Tiresias: The Ancient Mediterranean Religions Source Database

10496

Strabo, Geography, 2.3.4

nan Posidonius, in speaking of those who have sailed round Africa, tells us that Herodotus was of opinion that some of those sent out by Darius actually performed this enterprise; and that Heraclides of Pontus, in a certain dialogue, introduces one of the Magi presenting himself to Gelon, and declaring that he had performed this voyage; but he remarks that this wants proof. He also narrates how a certain Eudoxus of Cyzicus, sent with sacrifices and oblations to the Corean games, travelled into Egypt in the reign of Euergetes II.; and being a learned man, and much interested in the peculiarities of different countries, he made interest with the king and his ministers on the subject, but especially for exploring the Nile. It chanced that a certain Indian was brought to the king by the [coast]-guard of the Arabian Gulf. They reported that they had found him in a ship, alone, and half dead: but that they neither knew who he was, nor where he came from, as he spoke a language they could not understand. He was placed in the hands of preceptors appointed to teach him the Greek language. On acquiring which, he related how he had started from the coasts of India, but lost his course, and reached Egypt alone, all his companions having perished with hunger; but that if he were restored to his country he would point out to those sent with him by the king, the route by sea to India. Eudoxus was of the number thus sent. He set sail with a good supply of presents, and brought back with him in exchange aromatics and precious stones, some of which the Indians collect from amongst the pebbles of the rivers, others they dig out of the earth, where they have been formed by the moisture, as crystals are formed with us. [He fancied that he had made his fortune], however, he was greatly deceived, for Euergetes took possession of the whole treasure. On the death of that prince, his widow, Cleopatra, assumed the reins of government, and Eudoxus was again despatched with a richer cargo than before. On his journey back, he was carried by the winds above Ethiopia, and being thrown on certain [unknown] regions, he conciliated the inhabitants by presents of grain, wine, and cakes of pressed figs, articles which they were without; receiving in exchange a supply of water, and guides for the journey. He also wrote down several words of their language, and having found the end of a prow, with a horse carved on it, which he was told formed part of the wreck of a vessel coming from the west, he took it with him, and proceeded on his homeward course. He arrived safely in Egypt, where no longer Cleopatra, but her son, ruled; but he was again stripped of every thing on the accusation of having appropriated to his own uses a large portion of the merchandise sent out. However, he carried the prow into the market-place, and exhibited it to the pilots, who recognised it as being come from Gades. The merchants [of that place] employing large vessels, but the lesser traders small ships, which they style horses, from the figures of that animal borne on the prow, and in which they go out fishing around Maurusia, as far as the Lixus. Some of the pilots professed to recognise the prow as that of a vessel which had sailed beyond the river Lixus, but had not returned. From this Eudoxus drew the conclusion, that it was possible to circumnavigate Libya; he therefore returned home, and having collected together the whole of his substance, set out on his travels. First he visited Dicaearchia, and then Marseilles, and afterwards traversed the whole coast as far as Gades. Declaring his enterprise everywhere as he journeyed, he gathered money sufficient to equip a great ship, and two boats, resembling those used by pirates. On board these he placed singing girls, physicians, and artisans of various kinds, and launching into open sea, was carried towards India by steady westerly winds. However, they who accompanied him becoming wearied with the voyage, steered their course towards land, but much against his will, as he dreaded the force of the ebb and flow. What he feared actually occurred. The ship grounded, but gently, so that it did not break up at once, but fell to pieces gradually, the goods and much of the timber of the ship being saved. With these he built a third vessel, closely resembling a ship of fifty oars, and continuing his voyage, came amongst a people who spoke the same language as that some words of which he had on a former occasion committed to writing. He further discovered, that they were men of the same stock as those other Ethiopians, and also resembled those of the kingdom of Bogus. However, he abandoned his [intended] voyage to India, and returned home. On his voyage back he observed an uninhabited island. well watered and wooded, and carefully noted its position. Having reached Maurusia in safety, he disposed of his vessels, and travelled by land to the court of Bogus. He recommended that sovereign to undertake an expedition thither. This, however, was prevented on account of the fear of the [king's] advisers, lest the district should chance to expose then to treachery, by making known a route by which foreigners might come to attack them. Eudoxus, however, became aware, that although it was given out that he was himself to be sent on this proposed expedition, the real intent was to abandon him on some desert island. He therefore fled to the Roman territory, and passed thence into Iberia. Again, he equipped two vessels, one round and the other long, furnished with fifty oars, the latter framed for voyaging in the high seas. the other for coasting along the shores. He placed on board agricultural implements, seed, and builders, and hastened on the same voyage, determined, if it should prove too long, to winter on the island he had before observed, sow his seed. and leaving reaped the harvest, complete the expedition he had intended from the beginning.

Intertexts (texts cited often on the same page as the searched text):

23 results
1. Homer, Iliad, 3.6 (8th cent. BCE - 7th cent. BCE) 3.6. /and with clamour fly toward the streams of Ocean, bearing slaughter and death to Pigmy men, and in the early dawn they offer evil battle. But the Achaeans came on in silence, breathing fury, eager at heart to bear aid each man to his fellow.
