Tiresias: The Ancient Mediterranean Religions Source Database

8253

New Testament, Romans, 13.6-13.7
διὰ τοῦτο γὰρ καὶ φόρους τελεῖτε, λειτουργοὶ γὰρ θεοῦ εἰσὶν εἰς αὐτὸ τοῦτο προσκαρτεροῦντες. For this reason you also pay taxes, for they are ministers of God's service, attending continually on this very thing.
ἀπόδοτε πᾶσι τὰς ὀφειλάς, τῷ τὸν φόρον τὸν φόρον, τῷ τὸ τέλος τὸ τέλος, τῷ τὸν φόβον τὸν φόβον, τῷ τὴν τιμὴν τὴν τιμήν. Give therefore to everyone what you owe: taxes to whom taxes are due; customs to whom customs; respect to whom respect; honor to whom honor.

Intertexts (texts cited often on the same page as the searched text):

24 results
1. Hebrew Bible, Genesis, 1.28 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) 1.28. וַיְבָרֶךְ אֹתָם אֱלֹהִים וַיֹּאמֶר לָהֶם אֱלֹהִים פְּרוּ וּרְבוּ וּמִלְאוּ אֶת־הָאָרֶץ וְכִבְשֻׁהָ וּרְדוּ בִּדְגַת הַיָּם וּבְעוֹף הַשָּׁמַיִם וּבְכָל־חַיָּה הָרֹמֶשֶׂת עַל־הָאָרֶץ׃ 1.28. And God blessed them; and God said unto them: ‘Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it; and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that creepeth upon the earth.’"
2. Hebrew Bible, Psalms, 8.5-8.8 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) 8.5. מָה־אֱנוֹשׁ כִּי־תִזְכְּרֶנּוּ וּבֶן־אָדָם כִּי תִפְקְדֶנּוּ׃ 8.6. וַתְּחַסְּרֵהוּ מְּעַט מֵאֱלֹהִים וְכָבוֹד וְהָדָר תְּעַטְּרֵהוּ׃ 8.7. תַּמְשִׁילֵהוּ בְּמַעֲשֵׂי יָדֶיךָ כֹּל שַׁתָּה תַחַת־רַגְלָיו׃ 8.8. צֹנֶה וַאֲלָפִים כֻּלָּם וְגַם בַּהֲמוֹת שָׂדָי׃ 8.5. What is man, that Thou art mindful of him? And the son of man, that Thou thinkest of him?" 8.6. Yet Thou hast made him but little lower than the angels, And hast crowned him with glory and honour." 8.7. Thou hast made him to have dominion over the works of Thy hands; Thou hast put all things under His feet:" 8.8. Sheep and oxen, all of them, Yea, and the beasts of the field;"
3. Septuagint, 1 Maccabees, 2.45, 13.47, 14.7 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE) 2.45. And Mattathias and his friends went about and tore down the altars; 13.47. So Simon reached an agreement with them and stopped fighting against them. But he expelled them from the city and cleansed the houses in which the idols were, and then entered it with hymns and praise. 14.7. He gathered a host of captives;he ruled over Gazara and Beth-zur and the citadel,and he removed its uncleanness from it;and there was none to oppose him.
4. Septuagint, Judith, 6.16-6.19 (2nd cent. BCE - 0th cent. CE) 6.16. They called together all the elders of the city, and all their young men and their women ran to the assembly; and they set Achior in the midst of all their people, and Uzziah asked him what had happened. 6.17. He answered and told them what had taken place at the council of Holofernes, and all that he had said in the presence of the Assyrian leaders, and all that Holofernes had said so boastfully against the house of Israel. 6.18. Then the people fell down and worshiped God, and cried out to him, and said 6.19. O Lord God of heaven, behold their arrogance, and have pity on the humiliation of our people, and look this day upon the faces of those who are consecrated to thee.
