Tiresias: The Ancient Mediterranean Religions Source Database

9250

Philo Of Alexandria, Who Is The Heir, 57
nan So that the race of mankind also is twofold, the one being the race of those who live by the divine Spirit and reason; the other of those who exist according to blood and the pleasure of the flesh. This species is formed of the earth, but that other is an accurate copy of the divine image;

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1. Hebrew Bible, Exodus, 1.9-1.10 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) 1.9. וַיֹּאמֶר אֶל־עַמּוֹ הִנֵּה עַם בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל רַב וְעָצוּם מִמֶּנּוּ׃ 1.9. And he said unto his people: ‘Behold, the people of the children of Israel are too many and too mighty for us;" 1.10. come, let us deal wisely with them, lest they multiply, and it come to pass, that, when there befalleth us any war, they also join themselves unto our enemies, and fight against us, and get them up out of the land.’"
2. Hebrew Bible, Genesis, 1.2, 1.7, 1.27, 2.7, 2.9, 3.14, 15.2-15.18 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) 1.2. וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים יִשְׁרְצוּ הַמַּיִם שֶׁרֶץ נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה וְעוֹף יְעוֹפֵף עַל־הָאָרֶץ עַל־פְּנֵי רְקִיעַ הַשָּׁמָיִם׃ 1.2. וְהָאָרֶץ הָיְתָה תֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ וְחֹשֶׁךְ עַל־פְּנֵי תְהוֹם וְרוּחַ אֱלֹהִים מְרַחֶפֶת עַל־פְּנֵי הַמָּיִם׃ 1.7. וַיַּעַשׂ אֱלֹהִים אֶת־הָרָקִיעַ וַיַּבְדֵּל בֵּין הַמַּיִם אֲשֶׁר מִתַּחַת לָרָקִיעַ וּבֵין הַמַּיִם אֲשֶׁר מֵעַל לָרָקִיעַ וַיְהִי־כֵן׃ 1.27. וַיִּבְרָא אֱלֹהִים אֶת־הָאָדָם בְּצַלְמוֹ בְּצֶלֶם אֱלֹהִים בָּרָא אֹתוֹ זָכָר וּנְקֵבָה בָּרָא אֹתָם׃ 2.7. וַיִּיצֶר יְהוָה אֱלֹהִים אֶת־הָאָדָם עָפָר מִן־הָאֲדָמָה וַיִּפַּח בְּאַפָּיו נִשְׁמַת חַיִּים וַיְהִי הָאָדָם לְנֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה׃ 2.9. וַיַּצְמַח יְהוָה אֱלֹהִים מִן־הָאֲדָמָה כָּל־עֵץ נֶחְמָד לְמַרְאֶה וְטוֹב לְמַאֲכָל וְעֵץ הַחַיִּים בְּתוֹךְ הַגָּן וְעֵץ הַדַּעַת טוֹב וָרָע׃ 3.14. וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים אֶל־הַנָּחָשׁ כִּי עָשִׂיתָ זֹּאת אָרוּר אַתָּה מִכָּל־הַבְּהֵמָה וּמִכֹּל חַיַּת הַשָּׂדֶה עַל־גְּחֹנְךָ תֵלֵךְ וְעָפָר תֹּאכַל כָּל־יְמֵי חַיֶּיךָ׃ 15.2. וְאֶת־הַחִתִּי וְאֶת־הַפְּרִזִּי וְאֶת־הָרְפָאִים׃ 15.2. וַיֹּאמֶר אַבְרָם אֲדֹנָי יֱהוִה מַה־תִּתֶּן־לִי וְאָנֹכִי הוֹלֵךְ עֲרִירִי וּבֶן־מֶשֶׁק בֵּיתִי הוּא דַּמֶּשֶׂק אֱלִיעֶזֶר׃ 15.3. וַיֹּאמֶר אַבְרָם הֵן לִי לֹא נָתַתָּה זָרַע וְהִנֵּה בֶן־בֵּיתִי יוֹרֵשׁ אֹתִי׃ 15.4. וְהִנֵּה דְבַר־יְהוָה אֵלָיו לֵאמֹר לֹא יִירָשְׁךָ זֶה כִּי־אִם אֲשֶׁר יֵצֵא מִמֵּעֶיךָ הוּא יִירָשֶׁךָ׃ 15.5. וַיּוֹצֵא אֹתוֹ הַחוּצָה וַיֹּאמֶר הַבֶּט־נָא הַשָּׁמַיְמָה וּסְפֹר הַכּוֹכָבִים אִם־תּוּכַל לִסְפֹּר אֹתָם וַיֹּאמֶר לוֹ כֹּה יִהְיֶה זַרְעֶךָ׃ 15.6. וְהֶאֱמִן בַּיהוָה וַיַּחְשְׁבֶהָ לּוֹ צְדָקָה׃ 15.7. וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו אֲנִי יְהוָה אֲשֶׁר הוֹצֵאתִיךָ מֵאוּר כַּשְׂדִּים לָתֶת לְךָ אֶת־הָאָרֶץ הַזֹּאת לְרִשְׁתָּהּ׃ 15.8. וַיֹּאמַר אֲדֹנָי יֱהוִה בַּמָּה אֵדַע כִּי אִירָשֶׁנָּה׃ 15.9. וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו קְחָה לִי עֶגְלָה מְשֻׁלֶּשֶׁת וְעֵז מְשֻׁלֶּשֶׁת וְאַיִל מְשֻׁלָּשׁ וְתֹר וְגוֹזָל׃ 15.11. וַיֵּרֶד הָעַיִט עַל־הַפְּגָרִים וַיַּשֵּׁב אֹתָם אַבְרָם׃ 15.12. וַיְהִי הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ לָבוֹא וְתַרְדֵּמָה נָפְלָה עַל־אַבְרָם וְהִנֵּה אֵימָה חֲשֵׁכָה גְדֹלָה