2. Herodotus, Histories, 2.6, 4.36, 4.42-4.43, 4.45, 4.196 (5th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) 2.6. Further, the length of the seacoast of Egypt itself is sixty “schoeni” —of Egypt, that is, as we judge it to be, reaching from the Plinthinete gulf to the Serbonian marsh, which is under the Casian mountain—between these there is this length of sixty schoeni. ,Men that have scant land measure by feet; those that have more, by miles; those that have much land, by parasangs; and those who have great abundance of it, by schoeni. ,The parasang is three and three quarters miles, and the schoenus, which is an Egyptian measure, is twice that. 4.36. I have said this much of the Hyperboreans, and let it suffice; for I do not tell the story of that Abaris, alleged to be a Hyperborean, who carried the arrow over the whole world, fasting all the while. But if there are men beyond the north wind, then there are others beyond the south. ,And I laugh to see how many have before now drawn maps of the world, not one of them reasonably; for they draw the world as round as if fashioned by compasses, encircled by the Ocean river, and Asia and Europe of a like extent. For myself, I will in a few words indicate the extent of the two, and how each should be drawn. 4.42. I wonder, then, at those who have mapped out and divided the world into Libya, Asia, and Europe; for the difference between them is great, seeing that in length Europe stretches along both the others together, and it appears to me to be wider beyond all comparison. ,For Libya shows clearly that it is bounded by the sea, except where it borders on Asia. Necos king of Egypt first discovered this and made it known. When he had finished digging the canal which leads from the Nile to the Arabian Gulf, he sent Phoenicians in ships, instructing them to sail on their return voyage past the Pillars of Heracles until they came into the northern sea and so to Egypt. ,So the Phoenicians set out from the Red Sea and sailed the southern sea; whenever autumn came they would put in and plant the land in whatever part of Libya they had reached, and there await the harvest; ,then, having gathered the crop, they sailed on, so that after two years had passed, it was in the third that they rounded the pillars of Heracles and came to Egypt. There they said (what some may believe, though I do not) that in sailing around Libya they had the sun on their right hand. 4.43. Thus was the first knowledge of Libya gained. The next story is that of the Carthaginians: for as for Sataspes son of Teaspes, an Achaemenid, he did not sail around Libya, although he was sent for that purpose; but he feared the length and loneliness of the voyage and so returned without accomplishing the task laid upon him by his mother. ,For he had raped the virgin daughter of Zopyrus son of Megabyzus; and when on this charge he was to be impaled by King Xerxes, Sataspes' mother, who was Darius' sister, interceded for his life, saying that she would impose a heavier punishment on him than Xerxes; ,for he would be compelled to sail around Libya, until he completed his voyage and came to the Arabian Gulf. Xerxes agreed to this, and Sataspes went to Egypt where he received a ship and a crew from the Egyptians, and sailed past the Pillars of Heracles. ,Having sailed out beyond them, and rounded the Libyan promontory called Solois, he sailed south; but when he had been many months sailing over the sea, and always more before him, he turned back and made sail for Egypt. ,Coming to King Xerxes from there, he related in his narrative that, when he was farthest distant, he sailed by a country of little men, who wore palm-leaf clothing; these, whenever he and his men put in to land with their ship, left their towns and fled to the hills; he and his men did no harm when they landed, and took nothing from the people except cattle. ,As to his not sailing completely around Libya, the reason (he said) was that the ship could move no farther, but was stopped. But Xerxes did not believe that Sataspes spoke the truth, and, as the task appointed was unfulfilled, he impaled him, punishing him on the charge first brought against him. ,This Sataspes had a eunuch, who as soon as he heard of his master's death escaped to Samos, with a great hoard of wealth, of which a man of Samos got possession. I know the man's name but deliberately omit it. 4.45. But it is plain that none have obtained knowledge of Europe's eastern or northern regions, so as to be able say if it is bounded by seas; its length is known to be enough to stretch along both Asia and Libya. ,I cannot guess for what reason the earth, which is one, has three names, all women's, and why the boundary lines set for it are the Egyptian Nile river and the Colchian Phasis river (though some say that the Maeetian Tanaïs river and the Cimmerian Ferries are boundaries); and I cannot learn the names of those who divided the world, or where they got the names which they used. ,For Libya is said by most Greeks to be named after a native woman of that name, and Asia after the wife of Prometheus; yet the Lydians claim a share in the latter name, saying that Asia was not named after Prometheus' wife Asia, but after Asies, the son of Cotys, who was the son of Manes, and that from him the Asiad clan at Sardis also takes its name. ,But as for Europe, no men have any knowledge whether it is bounded by seas or not, or where it got its name, nor is it clear who gave the name, unless we say that the land took its name from the Tyrian Europa, having been (it would seem) before then nameless like the rest. ,But it is plain that this woman was of Asiatic birth, and never came to this land which the Greeks now call Europe, but only from Phoenicia to Crete and from Crete to Lycia. Thus much I have said of these matters, and let it suffice; we will use the names established by custom. 4.196. Another story is told by the Carthaginians. There is a place in Libya, they say, where men live beyond the Pillars of Heracles; they come here and unload their cargo; then, having laid it in order along the beach, they go aboard their ships and light a smoking fire. The people of the country see the smoke, and, coming to the sea, they lay down gold to pay for the cargo, and withdraw from the wares. ,Then the Carthaginians disembark and examine the gold; if it seems to them a fair price for their cargo, they take it and go away; but if not, they go back aboard and wait, and the people come back and add more gold until the sailors are satisfied. ,In this transaction, it is said, neither party defrauds the other: the Carthaginians do not touch the gold until it equals the value of their cargo, nor do the people touch the cargo until the sailors have taken the gold.