5. Josephus Flavius, Jewish Antiquities, 17.149-17.164 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) 17.149. 2. There was one Judas, the son of Saripheus, and Matthias, the son of Margalothus, two of the most eloquent men among the Jews, and the most celebrated interpreters of the Jewish laws, and men wellbeloved by the people, because of their education of their youth; for all those that were studious of virtue frequented their lectures every day. 17.151. for Herod had caused such things to be made which were contrary to the law, of which he was accused by Judas and Matthias; for the king had erected over the great gate of the temple a large golden eagle, of great value, and had dedicated it to the temple. Now the law forbids those that propose to live according to it, to erect images or representations of any living creature. 17.152. So these wise men persuaded [their scholars] to pull down the golden eagle; alleging, that although they should incur any danger, which might bring them to their deaths, the virtue of the action now proposed to them would appear much more advantageous to them than the pleasures of life; since they would die for the preservation and observation of the law of their fathers; since they would also acquire an everlasting fame and commendation; since they would be both commended by the present generation, and leave an example of life that would never be forgotten to posterity; 17.153. ince that common calamity of dying cannot be avoided by our living so as to escape any such dangers; that therefore it is a right thing for those who are in love with a virtuous conduct, to wait for that fatal hour by such behavior as may carry them out of the world with praise and honor; 17.154. and that this will alleviate death to a great degree, thus to come at it by the performance of brave actions, which bring us into danger of it; and at the same time to leave that reputation behind them to their children, and to all their relations, whether they be men or women, which will be of great advantage to them afterward. 17.155. 3. And with such discourses as this did these men excite the young men to this action; and a report being come to them that the king was dead, this was an addition to the wise men’s persuasions; so, in the very middle of the day, they got upon the place, they pulled down the eagle, and cut it into pieces with axes, while a great number of the people were in the temple. 17.156. And now the king’s captain, upon hearing what the undertaking was, and supposing it was a thing of a higher nature than it proved to be, came up thither, having a great band of soldiers with him, such as was sufficient to put a stop to the multitude of those who pulled down what was dedicated to God; so he fell upon them unexpectedly, and as they were upon this bold attempt, in a foolish presumption rather than a cautious circumspection, as is usual with the multitude, and while they were in disorder, and incautious of what was for their advantage; 17.157. o he caught no fewer than forty of the young men, who had the courage to stay behind when the rest ran away, together with the authors of this bold attempt, Judas and Matthias, who thought it an ignominious thing to retire upon his approach, and led them to the king. 17.158. And when they were come to the king, and he asked them if they had been so bold as to pull down what he had dedicated to God, “Yes, (said they,) what was contrived we contrived, and what hath been performed we performed it, and that with such a virtuous courage as becomes men; for we have given our assistance to those things which were dedicated to the majesty of God 17.159. and we have provided for what we have learned by hearing the law; and it ought not to be wondered at, if we esteem those laws which Moses had suggested to him, and were taught him by God, and which he wrote and left behind him, more worthy of observation than thy commands. Accordingly we will undergo death, and all sorts of punishments which thou canst inflict upon us, with pleasure, since we are conscious to ourselves that we shall die, not for any unrighteous actions, but for our love to religion.” 17.161. and when they were come, he made them assemble in the theater, and because he could not himself stand, he lay upon a couch, and enumerated the many labors that he had long endured on their account 17.162. and his building of the temple, and what a vast charge that was to him; while the Asamoneans, during the hundred and twenty-five years of their government, had not been able to perform any so great a work for the honor of God as that was; 17.163. that he had also adorned it with very valuable donations, on which account he hoped that he had left himself a memorial, and procured himself a reputation after his death. He then cried out, that these men had not abstained from affronting him, even in his lifetime, but that in the very day time, and in the sight of the multitude, they had abused him to that degree, as to fall upon what he had dedicated, and in that way of abuse had pulled it down to the ground. They pretended, indeed, that they did it to affront him; but if any one consider the thing truly, they will find that they were guilty of sacrilege against God therein. 17.164. 4. But the people, on account of Herod’s barbarous temper, and for fear he should be so cruel and to inflict punishment on them, said what was done was done without their approbation, and that it seemed to them that the actors might well be punished for what they had done. But as for Herod, he dealt more mildly with others [of the assembly] but he deprived Matthias of the high priesthood, as in part an occasion of this action, and made Joazar, who was Matthias’s wife’s brother, high priest in his stead.
6. Josephus Flavius, Jewish War, 1.648-1.655 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) 1.648. 2. There also now happened to him, among his other calamities, a certain popular sedition. There were two men of learning in the city [Jerusalem], who were thought the most skillful in the laws of their country, and were on that account held in very great esteem all over the nation; they were, the one Judas, the son of Sepphoris, and the other Matthias, the son of Margalus. 1.649. There was a great concourse of the young men to these men when they expounded the laws, and there got together every day a kind of an army of such as were growing up to be men. Now when these men were informed that the king was wearing away with melancholy, and with a distemper, they dropped words to their acquaintance, how it was now a very proper time to defend the cause of God, and to pull down what had been erected contrary to the laws of their country; 1.651. 3. At the same time that these men made this speech to their disciples, a rumor was spread abroad that the king was dying, which made the young men set about the work with greater boldness; they therefore let themselves down from the top of the temple with thick cords, and this at midday, and while a great number of people were in the temple, and cut down that golden eagle with axes. 1.652. This was presently told to the king’s captain of the temple, who came running with a great body of soldiers, and caught about forty of the young men, and brought them to the king. 1.653. And when he asked them, first of all, whether they had been so hardy as to cut down the golden eagle, they confessed they had done so; and when he asked them by whose command they had done it, they replied, at the command of the law of their country; and when he further asked them how they could be so joyful when they were to be put to death, they replied, because they should enjoy greater happiness after they were dead. 1.654. 4. At this the king was in such an extravagant passion, that he overcame his disease [for the time], and went out and spake to the people; wherein he made a terrible accusation against those men, as being guilty of sacrilege, and as making greater attempts under pretense of their law, and he thought they deserved to be punished as impious persons. 1.655. Whereupon the people were afraid lest a great number should be found guilty and desired that when he had first punished those that put them upon this work, and then those that were caught in it, he would leave off his anger as to the rest. With this the king complied, though not without difficulty, and ordered those that had let themselves down, together with their Rabbins, to be burnt alive, but delivered the rest that were caught to the proper officers to be put to death by them.
