingsrecited bin the Temple, thosereciting the blessing bwould say:Blessed are You Lord, God of Israel, buntil everlasting [ ihaolam /i] /b, the world. But bwhen the Sadducees strayed and declaredthat bthere is but one worldand there is no World-to-Come, the Sages binstituted thatat the conclusion of the blessing bone recites: From everlasting [ ihaolam /i] to everlasting [ ihaolam /i] /b.,The Sages also binstituted that one should greet another in the nameof God, i.e., one should mention God’s name in his greeting, bas it is stated: “And presently Boaz came from Bethlehem and said to the harvesters, The Lord is with you, and they said to him, May the Lord bless you”(Ruth 2:4). bAnd it says:“And the angel of God appeared to him band said to him, God is with you, mighty man of valor”(Judges 6:12). bAnd it says: “And despise not your mother when she is old”(Proverbs 23:22), i.e., one must not neglect customs which he inherits. bAndlest you say that mentioning God’s name is prohibited, bit says: “It is time to work for the Lord; they have made void Your Torah”(Psalms 119:126), i.e., it is occasionally necessary to negate biblical precepts in order to perform God’s will, and greeting another is certainly God’s will. bRabbi Natan saysanother interpretation of the verse: b“Make void Your Torah” because “it is the time to work for the Lord,”i.e., occasionally it is necessary to negate biblical precepts in order to bolster the Torah., strongGEMARA: /strong With regard to the obligation to recite a blessing for a miracle, the Gemara asks: bFrom where are these mattersderived? bRabbi Yoḥa said: The verse states: “And Jethro said: Blessed be the Lord, Who deliveredyou out of the hand of the Egyptians, and out of the hand of Pharaoh; Who delivered the people from under the hand of the Egyptians” (Exodus 18:10); a blessing is recited for a miracle.,The Gemara asks: bFor a miraclethat occurs for the bmultitudes we recite a blessing,but bfor a miraclethat befalls ban individualperson bwe do not recite a blessing? Wasn’tthere an incident where ba certain man was walking along the right sideof the Euphrates River when ba lion attacked him, a miracle was performed for him, and he was rescued? He came before Rava, who said to him: Every time that you arrive there,to the site of the miracle, brecite the blessing, “Blessed…Who performed a miracle for me in this place.” /b, bAndonce when bMar, son of Ravina, was walking in a valley of willows andwas bthirsty for water, a miracle was performed for himand ba spring of water was created for him, and he drank. /b, bFurthermore, oncewhen Mar, son of Ravina, bwas walking in the marketplace [ iristeka /i] of Meḥoza and a wild camel [ igamla peritza /i] attacked him. The wall cracked open, he went inside it,and he was rescued. Ever since, bwhen he came to the willows he recited: Blessed…Who performed a miracle for me in the willows and with the camel.And, bwhen he came to the marketplace of Meḥoza he recited: Blessed…Who performed a miracle for me with the camel and in the willows,indicating that one recites a blessing even for a miracle that occurs to an individual. The Sages bsay: On a miracleperformed on behalf bof the multitudes, everyone is obligated to recite a blessing; on a miracleperformed on behalf bof an individual,only the individual bis obligated to recite a blessing. /b, bThe Sages taughtin a ibaraitaa list of places where one is required to recite a blessing due to miracles that were performed there: bOne who sees the crossings of theRed bSea,where Israel crossed; band the crossings of the Jordan; and the crossings of the streams of Arnon; the hailstones of Elgavish on the descent of Beit Ḥoron; the rock that Og, King of Bashan, sought to hurl upon Israel; and the rock upon which Moses sat when Joshua waged war against Amalek; and Lot’s wife; and the wall of Jericho that was swallowed up in its place. On all of thesemiracles bone must give thanks andoffer bpraise before God. /b,The Gemara elaborates: bGranted,the miracles at bthe crossings of the seaare recorded explicitly in the Torah, bas it is stated: “And the Israelites went into the sea on dry groundand the water was a wall for them on their right and on their left” (Exodus 14:22). So too, the miracle at bthe crossings of the Jordan, as it is stated: “The priests who bore the ark of God’s covet stood on dry land within the Jordan, while all Israel crossed on dry land until the entire nation finished crossing the Jordan”(Joshua 3:17)., bHowever, from where do wederive the miracle that occurred at bthe crossing of the streams of Arnon? As it is stated: “Wherefore it is said in the Book of the Wars of the Lord: iVahevin iSufa/b, and the valleys of Arnon. And the slope of the valleys that incline toward the seat of Ar, and lean upon the border of Moab” (Numbers 21:14–15). It was btaught: i“Vahev in Sufa”;there were two lepers,one named Et and the second named Hev, bwho were walking at the rear of the camp of Israel. As Israel passed, the Emorites came /b |
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50. Babylonian Talmud, Gittin, 56b (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 56b. איברא מלכא את דאי לאו מלכא את לא מימסרא ירושלים בידך דכתיב (ישעיהו י, לד) והלבנון באדיר יפול ואין אדיר אלא מלך דכתיב (ירמיהו ל, כא) והיה אדירו ממנו וגו' ואין לבנון אלא ביהמ"ק שנאמר (דברים ג, כה) ההר הטוב הזה והלבנון ודקאמרת אי מלכא אנא אמאי לא קאתית לגבאי עד האידנא בריוני דאית בן לא שבקינן,אמר ליה אילו חבית של דבש ודרקון כרוך עליה לא היו שוברין את החבית בשביל דרקון אישתיק קרי עליה רב יוסף ואיתימא רבי עקיבא (ישעיהו מד, כה) משיב חכמים אחור ודעתם יסכל איבעי ליה למימר ליה שקלינן צבתא ושקלינן ליה לדרקון וקטלינן ליה וחביתא שבקינן לה,אדהכי אתי פריסתקא עליה מרומי אמר ליה קום דמית ליה קיסר ואמרי הנהו חשיבי דרומי לאותיבך ברישא הוה סיים חד מסאני בעא למסיימא לאחרינא לא עייל בעא למשלפא לאידך לא נפק אמר מאי האי,אמר ליה לא תצטער שמועה טובה אתיא לך דכתיב (משלי טו, ל) שמועה טובה תדשן עצם אלא מאי תקנתיה ליתי איניש דלא מיתבא דעתך מיניה ולחליף קמך דכתיב (משלי יז, כב) ורוח נכאה תיבש גרם עבד הכי עייל אמר ליה ומאחר דחכמיתו כולי האי עד האידנא אמאי לא אתיתו לגבאי אמר ליה ולא אמרי לך אמר ליה אנא נמי אמרי לך,אמר ליה מיזל אזילנא ואינש אחרינא משדרנא אלא בעי מינאי מידי דאתן לך אמר ליה תן לי יבנה וחכמיה ושושילתא דרבן גמליאל ואסוותא דמסיין ליה לרבי צדוק קרי עליה רב יוסף ואיתימא רבי עקיבא (ישעיהו מד, כה) משיב חכמים אחור ודעתם יסכל איבעי למימר ליה לשבקינהו הדא זימנא,והוא סבר דלמא כולי האי לא עביד והצלה פורתא נמי לא הוי,אסוותא דמסיין ליה לרבי צדוק מאי היא יומא קמא אשקיוה מיא דפארי למחר מיא דסיפוקא למחר מיא דקימחא עד דרווח מיעיה פורתא פורתא,אזל שדריה לטיטוס ואמר (דברים לב, לז) אי אלהימו צור חסיו בו זה טיטוס הרשע שחירף וגידף כלפי מעלה,מה עשה תפש זונה בידו ונכנס לבית קדשי הקדשים והציע ספר תורה ועבר עליה עבירה ונטל סייף וגידר את הפרוכת ונעשה נס והיה דם מבצבץ ויוצא וכסבור הרג את עצמו שנאמר (תהלים עד, ד) שאגו צורריך בקרב מועדיך שמו אותותם אותות,אבא חנן אומר (תהלים פט, ט) מי כמוך חסין יה מי כמוך חסין וקשה שאתה שומע ניאוצו וגידופו של אותו רשע ושותק דבי רבי ישמעאל תנא (שמות טו, יא) מי כמוכה באלים ה' מי כמוכה באלמים,מה עשה נטל את הפרוכת ועשאו כמין גרגותני והביא כל כלים שבמקדש והניחן בהן והושיבן בספינה לילך להשתבח בעירו שנאמר (קהלת ח, י) ובכן ראיתי רשעים קבורים ובאו וממקום קדוש יהלכו וישתכחו בעיר אשר כן עשו אל תיקרי קבורים אלא קבוצים אל תיקרי וישתכחו אלא וישתבחו,איכא דאמרי קבורים ממש דאפילו מילי דמטמרן איגלייא להון,עמד עליו נחשול שבים לטובעו אמר כמדומה אני שאלהיהם של אלו אין גבורתו אלא במים בא פרעה טבעו במים בא סיסרא טבעו במים אף הוא עומד עלי לטובעני במים אם גבור הוא יעלה ליבשה ויעשה עמי מלחמה יצתה בת קול ואמרה לו רשע בן רשע בן בנו של עשו הרשע בריה קלה יש לי בעולמי ויתוש שמה,אמאי קרי לה בריה קלה דמעלנא אית לה ומפקנא לית לה,עלה ליבשה ותעשה עמה מלחמה עלה ליבשה בא יתוש ונכנס בחוטמו ונקר במוחו שבע שנים יומא חד הוה קא חליף אבבא דבי נפחא שמע קל ארזפתא אישתיק אמר איכא תקנתא כל יומא מייתו נפחא ומחו קמיה לנכרי יהיב ליה ארבע זוזי לישראל אמר ליה מיסתייך דקא חזית בסנאך עד תלתין יומין עבד הכי מכאן ואילך כיון דדש דש,תניא אמר רבי פנחס בן ערובא אני הייתי בין גדולי רומי וכשמת פצעו את מוחו ומצאו בו כצפור דרור משקל שני סלעים במתניתא תנא כגוזל בן שנה משקל שני ליטרין,אמר אביי נקטינן פיו של נחושת וצפורניו של ברזל כי הוה קא מיית אמר להו ליקליוה לההוא גברא ולבדרי לקיטמיה אשב ימי דלא לשכחיה אלהא דיהודאי ולוקמיה בדינא,אונקלוס בר קלוניקוס בר אחתיה דטיטוס הוה בעי לאיגיורי אזל אסקיה לטיטוס בנגידא אמר ליה מאן חשיב בההוא עלמא אמר ליה ישראל מהו לאידבוקי בהו אמר ליה מילייהו נפישין ולא מצית לקיומינהו זיל איגרי בהו בההוא עלמא והוית רישא דכתיב (איכה א, ה) היו צריה לראש וגו' כל המיצר לישראל נעשה ראש אמר ליה דיניה דההוא גברא במאי א"ל | 56b. bin truth, you are a king,if not now, then in the future. bAs if you are not a king, Jerusalem will not be handed over into your hand, as it is written: “And the Lebanon shall fall by a mighty one”(Isaiah 10:34). bAnd “mighty one”means bonly a king, as it is written: “And their mighty one shall be of themselves,and their ruler shall proceed from the midst of them” (Jeremiah 30:21), indicating that “mighty one” parallels “ruler.” bAnd “Lebanon”means bonly the Temple, as it is stated: “That good mountain and the Lebanon”(Deuteronomy 3:25). bAndas for bwhat you saidwith your second comment: bIf I am a king why didn’t you come to me until now, there are zealots among uswho bdid not allow usto do this.,Understanding that Rabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai was prepared to ask him not to destroy the Temple, Vespasian bsaid to him: Ifthere is ba barrel of honey and a snake [ iderakon /i] is wrapped around it, wouldn’t they break the barrel in order tokill bthe snake?In similar fashion, I am forced to destroy the city of Jerusalem in order to kill the zealots barricaded within it. Rabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai bwas silentand did not answer. In light of this, bRav Yoseflater breadthe following verse babout him, and some saythat it was bRabbi Akivawho applied the verse to Rabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai: “I am the Lord… bWho turns wise men backward and makes their knowledge foolish”(Isaiah 44:25). As Rabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai bshould have saidthe following btoVespasian in response: In such a case, bwe take tongs, remove the snake, and kill it, andin this way bwe leave the barrelintact. So too, you should kill the rebels and leave the city as it is., bIn the meantime,as they were talking, ba messenger [ iferistaka /i] arrived from Rome,and bsaid to him: Rise, for the emperor has died, and the noblemen of Rome plan to appoint you astheir bleaderand make you the next emperor. At that time Vespasian bwas wearingonly bone shoe,and when bhe tried to put on the other one, it would not go onhis foot. bHethen btried to remove the othershoe that he was already wearing, but bit would not come off. He said: What is this? /b,Rabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai bsaid to him: Be not distressedor troubled, for bgood tidings have reached you, as it is written: “Good tidings make the bone fat”(Proverbs 15:30), and your feet have grown fatter out of joy and satisfaction. Vespasian said to him: bBut what is the remedy?What must I do in order to put on my shoe? Rabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai bsaid to him: Have someone with whom you are displeased come and pass before you, as it is written: “A broken spirit dries the bones”(Proverbs 17:22). bHe did this, andhis shoe bwent onhis foot. Vespasian bsaid to him: Since you are so wise, why didn’t you come tosee bme until now?Rabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai bsaid to him: But didn’t Ialready btell you?Vespasian bsaid to him: I also told youwhat I had to say.,Vespasian then bsaid toRabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai: bI will be goingto Rome to accept my new position, band I will send someone elsein my place to continue besieging the city and waging war against it. bButbefore I leave, bask something of me that Ican bgive you.Rabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai bsaid to him: Give me Yavne and its Sagesand do not destroy it, bandspare bthe dynasty of Rabban Gamlieland do not kill them as if they were rebels, bandlastly give me bdoctors to heal Rabbi Tzadok. Rav Yosef readthe following verse babout him, and some saythat it was bRabbi Akivawho applied the verse to Rabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai: “I am the Lord… bWho turns wise men backward and makes their knowledge foolish”(Isaiah 44:25), as bhe should have said to him to leavethe Jews alone bthis time. /b, bAndwhy didn’t Rabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai make this request? bHe maintainedthat Vespasian bmight not do that muchfor him, band there would not be even a smallamount of bsalvation.Therefore, he made only a modest request, in the hope that he would receive at least that much.,The Gemara asks: bWhatwas he requesting when he asked for bdoctors to heal Rabbi Tzadok?How did they heal him? bThe first day they gave him water to drinkthat contained bbran [ iparei /i]. The nextday they gave him bwatercontaining bflour mixed with bran [ isipuka /i]. The following daythey gave him bwatercontaining bflour.In this way they slowly restored his ability to eat, allowing bhis stomach to broaden little by little. /b,§ Vespasian bwentback to Rome and bsent Titusin his place. The Gemara cites a verse that was expounded as referring to Titus: b“And he shall say: Where is their God, their rock in whom they trusted?”(Deuteronomy 32:37). bThis is the wicked Titus, who insulted and blasphemed God on High. /b, bWhat didTitus bdowhen he conquered the Temple? bHe took a prostitute with his hand, and entered the Holy of Holieswith her. bHethen bspread out a Torah scrollunderneath him band committed a sin,i.e., engaged in sexual intercourse, bon it.Afterward bhe took a sword and cut into the curtainseparating between the Sanctuary and the Holy of Holies. bAnd a miracle was performed and blood spurted forth.Seeing the blood, bhemistakenly bthoughtthat bhe had killed himself.Here, the term himself is a euphemism for God. Titus saw blood issuing forth from the curtain in God’s meeting place, the Temple, and he took it as a sign that he had succeeded in killing God Himself. bAs it is stated: “Your enemies roar in the midst of Your meeting place; they have set up their own signs for signs”(Psalms 74:4)., bAbba Ḥa says:The verse states: b“Who is strong like You, O Lord?”