3. Hippocrates, On Airs, Waters, And Places, 13 (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE)
4. Anon., Jubilees, 49, 13 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
5. Anon., Testament of Joseph, 13 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. CE)
6. Anon., Testament of Solomon, 13 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. CE)
7. Septuagint, 1 Maccabees, 11.28 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE) 11.28. Then Jonathan asked the king to free Judea and the three districts of Samaria from tribute, and promised him three hundred talents.
8. Septuagint, 4 Maccabees, 13 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
9. Strabo, Geography, 1.2.35, 1.3.2, 2.3.5, 2.4.2, 2.5.18, 11.6.3, 16.2.41, 16.4.11 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE) 1.2.35. There are many who would make the Erembi a tribe of the Ethiopians, or of the Cephenes, or again of the Pygmies, and a thousand other fancies. These ought to be regarded with little trust; since their opinion is not only incredible, but they evidently labour under a certain confusion as to the different characters of history and fable. In the same category must be reckoned those who place the Sidonians and Phoenicians in the Persian Gulf, or somewhere else in the Ocean, and make the wanderings of Menelaus to have happened there. Not the least cause for mistrusting these writers is the manner in which they contradict each other. One half would have us believe that the Sidonians are a colony from the people whom they describe as located on the shores of the [Indian] Ocean, and who they say were called Phoenicians from the colour of the Erythraean Sea, while the others declare the opposite. Some again would transport Ethiopia into our Phoenicia, and make Joppa the scene of the adventures of Andromeda; and this not from any ignorance of the topography of those places, but by a kind of mythic fiction similar to those of Hesiod and other writers censured by Apollodorus, who, however, couples Homer with them, without, as it appears, any cause. He cites as instances what Homer relates of the Euxine and Egypt, and accuses him of ignorance for pretending to speak the actual truth, and then recounting fable, all the while ignorantly mistaking it for fact. Will anyone then accuse Hesiod of ignorance on account of his Hemicynes, his Macrocephali, and his Pygmies; or Homer for his like fables, and amongst others the Pygmies themselves; or Alcman for describing the Steganopodes; or Aeschylus for his Cynocephali, Sternophthalmi, and Monommati; when amongst prose writers, and in works bearing the appearance of veritable history, we frequently meet with similar narrations, and that without any admission of their having inserted such myths. Indeed it becomes immediately evident that they have woven together a tissue of myths not through ignorance of the real facts, but merely to amuse by a deceptive narration of the impossible and marvellous. If they appear to do this in ignorance, it is because they can romance more frequently and with greater plausibility on those things which are uncertain and unknown. This Theopompus plainly confesses in the announcement of his intention to relate the fables in his history in a better style than Herodotus, Ctesias, Hellanicus, and those who had written on the affairs of India. 1.3.2. However, this is not all we have to say against him. of many places he tells us that nothing is known, when in fact they have every one been accurately described. Then he warns us to be very cautious in believing what we are told on such matters, and endeavours by long and tedious arguments to show the value of his advice; swallowing at the same time the most ridiculous absurdities himself concerning the Euxine and Adriatic. Thus he believed the Gulf of Issos to be the most easterly point of the Mediterranean, though Dioscurias, which is nearly at the bottom of the Pontus Euxinus, is, according to his own calculations, farther east by a distance of 3000 stadia. In describing the northern and farther parts of the Adriatic he cannot refrain from similar romancing, and gives credit to many strange narrations concerning what lies beyond the Pillars of Hercules, informing us of an Isle of Kerne there, and other places now nowhere to be found, which we shall speak of presently. Having remarked that the ancients, whether out on piratical excursions, or for the purposes of commerce, never ventured into the high seas, but crept along the coast, and instancing Jason, who leaving his vessels at Colchis penetrated into Armenia and Media on foot, he proceeds to tell us that formerly no one dared to navigate either the Euxine or the seas by Libya, Syria, and Cilicia. If by formerly he means periods so long past that we possess no record of them, it is of little consequence to us whether they navigated those seas or not, but if [he speaks] of times of which we know any thing, and if we are to place any trust in the accounts which have come down to us, every one will admit that the ancients appear to have made longer journeys both by sea and land than their successors; witness Bacchus, Hercules, nay Jason himself, and again Ulysses and Menelaus, of whom Homer tells us. It seems most probable that Theseus and Pirithous are indebted to some long voyages for the credit they afterwards obtained of having visited the infernal regions; and in like manner the Dioscuri gained the appellation of guardians of the sea, and the deliverers of sailors. The sovereignty of the seas exercised by Minos, and the navigation carried on by the Phoenicians, is well known. A little after the period of the Trojan war they had penetrated beyond the Pillars of Hercules, and founded cities as well there as to the midst of the African coast. Is it not correct to number amongst the ancients Aeneas, Antenor, the Heneti, and all the crowd of warriors, who, after the destruction of Troy, wandered over the face of the whole earth? For at the conclusion of the war both the Greeks and Barbarians found themselves deprived, the one of their livelihood at home, the other of the fruits of their expedition; so that when Troy was overthrown, the victors, and still more the vanquished, who had survived the conflict, were compelled by want to a life of piracy; and we learn that they became the founders of many cities along the sea-coast beyond Greece, besides several inland settlements. 