נֹפֶלֶת עָלָיו׃ 15.13. וַיֹּאמֶר לְאַבְרָם יָדֹעַ תֵּדַע כִּי־גֵר יִהְיֶה זַרְעֲךָ בְּאֶרֶץ לֹא לָהֶם וַעֲבָדוּם וְעִנּוּ אֹתָם אַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה׃ 15.14. וְגַם אֶת־הַגּוֹי אֲשֶׁר יַעֲבֹדוּ דָּן אָנֹכִי וְאַחֲרֵי־כֵן יֵצְאוּ בִּרְכֻשׁ גָּדוֹל׃ 15.15. וְאַתָּה תָּבוֹא אֶל־אֲבֹתֶיךָ בְּשָׁלוֹם תִּקָּבֵר בְּשֵׂיבָה טוֹבָה׃ 15.16. וְדוֹר רְבִיעִי יָשׁוּבוּ הֵנָּה כִּי לֹא־שָׁלֵם עֲוֺן הָאֱמֹרִי עַד־הֵנָּה׃ 15.17. וַיְהִי הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ בָּאָה וַעֲלָטָה הָיָה וְהִנֵּה תַנּוּר עָשָׁן וְלַפִּיד אֵשׁ אֲשֶׁר עָבַר בֵּין הַגְּזָרִים הָאֵלֶּה׃ 15.18. בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא כָּרַת יְהוָה אֶת־אַבְרָם בְּרִית לֵאמֹר לְזַרְעֲךָ נָתַתִּי אֶת־הָאָרֶץ הַזֹּאת מִנְּהַר מִצְרַיִם עַד־הַנָּהָר הַגָּדֹל נְהַר־פְּרָת׃ 1.2. Now the earth was unformed and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the spirit of God hovered over the face of the waters." 1.7. And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament; and it was so." 1.27. And God created man in His own image, in the image of God created He him; male and female created He them." 2.7. Then the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul." 2.9. And out of the ground made the LORD God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil." 3.14. And the LORD God said unto the serpent: ‘Because thou hast done this, cursed art thou from among all cattle, and from among all beasts of the field; upon thy belly shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life." 15.2. And Abram said: ‘O Lord GOD, what wilt Thou give me, seeing I go hence childless, and he that shall be possessor of my house is Eliezer of Damascus?’" 15.3. And Abram said: ‘Behold, to me Thou hast given no seed, and, lo, one born in my house is to be mine heir.’" 15.4. And, behold, the word of the LORD came unto him, saying: ‘This man shall not be thine heir; but he that shall come forth out of thine own bowels shall be thine heir.’" 15.5. And He brought him forth abroad, and said: ‘Look now toward heaven, and count the stars, if thou be able to count them’; and He said unto him: ‘So shall thy seed be.’" 15.6. And he believed in the LORD; and He counted it to him for righteousness." 15.7. And He said unto him: ‘I am the LORD that brought thee out of Ur of the Chaldees, to give thee this land to inherit it.’" 15.8. And he said: ‘O Lord GOD, whereby shall I know that I shall inherit it?’" 15.9. And He said unto him: ‘Take Me a heifer of three years old, and a she-goat of three years old, and a ram of three years old, and a turtle-dove, and a young pigeon.’" 15.10. And he took him all these, and divided them in the midst, and laid each half over against the other; but the birds divided he not." 15.11. And the birds of prey came down upon the carcasses, and Abram drove them away." 15.12. And it came to pass, that, when the sun was going down, a deep sleep fell upon Abram; and, lo, a dread, even a great darkness, fell upon him." 15.13. And He said unto Abram: ‘Know of a surety that thy seed shall be a stranger in a land that is not theirs, and shall serve them; and they shall afflict them four hundred years;" 15.14. and also that nation, whom they shall serve, will I judge; and afterward shall they come out with great substance." 15.15. But thou shalt go to thy fathers in peace; thou shalt be buried in a good old age." 15.16. And in the fourth generation they shall come back hither; for the iniquity of the Amorite is not yet full.’" 15.17. And it came to pass, that, when the sun went down, and there was thick darkness, behold a smoking furnace, and a flaming torch that passed between these pieces." 15.18. In that day the LORD made a covet with Abram, saying: ‘Unto thy seed have I given this land, from the river of Egypt unto the great river, the river Euphrates;"
