1. Hebrew Bible, Genesis, 22 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
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2. Hebrew Bible, Psalms, 79.5, 83.2 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
| 79.5. עַד־מָה יְהוָה תֶּאֱנַף לָנֶצַח תִּבְעַר כְּמוֹ־אֵשׁ קִנְאָתֶךָ׃ 83.2. אֱלֹהִים אַל־דֳּמִי־לָךְ אַל־תֶּחֱרַשׁ וְאַל־תִּשְׁקֹט אֵל׃ | 79.5. How long, O LORD, wilt Thou be angry for ever? How long will Thy jealousy burn like fire?" 83.2. O God, keep not Thou silence; Hold not Thy peace, and be not still, O God." |
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3. Hebrew Bible, Isaiah, 42.13 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
| 42.13. יְהוָה כַּגִּבּוֹר יֵצֵא כְּאִישׁ מִלְחָמוֹת יָעִיר קִנְאָה יָרִיעַ אַף־יַצְרִיחַ עַל־אֹיְבָיו יִתְגַּבָּר׃ | 42.13. The LORD will go forth as a mighty man, He will stir up jealousy like a man of war; He will cry, yea, He will shout aloud, He will prove Himself mighty against His enemies." |
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4. Hebrew Bible, Judges, 11 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
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5. Septuagint, 2 Maccabees, 6.20, 7.20-7.21 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
| 6.20. as men ought to go who have the courage to refuse things that it is not right to taste, even for the natural love of life.' 7.20. The mother was especially admirable and worthy of honorable memory. Though she saw her seven sons perish within a single day, she bore it with good courage because of her hope in the Lord.' 7.21. She encouraged each of them in the language of their fathers. Filled with a noble spirit, she fired her woman's reasoning with a man's courage, and said to them,' |
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6. Septuagint, 4 Maccabees, 1.1-1.12, 2.18, 2.21-2.23, 3.7, 5.8-5.11, 5.18-5.26, 6.17-6.22, 7.11-7.12, 7.18, 7.20-7.23, 9.8, 9.21, 13.9, 13.12, 13.17, 14.20, 15.23, 15.29-15.30, 16.3, 16.20-16.21, 16.25, 17.5-17.6, 17.12, 17.18, 18.1, 18.11-18.13, 18.20, 18.23 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
| 1.1. The subject that I am about to discuss is most philosophical, that is, whether devout reason is sovereign over the emotions. So it is right for me to advise you to pay earnest attention to philosophy. 1.2. For the subject is essential to everyone who is seeking knowledge, and in addition it includes the praise of the highest virtue -- I mean, of course, rational judgment. 1.3. If, then, it is evident that reason rules over those emotions that hinder self-control, namely, gluttony and lust 1.4. it is also clear that it masters the emotions that hinder one from justice, such as malice, and those that stand in the way of courage, namely anger, fear, and pain. 1.5. Some might perhaps ask, "If reason rules the emotions, why is it not sovereign over forgetfulness and ignorance?" Their attempt at argument is ridiculous! 1.6. For reason does not rule its own emotions, but those that are opposed to justice, courage, and self-control; and it is not for the purpose of destroying them, but so that one may not give way to them. 1.7. I could prove to you from many and various examples that reason is domit over the emotions 1.8. but I can demonstrate it best from the noble bravery of those who died for the sake of virtue, Eleazar and the seven brothers and their mother. 1.9. All of these, by despising sufferings that bring death, demonstrated that reason controls the emotions. 1.10. On this anniversary it is fitting for me to praise for their virtues those who, with their mother, died for the sake of nobility and goodness, but I would also call them blessed for the honor in which they are held. 1.11. For all people, even their torturers, marveled at their courage and endurance, and they became the cause of the downfall of tyranny over their nation. By their endurance they conquered the tyrant, and thus their native land was purified through them. 1.12. I shall shortly have an opportunity to speak of this; but, as my custom is, I shall begin by stating my main principle, and then I shall turn to their story, giving glory to the all-wise God. 2.18. For, as I have said, the temperate mind is able to get the better of the emotions, to correct some, and to render others powerless. 