7. New Testament, 1 Corinthians, 7.23, 16.6 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) 7.23. You were bought witha price. Don't become bondservants of men. 16.6. But with you itmay be that I will stay, or even winter, that you may send me on myjourney wherever I go.
8. New Testament, 2 Corinthians, 3 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
9. New Testament, Acts, 11.19-11.20, 28.21 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) 11.19. They therefore who were scattered abroad by the oppression that arose about Stephen traveled as far as Phoenicia, Cyprus, and Antioch, speaking the word to no one except only to Jews. 11.20. But there were some of them, men of Cyprus and Cyrene, who, when they had come to Antioch, spoke to the Greeks, preaching the Lord Jesus. 28.21. They said to him, "We neither received letters from Judea concerning you, nor did any of the brothers come here and report or speak any evil of you.
10. New Testament, Apocalypse, 18 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
11. New Testament, Ephesians, 1.15-1.23, 2.1-2.3, 6.12-6.16 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) 1.15. For this cause I also, having heard of the faith in the Lord Jesus which is among you, and the love which you have toward all the saints 1.16. don't cease to give thanks for you, making mention of you in my prayers 1.17. that the God of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of glory, may give to you a spirit of wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of him; 1.18. having the eyes of your hearts enlightened, that you may know what is the hope of his calling, and what are the riches of the glory of his inheritance in the saints 1.19. and what is the exceeding greatness of his power toward us who believe, according to that working of the strength of his might 1.20. which he worked in Christ, when he raised him from the dead, and made him to sit at his right hand in the heavenly places 1.21. far above all rule, and authority, and power, and dominion, and every name that is named, not only in this world, but also in that which is to come. 1.22. He put all things in subjection under his feet, and gave him to be head over all things for the assembly 1.23. which is his body, the fullness of him who fills all in all. 2.1. You were made alive when you were dead in transgressions and sins 2.2. in which you once walked according to the course of this world, according to the prince of the powers of the air, the spirit who now works in the sons of disobedience; 2.3. among whom we also all once lived in the lust of our flesh, doing the desires of the flesh and of the mind, and were by nature children of wrath, even as the rest. 6.12. For our wrestling is not against flesh and blood, but against the principalities, against the powers, against the world's rulers of the darkness of this age, and against the spiritual hosts of wickedness in the heavenly places. 6.13. Therefore, put on the whole armor of God, that you may be able to withstand in the evil day, and, having done all, to stand. 6.14. Stand therefore, having the utility belt of truth buckled around your waist, and having put on the breastplate of righteousness 6.15. and having fitted your feet with the preparation of the gospel of peace; 6.16. above all, taking up the shield of faith, with which you will be able to quench all the fiery darts of the evil one.
12. New Testament, Galatians, 2.15-2.17, 5.18-5.23 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) 2.15. We, being Jews by nature, and not Gentile sinners 2.16. yet knowing that a man is not justified by the works of the law butthrough the faith of Jesus Christ, even we believed in Christ Jesus,that we might be justified by faith in Christ, and not by the works ofthe law, because no flesh will be justified by the works of the law. 2.17. But if, while we sought to be justified in Christ, we ourselvesalso were found sinners, is Christ a servant of sin? Certainly not! 5.18. But if you are led by theSpirit, you are not under the law. 5.19. Now the works of the fleshare obvious, which are: adultery, sexual immorality, uncleanness,lustfulness 5.20. idolatry, sorcery, hatred, strife, jealousies,outbursts of anger, rivalries, divisions, heresies 5.21. envyings,murders, drunkenness, orgies, and things like these; of which Iforewarn you, even as I also forewarned you, that those who practicesuch things will not inherit the Kingdom of God. 5.22. But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience,kindness, goodness, faithfulness 5.23. gentleness, and self-control.Against such things there is no law.