(Psalms 89:9). bWho is strong and indurate like You, as You hear the abuse and the blasphemy of that wicked man and remain silent.Similarly, bthe school of Rabbi Yishmael taughtthat the verse: b“Who is like You, O Lord, among the gods [ ielim /i]”(Exodus 15:11), should be read as: bWho is like You among the mute [ iilmim /i],for You conduct Yourself like a mute and remain silent in the face of Your blasphemers., bWhatelse did Titus bdo? He took the curtain and formed it like a large basket, and brought all of thesacred bvessels of the Temple and placed them in it. And he put them on a ship to go and be praised in his citythat he had conquered Jerusalem, bas it is stated: “And so I saw the wicked buried, and come to their rest; but those that had done right were gone from the holy place, and were forgotten in the city; this also is vanity”(Ecclesiastes 8:10). bDo not readthe word bas “buried [ ikevurim /i].” Rather,read it as bcollected [ ikevutzim /i].And bdo not readthe word bas “and were forgotten [ iveyishtakeḥu /i].” Rather,read it as: bAnd they were praised [ iveyishtabeḥu /i].According to this interpretation, the verse speaks of those who will gather and collect items “from the holy place,” the Temple, and be praised in their city about what they had done., bThere arethose bwho saythat the verse is to be read as written, as it is referring to items that were bactually buried.This is because beven items that had been buried were revealed to them,i.e., Titus and his soldiers, as they found all of the sacred vessels.,It is further related about Titus that he was once traveling bat seaand ba wave rose up against himand threatened bto drown him.Titus bsaid: It seems to me that their God,the God of Israel, bhas power only in water. Pharaoh roseagainst them and bHe drowned him in water. Sisera roseagainst them and bHe drowned him in water.Here btoo, He has risen up against me to drown me in water. If He isreally bmighty, let Him go up on dry land andthere bwage war against me. A Divine Voice issued forth and said to him: Wicked one, son of a wicked one, grandson of Esau the wicked,for you are among his descendants and act just like him, bI have a lowly creature in My world and it is called a gnat. /b,The Gemara interjects: bWhy is it called a lowly creature?It is called this bbecause it has an entrancefor taking in food, bbut it does not have an exitfor excretion.,The Gemara resumes its story about Titus. The Divine Voice continued: bGo up on dry land and make war with it. He went up on dry land,and ba gnat came, entered his nostril, and picked at his brain for seven years.Titus suffered greatly from this until bone day he passed by the gate of a blacksmith’s shop.The gnat bheard the sound of a hammerand bwas silentand still. Titus bsaid:I see that bthere is a remedyfor my pain. bEvery day they would bring a blacksmith who hammered before him. He would give four dinarsas payment bto a gentileblacksmith, and bto a Jew he wouldsimply bsay: It is enough for you that you see your enemyin so much pain. bHe did this for thirty daysand it was effective until then. bFrom thatpoint bforward, sincethe gnat bbecame accustomedto the hammering, bit became accustomedto it, and once again it began to pick away at Titus’s brain., bIt is taughtin a ibaraitathat bRabbi Pineḥas ben Arova said: I wasat that time bamong the noblemen of Rome, and whenTitus bdied they split open his head and foundthat the gnat had grown to bthe size of a sparrow weighing two isela /i. It was taught inanother ibaraita /i:It was blikea one- byear-old pigeon weighing two ilitra /i. /b, bAbaye said: We have a traditionthat bits mouthwas made bof copper and its claws werefashioned of biron. WhenTitus bwas dying, he said tohis attendants: bBurn that man,i.e., me, band scatter his ashes across the seven seas, so that the God of the Jews should not find me and stand me for judgment. /b,§ The Gemara relates: bOnkelos bar Kalonikos, the son of Titus’s sister, wanted to convertto Judaism. bHe wentand braised Titusfrom the grave bthrough necromancy,and bsaid to him: Who ismost bimportant in that worldwhere you are now? Titus bsaid to him: The Jewish people.Onkelos asked him: bShould Ithen battachmyself bto themhere in this world? Titus bsaid to him: Their commandments are numerous, and you will not be able to fulfill them.It is best that you do as follows: bGoout and bbattle against them in that world, and you will become the chief, as it is written: “Her adversaries [ itzareha /i] have become the chief”(Lamentations 1:5), which means: bAnyone who distresses [ imeitzer /i] Israel will become the chief.Onkelos bsaid to him: What is the punishment of that man,a euphemism for Titus himself, in the next world? Titus bsaid to him: /b |
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51. Babylonian Talmud, Hagigah, 14b, 15a, 15b, 11b-16a (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
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52. Babylonian Talmud, Horayot, 11b (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 11b. מה להלן שאין על גביו אלא ה' אלהיו אף נשיא שאין על גביו אלא ה' אלהיו,בעא מיניה רבי מרבי חייא כגון אני מהו בשעיר אמר ליה הרי צרתך בבבל איתיביה מלכי ישראל ומלכי בית דוד אלו מביאים לעצמם ואלו מביאים לעצמם אמר ליה התם לא כייפי אהדדי הכא אנן כייפינן להו לדידהו,רב ספרא מתני הכי בעא מיניה רבי מרבי חייא כגון אני מהו בשעיר א"ל התם שבט הכא מחוקק ותניא (בראשית מט, י) לא יסור שבט מיהודה זה ראש גולה שבבבל שרודה את ישראל במקל (בראשית מט, י) ומחוקק מבין רגליו אלו בני בניו של הלל שמלמדים תורה לישראל ברבים:, big strongמתני׳ /strong /big ואיזהו המשיח המשוח בשמן המשחה לא המרובה בבגדים אין בין כהן המשוח בשמן המשחה למרובה בגדים אלא פר הבא על כל המצות,ואין בין כהן משמש לכהן שעבר אלא פר יוה"כ ועשירית האיפה,זה וזה שוים בעבודת יוה"כ ומצווים על הבתולה ואסורים על האלמנה ואינם מטמאים בקרוביהם ולא פורעים ולא פורמים ומחזירין הרוצח:, big strongגמ׳ /strong /big ת"ר שמן המשחה שעשה משה במדבר היו שולקים בו את העיקרים דברי רבי יהודה רבי יוסי אומר והלא לסוך את העקרים אינו סופק אלא שורין את העקרים במים ומציף עליו שמן וקולט את הריח וקפחו,אמר לו רבי יהודה וכי נס אחד נעשה בשמן המשחה והלא תחלתו שנים עשר לוגין וממנו היה נמשח משכן וכליו אהרן ובניו כל שבעת ימי המלואים וכולו קיים לעתיד לבוא שנאמר (שמות ל, לא) שמן משחת קדש יהיה זה לי לדורותיכם,תניא אידך (ויקרא ח, י) ויקח משה את שמן המשחה וימשח [את] המשכן [ואת] כל אשר בו רבי יהודה אומר שמן המשחה שעשה משה במדבר כמה נסים נעשו בו מתחלה ועד סוף תחלתו לא היה אלא שנים עשר לוגין ראה כמה יורה בולעת וכמה עקרים בולעים וכמה האור שורף ובו נמשח משכן וכליו ואהרן ובניו כל שבעת ימי המלואים ובו נמשחו כהנים גדולים ומלכים,ואפילו כהן גדול בן כהן גדול טעון משיחה ואין מושחים מלך בן מלך ואם תאמר מפני מה משחו את שלמה מפני מחלוקתו של אדוניה ואת יואש מפני עתליה ואת יהואחז מפני יהויקים שהיה גדול ממנו שתי שנים ואותו שמן קיים לעתיד לבוא שנאמר שמן משחת קדש יהיה זה לי לדורותיכם זה בגימטריא שנים עשר לוגין הוו,אמר מר ואפילו כהן גדול בן כהן גדול טעון משיחה מנלן דכתיב (ויקרא ו, טו) והכהן המשיח תחתיו מבניו נימא קרא והכהן מתחתיו מבניו מאי המשיח קמ"ל דמבניו דכהן גדול אי הוי משיח הוי כהן גדול ואי לא לא הוי כהן גדול,אמר מר ואין מושחין מלך בן מלך מנלן אמר רב אחא בר יעקב דכתיב (דברים יז, כ) למען יאריך ימים על ממלכתו וגו' ירושה היא לכם ומנלן דכי איכא מחלוקת בעי משיחה ולאו כל דבעי מלכא מורית מלכותא לבניה אמר רב פפא אמר קרא הוא ובניו בקרב ישראל בזמן ששלום בישראל קרינא ביה הוא ובניו ואפילו בלא משיחה,תנא אף יהוא בן נמשי לא נמשח אלא מפני מחלוקתו של יורם ותיפוק ליה משום דראשון הוא חסורי מחסרא והכי קתני מלכי בית דוד משוחין מלכי ישראל אין משוחין מנלן אמר רבא אמר קרא (שמואל א טז, יב) קום משחהו כי זה וגו' זה טעון משיחה ואין אחר טעון משיחה,אמר מר אף יהוא בן נמשי לא נמשח אלא מפני מחלוקתו של יורם ומשום מחלוקתו של יורם בן אחאב נמעול בשמן כדאמר רב פפא באפרסמא דכיא ה"נ באפרסמא דכיא,ואת יהואחז מפני יהויקים שהיה גדול ממנו שתי שנים ומי קשיש מיניה והכתיב (דברי הימים א ג, טו) ובני יאשיהו הבכור יוחנן השני יהויקים השלישי צדקיהו הרביעי שלום וא"ר יוחנן הוא שלום הוא צדקיהו הוא יוחנן הוא יהואחז לעולם יהויקים קשיש ומאי בכור בכור למלכות,ומי מלכי זוטרי מקמי קשישי והא כתיב (דברי הימים ב כא, ג) ואת הממלכה נתן ליהורם כי הוא הבכור יהורם ממלא מקום אבותיו הוה יהויקים לאו ממלא מקום אבותיו הוה,אמר מר הוא שלום הוא צדקיהו הוא יוחנן הוא יהואחז והא חד חד קא חשיב דכתי' (דברי הימים א ג, טו) השלישי הרביעי מאי שלישי שלישי לבנים ומאי רביעי רביעי למלכות דמעיקרא מלך יהואחז ולבסוף יהויקים ולבסוף יכניה ולבסוף צדקיהו,ת"ר הוא שלום הוא צדקיהו ולמה נקרא שמו שלום שהיה משולם במעשיו איכא דאמרי שלום ששלמה מלכות בית דוד בימיו ומה שמו מתניה שמו שנאמר (מלכים ב כד, יז) וימלך מלך בבל את מתניה דודו תחתיו ויסב את שמו צדקיהו א"ל יה יצדיק עליך את הדין אם תמרוד בי (שנאמר (מלכים ב כה, ז) ויביאהו בבלה) וכתיב (דברי הימים ב לו, יג) וגם במלך נבוכדנצר מרד אשר השביעו באלהים | 11b. bJust as there,in the passage with regard to the king, the reference is to one bover whom there is only the Lord his God, so too,with regard to ba inasi /i,the reference is to one bover whom there is only the Lord his God. /b, bRabbiYehuda HaNasi braised a dilemma before Rabbi Ḥiyya:In a case bwhere Iperform an unwitting transgression, bwhat isthe ihalakha /i: Would I be liable to atone bwith a goatas a sin-offering because I am the iNasi /i, or is my atonement with a ewe or a female goat, like a commoner, because I am not the king? Rabbi Ḥiyya bsaid to him: Your rival,the Exilarch bin Babylonia,is as great as you; therefore, you are not akin to a king. Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi braised an objection toRabbi Ḥiyya from a ibaraita /i: If bkings ofthe kingdom of bIsrael and kings of the house of Davidperform an unwitting transgression, bthese bringa sin-offering bfor themselvesas kings, band those bringa sin-offering bfor themselvesas kings. This indicates that even if a king has a counterpart who is as powerful as he is, he brings a male goat as his sin-offering. Rabbi Ḥiyya bsaid toRabbi Yehuda HaNasi: bThere,the kings bwere not subject to each other’s authority. Here,in Eretz Yisrael, bwe are subject to their authority,as the authority of the Exilarch is greater than the authority of the iNasi /i., bRav Safra taughtthe exchange in bthismanner: bRabbiYehuda HaNasi braised a dilemma before Rabbi Ḥiyya:In a case bwhere Iperform an unwitting transgression, bwhat isthe ihalakha /i: Would I be liable to atone bwith a male goatas a sin-offering because I am the iNasi /i, or is my atonement with a ewe or a female goat, like a commoner, because I am not the king? Rabbi Ḥiyya bsaid to him: There,the Exilarch has authority that is represented by ba scepter; here,in Eretz Yisrael, we have lesser authority, which is represented by ba staff. And it is taughtin a ibaraita /i: b“The scepter shall not depart from Judah”(Genesis 49:10); bthisis a reference to bthe Exilarch in Babylonia, who reigns over the Jewish people with a rod,as he is authorized by the gentile monarchy to impose his will. b“Nor the ruler’s staff from between his feet”(Genesis 49:10); bthese are the descendants of Hillel, whoserve in the role of the iNasiand bteach Torah to the Jewish people in public,but who are not authorized by the government to impose their will., strongMISHNA: /strong bAnd who is the anointedpriest? It is the High Priest bwho is anointed with the anointing oil, not theHigh Priest consecrated by donning bmultiple garments,i.e., one who served after the anointing oil had been sequestered, toward the end of the First Temple period. bThe difference betweena High bPriest anointed with the anointing oil andone consecrated by donning bmultiple garmentsunique to the High Priest bis onlythat the latter does not bring the bbull that comes forthe transgression of bany of the mitzvot. /b, bAnd the difference betweena High bPriestcurrently bservingin that capacity band a formerHigh bPriestwho had temporarily filled that position while the High Priest was unfit for service bis onlywith regard to the bbullbrought by the High Priest on bYom Kippur and the tenth of an ephahmeal-offering brought by the High Priest daily. Each of these offerings is brought only by the current High Priest, and not by a former High Priest.,Both bthisHigh Priest currently serving band thatformer High Priest bare equal with regard toperforming the rest of bthe Yom Kippur service, and they areboth bcommanded with regard tomarrying ba virgin(see Leviticus 21:13), bandit is bprohibitedfor both btomarry ba widow(see Leviticus 21:14), band they may not render themselves impurewith impurity imparted by a corpse even binthe event that one of btheir relativesdies (see Leviticus 21:11), band they may not growtheir hair blong and they may not rendtheir garments as expressions of mourning (see Leviticus 21:10), bandwhen they die bthey restore theunwitting bmurdererto his home from the city of refuge (see Numbers 35:25)., strongGEMARA: /strong bThe Sages taught:To blend bthe anointing oil that Moses prepared in the wilderness, they would boil inthe oil bthe rootsof the spices in the quantities enumerated in the verse; this is bthe statement of Rabbi Yehuda. Rabbi Yosei says: But isn’tthat amount of oil binsufficienteven bto smear on the rootsof those spices, as the oil would be absorbed into the roots? How then could the roots be boiled in the oil? bRather, they soak the roots in water.Once the roots are waterlogged, they do not absorb the oil. The fragrance of the spices gradually rises band they float oil onthe water bandthe oil babsorbs the fragrance. Andat that point, bone removedthe oil b[ ivekippeḥo /i]from the water, and that was the anointing oil., bRabbi Yehuda said to him: And wasit merely bone miraclethat was bperformed with regard to the anointing oil? But wasn’t it initiallyonly btwelve ilog /i, and from it the Tabernacle, and its vessels, Aaron, and his sonswere banointedfor the bentire seven days of inauguration, and all of itremains bin existence for the future, as it is stated: “This shall be a sacred anointing oil unto Me throughout your generations”(Exodus 30:31)? Since the entire existence of the anointing oil is predicated on miracles, it is no wonder that its preparation also involved a miracle., bIt is taughtin banother ibaraita /i: b“And Moses took the anointing oil, and anointed the Tabernacle and all that was in itand sanctified them” (Leviticus 8:10). bRabbi Yehuda says:With regard to bthe anointing oil that Moses prepared in the wilderness, how many miracles were performed in itsregard continuously, bfrom beginning to end? Initially it was only twelve ilog /i. Consider how muchoil ba pot absorbs, and how muchoil is babsorbed by the roots, and how muchoil bthe fire burns, andyet bthe Tabernacle, and its vessels, Aaron, and his sonswere banointed with itfor the bentire seven days of inauguration, and High Priests and kings were anointed with itthroughout the generations.,Apropos the anointing oil, the ibaraitacontinues: bAnd even a High Priest, son of