2.21. Now when God fashioned man, he planted in him emotions and inclinations 2.22. but at the same time he enthroned the mind among the senses as a sacred governor over them all. 2.23. To the mind he gave the law; and one who lives subject to this will rule a kingdom that is temperate, just, good, and courageous. 3.7. David had been attacking the Philistines all day long, and together with the soldiers of his nation had slain many of them. 5.8. Why, when nature has granted it to us, should you abhor eating the very excellent meat of this animal? 5.9. It is senseless not to enjoy delicious things that are not shameful, and wrong to spurn the gifts of nature. 5.10. It seems to me that you will do something even more senseless if, by holding a vain opinion concerning the truth, you continue to despise me to your own hurt. 5.11. Will you not awaken from your foolish philosophy, dispel your futile reasonings, adopt a mind appropriate to your years, philosophize according to the truth of what is beneficial 5.18. Even if, as you suppose, our law were not truly divine and we had wrongly held it to be divine, not even so would it be right for us to invalidate our reputation for piety. 5.19. Therefore do not suppose that it would be a petty sin if we were to eat defiling food; 5.20. to transgress the law in matters either small or great is of equal seriousness 5.21. for in either case the law is equally despised. 5.22. You scoff at our philosophy as though living by it were irrational 5.23. but it teaches us self-control, so that we master all pleasures and desires, and it also trains us in courage, so that we endure any suffering willingly; 5.24. it instructs us in justice, so that in all our dealings we act impartially, and it teaches us piety, so that with proper reverence we worship the only real God. 5.25. Therefore we do not eat defiling food; for since we believe that the law was established by God, we know that in the nature of things the Creator of the world in giving us the law has shown sympathy toward us. 5.26. He has permitted us to eat what will be most suitable for our lives, but he has forbidden us to eat meats that would be contrary to this. 6.17. May we, the children of Abraham, never think so basely that out of cowardice we feign a role unbecoming to us! 6.18. For it would be irrational if we, who have lived in accordance with truth to old age and have maintained in accordance with law the reputation of such a life, should now change our course 6.19. become a pattern of impiety to the young, in becoming an example of the eating of defiling food. 6.20. It would be shameful if we should survive for a little while and during that time be a laughing stock to all for our cowardice 6.21. and if we should be despised by the tyrant as unmanly, and not protect our divine law even to death. 6.22. Therefore, O children of Abraham, die nobly for your religion! 7.12. o the descendant of Aaron, Eleazar, though being consumed by the fire, remained unmoved in his reason. 7.18. But as many as attend to religion with a whole heart, these alone are able to control the passions of the flesh 7.20. No contradiction therefore arises when some persons appear to be dominated by their emotions because of the weakness of their reason. 7.21. What person who lives as a philosopher by the whole rule of philosophy, and trusts in God 7.22. and knows that it is blessed to endure any suffering for the sake of virtue, would not be able to overcome the emotions through godliness? 7.23. For only the wise and courageous man is lord of his emotions. 9.8. For we, through this severe suffering and endurance, shall have the prize of virtue and shall be with God, for whom we suffer; 9.21. Although the ligaments joining his bones were already severed, the courageous youth, worthy of Abraham, did not groan 13.9. Brothers, let us die like brothers for the sake of the law; let us imitate the three youths in Assyria who despised the same ordeal of the furnace. 13.12. and another reminded them, "Remember whence you came, and the father by whose hand Isaac would have submitted to being slain for the sake of religion. 13.17. For if we so die, Abraham and Isaac and Jacob will welcome us, and all the fathers will praise us. 14.20. But sympathy for her children did not sway the mother of the young men; she was of the same mind as Abraham. 15.23. But devout reason, giving her heart a man's courage in the very midst of her emotions, strengthened her to disregard her temporal love for her children. 