13. New Testament, Philippians, 3.1-3.14, 3.20 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) 3.1. Finally, my brothers, rejoice in the Lord. To write the same things to you, to me indeed is not tiresome, but for you it is safe. 3.2. Beware of the dogs, beware of the evil workers, beware of the false circumcision. 3.3. For we are the circumcision, who worship God in the Spirit, and rejoice in Christ Jesus, and have no confidence in the flesh; 3.4. though I myself might have confidence even in the flesh. If any other man thinks that he has confidence in the flesh, I yet more: 3.5. circumcised the eighth day, of the stock of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew of Hebrews; concerning the law, a Pharisee; 3.6. concerning zeal, persecuting the assembly; concerning the righteousness which is in the law, found blameless. 3.7. However, what things were gain to me, these have I counted loss for Christ. 3.8. Yes most assuredly, and I count all things to be loss for the excellency of the knowledge of Christ Jesus, my Lord, for whom I suffered the loss of all things, and count them nothing but refuse, that I may gain Christ 3.9. and be found in him, not having a righteousness of my own, that which is of the law, but that which is through faith in Christ, the righteousness which is from God by faith; 3.10. that I may know him, and the power of his resurrection, and the fellowship of his sufferings, becoming conformed to his death; 3.11. if by any means I may attain to the resurrection from the dead. 3.12. Not that I have already obtained, or am already made perfect; but I press on, if it is so that I may take hold of that for which also I was taken hold of by Christ Jesus. 3.13. Brothers, I don't regard myself as yet having taken hold, but one thing I do. Forgetting the things which are behind, and stretching forward to the things which are before 3.14. I press on toward the goal for the prize of the high calling of God in Christ Jesus. 3.20. For our citizenship is in heaven, from where we also wait for a Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ;
14. New Testament, Romans, 1.22, 1.23, 1.24, 1.25, 1.26, 1.27, 1.28, 2.21, 2.22, 2.23, 2.24, 2.25, 6.13, 7, 7.14, 7.15, 7.16, 7.17, 7.18, 7.19, 7.20, 7.21, 7.22, 7.23, 7.24, 7.25, 8.15, 9, 9.19, 9.20, 9.21, 9.22, 9.23, 10, 11, 12, 13, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.7, 13.8, 14, 14.1-15.13, 15.24, 15.28, 15.30, 15.31, 15.32 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) 1.22. Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools
15. New Testament, Titus, 3.1 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) 3.1. Remind them to be in subjection to rulers and to authorities, to be obedient, to be ready for every good work
16. New Testament, John, 18.36 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) 18.36. Jesus answered, "My kingdom is not of this world. If my kingdom were of this world, then my servants would fight, that I wouldn't be delivered to the Jews. But now my kingdom is not from here.
17. New Testament, Luke, 11.21, 12.44, 16.1, 20.20-20.26 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) 11.21. When the strong man, fully armed, guards his own dwelling, his goods are safe. 12.44. Truly I tell you, that he will set him over all that he has. 16.1. He also said to his disciples, "There was a certain rich man who had a manager. An accusation was made to him that this man was wasting his possessions. 20.20. They watched him, and sent out spies, who pretended to be righteous, that they might trap him in something he said, so as to deliver him up to the power and authority of the governor. 20.21. They asked him, "Teacher, we know that you say and teach what is right, and aren't partial to anyone, but truly teach the way of God. 20.22. Is it lawful for us to pay taxes to Caesar, or not? 20.23. But he perceived their craftiness, and said to them, "Why do you test me? 20.24. Show me a denarius. Whose image and inscription are on it?"They answered, "Caesar's. 20.25. He said to them, "Then give to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's. 20.26. They weren't able to trap him in his words before the people. They marveled at his answer, and were silent.
18. New Testament, Mark, 12.13-12.17 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) 12.13. They sent some of the Pharisees and of the Herodians to him, that they might trap him with words. 12.14. When they had come, they asked him, "Teacher, we know that you are honest, and don't defer to anyone; for you aren't partial to anyone, but truly teach the way of God. Is it lawful to pay taxes to Caesar, or not? 12.15. Shall we give, or shall we not give?"But he, knowing their hypocrisy, said to them, "Why do you test me? Bring me a denarius, that I may see it. 12.16. They brought it. He said to them, "Whose is this image and inscription?"They said to him, "Caesar's. 12.17. Jesus answered them, "Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's."They marveled greatly at him.