a High Priest, requires anointing, but one does not anoint a king, son of a king. And if you say: For whatreason bdid they anoint King Solomon(see I Kings, chapter 1), who was the son of a king? It was bdue to the challenge of Adonijah,who sought to succeed their father David as king. bAndthey anointed bJoash due to Athaliah(see II Kings, chapter 11). bAndthey anointed bJehoahaz due to Jehoiakim, who was two years older than hewas (see II Kings 23:30). In all these cases, it was necessary to underscore that these men were crowned king. bAnd that oil remains in existence for the future, as it is stated: “This [ izeh /i] shall be a sacred anointing oil unto Me throughout your generations”(Exodus 30:31). bThe numerical value of izehis twelve ilog /i,indicating that this amount of oil remains intact despite its use.,§ The Gemara analyzes the ibaraita /i. bThe Master said: And even a High Priest, son of a High Priest, requires anointing.The Gemara asks: bFrom where do wederive this ihalakha /i? It is derived from a verse, bas it is written: “And the anointed priest that shall be in his stead from among his sons”(Leviticus 6:15). bLet the verse sayonly: bThe priest that shall be in his stead from among his sons. Whatis the reason that it says: b“The anointedpriest”? The Torah bteaches us thateven bfrom among the sons of a High Priest, if he is anointedwith oil bhe is a High Priest, and if not, he is not a High Priest. /b, bThe Master said: But one does not anoint a king, son of a king.The Gemara asks: bFrom where do wederive this ihalakha /i? bRav Aḥa bar Ya’akov saidthat it is derived from a verse, bas it is written: “So that he may prolong his days in his kingdom,he and his sons, in the midst of Israel” (Deuteronomy 17:20). His children are mentioned in the verse in order to teach them: The kingdom bis an inheritance for you.The Gemara asks: bAnd from where do wederive bthat when there is a disputewith regard to succession, the king brequires anointing, andit is bnotthat bwhenever the king wisheshe can bbequeath the kingdom to his sonwithout anointing him? bRav Pappa saidthat bthe verse states: “He and his sons, in the midst of Israel.” When there is peace in Israel we read concerning him: “He and his sons,” even without anointing;but when there is dispute, anointing is required.,It is btaught: Even Jehu, son of Nimshi,king of Israel, bwas anointed only due to the challenge of Joram(see II Kings 9:1–14). The Sages challenge: bAnd let him derivethat Jehu was anointed bdue tothe fact bthat hewas the bfirstof his dynasty and was not the son of a king. The Gemara answers: The ibaraita bis incomplete and thisis what bit is teaching: Kings of the house of David are anointed; kings of Israel are not anointed.The Gemara asks: bFrom where do wederive this? bRava saidthat bthe verse states: “Arise, anoint him, for thisis he” (I Samuel 16:12), from which it is derived: bThisking, David, brequires anointing, but anotherking bdoes not require anointing. /b,The Gemara analyzes the ibaraita /i. bThe Master said: Even Jehu, son of Nimshi,king of Israel, bwas anointed only due to the challenge of Joram.The Gemara asks: bAnd due to the challenge of Joram, son of Ahab, shall we misuse consecrated anointing oiland anoint a king of Israel, who does not require anointing? The Gemara answers that it is blikethat bwhich Rav Pappa saidin another context: They anointed him bwith pure balsamoil, not with anointing oil. bSo too,with regard to Jehu, they anointed him bwith pure balsamoil, not with anointing oil.,The ibaraitateaches: bAndthey anointed bJehoahaz due to Jehoiakim, who was two years older than hewas. The Gemara asks: bAnd wasJehoiakim bolder thanJehoahaz? bBut isn’t it written: “And the sons of Josiah: The firstborn Joha, the second Jehoiakim, the third Zedekiah, the fourth Shallum”(I Chronicles 3:15), band Rabbi Yoḥa says: He is Shallum, he is Zedekiah;these are two names for one person. Likewise, bhe is Joha, he is Jehoahaz,who is mentioned in the book of Kings. Since Jehoahaz was the eldest, why was it necessary to anoint him? The Gemara answers: bActually, Jehoiakimwas bolderthan Jehoahaz. bAnd whatis the meaning of the term b“firstborn”written with regard to Jehoahaz? It means that his status was like that of ba firstbornin terms of ascent bto the kingship. /b,The Gemara asks: bAnd do youngersons brule before eldersons? bBut isn’t it written: “And the kingdom he gave to Jehoram, because he was the firstborn”(II Chronicles 21:3). The Gemara answers: bJehoram was a surrogate for his ancestorsas he was suited to serve as king, so since he was firstborn, he ascended to the throne. bJehoiakim was not a surrogate for his ancestors;he was not suited to serve as king. Therefore, his brother ascended to the throne before him., bThe Master said: He is Shallum, he is Zedekiah; he is Joha, he is Jehoahaz.The Gemara asks: bBut doesn’tthe verse benumerate them individually, as it is written: “The thirdZedekiah, bthe fourthShallum,” indicating that they are two people? The Gemara answers: bWhatis the meaning of bthird?It means the bthird among the sons. And whatis the meaning of bfourth?It means the bfourthto ascend bto the kingship.How so? bInitially, Jehoahaz reigned, and ultimately,after him, bJehoiakim, and ultimately,after him, bJeconiah,son of Jehoiakim, band ultimately,after him, bZedekiah,who was fourth to the kingship., bThe Sages taught: He is Shallum, he is Zedekiah. And why was he called Shallum?It is bdue tothe fact bthat he was perfect [ imeshullam /i] is his actions. Some say:He was called bShallum because the kingdom of the house of David was concluded [ isheshalema /i] during his days. And whatwas bhisactual bname? Mattaniahwas bhis name, as it is stated: “And the king of Babylon crowned Mattaniah his uncle in his stead, and changed his name to Zedekiah”(II Kings 24:17). Why did Nebuchadnezzar call him Zedekiah? bHe said to him: God will justify the judgment against you if you rebel against me; and it is written: “And he also rebelled against King Nebuchadnezzar, who had imposed upon him an oath by God”(II Chronicles 36:13). |
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53. Babylonian Talmud, Hulin, 27b, 15a (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 15a. כל נרות של מתכת מטלטלין חוץ מן הנר שהדליקו בו באותה שבת,ודלמא שאני התם דהוא דחי ליה בידים,אלא אמר רב אשי רבי יהודה דמבשל היא דתנן המבשל בשבת בשוגג יאכל במזיד לא יאכל דברי רבי מאיר,רבי יהודה אומר בשוגג יאכל במוצאי שבת במזיד לא יאכל עולמית,רבי יוחנן הסנדלר אומר בשוגג יאכל למוצאי שבת לאחרים ולא לו במזיד לא יאכל עולמית לא לו ולא לאחרים,ונוקמה במזיד ורבי מאיר,לא סלקא דעתך דקתני דומיא דיום הכפורים מה יום הכפורים לא שנא בשוגג ולא שנא במזיד לא אכיל אף הכא נמי לא שנא בשוגג ולא שנא במזיד לא אכיל,ומי מצית מוקמת לה בשוגג ורבי יהודה והא אף על פי שמתחייב בנפשו קתני הכי קאמר אע"פ דבמזיד מתחייב בנפשו הוא הכא דבשוגג שחיטתו כשרה,ונוקמה כרבי יוחנן הסנדלר דאמר לא שנא בשוגג ולא שנא במזיד לא אכיל רבי יוחנן הסנדלר קמפליג במוצאי שבת לאחרים ולא לו תנא דידן שחיטתו כשרה קתני לא שנא לו ולא שנא לאחרים,תני תנא קמיה דרב המבשל בשבת בשוגג יאכל במזיד לא יאכל ומשתיק ליה רב,מאי טעמא משתיק ליה אילימא משום דסבירא ליה כרבי יהודה ותנא תני כרבי מאיר משום דסבירא ליה כרבי יהודה מאן דתני כרבי מאיר משתיק ליה,ועוד מי סבר לה כרבי יהודה והאמר רב חנן בר אמי כי מורי להו רב לתלמידיה מורי להו כר' מאיר וכי דריש בפירקא דריש כרבי יהודה משום עמי הארץ,וכי תימא תנא בפירקיה תנא קמיה אטו כולי עלמא לתנא צייתי לאמורא צייתי,אמר רב נחמן בר יצחק תנא שוחט תנא קמיה דרב השוחט בשבת בשוגג יאכל במזיד לא יאכל אמר ליה מאי דעתיך כרבי מאיר עד כאן לא קשרי רבי מאיר אלא במבשל דראוי לכוס אבל שוחט דאין ראוי לכוס לא,והא מתניתין דשוחט הוא ואמר רב הונא דרש חייא בר רב משמיה דרב אסורה באכילה ליומא ונסבין חבריא למימר רבי יהודה היא הא רבי מאיר שרי,כי שרי רבי מאיר | 15a. bOne may move all metal lampson Shabbat, even old ones, because they do not become repugt like earthenware lamps, bexcept fora metal blamp that one kindled on that same Shabbatand that was burning when Shabbat began, which it is prohibited to move for the entire Shabbat due to the prohibition against extinguishing.,The Gemara rejects that analogy. bAnd perhapsit bis different there,in the case of the burning lamp, bas he set it aside bydirect bactionwhen he kindled the lamp. By contrast, in the case of an animal, he did not set it aside, and therefore, perhaps once it is slaughtered it is permitted., bRather, Rav Ashi said:When Rav said that the ihalakhathat consumption of the animal is prohibited for that day is the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, the reference bisto the opinion of bRabbi Yehuda with regard to one who cooks, as we learnedin a ibaraita /i: With regard to bone who cooks on Shabbat,if he did so bunwittingly, he may eatwhat he cooked. If he acted bintentionally, he may not eatwhat he cooked. This is bthe statement of Rabbi Meir. /b, bRabbi Yehuda says:If he cooked the food bunwittingly, he may eatit bat the conclusion of Shabbat,as the Sages penalized even one who sinned unwittingly by prohibiting him from deriving immediate benefit from the dish that he cooked. If he cooked it bintentionally, he may never eatfrom it., bRabbi Yoḥa HaSandlar says:If he acted bunwittingly,the food bmay be eaten at the conclusion of Shabbat by others, but not by him.If he cooked the food bintentionally, it may never be eaten, neither by him nor by others.According to Rav, the mishna is referring to a case where one slaughtered the animal unwittingly. According to Rabbi Yehuda, the slaughter is valid but it is prohibited to eat the animal on Shabbat.,The Gemara challenges this: bAnd let us interpretthe mishna as referring btoa case where he slaughtered the animal bintentionally, andexplain that it is in accordance with the opinion of bRabbi Meir,who rules that eating the animal in such a case is permitted only after the conclusion of Shabbat.,The Gemara responds: That possibility should bnot enter your mind, asthe case of slaughter on Shabbat is juxtaposed to and btaughtin a manner bsimilar tothe case of slaughter on bYom Kippur. Just aswith regard to slaughter on bYom Kippur,it bis no differentwhether one slaughtered it bunwittingly andit bis no differentwhether he slaughtered it bintentionally, he may not eatit that day due to the fast, bso too here,with regard to slaughter on Shabbat, it bis no differentwhether he slaughtered it bunwittingly andit bis no differentwhether he slaughtered it bintentionally, he may not eatit that day. Rabbi Meir, though, deems it permitted for one who cooked unwittingly to eat the cooked food on Shabbat.,The Gemara asks: bAnd can you interpretthe mishna as referring btoa case of bunwittingslaughter bandin accordance with the opinion of bRabbi Yehuda? But isn’t it taughtin the mishna: bAlthough he is liable toreceive the bdeathpenalty? One is liable to be executed only if he intentionally performs labor on Shabbat. The Gemara answers that bthisis what the mishna bis saying: Althoughif he slaughtered it bintentionally he is liable toreceive the bdeathpenalty, bhere,in a case bwherehe slaughtered the animal bunwittingly, his slaughter is valid. /b,The Gemara challenges: bAnd let us interpretthe mishna bin accordance withthe opinion of bRabbi Yoḥa HaSandlar, who says:It bis no differentwhether he cooked bunwittingly andit bis no differentwhether he cooked bintentionally; he may not eat iton Shabbat. The Gemara explains: bRabbi Yoḥa HaSandlar draws a distinction with regard to the conclusion of Shabbat,in that he permits eating food cooked on Shabbat bfor others and not for him,while bthe itannaof ourmishna bteaches: His slaughter is valid,without qualification, indicating that with regard to his ruling it bis no different for him andit bis no different for others. /b,§ bThe itannataughta ibaraita bbefore Rav: One who cooks on Shabbat unwittingly may eatthe food that he cooked; if he did so bintentionally, he may not eatthe food that he cooked, band Rav silenced him. /b,The Gemara asks: bWhat is the reasonthat bRav silenced him? If we sayit is bbecauseRav bholds in accordance withthe opinion of bRabbi Yehuda and the itannataughtthe ibaraita bin accordance withthe opinion of bRabbi Meir,can it be that merely bbecause he holds in accordance withthe opinion of bRabbi Yehuda he silences one who teachesa ibaraita bin accordance withthe opinion of bRabbi Meir? /b, bAnd furthermore, doesRav bhold in accordance withthe opinion of bRabbi Yehuda? But doesn’t Rav Ḥa bar Ami say: When Rav issues a ruling to his students, he issues a ruling in accordance withthe opinion of bRabbi Meir, and when he teaches inhis bpublic lecturedelivered on the Festival, bhe teaches in accordance withthe opinion of bRabbi Yehuda, due tohis concern that bthe ignoramuseswould treat the prohibition of labor on Shabbat with disdain?, bAnd if you would saythat bthe itannataughtthe ibaraita bbeforeRav bduring the public lectureand Rav silenced him so that the ignoramuses would not learn from him, bis that to saythat beveryoneattending the public lecture blistens to the itanna /iwho is citing the ibaraita /i? There is no need to silence the itanna /i, because bthey listen to the disseminator [ iamora /i],the Sage who repeats what he hears from Rav loudly for the benefit of those attending the lecture, and the iamoraquoted Rav’s ruling in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda., bRav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: The itannataughtthe ihalakhaof one who bslaughters before Rav: One who slaughtersan animal bon Shabbat unwittingly may eatfrom the slaughtered animal; if he slaughtered it bintentionally, he may not eatfrom the slaughtered animal. Rav bsaid tothe itanna /i: bWhat do you think,that the ihalakhais bin accordance withthe opinion of bRabbi Meir? Rabbi Meir deemseating bpermitted only inthe case of bone who cooksunwittingly on Shabbat, baseven before he cooks the food bit is fit to be chewed [ ilakhos /i],i.e., to be eaten uncooked, in a permitted manner, and therefore it was not set aside from use when Shabbat began. bButin the case of one who bslaughtersan animal, bwherethe meat was bnot fit to chew,Rabbi Meir does bnotpermit eating it on Shabbat, because it was set aside from use on Shabbat.,The Gemara asks: bBut isn’t the mishnaaddressing the case bof one who slaughtersan animal, band Rav Huna saysthat bḤiyya bar Rav taught in the name of Rav: Consumptionof the animal is bprohibited forthat bday, andthe members of bthe companyof Sages, i.e., those in the academy, btended to saythat this ihalakha bisthe opinion of bRabbi Yehuda,from which it may be inferred: bBut Rabbi Meir permitsconsumption of the slaughtered animal even on Shabbat, and he is not concerned that the animal was set aside from use when Shabbat began?,The Gemara answers: bWhen Rabbi Meir permitsconsumption of the slaughtered animal even on Shabbat |