15.29. O mother of the nation, vindicator of the law and champion of religion, who carried away the prize of the contest in your heart! 15.30. O more noble than males in steadfastness, and more manly than men in endurance! 16.3. The lions surrounding Daniel were not so savage, nor was the raging fiery furnace of Mishael so intensely hot, as was her innate parental love, inflamed as she saw her seven sons tortured in such varied ways. 16.20. For his sake also our father Abraham was zealous to sacrifice his son Isaac, the ancestor of our nation; and when Isaac saw his father's hand wielding a sword and descending upon him, he did not cower. 16.21. And Daniel the righteous was thrown to the lions, and Haiah, Azariah, and Mishael were hurled into the fiery furnace and endured it for the sake of God. 16.25. They knew also that those who die for the sake of God live in God, as do Abraham and Isaac and Jacob and all the patriarchs. 17.5. The moon in heaven, with the stars, does not stand so august as you, who, after lighting the way of your star-like seven sons to piety, stand in honor before God and are firmly set in heaven with them. 17.6. For your children were true descendants of father Abraham. 17.12. for on that day virtue gave the awards and tested them for their endurance. The prize was immortality in endless life. 17.18. because of which they now stand before the divine throne and live through blessed eternity. 18.1. O Israelite children, offspring of the seed of Abraham, obey this law and exercise piety in every way 18.11. He read to you about Abel slain by Cain, and Isaac who was offered as a burnt offering, and of Joseph in prison. 18.12. He told you of the zeal of Phineas, and he taught you about Haiah, Azariah, and Mishael in the fire. 18.13. He praised Daniel in the den of the lions and blessed him. 18.20. O bitter was that day -- and yet not bitter -- when that bitter tyrant of the Greeks quenched fire with fire in his cruel caldrons, and in his burning rage brought those seven sons of the daughter of Abraham to the catapult and back again to more tortures 18.23. But the sons of Abraham with their victorious mother are gathered together into the chorus of the fathers, and have received pure and immortal souls from God |
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7. New Testament, Acts, 8.10-8.12 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
| 8.10. to whom they all listened, from the least to the greatest, saying, "This man is that great power of God. 8.11. They listened to him, because for a long time he had amazed them with his sorceries. 8.12. But when they believed Philip preaching good news concerning the Kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women. |
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8. Corpus Hermeticum, Poimandres, 26 (2nd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
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9. Iamblichus, Concerning The Mysteries, 3.3 (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
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10. Papyri, Papyri Graecae Magicae, 4.1716, 4.1717, 4.1718, 4.1719, 4.1720, 4.1721, 4.1722, 4.1723, 4.1724, 4.1725, 4.1726, 4.1727, 4.1728, 4.1729, 4.1730, 4.1731, 4.1732, 4.1733, 4.1734, 4.1735, 4.1736, 4.1737, 4.1738, 4.1739, 4.1740, 4.1741, 4.1742, 4.1743, 4.1744, 4.1745, 4.1746, 4.1747, 4.1748, 4.1749, 4.1750, 4.1751, 4.1752, 4.1753, 4.1754, 4.1755, 4.1756, 4.1757, 4.1758, 4.1759, 4.1760, 4.1761, 4.1762, 4.1763, 4.1764, 4.1765, 4.1766, 4.1767, 4.1768, 4.1769, 4.1770, 4.1771, 4.1772, 4.1773, 4.1774, 4.1775, 4.1776, 4.1777, 4.1778, 4.1779, 4.1780, 4.1781, 4.1782, 4.1783, 4.1784, 4.1785, 4.1786, 4.1787, 4.1788, 4.1789, 4.1790, 4.1791, 4.1792, 4.1793, 4.1794, 4.1795, 4.1796, 4.1797, 4.1798, 4.1799, 4.1800, 4.1801, 4.1802, 4.1803, 4.1804, 4.1805, 4.1806, 4.1807, 4.1808, 4.1809, 4.1810, 4.1811, 4.1812, 4.1813, 4.1814, 4.1815, 4.1816, 4.1817, 4.1818, 4.1819, 4.1820, 4.1821, 4.1822, 4.1823, 4.1824, 4.1825, 4.1826, 4.1827, 4.1828, 4.1829, 4.1830, 4.1831, 4.1832, 4.1833, 4.1834, 4.1835, 4.1836, 4.1837, 4.1838, 4.1839, 4.1840, 4.1841, 4.1842, 4.1843, 4.1844, 4.1845, 4.1846, 4.1847, 4.1848, 4.1849, 4.1850, 4.1851, 4.1852, 4.1853, 4.1854, 4.1855, 4.1856, 4.1857, 4.1858, 4.1859, 4.1860, 4.1861, 4.1862, 4.1863, 4.1864, 4.1865, 4.1866, 4.1867, 4.1868, 4.1869, 4.1870, 22b (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
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