3. Hebrew Bible, Leviticus, 17.11 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) 17.11. כִּי נֶפֶשׁ הַבָּשָׂר בַּדָּם הִוא וַאֲנִי נְתַתִּיו לָכֶם עַל־הַמִּזְבֵּחַ לְכַפֵּר עַל־נַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם כִּי־הַדָּם הוּא בַּנֶּפֶשׁ יְכַפֵּר׃ 17.11. For the life of the flesh is in the blood; and I have given it to you upon the altar to make atonement for your souls; for it is the blood that maketh atonement by reason of the life."
4. Anon., Jubilees, 12.15-12.24, 40.5 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE) 12.15. And Terah went forth from Ur of the Chaldees, he and his sons, to go into the land of Lebanon and into the land of Canaan, and he dwelt in the land of Haran 12.16. and Abram, dwelt with Terah his father in Haran two weeks of years. 12.17. And in the sixth week, in the fifth year thereof, Abram sat up throughout the night on the new moon of the seventh month to observe the stars from the evening to the morning, in order to see what would be the character of the year with regard to the rains 12.18. and he was alone as he sat and observed. brAnd a word came into his heart and he said: "All the signs of the stars, and the signs of the moon and of the sun are all in the hand of the Lord. 12.19. Why do I search (them) out? If He desireth, He causeth it to rain, morning and evening; And if He desireth, He withholdeth it, And all things are in His hand. 12.20. And he prayed that night and said "My God, God Most High, Thou alone art my God, And Thee and Thy dominion have I chosen. And Thou hast created all things, And all things that are are the work of Thy hands. 12.21. Deliver me from the hands of evil spirits who have sway over the thoughts of men's hearts, And let them not lead me astray from Thee, my God. 12.22. And stablish Thou me and my seed for ever That we go not astray from henceforth and for evermore. 12.23. And he said Shall I return unto Ur of the Chaldees who seek my face that I may return to them, or am I to remain here in this place? 12.24. The right path before Thee prosper it in the hands of Thy servant that he may fulfil (it) and that I may not walk in the deceitfulness of my heart, O my God. 40.5. And he said before Pharaoh that his two dreams were one
5. Cicero, On Divination, 2.38 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE) 2.38. Quid? cum pluribus deis immolatur, qui tandem evenit, ut litetur aliis, aliis non litetur? quae autem inconstantia deorum est, ut primis minentur extis, bene promittant secundis? aut tanta inter eos dissensio, saepe etiam inter proxumos, ut Apollinis exta bona sint, Dianae non bona? Quid est tam perspicuum quam, cum fortuito hostiae adducantur, talia cuique exta esse, qualis cuique obtigerit hostia? At enim id ipsum habet aliquid divini, quae cuique hostia obtingat, tamquam in sortibus, quae cui ducatur. Mox de sortibus; quamquam tu quidem non hostiarum causam confirmas sortium similitudine, sed infirmas sortis conlatione hostiarum. 