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54. Babylonian Talmud, Ketuvot, 62b (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 62b. אכולהו והא ששה חדשים קאמר אינו דומה מי שיש לו פת בסלו למי שאין לו פת בסלו,א"ל רבה בר רב חנן לאביי חמר ונעשה גמל מאי א"ל רוצה אשה בקב ותיפלות מעשרה קבין ופרישות:,הספנים אחת לששה חדשים דברי ר' אליעזר: אמר רב ברונא אמר רב הלכה כר"א אמר רב אדא בר אהבה אמר רב זו דברי ר' אליעזר אבל חכמים אומרים התלמידים יוצאין לת"ת ב' וג' שנים שלא ברשות אמר רבא סמכו רבנן אדרב אדא בר אהבה ועבדי עובדא בנפשייהו,כי הא דרב רחומי הוה שכיח קמיה דרבא במחוזא הוה רגיל דהוה אתי לביתיה כל מעלי יומא דכיפורי יומא חד משכתיה שמעתא הוה מסכיא דביתהו השתא אתי השתא אתי לא אתא חלש דעתה אחית דמעתא מעינה הוה יתיב באיגרא אפחית איגרא מתותיה ונח נפשיה,עונה של תלמידי חכמים אימת אמר רב יהודה אמר שמואל מע"ש לע"ש (תהלים א, ג) אשר פריו יתן בעתו אמר רב יהודה ואיתימא רב הונא ואיתימא רב נחמן זה המשמש מטתו מע"ש לע"ש,יהודה בריה דר' חייא חתניה דר' ינאי הוה אזיל ויתיב בבי רב וכל בי שמשי הוה אתי לביתיה וכי הוה אתי הוה קא חזי קמיה עמודא דנורא יומא חד משכתיה שמעתא כיון דלא חזי ההוא סימנא אמר להו רבי ינאי כפו מטתו שאילמלי יהודה קיים לא ביטל עונתו הואי (קהלת י, ה) כשגגה שיוצא מלפני השליט ונח נפשיה,רבי איעסק ליה לבריה בי רבי חייא כי מטא למיכתב כתובה נח נפשה דרביתא אמר רבי ח"ו פסולא איכא יתיבו ועיינו במשפחות רבי אתי משפטיה בן אביטל ורבי חייא אתי משמעי אחי דוד,אזיל איעסק ליה לבריה בי ר' יוסי בן זימרא פסקו ליה תרתי סרי שנין למיזל בבי רב אחלפוה קמיה אמר להו ניהוו שית שנין אחלפוה קמיה אמר להו איכניס והדר איזיל הוה קא מכסיף מאבוה א"ל בני דעת קונך יש בך,מעיקרא כתיב (שמות טו, יז) תביאמו ותטעמו ולבסוף כתיב (שמות כה, ח) ועשו לי מקדש ושכנתי בתוכם,אזיל יתיב תרתי סרי שני בבי רב עד דאתא איעקרא דביתהו אמר רבי היכי נעביד נגרשה יאמרו ענייה זו לשוא שימרה נינסיב איתתא אחריתי יאמרו זו אשתו וזו זונתו בעי עלה רחמי ואיתסיאת:,רבי חנניה בן חכינאי הוה קאזיל לבי רב בשילהי הלוליה דר"ש בן יוחאי א"ל איעכב לי עד דאתי בהדך לא איעכבא ליה אזל יתיב תרי סרי שני בבי רב עד דאתי אישתנו שבילי דמתא ולא ידע למיזל לביתיה,אזל יתיב אגודא דנהרא שמע לההיא רביתא דהוו קרו לה בת חכינאי בת חכינאי מלי קולתך ותא ניזיל אמר ש"מ האי רביתא דידן אזל בתרה הוה יתיבא דביתהו קא נהלה קמחא דל עינה חזיתיה סוי לבה פרח רוחה אמר לפניו רבש"ע ענייה זו זה שכרה בעא רחמי עלה וחייה,רבי חמא בר ביסא אזיל יתיב תרי סרי שני בבי מדרשא כי אתא אמר לא איעביד כדעביד בן חכינאי עייל יתיב במדרשא שלח לביתיה אתא ר' אושעיא בריה יתיב קמיה הוה קא משאיל ליה שמעתא חזא דקא מתחדדי שמעתיה חלש דעתיה אמר אי הואי הכא הוה לי זרע כי האי,על לביתיה על בריה קם קמיה הוא סבר למשאליה שמעתתא קא בעי אמרה ליה דביתהו מי איכא אבא דקאים מקמי ברא קרי עליה רמי בר חמא (קהלת ד, יב) החוט המשולש לא במהרה ינתק זה ר' אושעיא בנו של רבי חמא בר ביסא,ר"ע רעיא דבן כלבא שבוע הוה חזיתיה ברתיה דהוה צניע ומעלי אמרה ליה אי מקדשנא לך אזלת לבי רב אמר לה אין איקדשא ליה בצינעה ושדרתיה שמע אבוה אפקה מביתיה אדרה הנאה מנכסיה אזיל יתיב תרי סרי שנין בבי רב כי אתא אייתי בהדיה תרי סרי אלפי תלמידי שמעיה לההוא סבא דקאמר לה עד כמה | 62b. the itannataught us a ihalakha bwith regard to all of them,not only a man of leisure or a laborer. He asked him: bButwith regard to a sailor bit saidthat the set interval for conjugal relations is bsix months;why, then, should he have to divorce her if he vowed to forbid these relations for only a week? He answered him: It is well known that bone who has bread in his basket is not comparable to one who does not have bread in his basket.On a fast day, one who does not have bread available in his basket suffers more than one who does have bread available and knows that he will be able to eat later. In this case as well, when a woman knows that marital relations are forbidden to her due to a vow, her suffering from waiting for her husband to return is increased., bRabba bar Rav Ha said to Abaye: If a donkey driverwho is already married wants to bbecome a camel driver, whatis the ihalakha /i? Is he permitted to change his profession in order to earn more money from his work, even though this will mean he reduces the frequency with which he engages in conjugal relations with his wife? bHe answered him: A woman prefers a ikav /i,i.e., modest means, bwith conjugal relations to ten ikavwith abstinence.Consequently, he is not allowed to change his profession without her permission.,§ The mishna stated: For bsailors,the set interval for conjugal relations is bonce every six months. This is the statement of Rabbi Eliezer. Rav Berona saidthat bRav said:The ihalakhais in accordance withthe opinion of bRabbi Eliezer. Rav Adda bar Ahava saidthat bRav said: This is the statement of Rabbi Eliezer, but the Rabbis say: Students may leavetheir homes bto study Torahfor as long as btwo or three years without permissionfrom their wives. bRava said: The Sages relied on Rabbi Adda bar Ahava’sopinion band performed an actionlike this bthemselves,but the results were sometimes fatal.,This is basit is related babout Rav Reḥumi, who would commonlystudy bbefore Rava in Meḥoza: He was accustomed to comeback bto his home everyyear on the beve of Yom Kippur. One day he wasparticularly bengrossed inthe ihalakha /ihe was studying, and so he remained in the study hall and did not go home. bHis wife was expecting himthat day and continually said to herself: bNow he is coming, now he is coming.But in the end, bhe did not come. She was distressedby this and ba tear fell from her eye.At that exact moment, Rav Reḥumi bwas sitting on the roof. The roof collapsed under him and he died.This teaches how much one must be careful, as he was punished severely for causing anguish to his wife, even inadvertently.,§ bWhenis btheideal btime for Torah scholarsto fulfill their conjugal obligations? bRav Yehuda saidthat bShmuel said:The appropriate time for them is bfrom Shabbat eve to Shabbat eve,i.e., on Friday nights. Similarly, it is stated with regard to the verse b“that brings forth its fruit in its season”(Psalms 1:3): bRav Yehuda said, and some saythat it was bRav Huna, and some saythat it was bRav Naḥman: Thisis referring to one bwho engages in marital relations,bringing forth his fruit, bfrom Shabbat eve to Shabbat eve. /b,It is related further that bYehuda, son of Rabbi Ḥiyyaand bson-in-law of Rabbi Yannai, would go and sit in the study hall, and everyShabbat eve bat twilight he would come to his house. When he would come,Rabbi Yannai bwould see a pillar of fire preceding himdue to his sanctity. bOne day he was engrossed inthe ihalakha /ihe was studying, and he stayed in the study hall and did not return home. bWhen Rabbi Yannai did not see that signpreceding him, bhe said tothe family: bTurn his bed over,as one does at times of mourning, since he must have died, reasoning that bif Yehuda were alive he would not have missed his set intervalfor conjugal relations and would certainly have come home. What he said bbecame “like an error that proceeds from a ruler”(Ecclesiastes 10:5), bandYehuda, son of Rabbi Ḥiyya, bdied. /b,It is related further that bRabbiYehuda HaNasi barranged for his sonto marry a daughter of bthe household of Rabbi Ḥiyya. When he came to write the marriage contract, the girl died. RabbiYehuda HaNasi bsaid: Is there, Heaven forbid, some disqualificationin these families, as it appears that God prevented this match from taking place? bThey sat and looked into the families’ancestry and found that bRabbiYehuda HaNasi bwas descended from Shefatya ben Avital,the wife of David, whereas bRabbi Ḥiyya was descended from Shimi, David’s brother. /b, bHe went and arranged for his sonto marry a daughter bof the household of Rabbi Yosei ben Zimra. They agreed for himthat they would support him for btwelve years to go to study in the study hall.It was assumed that he would first go to study and afterward get married. bThey passedthe girl bin front ofthe groom and when he saw her bhe said: Let it bejust bsix years. They passed her in front of himagain and bhe said to them: I will marry hernow band then goto study. bHe wasthen bashamedto see bhis father,as he thought he would reprimand him because when he saw the girl he desired her and could not wait. His father placated him and bsaid to him: My son, you have your Maker’s perception,meaning you acted the same way that God does.,The proof for this is that binitially it is written: “You bring them and plant themin the mountain of Your inheritance, the place that You, O Lord, have made for You to dwell in” (Exodus 15:17), which indicates that God’s original intention was to build a Temple for the Jewish people after they had entered Eretz Yisrael. bAnd ultimately it is written: “And let them make Me a Sanctuary, that I may dwell among them”(Exodus 25:8), i.e., even while they were still in the desert, which indicates that due to their closeness to God, they enjoyed greater affection and He therefore advanced what would originally have come later.,After his wedding bhe went and sat for twelve years in the study hall. By the time he came back his wife had become infertile,as a consequence of spending many years without her husband. bRabbiYehuda HaNasi bsaid: Whatshould we bdo? If he will divorce her,people bwill say: This poor woman waitedand hoped bfor naught. If he will marry another womanto beget children, people bwill say: This one,who bears him children, bis his wife and that one,who lives with him, bis his mistress.Therefore, her husband bpleadedwith God bto have mercy on her and she was cured. /b, bRabbi Ḥaya ben Ḥakhinai went to the study hall at the end of Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai’s wedding feast.Rabbi Shimon bsaid to him: Wait for me until Ican bcome with you,after my days of celebration are over. However, since he wanted to learn Torah, bhe did not waitand bwent and sat for twelve years in the study hall. By the time he came back, all the paths of his city had changed and he did not know how to go to his home. /b, bHe wentand bsat on the bank of the river and heard people calling to a certain girl: Daughter of Ḥakhinai, daughter of Ḥakhinai, fill your pitcher and come up. He said: I can conclude from this that this is our daughter,meaning his own daughter, whom he had not recognized after so many years. bHe followed herto his house. bHis wife was sitting and sifting flour. She lifted her eyes up, saw himand recognized him, band her heart flutteredwith agitation and bshe passed awayfrom the emotional stress. Rabbi Ḥaya bsaid beforeGod: bMaster of the universe, is this the reward of this poor woman? He pleaded for mercy for her and she lived. /b, bRabbi Ḥama bar Bisa went and sat for twelve years in the study hall. When he cameback to his house, bhe said: I will not do what the son of Ḥakhinai,who came home suddenly with tragic consequences for his wife, bdid. He went and sat in the study hallin his hometown, band senta message bto his housethat he had arrived. While he was sitting there bhis son Rabbi Oshaya,whom he did not recognize, bcame and sat before him.Rabbi Oshaya basked himquestions about ihalakha /i, andRabbi Ḥama bsaw that the ihalakhotofRabbi Oshaya bwere incisive,i.e., he was very sharp. Rabbi Ḥama bwas distressed and said: If I had been hereand had taught my son bI would have had a child like this. /b,Rabbi Ḥama bwent in to his houseand bhis son went inwith him. Rabbi Ḥama then bstood up before himto honor a Torah scholar, since bhe thoughtthat bhe wanted to ask him a matter of ihalakha /i. His wife said to him: Is there a father who stands up before his son?The Gemara comments: bRami bar Ḥama readthe verse babout him: “A threefold cord is not quickly broken”(Ecclesiastes 4:12). bThisis referring to bRabbi Oshaya, son of Rabbi Ḥama bar Bisa,as he represented the third generation of Torah scholars in his family.,The Gemara further relates: bRabbi Akiva was the shepherd of ben Kalba Savua,one of the wealthy residents of Jerusalem. The bdaughterof Ben Kalba Savua bsaw that he was humble and refined. She said to him: If I betroth myself to you, will you go to the study hallto learn Torah? bHe said to her: Yes. She became betrothed to him privately and sent himoff to study. bHer father heardthis and became angry. bHe removed her from his houseand took a bvowprohibiting her from bbenefiting from his property.Rabbi Akiva bwentand bsat for twelve years in the study hall. When he cameback to his house bhe brought twelve thousand studentswith him, and as he approached bhe heard an old man saying tohis wife: bFor how long /b |