19. New Testament, Matthew, 5.39, 10.9, 11.28-11.29, 22.15-22.22, 24.47, 25.14 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) 5.39. But I tell you, don't resist him who is evil; but whoever strikes you on your right cheek, turn to him the other also. 10.9. Don't take any gold, nor silver, nor brass in your money belts. 11.28. Come to me, all you who labor and are heavily burdened, and I will give you rest. 11.29. Take my yoke upon you, and learn from me, for I am humble and lowly in heart; and you will find rest for your souls. 22.15. Then the Pharisees went and took counsel how they might entrap him in his talk. 22.16. They sent their disciples to him, along with the Herodians, saying, "Teacher, we know that you are honest, and teach the way of God in truth, no matter who you teach, for you aren't partial to anyone. 22.17. Tell us therefore, what do you think? Is it lawful to pay taxes to Caesar, or not? 22.18. But Jesus perceived their wickedness, and said, "Why do you test me, you hypocrites? 22.19. Show me the tax money."They brought to him a denarius. 22.20. He asked them, "Whose is this image and inscription? 22.21. They said to him, "Caesar's."Then he said to them, "Give therefore to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's. 22.22. When they heard it, they marveled, and left him, and went away. 24.47. Most assuredly I tell you that he will set him over all that he has. 25.14. For it is like a man, going into another country, who called his own servants, and entrusted his goods to them.
20. Tertullian, Apology, 39.21 (2nd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
21. Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History, 10.9 (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
22. Justinian, Digest, 1.5.4.2 (5th cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
23. Augustine, Letters, 87.7, 93.1.3, 93.5.17 (7th cent. CE - 7th cent. CE)
24. Anon., The Acts of The Scillitan Martyrs Or The Passion of Speratus And Companions, 2, 6, 8-9, 15

Subjects of this text:

subject	book bibliographic info
acts of justin and his companions	Moss (2012), Ancient Christian Martyrdom: Diverse Practices, Theologies, and Traditions, 128
acts of the scillitan martyrs	Moss (2012), Ancient Christian Martyrdom: Diverse Practices, Theologies, and Traditions, 128
admonitio	Karfíková (2012), Grace and the Will According to Augustine, 150
adultery	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 381
agrippa ii	Eckhardt (2011), Jewish Identity and Politics Between the Maccabees and Bar Kokhba: Groups, Normativity, and Rituals. 182
anastasius,emperor	Klein and Wienand (2022), City of Caesar, City of God: Constantinople and Jerusalem in Late Antiquity, 250
aniconic worship	O'Daly (2020), Augustine's City of God: A Reader's Guide (2nd edn), 115
anti-imperialism,of first-century christianity	Brodd and Reed (2011), Rome and Religion: A Cross-Disciplinary Dialogue on the Imperial Cult, 217
apocryphon of john of	Iricinschi et al. (2013), Beyond the Gnostic Gospels: Studies Building on the Work of Elaine Pagels, 77
appropriation	Brodd and Reed (2011), Rome and Religion: A Cross-Disciplinary Dialogue on the Imperial Cult, 14
baptism	Brakke, Satlow, Weitzman (2005), Religion and the Self in Antiquity. 62
bishop	Herman, Rubenstein (2018), The Aggada of the Bavli and Its Cultural World. 224
blood	Herman, Rubenstein (2018), The Aggada of the Bavli and Its Cultural World. 224
body,head	Herman, Rubenstein (2018), The Aggada of the Bavli and Its Cultural World. 224
body,shoulders	Herman, Rubenstein (2018), The Aggada of the Bavli and Its Cultural World. 224
business,commerce	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 80
caesar	Herman, Rubenstein (2018), The Aggada of the Bavli and Its Cultural World. 224
canon	Iricinschi et al. (2013), Beyond the Gnostic Gospels: Studies Building on the Work of Elaine Pagels, 77
captive	Herman, Rubenstein (2018), The Aggada of the Bavli and Its Cultural World. 224
care of the poor	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 80
catholicos	Herman, Rubenstein (2018), The Aggada of the Bavli and Its Cultural World. 224
church	Karfíková (2012), Grace and the Will According to Augustine, 150; Linjamaa (2019), The Ethics of The Tripartite Tractate (NHC I, 5): A Study of Determinism and Early Christian Philosophy of Ethics, 229
cicero	O'Daly (2020), Augustine's City of God: A Reader's Guide (2nd edn), 115
circumcision,and covet	Zetterholm (2003), The Formation of Christianity in Antioch: A Social-Scientific Approach to the Separation Between Judaism and Christianity. 195
citizenship,political rights	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 80
cittinus	Moss (2012), Ancient Christian Martyrdom: Diverse Practices, Theologies, and Traditions, 128