2.3.5. Thus far, says Posidonius, I have followed the history of Eudoxus. What happened afterwards is probably known to the people of Gades and Iberia; but, says he, all these things only demonstrate more clearly the fact, that the inhabited earth is entirely surrounded by the ocean. By no continent fettered in, But boundless in its flow, and free from soil. Posidonius is certainly a most strange writer; he considers that the voyage of the Magus, related by Heraclides, wants sufficient evidence, and also the account given by Herodotus of those sent out [to explore] by Darius. But this Bergaean nonsense, either the coinage of his own brain, or of some other story-teller, in whom he trusts, he pretends to be worthy of our belief. But in the first place, what is there credible in this tale of the Indian missing his way? The Arabian Gulf, which resembles a river, is narrow, and in length is from 5000 to 10,000 stadia up to its mouth, where it is narrowest of all. It is not likely that the Indians in their voyage out would have entered this Gulf by mistake. The extreme narrowness of the mouth must have warned them of their error. And if they entered it voluntarily, then there was no excuse for introducing the pretext of mistake and uncertain winds. And how did they suffer all of themselves but one to perish through hunger? And how was it that this surviver was able to manage the ship, which could not have been a small one either, fitted as it was for traversing such vast seas? What must have been his aptitude in learning the language of the country, and thus being able to persuade the king of his competence, as leader of the expedition? And how came it that Euergetes was in want of such guides, so many being already acquainted with this sea? How was it that he who was sent by the inhabitants of Cyzicus to carry libations and sacrifices, should forsake his city and sail for India? How was it that so great an affair was intrusted to him? And how came it that on his return, after being deprived of every thing contrary to expectation, and disgraced, a yet larger cargo of goods was intrusted to him? And when he had again returned into Ethiopia, what cause induced him to write down the words, or to inquire whence came the portion of the prow of the boat? For to learn that it was a ship of some sailing from the west, would have been no information to him, as he himself would have to sail from the west on his voyage back. When, on his return to Alexandria, he was detected in having appropriated to himself much of the merchandise, how came it that he was not punished, but allowed to go about interrogating the pilots, and exhibiting his bit of prow? And that one of these fellows actually recognised the relic, is it not delicious! Eudoxus too believed it, this is still richer; and inspired by the hope, hastens home, and then starts on a voyage beyond the Pillars of Hercules! But he could never have left Alexandria without a passport, still less after having stolen the royal property. To set sail on the sly was impossible, as the port and every other exit was kept by a numerous guard, which still exists, as we very well know who have lived in Alexandria for a long time, although it is not so strict since the Romans have had possession, but under the kings the guards were infinitely more alert. But allowing that he reached Gades, that he there constructed ships, and sailed thence with quite a royal fleet, when his vessel was shattered, by what means was he able to construct a third boat in a desert land? And when, being again on his voyage, he found that the Ethiopians of the West spoke the same language as those of the East, how came it that he, so proud of his travelling propensities, forgot the completion of his voyage, when he must have had so good an expectation that there was but little now left unexplored, but relinquishing these prospects, set his mind on the expedition being undertaken by Bogus? How did he become acquainted with the snare spread for him by that king? And what advantage would have accrued to Bogus by making away with the man, rather than by dismissing him? When Eudoxus learned the plot against himself, what means had he to escape to safer quarters? It is true that not one of these situations was actually impossible, but still they were difficult circumstances, such as one rarely escapes from by any prosperous fortune. However, he always came off with good luck, notwithstanding he was never out of danger. Besides this, how did it happen, that having escaped from Bogus, he was not afraid to sail round Africa a second time, with all the requisites for taking up his abode on the island? All this too closely resembles the falsehoods of Pytheas, Euhemerus, and Antiphanes. They however may be pardoned; for their only aim was that of the juggler. But who can forgive a demonstrator and philosopher, and one too striving to be at the head of their order? it is really too bad! 2.4.2. Polybius asks, How is it possible that a private individual, and one too in narrow circumstances, could ever have performed such vast expeditions by sea and land? And how could Eratosthenes, who hesitates whether he may rely on his statements in general, place such entire confidence in what that writer narrates concerning Britain, Gades, and Iberia? says he, it would have been better had Eratosthenes trusted to the Messenian rather than to this writer. The former merely pretends to have sailed into one [unknown] country, viz. Panchaea, but the latter, that he has visited the whole of the north of Europe as far as the ends of the earth; which statement, even had it been made by Mercury, we should not have believed. Nevertheless Eratosthenes, who terms Euhemerus a Bergaean, gives credit to Pytheas, although even Dicaearchus would not believe him. This argument, although even Dicaearchus would not believe him, is ridiculous, just as if Eratosthenes ought to take for his standard a writer whom Polybius is himself for ever complaining of. The ignorance of Eratosthenes respecting the western and northern portions of Europe, we have before remarked. But both he and Dicaearchus must be pardoned for this, as neither of them were personally familiar with those localities. But how can one excuse Polybius and Posidonius? especially Polybius, who treats as mere hearsay what Eratosthenes and Dicaearchus report concerning the distances of various places; and many other matters, about which, though he blames them, he is not himself free from error. Dicaearchus states that there are 10,000 stadia from the Peloponnesus to the Pillars, and something above this