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55. Babylonian Talmud, Pesahim, 49b (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 49b. ואינו מתקבל:,תנו רבנן לעולם ימכור אדם כל מה שיש לו וישא בת תלמיד חכם לא מצא בת תלמיד חכם ישא בת גדולי הדור לא מצא בת גדולי הדור ישא בת ראשי כנסיות לא מצא בת ראשי כנסיות ישא בת גבאי צדקה לא מצא בת גבאי צדקה ישא בת מלמדי תינוקות ולא ישא בת עמי הארץ מפני שהן שקץ ונשותיהן שרץ ועל בנותיהן הוא אומר (דברים כז, כא) ארור שוכב עם כל בהמה,תניא ר' אומר עם הארץ אסור לאכול בשר (בהמה) שנאמר (ויקרא יא, מו) זאת תורת הבהמה והעוף כל העוסק בתורה מותר לאכול בשר בהמה ועוף וכל שאינו עוסק בתורה אסור לאכול בשר בהמה ועוף:,אמר רבי אלעזר עם הארץ מותר לנוחרו ביום הכיפורים שחל להיות בשבת אמרו לו תלמידיו ר' אמור לשוחטו אמר להן זה טעון ברכה וזה אינו טעון ברכה:,אמר רבי אלעזר עם הארץ אסור להתלוות עמו בדרך שנאמר (דברים ל, כ) כי היא חייך ואורך ימיך על חייו לא חס על חיי חבירו לא כל שכן,אמר רבי שמואל בר נחמני אמר רבי יוחנן עם הארץ מותר לקורעו כדג אמר רבי שמואל בר יצחק ומגבו:,תניא אמר רבי עקיבא כשהייתי עם הארץ אמרתי מי יתן לי תלמיד חכם ואנשכנו כחמור אמרו לו תלמידיו רבי אמור ככלב אמר להן זה נושך ושובר עצם וזה נושך ואינו שובר עצם:,תניא היה רבי מאיר אומר כל המשיא בתו לעם הארץ כאילו כופתה ומניחה לפני ארי מה ארי דורס ואוכל ואין לו בושת פנים אף עם הארץ מכה ובועל ואין לו בושת פנים:,תניא רבי אליעזר אומר אילמלא אנו צריכין להם למשא ומתן היו הורגין אותנו,תנא רבי חייא כל העוסק בתורה לפני עם הארץ כאילו בועל ארוסתו בפניו שנאמר (דברים לג, ד) תורה צוה לנו משה מורשה אל תקרי מורשה אלא מאורסה,גדולה שנאה ששונאין עמי הארץ לתלמיד חכם יותר משנאה ששונאין עובדי כוכבים את ישראל ונשותיהן יותר מהן: תנא שנה ופירש יותר מכולן,תנו רבנן ששה דברים נאמרו בעמי הארץ אין מוסרין להן עדות ואין מקבלין ממנו עדות ואין מגלין להן סוד ואין ממנין אותן אפוטרופוס על היתומים ואין ממנין אותן אפוטרופוס על קופה של צדקה ואין מתלוין עמהן בדרך ויש אומרים אף אין מכריזין על אבידתו,ותנא קמא זמנין דנפיק מיניה זרעא מעליא ואכיל ליה שנאמר (איוב כז, יז) יכין וצדיק ילבש:,וכן מי שיצא וכו':,למימרא דרבי מאיר סבר כביצה הוא דחשיב ורבי יהודה סבר כזית נמי חשיב ורמינהי עד כמה הן מזמנין עד כזית ורבי יהודה אומר עד כביצה,אמר רבי יוחנן מוחלפת השיטה,אביי אמר לעולם לא תיפוך התם בקראי פליגי הכא בסברא פליגי התם בקראי פליגי רבי מאיר סבר (דברים ח, י) ואכלת זו אכילה ושבעת זו שתיה ואכילה בכזית ורבי יהודה סבר ואכלת ושבעת אכילה שיש בה שביעה ואיזו זו בכביצה,הכא בסברא פליגי דרבי מאיר סבר חזרתו כטומאתו מה טומאתו בכביצה אף חזרתו בכביצה ור' יהודה סבר חזרתו | 49b. band unacceptable. /b, bThe Sages taught: A person should alwaysbe willing to bsell all he hasin order to bmarry the daughter of a Torah scholar.If bhe cannot find the daughter of a Torah scholar, he should marry the daughter ofone of the bgreatpeople bof the generation,who are pious although they are not Torah scholars. If bhe cannot find the daughter ofone of the bgreatpeople bof the generation, he should marry the daughter ofone of bthe heads of the congregations.If bhe cannot find the daughter ofone of bthe heads of the congregations, he should marry the daughter ofone of bthe charity collectors.If bhe cannot find the daughter ofone of bthe charity collectors, he should marry the daughter ofone of bthe schoolteachers.However, bhe should not marry the daughter of an ignoramus [ iam ha’aretz /i] because they are vermin and their wives aresimilar to ba creeping animal,as their lifestyle involves the violation of numerous prohibitions. bAnd with regard to their daughtersthe verse bstates: “Cursed is he who lies with an animal”(Deuteronomy 27:21), as they are similar to animals in that they lack any knowledge or moral sense.,The Gemara continues its discussion with regard to an ignoramus. bIt was taughtin a ibaraitathat bRabbiYehuda HaNasi bsays: It is prohibited for an ignoramus to eat meat, as it is stated: “This is the law [ itorah /i] of the beast and of the fowl”(Leviticus 11:46). He expounds: bAnyone who engages in Torahstudy bis permitted to eat the meat of animals and fowl, and anyone who does not engage in Torahstudy bis prohibited to eat the meat of animals or fowl. /b,The Gemara proceeds to mention some sharply negative statements of the Sages in which they overstated their negative sentiments with regard to ignoramuses, although these ignoramuses were wicked in addition to being boors ( ige’onim /i). bRabbi Elazar said: It is permitted to stab an ignoramusto death bon Yom Kippur that occurs on Shabbat. His students said to him: Master,at least bsaythat it is permitted bto slaughter him. He said to them:I intentionally used the word stab, as bthisterm, slaughtering, brequires a blessingwhen one slaughters an animal, band thatterm, stabbing, bdoes not require a blessingin any context., bRabbi Elazar said: It is prohibited to accompany an ignoramuswhile traveling bon the roaddue to concern that the ignoramus might try to harm his traveling partner, bas it is statedwith regard to Torah: b“For it is your life and the length of your days”(Deuteronomy 30:20). An ignoramus has not studied any Torah, indicating that bhe is not concerned about his own life;with regard bto another’s life, all the more so. /b, bRabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani saidthat bRabbi Yoḥa said: It is permitted to tearopen ban ignoramus like a fish. Rabbi Shmuel bar Yitzḥak said: Andone may cut him open bfrom his backand thereby cause his immediate death by piercing his spinal cord rather than his stomach., bIt was taughtin a ibaraitathat bRabbi Akiva said: When I was an ignoramus I said: Who will give me a Torah scholarso that bI will bite him like a donkey? His students said to him: Master, saythat you would bite him blike a dog! He said to them:I specifically used that wording, as bthis one,a donkey, bbites and breaks bones, and that one,a dog, bbites but does not break bones. /b, bIt was taughtin a ibaraitathat bRabbi Meir would say: Anyone who marries off his daughter to an ignoramusis considered bas though he binds her and places her before a lion.Why is this so? bJust as a lion maulsits prey band eats and has no shame, so too, an ignoramus strikeshis wife bandthen bengages in sexual relationswith her without appeasing her first, band has no shame. /b, bIt was taughtin a ibaraitathat bRabbi Eliezer says: If we did not needthe ignoramuses bfor business, they would kill us. /b,The Gemara shifts to a discussion of an ignoramus who has some degree of sensitivity ( iMe’iri /i). bRabbi Ḥiyya taught: Anyone who engages in Torahstudy bin the presence of an ignoramus,causing the ignoramus embarrassment and anguish over his inability to study Torah, bis considered as though he had sexual relations withthe ignoramus’s bbetrothedbride bin his presence, as it is stated: “Moses commanded us the Torah, an inheritance[imorasha/b] for the congregation of Jacob” (Deuteronomy 33:4). bDo not read itas binheritance [ imorasha /i]; rather,read it as bbetrothed [ ime’orasa /i].The Torah is compared to the betrothed bride of the Jewish people until one studies it and thereby consummates his marriage with it.,Similarly, he said: bThe hatred which ignoramuses have for a Torah scholar is greater than the hatred that the nations of the world have for the Jewish people. Andthe bwivesof the ignoramuses hate Torah scholars bmore thanthe ignoramuses themselves. bIt was taughtin the iToseftathat one bwho studiedTorah band lefthis studies hates Torah scholars bmore than all of them. /b, bThe Sages taught: Six statements were made with regard to ignoramuses: One may not entrust them with testimony,i.e., one may not appoint them as witnesses to a particular event or transaction. Additionally, bone may not accept testimony from them,as they are not considered trustworthy, and bone should not reveal a secret to them,as they will reveal it. bOne may not appoint them as steward [ iapotropos /i] overan estate belonging to borphans,due to concern that they might make improper use of the orphans’ property. Likewise, bone may not appoint them as guardian over a charity fund.Finally, bone should not accompany themwhile traveling bon the road,due to concern for one’s safety. bAnd there are those who say: One does not even announce their lostitems, meaning that if one finds a lost article from such a person, he is allowed to keep it without making an effort to locate the owner ( iMe’iri /i).,The Gemara asks: What is the reasoning of bthe first itanna /i,who holds that one must announce having found the lost article of an ignoramus? The Gemara explains: bSometimes upstanding offspring will come from him and will consumethe property, bas it is stated: “He may prepare it but the just shall put it on”(Job 27:17). It is possible for a wicked person to prepare something for himself that will later be used by a righteous person.,The Gemara returns to explaining the mishna. It was taught: bAnd so too, one who leftJerusalem with sacrificial meat in his possession must return to Jerusalem to burn it, just as one is required to return in order to remove leaven from his possession. According to Rabbi Meir, this ihalakhaapplies with regard to an egg-bulk of sacrificial meat or leaven, whereas Rabbi Yehuda disagrees and says the minimum amount for both is an olive-bulk.,The Gemara asks: bIs that to say that Rabbi Meir holdsthat ban egg-bulk isthe minimal amount that is considered bsignificant, and Rabbi Yehuda holds that an olive-bulk is alsoconsidered bsignificant?The Gemara braises a contradictionfrom a mishna in iBerakhot /i: bHow muchfood must one eat in order bto obligatethose with whom he ate bin a izimmun /i? An olive-bulkof food is sufficient according to the unattributed opinion in the mishna, which is generally that of Rabbi Meir. bAnd Rabbi Yehuda says: An egg-bulkis the minimum measure to obligate those with whom one ate in a izimmun /i. This seems to contradict the opinions of Rabbi Meir and Rabbi Yehuda stated in the mishna here., bRabbi Yoḥa said: The opinions are reversedin one of these sources, and must be emended., bAbaye said: Actually, do not reversethe opinions. bThere, they disagree with regard tothe interpretation of bverses,while bhere, they disagree with regard to logical reasoning.How so? bThere,with regard to izimmun /i, bthey disagree with regard tothe interpretation of bverses. Rabbi Meir holdsthat the verse: “And you shall eat and be satisfied and bless the Lord your God” (Deuteronomy 8:10) should be understood as follows: b“And you shall eat,” that is eating; “and be satisfied,” that is drinking.The standard halakhic principle is that beatingis defined as the consumption of ban olive-bulk. And Rabbi Yehuda holds: “And you shall eat and you shall be satisfied”refers bto eating that includes satisfaction. And what isconsidered eating with satisfaction? It is consumption of ban egg-bulk. /b,However, bhere,in the cases of leaven and consecrated food, bthey disagreenot with regard to the interpretation of verses but bwith regard to logical reasoning, as Rabbi Meir holds:The requirement to breturnconsecrated food bis analogous to its ritual impurity. Just as itssusceptibility to britual impurity isonly when it is the size of an begg-bulk, so too,the requirement to breturn it isonly when it is the size of an begg-bulk. And Rabbi Yehuda holds:The requirement to breturnconsecrated food |
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56. Babylonian Talmud, Sanhedrin, 5a, 32b (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 32b. טעו לא ישלמו כל שכן שתנעול דלת בפני לווין,רבא אמר מתניתין דהכא בדיני קנסות ואידך בהודאות והלואות,רב פפא אמר אידי ואידי בהודאה והלואה כאן בדין מרומה כאן בדין שאינו מרומה,כדריש לקיש דריש לקיש רמי כתיב (ויקרא יט, טו) בצדק תשפוט עמיתך וכתיב (דברים טז, כ) צדק צדק תרדף הא כיצד כאן בדין מרומה כאן בדין שאין מרומה,רב אשי אמר מתני׳ כדשנין קראי אחד לדין וא' לפשרה,כדתניא צדק צדק תרדף אחד לדין ואחד לפשרה כיצד שתי ספינות עוברות בנהר ופגעו זה בזה אם עוברות שתיהן שתיהן טובעות בזה אחר זה שתיהן עוברות וכן שני גמלים שהיו עולים במעלות בית חורון ופגעו זה בזה אם עלו שניהן שניהן נופלין בזה אחר זה שניהן עולין,הא כיצד טעונה ושאינה טעונה תידחה שאינה טעונה מפני טעונה קרובה ושאינה קרובה תידחה קרובה מפני שאינה קרובה היו שתיהן קרובות שתיהן רחוקות הטל פשרה ביניהן ומעלות שכר זו לזו,ת"ר צדק צדק תרדף הלך אחר ב"ד יפה אחר רבי אליעזר ללוד אחר רבן יוחנן בן זכאי לברור חיל,תנא קול ריחים בבורני שבוע הבן שבוע הבן אור הנר בברור חיל משתה שם משתה שם,ת"ר צדק צדק תרדף הלך אחר חכמים לישיבה אחר ר' אליעזר ללוד אחר רבן יוחנן בן זכאי לברור חיל אחר רבי יהושע לפקיעין אחר רבן גמליאל ליבנא אחר רבי עקיבא לבני ברק אחר רבי מתיא לרומי אחר רבי חנניא בן תרדיון לסיכני אחר ר' יוסי לציפורי אחר רבי יהודה בן בתירה לנציבין אחר רבי יהושע לגולה אחר רבי לבית שערים אחר חכמים ללשכת הגזית:,דיני ממונות פותחין כו': היכי אמרינן אמר רב יהודה הכי אמרינן להו מי יימר כדקאמריתו,א"ל עולא והא חסמינן להו וליחסמו מי לא תניא רבי שמעון בן אליעזר אומר מסיעין את העדים ממקום למקום כדי שתיטרף דעתן ויחזרו בהן,מי דמי התם ממילא קא מידחו הכא קא דחינן להו בידים,אלא אמר עולא הכי אמרינן יש לך עדים להזימם א"ל רבה וכי פותחין בזכותו של זה שהיא חובתו של זה,ומי הויא חובתו והתנן אין עדים זוממין נהרגין עד שיגמר הדין,הכי אמינא אילו שתיק האי עד דמיגמר דיניה ומייתי עדים ומזים להו הויא ליה חובתו של זה אלא אמר רבה אמרינן ליה יש לך עדים להכחישן,רב כהנא אמר מדבריכם נזדכה פלוני אביי ורבא דאמרי תרוייהו אמרי' ליה אי לא קטלת לא תדחל רב אשי אמר כל מי שיודע לו זכות יבא וילמד עליו,תניא כוותיה דאביי ורבא רבי אומר (במדבר ה, יט) אם לא שכב איש אותך ואם לא שטית וגו' | 32b. then if the judges berred they should notneed to bpaythe party they wronged, as they can claim that they were prevented from examining the witnesses effectively. The Gemara answers: If that were to be the ihalakha /i, ball the more so thatthis bwould lock the door in the face ofpotential bborrowers.If people know that the courts are not responsible for an error in judgment, they will not be willing to lend money., bRava says:The ruling of bthe mishna here,that cases of monetary law require inquiry and interrogation, is stated bwith regard to laws of fines,not standard cases of monetary law. bAnd the othersources, i.e., the mishna in tractate iShevi’itand the ibaraita /i, which do not require inquiry and interrogation, are stated bwith regard tocases of badmissions and loans,in which there is cause to relax the procedures of deliberation, as explained., bRav Pappa says: This and that,i.e., both the mishna here and the other sources, are stated bwith regard tocases of ban admission and a loan.The distinction between them is that the mishna bhere,which rules that cases of monetary law require inquiry and interrogation, is stated bwith regard toa possibly bfraudulent trial,where the court suspects that one party is attempting to defraud the other party and have witnesses offer false testimony on his own behalf. bThere,in the ibaraitaand in the mishna in tractate iShevi’it /i, which do not require inquiry and interrogation, the ruling is stated bwith regard to a trial thatdoes bnotappear bfraudulent. /b,This distinction is bin accordance withthe statement bof Reish Lakish, as Reish Lakish raises a contradictionbetween two verses: It bis writtenin one verse: b“In justice shall you judge your neighbor”(Leviticus 19:15), bandit bis writtenin another verse: b“Justice, justice, shall you follow”(Deuteronomy 16:21), with the repetition indicating that it is not enough to merely judge with justice. He continues: bHowcan bthesetexts be reconciled? bHere,this latter verse is stated bwith regard toa possibly bfraudulent trial,where the court must take extra care to judge with justice; and bthere,that former verse is stated bwith regard to a trial thatdoes bnotappear bfraudulent. /b, bRav Ashi says:The ruling of bthe mishna here,that cases of monetary law require inquiry and interrogation, is bas we answered,i.e., in accordance with any one of the answers offered by the other iamora’im /i. And those bverseswere not stated with regard to fraudulent trials; rather, boneis stated bwith regard to judgment,in which the court must pursue justice extensively, band oneis stated bwith regard to compromise. /b, bAs it is taughtin a ibaraita /i: When the verse states: b“Justice, justice, shall you follow,” onemention of “justice” is stated bwith regard to judgment and oneis stated bwith regard to compromise. How so?Where there are btwo boats traveling on the river and they encounter each other, if both of themattempt to bpass, both of them sink,as the river is not wide enough for both to pass. If they pass bone after the other, both of them pass. And similarly,where there are btwo camels who were ascending the ascent of Beit Ḥoron,where there is a narrow steep path, band they encounter each other, if both of themattempt to bascend, both of them fall.If they ascend bone after the other, both of them ascend. /b, bHowdoes one decide which of