2.38. Again, when sacrifices are offered to more than one god at the same time, how does it happen that the auspices are favourable in one case and unfavourable in another? Is it not strange fickleness in the gods to threaten disaster in the first set of entrails and to promise a blessing in the next? Or is there such discord among the gods — often even among those who are nearest of kin — that the entrails of the sacrifice you offer to Apollo, for example, are favourable and of those you offer at the same time to Diana are unfavourable? When victims for the sacrifice are brought up at haphazard it is perfectly clear that the character of entrails that you will receive will depend on the victim chance may bring. Oh! but someone will say, The choice itself is a matter of divine guidance, just as in the case of lots the drawing is directed by the gods! I shall speak of lots presently; although you really do not strengthen the cause of sacrifices by comparing them to lots; but you do weaken the cause of lots by comparing them with sacrifices.
6. Cicero, On The Nature of The Gods, 2.38 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE) 2.38. The world on the contrary, since it embraces all things and since nothing exists which is not within it, is entirely perfect; how then can it fail to possess that which is the best? but there is nothing better than intelligence and reason; the world therefore cannot fail to possess them. Chrysippus therefore also well shows by the aid of illustrations that in the perfect and mature specimen of its kind everything is better than in the imperfect, for instance in a horse than in a foal, in a dog than in a puppy, in a man than in a boy; and that similarly a perfect and complete being is bound to possess that which is the best thing in all the world;
7. Septuagint, 2 Maccabees, 7.36 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE) 7.36. For our brothers after enduring a brief suffering have drunk of everflowing life under God's covet; but you, by the judgment of God, will receive just punishment for your arrogance.'
8. Septuagint, Wisdom of Solomon, 2.23 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE) 2.23. for God created man for incorruption,and made him in the image of his own eternity
9. Philo of Alexandria, On The Life of Abraham, 61-88, 60 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) 60. Let thus much, then, be said generally about the three persons, since it was absolutely necessary; but we must now proceed in regular order, to speak of those qualities in which each separate individual surpasses the others, beginning with him who is first mentioned. Now he, being an admirer of piety, the highest and greatest of all virtues, laboured earnestly to follow God, and to be obedient to the injunctions delivered by him, looking not only on those things as his commands which were signified to him by words and facts, but those also which were indicated by more express signs through the medium of nature, and which the truest of the outward senses comprehends before the uncertain and untrustworthy hearing can do so;
10. Philo of Alexandria, On Giants, 20-56, 19 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) 19. And, in all such matters, it is impossible for the spirit of God to remain and to pass all its time, as the law-giver himself shows. "For," says Moses, "the Lord said, My spirit shall not remain among men for ever, because they are Flesh.