number from the Peloponnesus to the recess of the Adriatic. He supposes 3000 stadia between the Peloponnesus and the Strait of Sicily; thus there would remain 7000 between the Strait of Sicily and the Pillars. I will not inquire, says Polybius, whether the statement concerning the 3000 stadia is correct or not, but 7000 stadia is not the correct measure [from the Strait of Messina to the Pillars of Hercules], whether taken along the sea-shore, or right across the sea. The coast closely resembles an obtuse angle, one side reaching to the Strait of Sicily, the other to the Pillars, the vertex being Narbonne. Now let a triangle be constructed, having for its base a right line drawn through the sea, and its sides forming the aforementioned angle. The side reaching from the Strait of Sicily to Narbonne is above 11,200 stadia, while the other is below 8000. Now the greatest distance from Europe to Libya, across the Tyrrhenian sea, is not above 3000 stadia, and across the Sea of Sardinia it is less still. But supposing that it too is 3000 stadia add to this 2000 stadia, the depth of the bay at Narbonne as a perpendicular from the vertex to the base of the obtuseangled triangle. It will, then, be clear even to the geometrical powers of a child, that the entire coast from the Strait of Sicily to the Pillars, does not exceed by more than 500 stadia the right line drawn across the sea; adding to these the 3000 stadia from the Peloponnesus to the Strait of Sicily, the whole taken together will give a straight line above double the length assigned by Dicaearchus; and, according to his system, you must add in addition to these the stadia at the recess of the Adriatic. 2.5.18. Continuing our former sketch, we now state that the earth which we inhabit contains numerous gulfs, formed by the exterior sea or ocean which surrounds it. of these there are four principal. The northern, called the Caspian, by others designated the Hyrcanian Sea, the Persian and Arabian Gulfs, formed by the [Southern] Sea, the one being nearly opposite to the Caspian, the other to the Euxine; the fourth, which in size is much more considerable than the others, is called the Internal and Our Sea. It commences in the west at the Strait of the Pillars of Hercules, and continues in an easterly direction, but with varying breadth. Farther in, it becomes divided, and terminates in two gulfs; that on the left being called the Euxine Sea, while the other consists of the seas of Egypt, Pamphylia, and Issos. All these gulfs formed by the exterior sea, have a narrow entrance; those of the Arabian Gulf, however, and the Pillars of Hercules are smaller than the rest. The land which surrounds these, as before remarked, consists of three divisions. of these, the configuration of Europe is the most irregular. Libya, on the contrary, is the most regular; while Asia holds a middle place between the two. In all of these continents, the regularity or irregularity of form relates merely to the interior coasts; the exterior, with the exception of the gulfs be fore mentioned, is unindented, and, as I have stated, resembles a chlamys in its form; any slight differences being of course overlooked, as in large matters what is insignificant passes for nothing. Since in geographical descriptions we not only aim at portraying the configuration and extent of various places, but also their common boundaries, we will remark here, as we have done before, that the coasts of the Internal Sea present a greater variety in their appearance than those of the Exterior [Ocean]; the former is also much better known, its climate is more temperate, and more civilized cities and nations are here than there. We are also anxious to be informed where the form of government, the arts, and whatever else ministers to intelligence, produce the greatest results. Interest will always lead us to where the relations of commerce and society are most easily established, and these are advantages to be found where government is administered, or rather where it is well administered. In each of these particulars, as before remarked, Our Sea possesses great advantages, and here therefore we will begin our description. 11.6.3. For, seeing that those who were professedly writers of myths enjoyed repute, they thought that they too would make their writings pleasing if they told in the guise of history what they had never seen, nor even heard — or at least not from persons who knew the facts — with this object alone in view, to tell what afforded their hearers pleasure and amazement. One could more easily believe Hesiod and Homer in their stories of the heroes than Ctesias, Herodotus, Hellanicus, and other writers of this kind. 16.2.41. Jericho is a plain encompassed by a mountainous district, which slopes towards it somewhat in the manner of a theatre. Here is the Phoenicon (or palm plantation), which contains various other trees of the cultivated kind, and producing excellent fruit; but its chief production is the palm tree. It is 100 stadia in length; the whole is watered with streams, and filled with dwellings. Here also is a palace and the garden of the balsamum. The latter is a shrub with an aromatic smell, resembling the cytisus and the terminthus. Incisions are made in the bark, and vessels are placed beneath to receive the sap, which is like oily milk. After it is collected in vessels, it becomes solid. It is an excellent remedy for headache, incipient suffusion of the eyes, and dimness of sight. It bears therefore a high price, especially as it is produced in no other place. This is the case also with the Phoenicon, which alone contains the caryotes palm, if we except the Babylonian plain, and the country above it towards the east: a large revenue is derived from the palms and balsamum; xylobalsamum is also used as a perfume. 16.4.11. Above this nation is situated a small tribe the Struthophagi (or Bird-eaters), in whose country are birds of the size of deer, which are unable to fly, but run with the swiftness of the ostrich. Some hunt them with bows and arrows, others covered with the skins of birds. They hide the right hand in the neck of the skin, and move it as the birds move their necks. With the left hand they scatter grain from a bag suspended to the side; they thus entice the birds, till they drive them into pits, where the hunters despatch them with cudgels. The skins are used both as clothes and as coverings for beds. The Ethiopians called Simi are at war with these people, and use as weapons the horns of antelopes.