them should go first? If there is one boat that is bladen andone boat bthat is not laden,the needs of the one bthat is not laden should be overridden due tothe needs of the one bthat is laden.If there is one boat that is bcloseto its destination bandone boat bthat is not closeto its destination, the needs of the one that is bclose should be overridden due tothe needs of the one bthat is not close.If bboth of them were closeto their destinations, or bboth of them were farfrom their destinations, bimpose a compromise between themto decide which goes first, bandthe owners of the boats bpay a fee to one other,i.e., the owners of the first boat compensate the owner of the boat that waits, for any loss incurred.,§ bThe Sages taught:The verse states: b“Justice, justice, shall you follow.”This teaches that one should bfollow the best,most prestigious, bcourtof the generation. For example, follow bafter Rabbi Eliezer to Lod, after Rabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai to Beror Ḥayil. /b,The Sages btaught:When the gentile authorities issued decrees outlawing observance of the mitzvot, members of Jewish communities devised clandestine ways of indicating observance of mitzvot to each other. For example: If one produces bthe sound of a millstone inthe city called bBurni,this is tantamount to announcing: bWeek of the son, week of the son,i.e., there will be a circumcision. If one displays the blight of a lamp inthe city called bBeror Ḥayil,this is tantamount to announcing: There is a wedding bfeast there,there is a wedding bfeast there. /b, bThe Sages taught:The verse states: b“Justice, justice, shall you follow.”This teaches that one should bfollow the Sages to the academywhere they are found. For example, follow bafter Rabbi Eliezer to Lod, after Rabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai to Beror Ḥayil, after Rabbi Yehoshua to Peki’in, after Rabban Gamliel to Yavne, after Rabbi Akiva to Bnei Brak, after Rabbi Matya to Rome [ iRomi /i], after Rabbi Ḥaya ben Teradyon to Sikhnei, after Rabbi Yosei to Tzippori, after Rabbi Yehuda ben Beteira to Netzivin, after Rabbi Yehoshua to the exile [ igola /i],i.e., Babylonia, bafter RabbiYehuda HaNasi bto Beit She’arim,and bafter the Sagesin the time of the Temple bto the Chamber of Hewn Stone. /b,§ The mishna teaches that in cases of bmonetary law,the court bopensthe deliberations either with a claim to exempt the accused, or with a claim to find him liable. In cases of capital law, the court opens the deliberations with a claim to acquit the accused, but does not open the deliberations with a claim to find him liable. The Gemara asks: bHow do we saythis opening stage of the deliberations? In other words, with what claim does the court begin deliberating? bRav Yehuda said: We say this tothe witnesses: bWho saysthat the event occurred bas you said?Perhaps you erred?, bUlla said to him: Butby confronting the witnesses in this manner, bwe silence them.The witnesses will think that the court suspects them of lying, and they will not testify. Rav Yehuda said to him: bAnd let them be silenced. Isn’t it taughtin a ibaraita( iTosefta9:1): bRabbi Shimon ben Eliezer says:In cases of capital law, the court bbrings the witnesses fromone bplace toanother bplace in order to confuse them so that they will retracttheir testimony if they are lying.,The Gemara rejects this argument: bArethe ihalakhot bcomparable? There,where Rabbi Shimon ben Eliezer says to bring the witnesses from place to place, the witnesses bare repressed by themselves,whereas bhere, we repress them bydirect baction,and that the court should not do., bRather, Ulla says: We say thisto the accused: bDo you have witnesses to determinethat the witnesses who testified against you are bconspiring witnesses? Rabba said to him: But do we openthe deliberations bwitha claim to bacquitthe accused bthat isto bthe liability of thisone, i.e., the witnesses? This claim can lead to the witnesses incurring liability for their testimony.,The Gemara questions Rabba’s assumption: bBut isthis to bthe liability ofthe witnesses? bBut didn’t we learnin a mishna ( iMakkot5b): bConspiring witnesses are not killedfor their testimony buntil the verdictof the one concerning whom they testified bis issued?Therefore, if they will be shown to be conspiring witnesses at this early stage of the proceedings, they will not be liable.,The Gemara restates Rabba’s objection: bThisis what bI say: Ifthe accused bwould be silent until his verdict is issued andthen bbrings witnesses andthe court bdetermines themto be bconspiringwitnesses, it will be found that the statement of the court bisto bthe liability of thisone, i.e., the witnesses. bRather, Rabba says: We say tothe accused: bDo you have witnesses to contradict them?If the first witnesses are contradicted as to the facts of the case, no one is liable., bRav Kahana said:We say to the witnesses: bBased on your statements, so-and-so is acquitted.The court issues a ipro formadeclaration that it is possible to find a reason to acquit based on the testimony of the witnesses, and then they begin the deliberations. bAbaye and Rava both say: We say tothe accused: For example, bif you did not killanyone, bdo not fearthe consequences of these proceedings, as you will be acquitted. bRav Ashi says:The court announces: bWhoever knowsof a reason bto acquitthe accused bshould come and teachthis reason bconcerning him. /b,The Gemara comments: bIt is taughtin a ibaraita bin accordance withthe explanation bof Abaye and Rava. RabbiYehuda HaNasi bsays:The priest administering the isotarite to the isotasays to her: b“If no man has lain with you and if you have not gone astrayto impurity while under your husband, you shall be free from this water of bitterness that causes the curse. But if you have gone astray while under your husband…” (Numbers 5:19–20). The priest first states the scenario in which the woman is innocent of adultery. |
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57. Babylonian Talmud, Taanit, 29a (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 29a. אנת צבית לחרובי ביתא ידך אשלימת ליה,בתשעה באב נגזר על אבותינו שלא יכנסו לארץ מנלן דכתיב (שמות מ, יז) ויהי בחדש הראשון בשנה השנית באחד לחדש הוקם המשכן ואמר מר שנה ראשונה עשה משה את המשכן שניה הקים משה את המשכן ושלח מרגלים וכתיב (במדבר י, יא) ויהי בשנה השנית בחדש השני בעשרים בחדש נעלה הענן מעל משכן העדות,וכתיב (במדבר י, לג) ויסעו מהר ה' דרך שלשת ימים אמר רבי חמא בר חנינא אותו היום סרו מאחרי ה' וכתיב (במדבר יא, ד) והאספסוף אשר בקרבו התאוו תאוה וישובו ויבכו גם בני ישראל וגו' וכתיב (במדבר יא, כ) עד חדש ימים וגו' דהוו להו עשרין ותרתין בסיון,וכתיב (במדבר יב, טו) ותסגר מרים שבעת ימים דהוו להו עשרין ותשעה בסיון וכתיב (במדבר יג, ב) שלח לך אנשים,ותניא בעשרים ותשעה בסיון שלח משה מרגלים וכתיב (במדבר יג, כה) וישובו מתור הארץ מקץ ארבעים יום הני ארבעים יום נכי חד הוו,אמר אביי תמוז דההיא שתא מלויי מליוה דכתיב (איכה א, טו) קרא עלי מועד לשבור בחורי,וכתיב (במדבר יד, א) ותשא כל העדה ויתנו את קולם ויבכו העם בלילה ההוא אמר רבה אמר ר' יוחנן (אותו היום ערב) תשעה באב היה אמר להם הקב"ה אתם בכיתם בכיה של חנם ואני קובע לכם בכיה לדורות,חרב הבית בראשונה דכתיב (מלכים ב כה, ח) ובחדש החמישי בשבעה לחדש היא שנת תשע עשרה [שנה] למלך נבוכדנצר מלך בבל בא נבוזראדן רב טבחים עבד מלך בבל ירושלם וישרוף את בית ה' וגו' וכתיב (ירמיהו נב, יב) ובחדש החמישי בעשור לחדש היא שנת תשע עשרה [שנה] למלך נבוכדנצר מלך בבל בא נבוזראדן רב טבחים עמד לפני מלך בבל בירושלם וגו',ותניא אי אפשר לומר בשבעה שהרי כבר נאמר בעשור ואי אפשר לומר בעשור שהרי כבר נאמר בשבעה הא כיצד בשבעה נכנסו נכרים להיכל ואכלו וקלקלו בו שביעי שמיני,ותשיעי סמוך לחשכה הציתו בו את האור והיה דולק והולך כל היום כולו שנאמר (ירמיהו ו, ד) אוי לנו כי פנה היום כי ינטו צללי ערב והיינו דאמר רבי יוחנן אלמלי הייתי באותו הדור לא קבעתיו אלא בעשירי מפני שרובו של היכל בו נשרף ורבנן אתחלתא דפורענותא עדיפא,ובשניה מנלן דתניא מגלגלין זכות ליום זכאי וחובה ליום חייב,אמרו כשחרב בית המקדש בראשונה אותו היום ערב תשעה באב היה ומוצאי שבת היה ומוצאי שביעית היתה ומשמרתה של יהויריב היתה והלוים היו אומרי' שירה ועומדין על דוכנם ומה שירה היו אומרים (תהלים צד, כג) וישב עליהם את אונם וברעתם יצמיתם ולא הספיקו לומר יצמיתם ה' אלהינו עד שבאו נכרים וכבשום וכן בשניה,נלכדה ביתר גמרא,נחרשה העיר תניא כשחרב טורנוסרופוס הרשע את ההיכל נגזרה גזרה על רבן גמליאל להריגה בא אדון אחד ועמד בבית המדרש ואמר בעל החוטם מתבקש בעל החוטם מתבקש שמע רבן גמליאל אזל טשא מינייהו,אזל לגביה בצנעא א"ל אי מצילנא לך מייתית לי לעלמא דאתי א"ל הן א"ל אשתבע לי אשתבע ליה סליק לאיגרא נפיל ומית וגמירי דכי גזרי גזירתא ומית חד מינייהו מבטלי לגזרתייהו יצתה בת קול ואמרה אדון זה מזומן לחיי העולם הבא,תנו רבנן משחרב הבית בראשונה נתקבצו כיתות כיתות של פרחי כהונה ומפתחות ההיכל בידן ועלו לגג ההיכל ואמרו לפניו רבונו של עולם הואיל ולא זכינו להיות גזברין נאמנים יהיו מפתחות מסורות לך וזרקום כלפי מעלה ויצתה כעין פיסת יד וקיבלתן מהם והם קפצו ונפלו לתוך האור,ועליהן קונן ישעיהו הנביא (ישעיהו כב, א) משא גיא חזיון מה לך איפוא כי עלית כולך לגגות תשואות מלאה עיר הומיה קריה עליזה חלליך לא חללי חרב ולא מתי מלחמה אף בהקב"ה נאמר (ישעיהו כב, ה) מקרקר קיר ושוע אל ההר:,משנכנס אב ממעטין בשמחה כו' אמר רב יהודה בריה דרב שמואל בר שילת משמיה דרב כשם שמשנכנס אב ממעטין בשמחה כך משנכנס אדר מרבין בשמחה | 29a. bYou want to destroy the Temple; I have given you your hand.It is as though one idol said to the other: You are seeking to destroy the Temple by causing Israel to pray to you; I, too, give you a hand to assist you.,§ The mishna taught: bOn the Ninth of Av, it was decreed upon our ancestors that they would not enter EretzYisrael. The Gemara asks: bFrom where do wederive this? bAs it is written: “And it came to pass in the first month in the second year, on the first day of the month, that the Tabernacle was erected”(Exodus 40:17). bAnd the Master said:In the bfirst yearafter leaving Egypt, bMoses built the Tabernacle.At the beginning of the bsecondyear, bMoses erected the Tabernacle and sentthe bspies. And it is written: “And it came to pass in the second year in the second month, on the twentieth day of the month, that the cloud was taken up from the Tabernacle of the Testimony”(Numbers 10:11)., bAnd it isfurther bwritten: “And they set forward from the mount of the Lord three days’ journey”(Numbers 10:33). bRabbi Ḥama bar Ḥanina said: Thatvery bday, they turned away from Godby displaying their anxiety about leaving Mount Sinai. bAnd it is written: “And the mixed multitude that was among them fell a lusting, and the children of Israel also wept on their part,and said: Would that we were given flesh to eat” (Numbers 11:4). bAnd it is writtenthat the Jews ate the meat b“for an entire month”(Numbers 11:20). If one adds to the first twenty days an additional three days’ journey, bthese aretwenty-three days. Consequently, the subsequent month of twenty-nine days of eating meat ended bon the twenty-second of Sivan. /b,After this, the Jews traveled to Hazeroth, where Miriam was afflicted with leprosy, band it is written: “And Miriam was shut out of the camp for seven days,and the people did not journey until Miriam was brought in again” (Numbers 12:15). Including btheseseven days, they remained in Hazeroth until bthe twenty-ninth of Sivanbefore traveling on to Paran, band it is writtenimmediately afterward: b“Send you men, that they may spy out the land of Canaan”(Numbers 13:2)., bAndthis calculation bis taughtin a ibaraita /i: bOn the twenty-ninth of Sivan, Moses sentthe bspies. And it is written: “And they returned from spying out the land at the end of forty days”(Numbers 13:25), which means that they came back on the Ninth of Av. The Gemara asks: bThese are forty days minus one.The remaining days of the days of Sivan, the entire month of Tammuz, and eight days of Av add up to a total of thirty-nine days, not forty., bAbaye said: The month of Tammuz of that year was a fullmonth of thirty days. Accordingly, there are exactly forty days until the Ninth of Av. bAndthis is alluded to in the following verse, bas it is written: “He has called an appointed time against me to crush my young men”(Lamentations 1:15). This indicates that an additional appointed day, i.e., a New Moon, was added so that this calamity would fall specifically on the Ninth of Av., bAnd it isfurther bwritten: “And all the congregation lifted up their voice and cried and the people wept that night”(Numbers 14:1). bRabba saidthat bRabbi Yoḥa said: That night was the night of the Ninth of Av. The Holy One, Blessed be He, said to them: You wept needlesslythat night, band Iwill therefore bestablish for youa true tragedy over which there will be bweeping infuture bgenerations. /b,§ The mishna further taught that on the Ninth of Av bthe Temple was destroyed the first time.The Gemara explains that this is bas it is written: “And in the fifth month, on the seventh day of the month, which was the nineteenth year of King Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, Nebuzaradan, captain of the guard, a servant of the King of Babylon, came to Jerusalem. And he burnt the house of the Lord”(II Kings 25:8–9). bAnd it isalso bwritten: “And in the fifth month, on the tenth day of the month, which was the nineteenth year of King Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, Nebuzaradan, captain of the guard, who served the king of Babylon, came into Jerusalem.And he burnt the house of the Lord” (Jeremiah 52:12–13)., bAnd it is taughtin a ibaraita /i: bIt is impossible to saythat the Temple was burned bon the seventhof Av, bas it has already been stated,in Jeremiah, that it was destroyed bon the tenth. And it isalso bimpossible to saythat the Temple was burned bon the tenthof Av, bas it has already been statedthat it was destroyed bon the seventh,in II Kings 25:8–9. bHow so;what actually occurred? bOn the seventhof Av, bgentiles entered the Sanctuary, and on the seventh and the eighth they atethere band desecrated it,by engaging in acts of fornication., bAndon bthe ninth, adjacent to nightfall, they set fire to it, and it continuously burned the entire day, as it is stated: “Woe unto us, for the day has declined, for the shadows of the evening are stretched out”(Jeremiah 4:6). This verse is interpreted as a prophecy about the evening when the Temple was burned. bAnd this iswhat bRabbi Yoḥameant when he bsaid: Had I beenalive bin that generation, I would have establishedthe fast bonly on the tenthof Av bbecause most of the Sanctuary was burned on thatday. bAnd the Sages,who established the fast on the ninth, how do they respond to that comment? They maintain that it is bpreferableto mark bthe beginning of the tragedy. /b, bAndthe mishna further taught that the Temple was destroyed bfor the second timealso on the Ninth of Av. The Gemara asks: bFrom where