11. Philo of Alexandria, On The Creation of The World, 134-135, 14, 140-141, 144, 146, 15-35, 69, 13 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) 13. And he says that the world was made in six days, not because the Creator stood in need of a length of time (for it is natural that God should do everything at once, not merely by uttering a command, but by even thinking of it); but because the things created required arrangement; and number is akin to arrangement; and, of all numbers, six is, by the laws of nature, the most productive: for of all the numbers, from the unit upwards, it is the first perfect one, being made equal to its parts, and being made complete by them; the number three being half of it, and the number two a third of it, and the unit a sixth of it, and, so to say, it is formed so as to be both male and female, and is made up of the power of both natures; for in existing things the odd number is the male, and the even number is the female; accordingly, of odd numbers the first is the number three, and of even numbers the first is two, and the two numbers multiplied together make six.
12. Philo of Alexandria, On Planting, 19-20, 22-24, 44, 18 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE)
13. Philo of Alexandria, On Dreams, 1.30-1.34 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) 1.30. Now then is the fourth element which exists within us, the domit mind, comprehensible to us in the same manner as these other divisions? Certainly not; for what do we think it to be in its essence? Do we look upon it as spirit, or as blood, or, in short, as any bodily substance! But it is not a substance, but must be pronounced incorporeal. Is it then a limit, or a species, or a number, or a continued act, or a harmony, or any existing thing whatever? 1.31. Is it, the very first moment that we are born, infused into us from without, or is it some warm nature in us which is cooled by the air which is diffused around us, like a piece of iron which has been heated at a forge, and then being plunged into cold water, is by that process tempered and hardened? (And perhaps it is from the cooling process [psyxis] to which it is thus submitted that the soul [heµ psycheµ] derives its name.) What more shall we say? When we die, is it extinguished and destroyed together with our bodies? or does it continue to live a long time? or, thirdly, is it wholly incorruptible and immortal? 1.32. Again, where, in what part does this mind lie hid? Has it received any settled habitation? For some men have dedicated it to our head, as the principal citadel, around which all the outward senses have their lairs; thinking it natural that its body-guards should be stationed near it, as near the palace of a mighty king. Some again contend earnestly in favour of the position which they assign it, believing that it is enshrined like a statue in the heart. 1.33. Therefore now the fourth element is incomprehensible, in the world of heaven, in comparison of the nature of the earth, of the water, and of the air; and the mind in man, in comparison of the body and the outward sense, and the speech, which is the interpreter of the mind; may it not be the case also, that for this reason the fourth year is described as holy and praiseworthy in the sacred scriptures? 1.34. For among created things, the heaven is holy in the world, in accordance with which body, the imperishable and indestructible natures revolve; and in man the mind is holy, being a sort of fragment of the Deity, and especially according to the statement of Moses, who says, "God breathed into his face the breath of life, and man became a living Soul.
14. Philo of Alexandria, On The Special Laws, 4.123 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) 4.123. On which account Moses, in another passage, establishes a law concerning blood, that one may not eat the blood nor the Fat.{27}{#le 3:17.} The blood, for the reason which I have already mentioned, that it is the essence of the life; not of the mental and rational life, but of that which exists in accordance with the outward senses, to which it is owing that both we and irrational animals also have a common existence.CONCERNING THE SOUL OR LIFE OF MANXXIV. For the essence of the soul of man is the breath of God, especially if we follow the account of Moses, who, in his history of the creation of the world, says that God breathed into the first man, the founder of our race, the breath of life; breathing it into the principal part of his body, namely the face, where the outward senses are established, the body-guards of the mind, as if it were the great king. And that which was thus breathed into his face was manifestly the breath of the air, or whatever else there may be which is even more excellent than the breath of the air, as being a ray emitted from the blessed and thricehappy nature of God.
15. Philo of Alexandria, On The Virtues, 203 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) 203. But why should I speak of these men, and pass over the first man who was created out of the earth? who, in respect of the nobleness of his birth can be compared to no mortal whatever, inasmuch as he was fashioned by the hand of God, and invested with a form in the likeness of a human body by the very perfection of all plastic art. And he was also thought worthy of a soul, which was derived from no being who had as yet come into existence by being created, but God breathed into him as much of his own power as mortal nature was capable of receiving. Was it not, then a perfect excess of all nobleness, which could not possibly come into comparison with any other which is ever spoken of as favours?