10. Anon., The Life of Adam And Eve, 49 (1st cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
11. Josephus Flavius, Jewish War, 2.98, 2.385, 3.420, 3.459-3.475 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) 2.98. Salome also, besides what the king had left her in his testaments, was now made mistress of Jamnia, and Ashdod, and Phasaelis. Caesar did moreover bestow upon her the royal palace of Ascalon; by all which she got together a revenue of sixty talents; but he put her house under the ethnarchy of Archelaus. 2.385. This country is extended as far as the Ethiopians, and Arabia the Happy, and borders upon India; it hath seven million five hundred thousand men, besides the inhabitants of Alexandria, as may be learned from the revenue of the poll tax; yet it is not ashamed to submit to the Roman government, although it hath Alexandria as a grand temptation to a revolt, by reason it is so full of people and of riches, and is besides exceeding large 3.459. and as soon as he knew that the people were of the same mind with the petitioner, he took his army, and went to the city; upon which the citizens opened to him their gates, and met him with acclamations of joy, and called him their savior and benefactor. 3.461. However, he charged them to abstain from rapine and injustice, in order to gratify the king; and on his account spared the rest of the wall, while the king undertook for them that they should continue [faithful to the Romans] for the time to come. And thus did he restore this city to a quiet state, after it had been grievously afflicted by the sedition. 3.462. 1. And now Vespasian pitched his camp between this city and Taricheae, but fortified his camp more strongly, as suspecting that he should be forced to stay there, and have a long war; 3.463. for all the innovators had gotten together at Taricheae, as relying upon the strength of the city, and on the lake that lay by it. This lake is called by the people of the country the Lake of Gennesareth. 3.464. The city itself is situated like Tiberias, at the bottom of a mountain, and on those sides which are not washed by the sea, had been strongly fortified by Josephus, though not so strongly as Tiberias; 3.465. for the wall of Tiberias had been built at the beginning of the Jews’ revolt, when he had great plenty of money, and great power, but Taricheae partook only the remains of that liberality. 3.466. Yet had they a great number of ships gotten ready upon the lake, that, in case they were beaten at land, they might retire to them; and they were so fitted up, that they might undertake a Sea-fight also. 3.467. But as the Romans were building a wall about their camp, Jesus and his party were neither affrighted at their number, nor at the good order they were in, but made a sally upon them; 3.468. and at the very first onset the builders of the wall were dispersed; and these pulled what little they had before built to pieces; but as soon as they saw the armed men getting together, and before they had suffered anything themselves, they retired to their own men. But then the Romans pursued them, and drove them into their ships 3.469. where they launched out as far as might give them the opportunity of reaching the Romans with what they threw at them, and then cast anchor, and brought their ships close, as in a line of battle, and thence fought the enemy from the sea, who were themselves at land. 3.471. 2. But when Titus perceived that the enemy was very numerous, he sent to his father, and informed him that he should want more forces. But as he saw a great many of the horsemen eager to fight, and that before any succors could come to them, and that yet some of them were privately under a sort of consternation at the multitude of the Jews, he stood in a place whence he might be heard, and said to them 3.472. “My brave Romans! for it is right for me to put you in mind of what nation you are, in the beginning of my speech, that so you may not be ignorant who you are, and who they are against whom we are going to fight. 3.473. For as to us, Romans, no part of the habitable earth hath been able to escape our hands hitherto; but as for the Jews, that I may speak of them too, though they have been already beaten, yet do they not give up the cause; and a sad thing it would be for us to grow weary under good success, when they bear up under their misfortunes. 3.474. As to the alacrity which you show publicly, I see it, and rejoice at it; yet am I afraid lest the multitude of the enemy should bring a concealed fright upon some of you: 3.475. let such a one consider again, who we are that are to fight, and who those are against whom we are to fight. Now these Jews, though they be very bold and great despisers of death, are but a disorderly body, and unskillful in war, and may rather be called a rout than an army; while I need say nothing of our skill and our good order; for this is the reason why we Romans alone are exercised for war in time of peace, that we may not think of number for number when we come to fight with our enemies:
12. Mela, De Chorographia, 3.45, 3.90-3.92, 3.95 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
13. Pliny The Elder, Natural History, 6.96, 6.100, 12.70 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
14. Plutarch, Alexander The Great, 70 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
15. Plutarch, Lucullus, 10 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
16. Seneca The Younger, Natural Questions, 6.8.3-6.8.4 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
17. Philostratus The Athenian, Life of Apollonius, 8.7 (2nd cent. CE
18. Avienus, Ora Maritima, 415, 414 (4th cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
19. Anon., 4 Ezra, 13
20. Anon., Joseph And Aseneth, 13
21. Anon., Pirqe Rabbi Eliezer, 13
22. Anon., Letter of Aristeas, 49, 13 13. for when by a combination of good fortune and courage he had brought his attack on the whole district of Coele-Syria and Phoenicia to a successful issue, in the process of terrorizing the country into subjection, he transported some of his foes and others he reduced to captivity. The number of those whom he transported from the country of the Jews to Egypt amounted to no less than a hundred thousand. of these he armed thirty thousand picked men and settled them in garrisons in the country districts. (And even before this time large numbers of Jews had come into Egypt with the Persian, and in an earlier period still others had been sent to Egypt to help Psammetichus in his campaign against the king of the Ethiopians. But these were nothing like so numerous as the captives whom Ptolemy the son of Lagus transported.)