do wederive that the Second Temple was destroyed on this date? bIt is taughtin a ibaraita /i: bA meritoriousmatter bis brought about on an auspicious day, and a deleteriousmatter bon an inauspicious day,e.g., the Ninth of Av, on which several tragedies had already occurred.,The Sages bsaid: When the Temple was destroyed for the first time, that day was the Ninth of Av; and it was the conclusion of Shabbat; and it was the year after a Sabbatical Year; and it was the week of the priestly watch of Jehoiarib; and the Levites were singingthe bsong and standing on their platform. And what song were they singing?They were singing the verse: b“And He brought upon them their own iniquity, and He will cut them off in their own evil”(Psalms 94:23). bAnd they did not manage to recitethe end of the verse: b“The Lord our God will cut them off,” before gentiles came and conquered them. And likewise,the same happened bwhen the SecondTemple was destroyed.,The mishna teaches that bBeitar was capturedon the Ninth of Av. The Gemara explains that this is known by btradition. /b,§ The mishna taught that on the Ninth of Av bthe cityof Jerusalem bwas plowed. It is taughtin a ibaraita /i: bWhen the wicked Turnus Rufus plowed the Sanctuary, a decree was issued against Rabban Gamliel for execution. A certain Roman officer came and stood in the study hall and saidsurreptitiously: bThe man with the nose is wanted; the man with the nose is wanted.This was a hint that Rabban Gamliel, who stood out in his generation like a nose protruding from a face, was sought by the government. Rabban Gamliel bheard and went into hiding. /b,The Roman officer bwent to him in private, and said to him: If I save youfrom death, will byou bring me into the World-to-Come?Rabban Gamliel bsaid to him: Yes.The officer bsaid toRabban Gamliel: bSwear to me. He swore to him.The officer bascended to the roof, fell, and died. Andthe Romans had ba tradition that when they issued a decree and oneof their advisors bdied, they would cancel the decree.The officer’s sacrifice saved Rabban Gamliel’s life. bA Divine Voice emerged and said: That officer is designated forthe blife of the World-to-Come. /b, bThe Sages taught: When the Temple was destroyed for the first time, many groups of young priests gathered together with the Temple keys in their hands. And they ascended to the roof of the Sanctuary and said beforeGod: bMaster of the Universe, since we did not merit to be faithful treasurers,and the Temple is being destroyed, bletthe Temple bkeys be handed to You. And they threw them upward, and a kind of palm of a hand emerged and receivedthe keys bfrom them. And the young priests jumpedfrom the roof band fell into the fireof the burning Temple., bAnd the prophet Isaiah lamented over them: “The burden of the Valley of Vision. What ails you now that you have all gone up to the roofs? You that were full of uproar, a tumultuous city, a joyous town, your slain are not slain with the sword, nor dead in battle”(Isaiah 22:1–2). This is referring to the young priests who died by throwing themselves off the roof into the fire. bAnd even with regard to the Holy One, Blessed be He, it is stated:“For it is a day of trouble, and of trampling, and of confusion for the Lord of hosts, in the Valley of Vision; ba shouting over walls and a cry to the mountain”(Isaiah 22:5). This verse indicates that even God shouts over the destruction of the Temple.,§ The mishna teaches that bfrom whenthe month of bAv begins, one decreasesacts of brejoicing. Rav Yehuda, son of Rav Shmuel bar Sheilat, said in the name of Rav: Just as when Av begins one decreases rejoicing, so too whenthe month of bAdar begins, one increases rejoicing. /b |
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58. Babylonian Talmud, Temurah, 15b (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 15b. והתניא כיוצא בו א"ר יוסי (עזרא ח, לה) והבאים מהשבי בני הגולה הקריבו עולות פרים (בני בקר) שנים עשר אילים תשעים ותשעה כבשים שבעים ושבעה שעירי חטאת שנים עשר הכל עולה לה',וחטאת מי קרבה עולה אמר רבא כי עולה מה עולה אינה נאכלת אף חטאת אינה נאכלת שהיה רבי יוסי אומר על עבודה זרה הביאום ואמר רב יהודה אמר שמואל על עבודה זרה שעשו בימי צדקיהו,קא סלקא דעתין למאן דאית ליה חטאת צבור שנתכפרו בעליה מתה אית ליה נמי חטאת צבור שמתו בעליה מתה והא הכא דאיכא דמתו בעליה וקא קרבה,אמר רב פפא אפילו למאן דאמר חטאת צבור שכפרו בעליה מתה חטאת צבור שמתו בעליה אינה מתה לפי שאין הצבור מתים,מנא ליה לרב פפא הא אי נימא משום דכתיב (תהלים מה, יז) תחת אבותיך יהיו בניך אי הכי אפי' יחיד נמי,אלא היינו טעמא שאין הציבור מתים משעירי רגלים וראשי חדשים דאמר רחמנא אייתינהו מתרומת הלשכה ודלמא מתו מרייהו דהני זוזי אלא לאו ש"מ אין הצבור מתים,ואיבעית אימא כי אקרובינהו להני חטאות אחיי אקרבינהו דכתיב (עזרא ג, יב) ורבים מהכהנים הלוים וראשי האבות הזקנים אשר ראו את הבית הראשון ביסדו זה הבית בוכים בקול גדול ורבים בתרועה,ודילמא הנך מיעוטא לא מצית אמרת דכתיב (עזרא ג, יג) (ולא הכירו העם בתרועה ושמחה) לקול בכי העם,והיכי מקרבי להו והרי מזידין הוו אמר רבי יוחנן הוראת שעה היתה,הכי נמי מסתברא דאי לא תימא הכי בשלמא פרים ושעירי' כנגד שנים עשר שבטים אלא כבשים כנגד מי אלא הוראת שעה היתה,תנן התם משמת יוסף בן יועזר איש צרידה ויוסף בן יוחנן איש ירושלים בטלו האשכולות איש שהכל בו,ואמר רב יהודה אמר שמואל כל אשכולות שעמדו להן לישראל מימות משה עד שמת יוסף בן יועזר היו למדין תורה כמשה רבינו מכאן ואילך לא היו למדין תורה כמשה רבינו,והאמר רב יהודה אמר שמואל שלשת אלפים הלכות נשתכחו בימי אבלו של משה דאישתכח להו אישתכח ודגמירן להו הוו גמירי כמשה רבינו,והא תניא משמת משה אם רבו מטמאין טמאו אם רבו טהורין טיהרו,ליבא דאימעיט מיגמר הוו גמירי להו כמשה רבינו,במתניתא תנא כל אשכולות שעמדו לישראל מימות משה עד שמת יוסף בן יועזר איש צרידה לא היה בהם שום דופי מכאן ואילך היה בהן שום דופי,והתניא מעשה בחסיד אחד שהיה גונח מלבו ושאלו לרופאים ואמרו אין לו תקנה עד שיינק חלב רותח שחרית והביאו עז וקשרו לו בכרעי מיטתו והיה יונק ממנה חלב,למחר נכנסו חביריו לבקרו כיון שראו העז אמרו ליסטים מזויין בתוך ביתו ואנו נכנסים לבקרו ישבו ובדקו ולא מצאו בו עון אלא של אותה העז בלבד,ואף הוא בשעת מיתתו אמר יודע אני בעצמי שאין בי עון אלא של אותה העז בלבד שעברתי על דברי חבירי שהרי אמרו חכמים אין מגדלין בהמה דקה בארץ ישראל,וקי"ל כל היכא דאמר מעשה בחסיד אחד או ר' יהודה בן בבא או ר' יהודה בר אילעאי ורבנן בתר יוסף בן יועזר איש צרידה דרי דרי הוו | 15b. bBut isn’t it taughtin a ibaraita /i: bSimilarly, Rabbi Yosei said:It is stated with regard to those who returned from Babylonia in the days of Ezra: b“The children of the captivity that came out of exile sacrificed burnt offeringsto the God of Israel, btwelve bullsfor all Israel, bninety-six rams, seventy-seven lambs, twelve goats for a sin offering; all this was a burnt offering unto the Lord”(Ezra 8:35).,The Gemara first analyzes this verse: bBut isit possible for ba sin offeringto be bsacrificedas ba burnt offering? Rava said:The verse means that it was all performed in the manner bof a burnt offering: Just as a burnt offering may not be eaten, so too,that bsin offeringwas bnot eaten. As Rabbi Yosei would say: They brought thesetwelve sin offerings bforthe sin of bidol worship; and Rav Yehuda saidthat bShmuel said:They were brought bfor thesin of bidol worship they committed in the days ofKing bZedekiah. /b,The Gemara explains the difficulty concerning which it cited this verse: It might benter our mindto think that baccording to the one who holdsthat ba communal sin offering whose owners achieved atonementwith another sin offering is left to bdie,he balso holdsthat ba communal sin offering whose owners diedis left to bdie. But here,with regard to the offerings brought by the returning exiles, bthis isa case bofa communal sin offering bwhose owners died,as the sin was committed in the time of Zedekiah, in the First Temple period, whereas the offerings were brought several generations later by those returning to rebuild the Second Temple. bAndyet bthey were sacrificed.This proves that a communal sin offering whose owners achieved atonement with another sin offering is not left to die., bRav Pappa saidin response: bEven according to the one who saidthat ba communal sin offering whose owners achieved atonementwith another sin offering is left to bdie,he agrees that ba communal sin offering whose owners died is notleft to bdie.This is bbecause a community does not die. /b,The Gemara asks: bFrom where does Rav Pappa derive thisstatement? bIf we sayit is bbecause it is written: “Your sons shall be instead of your fathers”(Psalms 45:17), i.e., it is considered as though the fathers are alive, bif so,then this should apply bevento ban individual as well.In other words, sons should be able to sacrifice the sin offerings of their late fathers., bRather, this isRav Pappa’s breasoningfor his statement bthat a community does not die.It is derived bfromthe ihalakhaof bthe goatssacrificed on bpilgrimage Festivals andon bNew Moons, as the Merciful One states: Bring them from thefunds of the bcollection of theTemple treasury bchamber,where they kept the half-shekels donated every year in the month of Adar, with which communal offerings were purchased. The Gemara explains: bBut perhaps the owners of these coinsthat were used to purchase these offerings bhave diedin the meantime between the month of Adar and when the offerings are sacrificed throughout the year. If so, how can a sin offering be brought on behalf of some of its owners who have already died? bRather, isn’t itcorrect to bconclude fromthis ihalakhathat ba community does not die? /b, bAnd if you wish, sayinstead a different answer in response to the earlier difficulty: The sin offerings for idolatry brought by the returning exiles were not in fact sacrificed for people who had died. Rather, bwhen they sacrificed these sin offeringsfor the idolatry committed in the time of Zedekiah, bthey sacrificed them for the living,i.e., for those survivors who had worshipped idols in the time of Zedekiah and were still alive many decades later and had returned to rebuild the Second Temple. bAs it is written: “But many of the priests, Levites, and heads of fathers’ houses, the old men that had seen the first house standing on its foundation, wept with a loud voice when this housewas before their eyes; band many shouted aloudfor joy” (Ezra 3:12).,The Gemara objects: bBut perhaps thosewho remained and remembered the First Temple were bthe minority,in which case they should have each brought individual sin offerings, rather than a communal sin offering. The fact that they brought communal sacrifices indicates that the sin offering was not brought only on behalf of those few who remained. The Gemara explains: bYou cannot saythat they were the minority, bas it is writtenin the following verse: b“So that the people could not discern the noise of the shout of joy from the noise of the weeping of the people;for the people shouted with a loud shout, and the noise was heard afar off” (Ezra 3:13). This verse shows that the people who cried because they remembered the First Temple were not a small minority.,The Gemara asks: bBut how could they sacrificesin offerings for the sin of idolatry? After all, bthey were intentionalidol worshippers, and a sin offering is brought only by one who sins unwittingly. bRabbi Yoḥa saysin response: bIt was a provisional edictissued in exigent circumstances, according to which they were permitted to bring sin offerings even for intentional sins.,The Gemara adds that bthis also stands to reason, as, if you do not say so,one can object as follows: bGranted,they sacrificed twelve bbulls and goats,since each tribe must bring a communal sin offering, as stated in the Torah (Numbers, chapter 15), and these offerings bcorrespond tothe btwelve tribes. But to whatdo btheninety-six bsheep correspond? Rather,it must be that bit was a provisional edict. /b,§ Earlier the Gemara mentioned the ihalakhaof a sin offering whose owner died, which was one of the ihalakhotforgotten during the mourning period for Moses (see 16a). On this topic the Gemara says that bwe learnedin a mishna bthere( iSota47a): bFromthe time bwhen Yosef ben Yo’ezer of Tzereida and Yosef ben Yoḥa of Jerusalem died, the clusters [ ieshkolot /i] ceased,i.e., they were the last of the clusters. The Gemara asks: What is the meaning of ieshkolot /i? It means ba man who contains all [ iish shehakol bo /i],i.e., both Torah and mitzvot., bAnd Rav Yehuda saysthat bShmuel says: Allthe bclusters who stoodat the head bof the Jewish people, from the days of Moses until Yosef ben Yo’ezer died, would study Torahin the manner bof Moses, our teacher. From thatpoint bforward they would not study Torahin the manner bof Moses, our teacher. /b,The Gemara objects: bBut doesn’t Rav Yehuda saythat bShmuel said: Three thousand ihalakhotwere forgotten during the days of mourning for Moses.This suggests that the Sages who came immediately after Moses did not study Torah in the same manner as Moses. The Gemara answers: Those ihalakhot bthat they forgot, were forgotten, butwith regard to those ihalakhot bthat they studied, they wouldcontinue to bstudyin the manner bof Moses, our teacher. /b,The Gemara objects: bBut isn’t it taughtin a ibaraitawith regard to the resolution of questions of ihalakha /i: bFromthe time bwhen Moses died, if the majority deeman item bimpure, theyhave established it as bimpure,and bif the majority deeman item bpure, theyhave established it as bpure.If this is the case, then the manner of studying Torah after the death of Moses is based on a majority, whereas when Moses was alive there was no dispute in matters of ihalakha /i.,The Gemara explains that this ibaraitais referring specifically to those ihalakhotthat were forgotten during the mourning period after the death of Moses. Since the understanding of bthe heart was limited [ ilibba de’ime’it /i],the Sages were unable to reach a clear ruling on these matters. Consequently, they had to follow the majority. But with regard to all other ihalakhot bthey studied, they would study themin the manner bof Moses, our teacher. /b, bIt was taught in a ibaraita /i: Allthe bclusters who stoodat the head bof the Jewish people from the days of Moses until Yosef ben Yo’ezer died had no flaw in them. From thispoint bforwardthe clusters, i.e., the leadership of the Jewish people, bhad flaws in them. /b,The Gemara raises a difficulty: bBut isn’t it taughtin a ibaraita /i: There was ban incident involving a certain pious man who was groaning,i.e., suffering, bdue toa pain in bhis heart. And they asked the physicianswhat to do for him, band they said: There is no other remedy for him but that he should suckle warm milkevery bmorning. And they broughthim ba goat and tied it to the leg of the bed for him, and he would suckle milk from it. /b, bOn the following day, his friends entered to visit him. When they saw the goattied to the leg of the bed bthey said:There is ban armed bandit in thisman’s bhouse, and we are entering to visit him?They referred to the goat in this manner because small animals habitually graze on the vegetation of neighbors, stealing their crops. The Sages bsat and examinedthis pious man’s behavior, band they could not findany btransgressionattributable bto him other thanthe sin bofkeeping bthat goatin his house balone. /b, bAnd thatman himself balso said at the time of his death: I knowfor a fact bwith regard to myself that I have no transgressionattributable bto me butthe sin bofkeeping bthat goatin my house balone, as I transgressed the statement of my colleagues,the Sages. bAs the Sages saidin a mishna ( iBava Kamma79b): bOne may not raise small domesticated animals,i.e., sheep and goats, bininhabited areas of bEretz Yisrael,because they graze on people’s crops., bAnd we maintainthat banywhere that it says:There was ban incident involving a certain piousman, the man in question is beither Rabbi Yehuda ben Bava or Rabbi Yehuda bar Ilai. Andthese bSageslived bmany generations after Yosef ben Yo’ezer of Tzereida.If this is the case, then even in later generations there were Sages without a flaw. |