16. Philo of Alexandria, Allegorical Interpretation, 1.32-1.42, 3.161 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) 1.32. And we must consider that the man who was formed of earth, means the mind which is to be infused into the body, but which has not yet been so infused. And this mind would be really earthly and corruptible, if it were not that God had breathed into it the spirit of genuine life; for then it "exists," and is no longer made into a soul; and its soul is not inactive, and incapable of proper formation, but a really intellectual and living one. "For man," says Moses, "became a living soul." XIII. 1.33. But some one may ask, why God thought an earth-born mind, which was wholly devoted to the body, worthy of divine inspiration, and yet did not treat the one made after his own idea and image in the same manner. In the second place he may ask, what is the meaning of the expression "breathed into." And thirdly, why he breathed into his face: fourthly also, why, since he knew the name of the Spirit when he says, "And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the Waters," he now speaks of breath, and not of the Spirit. 1.34. Now in reply to the first question we must say this one thing; God being very munificent gives his good things to all men, even to those who are not perfect; inviting them to a participation and rivalry in virtue, and at the same time displaying his abundant riches, and showing that it is sufficient for those also who will not be greatly benefited by it; and he also shows this in the most evident manner possible in other cases; for when he rains on the sea, and when he raises up fountains in desert places, and waters shallow and rough and unproductive land, making the rivers to overflow with floods, what else is he doing but displaying the great abundance of his riches and of his goodness? This is the cause why he has created no soul in such a condition as to be wholly barren of good, even if the employment of that good be beyond the reach of some people. 1.35. We must also give a second reason, which is this: Moses wished to represent all the actions of the Deity as just--therefore a man who had not had a real life breathed into him, but who was ignorant of virtue, when he was chastised for the sins which he had committed would say that he was punished unjustly, in that it was only through ignorance of what was good that he had erred respecting it; and that he was to blame who had not breathed any proper wisdom into him; and perhaps he will even say, that he has absolutely committed no offence whatever; since some people affirm that actions done involuntarily and in ignorance have not the nature of offences. 1.36. Now the expression "breathed into" is equivalent to "inspired," or "gave life to" things iimate: for let us take care that we are never filled with such absurdity as to think that God employs the organs of the mouth or nostrils for the purpose of breathing into anything; for God is not only devoid of peculiar qualities, but he is likewise not of the form of man, and the use of these words shows some more secret mystery of nature; 1.37. for there must be three things, that which breathes in, that which receives what is breathed in, and that which is breathed in. Now that which breathes in is God, that which receives what is breathed in is the mind, and that which is breathed in is the spirit. What then is collected from these three things? A union of the three takes place, through God extending the power, which proceeds from himself through the spirit, which is the middle term, as far as the subject. Why does he do this, except that we may thus derive a proper notion of him? 1.38. Since how could the soul have perceived God if he had not inspired it, and touched it according to his power? For human intellect would not have dared to mount up to such a height as to lay claim to the nature of God, if God himself had not drawn it up to himself, as far as it was possible for the mind of man to be drawn up, and if he had not formed it according to those powers which can be comprehended. 1.39. And God breathed into man's face both physically and morally. Physically, when he placed the senses in the face: and this portion of the body above all others is vivified and inspired; and morally, in this manner, as the face is the domit portion of the body, so also is the mind the domit portion of the soul. It is into this alone that God breathes; but the other parts, the sensations, the power of speech, and the power of generation, he does not think worthy of his breath, for they are inferior in power. 1.40. By what then were these subordinate parts inspired? beyond all question by the mind; for of the qualities which the mind has received form God, it gives a share to the irrational portion of the soul, so that the mind is vivified by God, and the irrational part of the soul by the mind; for the mind is as it were a god to the irrational part of the soul, for which reason Moses did not hesitate to call it "the god of Pharaoh. 1.41. For of all created things some are created by God, and through him: some not indeed by God, but yet through him: and the rest have their existence both by him and through him. At all events Moses as he proceeds says, that God planted a paradise, and among the best things as made both by God and through God, is the mind. But the irrational part of the soul was made indeed by God but not through God, but through the reasoning power which bears rule and sovereignty in the soul; 1.42. and Moses has used the word "breath," not "spirit," as there is a difference between the two words; for spirit is conceived of according to strength, and intensity, and power; but breath is a gentle and moderate kind of breeze and exhalation; therefore the mind, which was created in accordance with the image and idea of God, may be justly said to partake in his spirit, for its reasoning has strength: but that which is derived from matter is only a partaker in a thin and very light air, being as it were a sort of exhalation, such as arises from spices; for they, although they be preserved intact, and are not exposed to fire or fumigation, do nevertheless emit a certain fragrance. XIV.