23. Epigraphy, Lsam, 32

Subjects of this text:

subject	book bibliographic info
"bergaian" narrative	Stephens and Winkler, Ancient Greek Novels: The Fragments: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Commentary (1995) 105
aethiopia, aethiopians	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 394, 399
afranius, l.	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 77
africa	Stephens and Winkler, Ancient Greek Novels: The Fragments: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Commentary (1995) 105
africa (continent), as continent	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 404
africa (continent), circumnavigation of	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 77, 399, 404
africa (continent), east	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 77
africa (continent), size of	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 404
africa (continent), sub-saharan	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 77, 394
africa (continent), west	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 77, 399
agatharchides of cnidus	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 172
aischylos	Stephens and Winkler, Ancient Greek Novels: The Fragments: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Commentary (1995) 105
alexander the great, and mesopotamia	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 363
alexandria (egypt)	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 404
alkman	Stephens and Winkler, Ancient Greek Novels: The Fragments: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Commentary (1995) 105
antiphanes of berga	Stephens and Winkler, Ancient Greek Novels: The Fragments: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Commentary (1995) 105
antonius diogenes the incredible things beyond thule	Stephens and Winkler, Ancient Greek Novels: The Fragments: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Commentary (1995) 105
arabia, and c. caesar	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 77
arabia	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 289, 363, 404
ariston	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 172
arrian	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 363
artemis	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 399
asia, continent and region, boundaries of	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 404
asia, continent and region	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 404
asphalt	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 363
atlantic ocean	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 289
atlas, mt.	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 399
azania	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 178
azores	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 77
bab al-mandab	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 172
baltic	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 77, 404
black sea, distances and measurements of	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 404
british isles	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 77
caecilius metellus celer, q.	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 77
caelius (coelius) antipater, l.	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 77
caesarea maritima	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 289
cameroon, mt.	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 404
cape guardafui (see also horn of africa)	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 172
cape syagrus	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 178
carmel, mt.	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 289
carthage, carthaginians, explorations from	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 77
carthage, carthaginians, outposts of	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 399
cerne	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 399
ceto	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 289
chaonnophris	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 172
charax	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 363
chryse, indian island	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 399
cinnamon-bearer territory	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 399
cognomina	Tacoma, Models from the Past in Roman Culture: A World of Exempla (2016) 51
continents	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 404
cornelius balbus, l.	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 404
cornelius nepos	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 77, 399
crocodiles	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 394
cross-border migration	Tacoma, Models from the Past in Roman Culture: A World of Exempla (2016) 51
cyzicus	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 399
darius iii of persia	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 363
dead sea	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 289
earth, inhabited portion of	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 404
earth, parallels across	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 404
earth	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 77
egypt	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 178, 200
elephants	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 394
epistrategos	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 172
eratosthenes	Stephens and Winkler, Ancient Greek Novels: The Fragments: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Commentary (1995) 105
eudoxos of kyzikos	Stephens and Winkler, Ancient Greek Novels: The Fragments: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Commentary (1995) 105
eudoxus of cnidus	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 399
eudoxus of cyzicus	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 172, 178, 200; Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 77, 394, 399
euhemeros	Stephens and Winkler, Ancient Greek Novels: The Fragments: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Commentary (1995) 105
europe	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 77
favonius, wind	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 178
fire	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 394
first-generation migrants	Tacoma, Models from the Past in Roman Culture: A World of Exempla (2016) 51
frontiers	Tacoma, Models from the Past in Roman Culture: A World of Exempla (2016) 51
gades (gadir, gadeira)	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 77
gaditanians	Stephens and Winkler, Ancient Greek Novels: The Fragments: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Commentary (1995) 105
galilee, sea of	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 289
gaul, cisalpine	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 77
gold	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 399
greek language	Tacoma, Models from the Past in Roman Culture: A World of Exempla (2016) 51
hanno of carthage, explorations of	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 77
haronnophris	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 172
hellanikos	Stephens and Winkler, Ancient Greek Novels: The Fragments: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Commentary (1995) 105
hercules, pillars or columns of	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 399, 404
herod the great	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 289
herodion	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 289
herodotos	Stephens and Winkler, Ancient Greek Novels: The Fragments: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Commentary (1995) 105
hesiod	Stephens and Winkler, Ancient Greek Novels: The Fragments: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Commentary (1995) 105
hesperu ceras, cape (hesperium promontory)	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 399