city of god,polemic in	O'Daly (2020), Augustine's City of God: A Reader's Guide (2nd edn), 115
claudius	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 381
collegium,jewish communities as	Zetterholm (2003), The Formation of Christianity in Antioch: A Social-Scientific Approach to the Separation Between Judaism and Christianity. 93
constantine	Iricinschi et al. (2013), Beyond the Gnostic Gospels: Studies Building on the Work of Elaine Pagels, 77
corinth	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 381
covenant,inclusion of gentiles in	Zetterholm (2003), The Formation of Christianity in Antioch: A Social-Scientific Approach to the Separation Between Judaism and Christianity. 195
creed	Iricinschi et al. (2013), Beyond the Gnostic Gospels: Studies Building on the Work of Elaine Pagels, 77
crusades	Klein and Wienand (2022), City of Caesar, City of God: Constantinople and Jerusalem in Late Antiquity, 250
cult,foreign	Zetterholm (2003), The Formation of Christianity in Antioch: A Social-Scientific Approach to the Separation Between Judaism and Christianity. 93
cult,official	Zetterholm (2003), The Formation of Christianity in Antioch: A Social-Scientific Approach to the Separation Between Judaism and Christianity. 195
cynics	Wilson (2022), Paul and the Jewish Law: A Stoic Ethical Perspective on his Inconsistency, 76
death	Herman, Rubenstein (2018), The Aggada of the Bavli and Its Cultural World. 224
demons	O'Daly (2020), Augustine's City of God: A Reader's Guide (2nd edn), 115
desire	Herman, Rubenstein (2018), The Aggada of the Bavli and Its Cultural World. 224
dolor,pain	Karfíková (2012), Grace and the Will According to Augustine, 150
donata	Moss (2012), Ancient Christian Martyrdom: Diverse Practices, Theologies, and Traditions, 128
donatists	Karfíková (2012), Grace and the Will According to Augustine, 150
educated,erudite	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 80
ekkle¯sia	Zetterholm (2003), The Formation of Christianity in Antioch: A Social-Scientific Approach to the Separation Between Judaism and Christianity. 93
elias of jerusalem,bishop	Klein and Wienand (2022), City of Caesar, City of God: Constantinople and Jerusalem in Late Antiquity, 250
epictetus	Wilson (2022), Paul and the Jewish Law: A Stoic Ethical Perspective on his Inconsistency, 76
eschatological expectation	deSilva (2022), Ephesians, 98
eschatology	Eckhardt (2011), Jewish Identity and Politics Between the Maccabees and Bar Kokhba: Groups, Normativity, and Rituals. 182
essenes	Eckhardt (2011), Jewish Identity and Politics Between the Maccabees and Bar Kokhba: Groups, Normativity, and Rituals. 182
exaltation with christ	deSilva (2022), Ephesians, 98
gentile christians / gentile churches	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 381
gentiles,inclusion of	Zetterholm (2003), The Formation of Christianity in Antioch: A Social-Scientific Approach to the Separation Between Judaism and Christianity. 195
god-fearers,and the jesus movement	Zetterholm (2003), The Formation of Christianity in Antioch: A Social-Scientific Approach to the Separation Between Judaism and Christianity. 195
gods	Herman, Rubenstein (2018), The Aggada of the Bavli and Its Cultural World. 224
greek vocables and phrases,εἰς αὐτὸ τοῦτο	Doble and Kloha (2014), Texts and Traditions: Essays in Honour of J. Keith Elliott, 313
greek vocables and phrases,ἵνα	Doble and Kloha (2014), Texts and Traditions: Essays in Honour of J. Keith Elliott, 313
hadrian,emperor	O'Daly (2020), Augustine's City of God: A Reader's Guide (2nd edn), 115
halakhah	Zetterholm (2003), The Formation of Christianity in Antioch: A Social-Scientific Approach to the Separation Between Judaism and Christianity. 195
hellenism	Zetterholm (2003), The Formation of Christianity in Antioch: A Social-Scientific Approach to the Separation Between Judaism and Christianity. 93
hellenists	Zetterholm (2003), The Formation of Christianity in Antioch: A Social-Scientific Approach to the Separation Between Judaism and Christianity. 93
herod the great	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 381
honor	Linjamaa (2019), The Ethics of The Tripartite Tractate (NHC I, 5): A Study of Determinism and Early Christian Philosophy of Ethics, 229; Moss (2012), Ancient Christian Martyrdom: Diverse Practices, Theologies, and Traditions, 128
humiliores	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 80
idolatry	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 381
integration	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 80
intermediates	Wilson (2022), Paul and the Jewish Law: A Stoic Ethical Perspective on his Inconsistency, 76
irenaeus	Iricinschi et al. (2013), Beyond the Gnostic Gospels: Studies Building on the Work of Elaine Pagels, 77
james	Zetterholm (2003), The Formation of Christianity in Antioch: A Social-Scientific Approach to the Separation Between Judaism and Christianity. 195