17. Philo of Alexandria, Questions On Genesis, 1.8 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE)
18. Philo of Alexandria, Who Is The Heir, 283, 54-56, 63-64, 232 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) 232. But by nature our mind is indivisible; for the Creator, having divided the irrational part of the soul into six portions, has made six divisions of it, namely, sight, taste, hearing, smelling, touch, and voice; but the rational part, which is called the mind he has left undivided, according to the likeness of the entire heaven.
19. Philo of Alexandria, That The Worse Attacks The Better, 80 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) 80. for in many places of the law as given by Moses, he pronounces the blood to be the essence of the soul or of life, saying distinctly, "For the life of all flesh is the blood Thereof." And when the Creator of all living things first began to make man, after the creation of the heaven and the earth, and all the things which are between the two, Moses says, "And he breathed into his face the breath of life, and man became a living soul," showing again by this expression that it is the breath which is the essence of the life.
20. Epictetus, Discourses, 1.14.6 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
21. Josephus Flavius, Jewish Antiquities, 1.154, 2.87 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) 1.154. 1. Now Abram, having no son of his own, adopted Lot, his brother Haran’s son, and his wife Sarai’s brother; and he left the land of Chaldea when he was seventy-five years old, and at the command of God went into Canaan, and therein he dwelt himself, and left it to his posterity. He was a person of great sagacity, both for understanding all things and persuading his hearers, and not mistaken in his opinions;
22. Josephus Flavius, Against Apion, 1.194 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) 1.194. He also speaks of the mighty populousness of our nation, and says that “the Persians formerly carried away many ten thousands of our people to Babylon; as also that not a few ten thousands were removed after Alexander’s death into Egypt and Phoenicia, by reason of the sedition that was arisen in Syria.”
23. New Testament, Acts, 7.2, 7.9-7.10, 7.17, 7.19 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) 7.2. He said, "Brothers and fathers, listen. The God of glory appeared to our father Abraham, when he was in Mesopotamia, before he lived in Haran 7.9. The patriarchs, moved with jealousy against Joseph, sold him into Egypt. God was with him 7.10. and delivered him out of all his afflictions, and gave him favor and wisdom before Pharaoh, king of Egypt. He made him governor over Egypt and all his house. 7.17. But as the time of the promise came close which God swore to Abraham, the people grew and multiplied in Egypt 7.19. The same dealt slyly with our race, and mistreated our fathers, that they should throw out their babies, so that they wouldn't stay alive.
24. Diogenes Laertius, Lives of The Philosophers, 7.143 (3rd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) 7.143. It is a living thing in the sense of an animate substance endowed with sensation; for animal is better than non-animal, and nothing is better than the world, ergo the world is a living being. And it is endowed with soul, as is clear from our several souls being each a fragment of it. Boethus, however, denies that the world is a living thing. The unity of the world is maintained by Zeno in his treatise On the Whole, by Chrysippus, by Apollodorus in his Physics, and by Posidonius in the first book of his Physical Discourse. By the totality of things, the All, is meant, according to Apollodorus, (1) the world, and in another sense (2) the system composed of the world and the void outside it. The world then is finite, the void infinite.