hiericous (jericho)	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 289
himilco of carthage	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 77
hippalos	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 363
hippalus	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 178
hippopotami	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 394
history and fiction	Stephens and Winkler, Ancient Greek Novels: The Fragments: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Commentary (1995) 105
homer	Stephens and Winkler, Ancient Greek Novels: The Fragments: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Commentary (1995) 105
hyper soterias of a community, public sacrifice	Jim, Saviour Gods and Soteria in Ancient Greece (2022) 76
idumaea	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 289
india, routes to and from	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 363, 399
india	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 172, 178; Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 77
indian ocean or sea	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 394, 399
indus river, mouth of	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 363
ireland	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 77
jope	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 289
jordan river	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 289
juba ii of mauretania	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 363, 399
judaea	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 289
koptos	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 172
kore soteira, in cyzicus	Jim, Saviour Gods and Soteria in Ancient Greece (2022) 76, 77
kore soteira, outside cyzicus	Jim, Saviour Gods and Soteria in Ancient Greece (2022) 77
koreia (festival), mysteries in cyzicus	Jim, Saviour Gods and Soteria in Ancient Greece (2022) 77
koreia (festival), phersephassia (festival)	Jim, Saviour Gods and Soteria in Ancient Greece (2022) 77
koreia (festival), soteria (festival)	Jim, Saviour Gods and Soteria in Ancient Greece (2022) 77
koreia (festival)	Jim, Saviour Gods and Soteria in Ancient Greece (2022) 76, 77
ktesias	Stephens and Winkler, Ancient Greek Novels: The Fragments: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Commentary (1995) 105
latin language	Tacoma, Models from the Past in Roman Culture: A World of Exempla (2016) 51
libya, as continent	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 404
lucian	Stephens and Winkler, Ancient Greek Novels: The Fragments: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Commentary (1995) 105
macedonia, macedonians	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 363
maeotic marsh or lake	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 404
matiani	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 399
meroë	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 394, 404
monsoon	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 200
muziris	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 200
neapolis in judaea	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 289
nearchus of crete	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 399
new panhellenic games	Jim, Saviour Gods and Soteria in Ancient Greece (2022) 77
niger, rivers so named	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 399
nile, expeditions up	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 394
nile	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 394
ocean, external	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 404
ocean	Stephens and Winkler, Ancient Greek Novels: The Fragments: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Commentary (1995) 105
onesicritus of astypalaia	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 363, 399
oracles, of apollo in delphi	Jim, Saviour Gods and Soteria in Ancient Greece (2022) 76
palestine	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 289
pasitigris river	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 363
patalene	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 178
peraea	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 289
periplus maris rubri sive erythraei	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 178
persia, persians	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 363
persian gulf or sea	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 363
phoenicia, phoenicians	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 289
poseidonios	Stephens and Winkler, Ancient Greek Novels: The Fragments: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Commentary (1995) 105
posidonius of apamea	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 178
posidonius of apameia	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 363
ptolemaic period	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 399
ptolemy ii	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 172
ptolemy iii euergetes	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 172
ptolemy ix	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 77, 394
red sea	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 363, 399, 404
samaria/sebaste	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 289
satyrs	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 399
sebaste	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 289
siltation	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 363
simmias (ptolemy iii euergetes philos)	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 172
slave society	Tacoma, Models from the Past in Roman Culture: A World of Exempla (2016) 51
socotra	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 172
soter, principal gods of some poleis as	Jim, Saviour Gods and Soteria in Ancient Greece (2022) 77
soteria (festival), in cyzicus	Jim, Saviour Gods and Soteria in Ancient Greece (2022) 76, 77
soteria (in greek antiquity), precautionary	Jim, Saviour Gods and Soteria in Ancient Greece (2022) 76, 77
strabo	Stephens and Winkler, Ancient Greek Novels: The Fragments: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Commentary (1995) 105
straton i of sidon	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 289
stratos tower	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 289
suetonius paulinus, c.	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 399
susa, susiane	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 363
syagrum, cape	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 363
symmetry of opposites	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 200
syria, borders of	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 289
tanais (town and river)	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 404
taprobane	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 399
thebaid (egypt)	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 172
thebes (egypt)	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 172
theseis	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 178
tigris river	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 363
toparchy'	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 289
troglodytae	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 200
troglodytic coast	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 172
vernae	Tacoma, Models from the Past in Roman Culture: A World of Exempla (2016) 51
vespasian (emperor)	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 289
vipsanius agrippa, m.	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 289
wanderings	Stephens and Winkler, Ancient Greek Novels: The Fragments: Introduction, Text, Translation, and Commentary (1995) 105
zeus, sosipolis	Jim, Saviour Gods and Soteria in Ancient Greece (2022) 76
zigerus, cape	Roller, A Guide to the Geography of Pliny the Elder (2022) 363
ḥimyarites	Bianchetti et al., Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition (2015) 200