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59. Babylonian Talmud, Yevamot, 98a (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 98a. הא איסורא איכא ה"ה דאפילו איסורא נמי ליכא ואיידי דבעי למיתני סיפא אבל חייבין תנא נמי רישא אין חייבין,אמר רבא הא דאמור רבנן אין אב למצרי לא תימא משום דשטופי בזמה דלא ידיע אבל ידיע חיישינן אלא אפילו דידיע נמי לא חיישינן,דהא שני אחין תאומים דטפה אחת היה ונחלקה לשתים וקתני סיפא לא חולצין ולא מייבמין ש"מ אפקורי אפקריה רחמנא לזרעיה דכתיב (יחזקאל כג, כ) בשר חמורים בשרם וזרמת סוסים זרמתם,ת"ש דאמר רבי יוסי מעשה בניפטיים הגר שנשא אשת אחיו מאמו ובא מעשה לפני חכמים ואמרו אין אישות לגר ואלא גר דקדיש ה"נ לא תפסי בה קדושין אלא אימא אין איסור אשת אח לגר מאי לאו דנסבא אח כשהוא גר,לא דנסבא כשהוא עובד כוכבים כשהוא עובד כוכבים מאי למימרא מהו דתימא ליגזור כשהוא עובד כוכבים אטו כשהוא גר קמ"ל,ת"ש דאמר בן יאסיין כשהלכתי לכרכי הים מצאתי גר אחד שנשא אשת אחיו מאמו אמרתי לו בני מי הרשך אמר לי הרי אשה ושבעה בניה על ספסל זה ישב ר' עקיבא ואמר שני דברים גר נושא אשת אחיו מאמו ואמר (יונה ג, א) ויהי דבר ה' אל יונה שנית לאמר שנית דברה עמו שכינה שלישית לא דברה עמו שכינה קתני מיהת גר נושא אשת אחיו מאמו מאי לאו דנסבא אחיו כשהוא גר,לא דנסבא כשהוא עובד כוכבים מאי למימרא מהו דתימא נגזור כשהוא עובד כוכבים אטו כשהוא גר קמ"ל,ומי מהימן והאמר ר' אבא אמר רב הונא אמר רב כל תלמיד חכם שמורה הלכה ובא אם קודם מעשה אמרה שומעין לו ואם לאו אין שומעין לו,איבעית אימא מורה ובא היה ואיבעית אימא משום דקאמר הרי אשה ושבעה בניה ואיבעית אימא שאני הכא דקאמר מעשה אחרינא בהדה,אמר מר ויהי דבר ה' אל יונה שנית לאמר שנית דברה עמו שכינה שלישית לא דברה עמו והא כתיב (מלכים ב יד, כה) הוא השיב [את] גבול ישראל מלבא חמת עד ים הערבה כדבר ה' אשר דבר ביד עבדו יונה בן אמתי הנביא,אמר רבינא על עסקי נינוה קאמר רב נחמן בר יצחק אמר הכי קאמר כדבר ה' אשר דבר ביד עבדו הנביא כשם שנהפך לנינוה מרעה לטובה כך בימי ירבעם בן יואש נהפך להם לישראל מרעה לטובה,ת"ש גר שהיה לידתו בקדושה והורתו שלא בקדושה יש לו שאר האם ואין לו שאר האב כיצד נשא אחותו מן האם יוציא מן האב יקיים אחות האב מן האם יוציא | 98a. bthere isa rabbinic bprohibition,contrary to Rav Aḥa’s opinion. The Gemara answers: bThe same is true that there is no prohibition, either. And sincethe ibaraita bwanted to teach in the latter clausethat if they were born in sanctity bthey are liable, it also taught in the first clausethat bthey are not liable.For this reason, the ibaraitamentions only the absence of liability., bRava said:With regard to bthat which the Sages said,that ba gentile has no patrilineage, do not saythat it is bbecause they areso bsteeped in licentiousness that they do not knowthe identity of their fathers with certainty, bbutif that identity bis known, we are concernedthat the paternity is recognized, with regard to the prohibition of intercourse with forbidden paternal relatives and other halakhic issues. bRather,even bwhen it is known, we are still not concerned. /b,The proof is bfromthe case of btwoidentical btwin brothers, who were one drop that was divided into twoand obviously have the same father, bandyet it bis taughtin bthe latter clauseof the ibaraita /i: bThey do not perform iḥalitzaand they do not perform levirate marriage,although they certainly have the same father. bLearn from thisthat bthe Merciful One dispossessesthe male gentile of bhis offspring, as it is writtenwith regard to Egyptians: b“Whose flesh is the flesh of donkeys, and whose semen is the semen of horses”(Ezekiel 23:20), i.e., the offspring of a male gentile is considered no more related to him than the offspring of donkeys and horses.,The Gemara resumes its discussion of the dispute between Rav Aḥa bar Ya’akov and Rav Sheshet. bComeand bhearanother proof, bas Rabbi Yosei said: An incidenttook place binvolving Niftayim the convert, who married the wife of his maternalhalf bbrother, and the incident came before the Sages, and they saidthat bthere is novalid bmarriage for a convert.The Gemara asks: Is this possible? bAnd if a convert betrothsa woman who is not related to him, bishis bbetrothal to her indeed ineffective? Rather,modify the ibaraitaand bsaythat bwith regard to a convert there is no prohibitionproscribing ba brother’s wife.The Gemara concludes: bWhat, isthe ibaraita bnotreferring to a case bwherethe bbrother,her first husband, bmarried her when he wasalready ba convert,thereby proving that a convert is permitted to marry the wife of his deceased brother who was also a convert, even if they were maternal brothers?,The Gemara answers: bNo,the ibaraitais referring to a case bwherethe brother bmarried her while he wasstill ba gentile,and since he converted they are no longer married. The Gemara asks: If he married her bwhile he was a gentile, whatis the purpose bof statingthis obvious ihalakha /i? The Gemara answers: bLest you saythe Sages bshould decreethat the marriage is prohibited even in a case where the first husband married her bwhile he was a gentile, due tothe prohibition against their marriage if the brother married her bwhen he wasalready ba convert.The ibaraitatherefore bteaches usthat there is no such decree., bComeand bhearanother proof, bas ben Yasiyan said: When I went to cities overseas, I found one convert who married the wife of his maternalhalf bbrother. I said to him: My son, who permittedthis to byou? He said to me: There isa local bwoman and her seven sonsto whom this was permitted. bOn thisvery bbench [ isafsal /i], Rabbi Akiva sat and said two statements:He said that ba convert may marry theformer bwife of his maternalhalf bbrother, and he saidthat the verse b“And the word of the Lord came to Jonah a second time, saying”(Jonah 3:1) implies that the bDivine Presence spoke with himonly ba secondtime. However, ba thirdtime the bDivine Presence did not speak with him,i.e., Jonah did not receive any more prophecies. bIn any event,this ibaraita bteachesthat ba convert may marry the wife of his maternal brother. What, is it notreferring to a case bwherethe convert’s bbrother married her when hehimself bwasalready ba convert? /b,The Gemara answers: bNo,the ibaraitais referring to a case bwherethe brother bmarried her while he wasstill ba gentile.The Gemara asks: If so, bwhatis the purpose bof statingthis obvious ihalakha /i? The Gemara answers: bLest you say we should decreethat marriage between a convert and the former wife of his brother is prohibited even if the brother married her bwhile he wasstill ba gentile, due tothe prohibition against their marrying if the brother married her bwhen he wasalready ba convert.The ibaraitatherefore bteaches usthat there is no such decree., bAnd isthat convert who cited Rabbi Akiva ba reliablewitness, despite the fact that the ruling affects him personally? bDidn’t Rabbi Abba saythat bRav Huna saidthat bRav said:With regard to bany Torah scholar who teachesa ruling of ihalakha /iin a certain case band it comesto be, bif he said it before the incident, one listens to him. And if not,if the ruling followed the incident, one bdoes not listen to him. /b,The Gemara answers: bIf you wish, saythat the convert btaughtthe ruling, bandonly afterward bit cameto be that he himself married his sister-in-law. bAnd if you wish, saythat he is reliable bbecause hesupported his ruling by bstatingthat there was a practical case involving ba woman and her seven sons,in which Rabbi Akiva ruled that this kind of marriage is permitted. bAnd if you wish, saythat bhere it is different, asthe convert bstated a different incident with it.Since he cited an unrelated teaching of Rabbi Akiva in the same testimony, this teaching is also considered reliable., bThe Master saidthat Rabbi Akiva inferred from the verse b“And the word of the Lord came to Jonah a second time, saying”that the bDivine Presence spoke with himonly ba secondtime. However, ba thirdtime the Divine Presence bdid not speak with him.The Gemara asks: bIsn’t it writtenwith regard to King Jeroboam ben Joash: b“He restored the border of Israel from the entrance of Hamath to the Sea of the Arabah, according to the word of the Lord,the God of Israel, bwhich He spoke by the hand of His servant Jonah the son of Amittai, the prophet”(II Kings 14:25)? Evidently, Jonah prophesied at least once more., bRavina said:Rabbi Akiva bwas sayingthat Jonah did not prophesize a third time babout the issue of Nineveh. Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak saidthat bthis isthe meaning of the phrase b“According to the word of the Lord,the God of Israel, bwhich He spoke by the hand of His servant Jonah the son of Amittai, the prophet”:It is not that Jonah had prophesized about the conquests of Jeroboam ben Joash, but rather that bjust asthe fortune of bNineveh turned from bad to good, so too, in the days of Jeroboam ben Joash, Israel’sfortune bturned from bad to good. /b,The Gemara resumes discussion of the dispute between Rav Aḥa bar Ya’akov and Rav Sheshet. bComeand bhearanother proof: bA convert whose birth was in sanctity but whose conception was not in sanctity has maternal kinship,i.e., his relationship to his mother’s relatives is recognized. bHowever, he does not have paternal kinship. How so?If bhe married his maternalhalf bsister,who was born before him and converted, bhe must divorceher. Although by Torah law they are considered unrelated, the Sages rendered it prohibited for them to marry, lest he marry a maternal half sister who was born after him and is forbidden to him. If she is his bpaternalhalf sister, bhe may maintainher as his wife. If he married his bfather’s maternalhalf bsister, he must divorce her. /b |
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60. Anon., Exodus Rabbah, 43.4 (4th cent. CE - 9th cent. CE)
| 43.4. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וַיְחַל משֶׁה, מַהוּ כֵן, אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי חֶלְבּוֹ בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יִצְחָק, שֶׁהִתִּיר נִדְרוֹ שֶׁל יוֹצְרוֹ. כֵּיצַד, אֶלָּא בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁעָשׂוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל הָעֵגֶל עָמַד משֶׁה מְפַיֵּס הָאֱלֹהִים שֶׁיִּמְחֹל לָהֶם. אָמַר הָאֱלֹהִים, משֶׁה, כְּבָר נִשְׁבַּעְתִּי (שמות כב, יט): זֹבֵחַ לָאֱלֹהִים יָחֳרָם, וּדְבַר שְׁבוּעָה שֶׁיָּצָא מִפִּי אֵינִי מַחֲזִירוֹ. אָמַר משֶׁה רִבּוֹן הָעוֹלָם וְלֹא נָתַתָּ לִי הֲפָרָה שֶׁל נְדָרִים, וְאָמַרְתָּ (במדבר ל, ג): אִישׁ כִּי יִדֹּר נֶדֶר לַה' אוֹ הִשָּׁבַע שְׁבֻעָה לֶאְסֹר אִסָּר עַל נַפְשׁוֹ לֹא יַחֵל דְּבָרוֹ, הוּא אֵינוֹ מוֹחֵל אֲבָל חָכָם מוֹחֵל אֶת נִדְּרוֹ בְּעֵת שֶׁיִּשָּׁאֵל עָלָיו, וְכָל זָקֵן שֶׁמּוֹרֶה הוֹרָאָה אִם יִרְצֶה שֶׁיְקַבְּלוּ אֲחֵרִים הוֹרָאָתוֹ צָרִיךְ הוּא לְקַיְמָהּ תְּחִלָּה, וְאַתָּה צִוִּיתַנִי עַל הֲפָרַת נְדָרִים, דִּין הוּא שֶׁתַּתִּיר אֶת נִדְרְךָ כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתַנִי לְהַתִּיר לַאֲחֵרִים. מִיָּד נִתְעַטֵּף בְּטַלִּיתוֹ וְיָשַׁב לוֹ כְּזָקֵן, וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עוֹמֵד כְּשׁוֹאֵל נִדְרוֹ, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (דברים ט, ט): וָאֵשֵׁב בָּהָר, וְאֶפְשָׁר שֶׁהָיָה משֶׁה יוֹשֵׁב וְהָאֱלֹהִים יִתְבָּרַךְ שְׁמוֹ עוֹמֵד, אָמַר רַבִּי דְּרוּסָאי קָתֶדְרָא עָשָׂה לוֹ כְּקָתֶדְרָא שֶׁל אַסְטָלִיסְטָקִין הַלָּלוּ בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהֵן נִכְנָסִין לִפְנֵי הַשִּׁלְטוֹן וְהֵן נִרְאִין עוֹמְדִין וְאֵינָן אֶלָּא יוֹשְׁבִין, וְאַף כָּאן כָּךְ, יְשִׁיבָה שֶׁהִיא נִרְאָה עֲמִידָה, הֱוֵי: וָאֵשֵׁב בָּהָר. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וָאֵשֵׁב בָּהָר, וְכִי יֵשׁ יְשִׁיבָה לְמַעְלָה, אַתָּה מוֹצֵא שֶׁכֻּלָּם עוֹמְדִין, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה ו, ב): שְׂרָפִים עֹמְדִים מִמַּעַל לוֹ, וְכֵן (יחזקאל א, כד כה): בְּעָמְדָם תְּרַפֶּינָה כַנְפֵיהֶם, וְכֵן (דניאל ז, טז): קִרְבֵת עַל חַד מִן קָאֲמַיָּא, וְכֵן אֲפִלּוּ משֶׁה כְּשֶׁעָלָה לַמָּרוֹם הָיָה עוֹמֵד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים י, י): וְאָנֹכִי עָמַדְתִּי בָהָר, וּכְתִיב (דברים ה, ה): אָנֹכִי עֹמֵד בֵּין ה' וּבֵינֵיכֶם, וְאֵין יוֹשֵׁב שָׁם אֶלָּא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְבַדּוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברי הימים ב יח, יח): רָאִיתִי אֶת ה' יוֹשֵׁב עַל כִּסְאוֹ, וְהוּא אוֹמֵר וָאֵשֵׁב בָּהָר, וּמַהוּ כֵן, אָמַר רַב הוּנָא בַּר אַחָא שֶׁיָּשַׁב לְהַתִּיר נִדְרוֹ שֶׁל יוֹצְרוֹ, וּמָה אָמַר לוֹ דָּבָר קָשֶׁה, אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן דָּבָר קָשֶׁה אָמַר לְפָנָיו תָּהִיתָ אֶתָמְהָא, אָמַר לוֹ תּוֹהֶא אֲנָא עַל הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְתִּי לַעֲשׂוֹת לְעַמִּי, אוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה אָמַר משֶׁה מֻתָּר לָךְ מֻתָּר לָךְ, אֵין כָּאן נֶדֶר וְאֵין כָּאן שְׁבוּעָה, הֱוֵי: וַיְחַל משֶׁה, שֶׁהֵפֵר נִדְרוֹ לְיוֹצְרוֹ, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (במדבר ל, ג): וְלֹא יַחֵל דְּבָרוֹ, אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ לְפִיכָךְ נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים, לוֹמַר שֶׁהִתִּיר נֶדֶר לָאֱלֹהִים, וְכֵן וַיְחַל משֶׁה. | |
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61. Anon., Avot Derabbi Nathan A, 40, 28 (6th cent. CE - 8th cent. CE)
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62. Anon., Avot Derabbi Nathan B, 46 (6th cent. CE - 8th cent. CE)
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63. Anon., Midrash Mishle, 11
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64. Anon., Hekhalot Zutarti, 336-346, 348-350, 335
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