25. Eusebius of Caesarea, Preparation For The Gospel, 9.17.3-9.17.4, 9.23.1 (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)

Subjects of this text:

subject	book bibliographic info
abraham,call in ur	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 200
adam	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 108
allegory,allegorical interpretation,philo	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 214, 220
allegory,allegorical interpretation	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 214, 220
apollodorus	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 147
artapanus,alexander polyhistor quotation of	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 200
artapanus	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 200, 214, 220
blood	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 150
body	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 146, 148, 150
capability (human)	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 108
charismatic endowment	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 148
chrysippus	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 147
cicero	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 147
clay	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 77, 78, 108
collective humanity	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 77
corruptible	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 77
creation,story of	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 146, 147
creation topoi	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 78, 108
curse,cursing	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 146
death	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 148
demetrius,chronographer,biblical events mentioned	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 200
demetrius,chronographer	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 200
divine,breath	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 78
divine,image	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 77, 78
divine,judgment	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 108
dreams	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 146, 147, 148, 150
dust	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 108; Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 150
earth	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 77; Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 146, 150
eternal life	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 108
ezekiel,tragedian,acts of apostles comparison	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 200
ezekiel,tragedian	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 200
fire	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 148
flesh	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 77; Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 150
god,breath/inbreathing	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 146, 147, 148, 150
god,gift of	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 150
god,image of	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 147, 150
god,seal of	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 147
god,sending of/by	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 147
ground,from the	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 78
heavenly,man	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 77
heavenly person	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 77, 78, 108
human/humankind	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 146, 147, 148, 150
image of god	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 77, 78, 108
imago dei	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 108
immortal	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 108
inspiration	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 146, 147, 148, 150
jew/jewish,literature/ authors' "151.0_146.0@law,god's"	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 146
jew/jewish,literature/ authors	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 147, 148, 150
jews,populousness	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 200
josephus,abrahams call in ur	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 200
judaism,nous	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 214
judaism,pneuma (spirit)	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 214, 220
judaism,soul,different senses	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 220
judaism,souls soul	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 220
judaism,spirit of god,divine spirit	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 214, 220
judaism in egypt,philo of alexandria	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 214, 220
judaism in egypt	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 214, 220
judgment	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 108
law,god's" "151.0_150.0@law,god's" "151.0_148.0@law,god's"	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 147
law,torah	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 148
literature	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 146, 147, 148, 150
man	Sly (1990), Philo's Perception of Women, 63
metaphysical	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 77, 108
minor,jews populousness in egypt	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 200
minor,josephs wisdom	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 200
molded	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 77
mortality/immortality	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 148
moses	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 146, 147, 148, 150
nephesh	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 148
obedience	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 108
of material	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 108
passion	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 146, 150
philo judaeus	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 146, 147, 148, 150
philo of alexandria,abrahams call in ur	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 200
philo of alexandria	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 200, 214, 220
phoenicians,acts of apostles comparison	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 200
physical	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 78
plato/platonic/platonism/neo-platonism	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 147, 150
posidonius	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 147
ps.-eupolemus	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 200
ps.-hecataeus,jews populousness	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 200
ps.-hecataeus	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 200
sarah	Sly (1990), Philo's Perception of Women, 63
soul	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 108
spirit,characterizations as,aether	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 146, 147, 148
spirit,characterizations as,and the shadow of death	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 148
spirit,characterizations as,breath (life itself)	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 146, 147, 148, 150
spirit,characterizations as,fire	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 148
spirit,characterizations as,soul	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 146, 150
spirit,characterizations as,stoic pneuma	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 146, 147, 148, 150
spirit,effects of,cosmic unity	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 150
spirit,effects of,creation	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 148
spirit,effects of,life itself	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 146, 147, 148, 150
spirit,effects of,living according to reason	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 150
spirit,effects of,mind enlightened	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 146, 147, 148, 150
spirit,effects of,virtue	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 150
spirit,modes of presence,receiving of	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 146, 147, 148, 150
spirit,philo of alexandria	Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 214, 220
spirit	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 78
stoicism	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 147, 148
topoi,creation	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 78, 108
tradition/ religion/beliefs	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 148
wise	Garcia (2021), On Human Nature in Early Judaism: Creation, Composition, and Condition, 78
word of god'	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 147
zedekiah	Levison (2009), Filled with the Spirit, 147