jerusalem	Zetterholm (2003), The Formation of Christianity in Antioch: A Social-Scientific Approach to the Separation Between Judaism and Christianity. 93
jesus,christ	Herman, Rubenstein (2018), The Aggada of the Bavli and Its Cultural World. 224
jesus,exaltation of	deSilva (2022), Ephesians, 98
jesus,passion of	Iricinschi et al. (2013), Beyond the Gnostic Gospels: Studies Building on the Work of Elaine Pagels, 77
jesus-believing gentiles,status within the jesus movement	Zetterholm (2003), The Formation of Christianity in Antioch: A Social-Scientific Approach to the Separation Between Judaism and Christianity. 195
jesus-believing gentiles,subordinated to synagogue authorities	Zetterholm (2003), The Formation of Christianity in Antioch: A Social-Scientific Approach to the Separation Between Judaism and Christianity. 93, 195
jesus-believing jews,and the synagogue	Zetterholm (2003), The Formation of Christianity in Antioch: A Social-Scientific Approach to the Separation Between Judaism and Christianity. 93
jesus	Eckhardt (2011), Jewish Identity and Politics Between the Maccabees and Bar Kokhba: Groups, Normativity, and Rituals. 182; Herman, Rubenstein (2018), The Aggada of the Bavli and Its Cultural World. 224
jewish practices/torah observance	Wilson (2022), Paul and the Jewish Law: A Stoic Ethical Perspective on his Inconsistency, 76
jewish war	Eckhardt (2011), Jewish Identity and Politics Between the Maccabees and Bar Kokhba: Groups, Normativity, and Rituals. 182
jovian,emperor	O'Daly (2020), Augustine's City of God: A Reader's Guide (2nd edn), 115
judaea (roman province; see also yehud)	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 381
judaizing	Wilson (2022), Paul and the Jewish Law: A Stoic Ethical Perspective on his Inconsistency, 76
judea (region)	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 381
julian,emperor	O'Daly (2020), Augustine's City of God: A Reader's Guide (2nd edn), 115
justini	Klein and Wienand (2022), City of Caesar, City of God: Constantinople and Jerusalem in Late Antiquity, 250
juvenal of jerusalem,bishop	Klein and Wienand (2022), City of Caesar, City of God: Constantinople and Jerusalem in Late Antiquity, 250
king	Herman, Rubenstein (2018), The Aggada of the Bavli and Its Cultural World. 224
law ,of human society	Karfíková (2012), Grace and the Will According to Augustine, 150
law in paul	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 381
maccabees	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 381
magic	deSilva (2022), Ephesians, 98
marcian,emperor	Klein and Wienand (2022), City of Caesar, City of God: Constantinople and Jerusalem in Late Antiquity, 250
martyrdom	Herman, Rubenstein (2018), The Aggada of the Bavli and Its Cultural World. 224; Iricinschi et al. (2013), Beyond the Gnostic Gospels: Studies Building on the Work of Elaine Pagels, 77
martyrs,meaning of term	Moss (2012), Ancient Christian Martyrdom: Diverse Practices, Theologies, and Traditions, 128
mission,to the gentiles	Zetterholm (2003), The Formation of Christianity in Antioch: A Social-Scientific Approach to the Separation Between Judaism and Christianity. 93
monarchy	Klein and Wienand (2022), City of Caesar, City of God: Constantinople and Jerusalem in Late Antiquity, 250
money	Herman, Rubenstein (2018), The Aggada of the Bavli and Its Cultural World. 224
nartzalus	Moss (2012), Ancient Christian Martyrdom: Diverse Practices, Theologies, and Traditions, 128
nature/nature	Wilson (2022), Paul and the Jewish Law: A Stoic Ethical Perspective on his Inconsistency, 76
negotiation,galinsky on	Brodd and Reed (2011), Rome and Religion: A Cross-Disciplinary Dialogue on the Imperial Cult, 14
new testament	Klein and Wienand (2022), City of Caesar, City of God: Constantinople and Jerusalem in Late Antiquity, 250
new testament studies,study of imperial cult and	Brodd and Reed (2011), Rome and Religion: A Cross-Disciplinary Dialogue on the Imperial Cult, 217
newcomers	Zetterholm (2003), The Formation of Christianity in Antioch: A Social-Scientific Approach to the Separation Between Judaism and Christianity. 195
organization,of the jesus movement	Zetterholm (2003), The Formation of Christianity in Antioch: A Social-Scientific Approach to the Separation Between Judaism and Christianity. 93
pagan,paganism	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 381
patriarchate	Klein and Wienand (2022), City of Caesar, City of God: Constantinople and Jerusalem in Late Antiquity, 250
paul,and apocalyptic drama	Brakke, Satlow, Weitzman (2005), Religion and the Self in Antiquity. 62
paul,and auctoritas	Brakke, Satlow, Weitzman (2005), Religion and the Self in Antiquity. 62
paul,and baptism	Brakke, Satlow, Weitzman (2005), Religion and the Self in Antiquity. 62
paul,and paraenesis	Brakke, Satlow, Weitzman (2005), Religion and the Self in Antiquity. 62
paul,and slavery	Brakke, Satlow, Weitzman (2005), Religion and the Self in Antiquity. 62
paul,and stoicism	Brakke, Satlow, Weitzman (2005), Religion and the Self in Antiquity. 62
paul,and textual first-person	Brakke, Satlow, Weitzman (2005), Religion and the Self in Antiquity. 62
paul,as source on authority	Moss (2012), Ancient Christian Martyrdom: Diverse Practices, Theologies, and Traditions, 128
paul,influence	Moss (2012), Ancient Christian Martyrdom: Diverse Practices, Theologies, and Traditions, 128
paul,prayers of	deSilva (2022), Ephesians, 98
paul	Iricinschi et al. (2013), Beyond the Gnostic Gospels: Studies Building on the Work of Elaine Pagels, 77; O'Daly (2020), Augustine's City of God: A Reader's Guide (2nd edn), 115
paul (apostle),postcolonial theory and	Brodd and Reed (2011), Rome and Religion: A Cross-Disciplinary Dialogue on the Imperial Cult, 217
paul (apostle),views on empire	Brodd and Reed (2011), Rome and Religion: A Cross-Disciplinary Dialogue on the Imperial Cult, 14
paul (saul)	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 381
paul (the apostle)	Karfíková (2012), Grace and the Will According to Augustine, 150
paul and stoicism,relationship of	Wilson (2022), Paul and the Jewish Law: A Stoic Ethical Perspective on his Inconsistency, 76
pauline epistles,letter-carriers	Doble and Kloha (2014), Texts and Traditions: Essays in Honour of J. Keith Elliott, 313
persecution	Iricinschi et al. (2013), Beyond the Gnostic Gospels: Studies Building on the Work of Elaine Pagels, 77
phrygia	Hellholm et al. (2010), Ablution, Initiation, and Baptism: Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity, 1770
postcolonial theory'	Brodd and Reed (2011), Rome and Religion: A Cross-Disciplinary Dialogue on the Imperial Cult, 217
preferreds (proēgmena)	Wilson (2022), Paul and the Jewish Law: A Stoic Ethical Perspective on his Inconsistency, 76
provincials,immigrants	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 80
revelation,book of	Iricinschi et al. (2013), Beyond the Gnostic Gospels: Studies Building on the Work of Elaine Pagels, 77
rogatians	Karfíková (2012), Grace and the Will According to Augustine, 150
roman empire,appropriation and resistance to	Brodd and Reed (2011), Rome and Religion: A Cross-Disciplinary Dialogue on the Imperial Cult, 14
roman senate	Brodd and Reed (2011), Rome and Religion: A Cross-Disciplinary Dialogue on the Imperial Cult, 14
rome,churches/christians in	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 381
rome,romans	Eckhardt (2011), Jewish Identity and Politics Between the Maccabees and Bar Kokhba: Groups, Normativity, and Rituals. 182
self,and textual first-person	Brakke, Satlow, Weitzman (2005), Religion and the Self in Antiquity. 62
senate,roman	Brodd and Reed (2011), Rome and Religion: A Cross-Disciplinary Dialogue on the Imperial Cult, 14
servant	Herman, Rubenstein (2018), The Aggada of the Bavli and Its Cultural World. 224
severus of antioch,bishop	Klein and Wienand (2022), City of Caesar, City of God: Constantinople and Jerusalem in Late Antiquity, 250
sexual relations,(mis)behaviour	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 381
slavery,,and roman military culture	Brakke, Satlow, Weitzman (2005), Religion and the Self in Antiquity. 62
slavery	Brakke, Satlow, Weitzman (2005), Religion and the Self in Antiquity. 62; Wilson (2022), Paul and the Jewish Law: A Stoic Ethical Perspective on his Inconsistency, 76
slaves,slavery	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 80
social advancement	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 80
social decline	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 80
socially elevated	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 80
spain,spanish	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 80
spiritual powers	deSilva (2022), Ephesians, 98
stoicism	Brakke, Satlow, Weitzman (2005), Religion and the Self in Antiquity. 62
stratification,social	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 80
superstition,contrasted with religion	O'Daly (2020), Augustine's City of God: A Reader's Guide (2nd edn), 115
synagogue,and the jesus movement	Zetterholm (2003), The Formation of Christianity in Antioch: A Social-Scientific Approach to the Separation Between Judaism and Christianity. 93, 195
synagogue,as a collegium	Zetterholm (2003), The Formation of Christianity in Antioch: A Social-Scientific Approach to the Separation Between Judaism and Christianity. 93
synagogue,language	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 381
synagogue	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 381
syriac	Herman, Rubenstein (2018), The Aggada of the Bavli and Its Cultural World. 224
tax	Herman, Rubenstein (2018), The Aggada of the Bavli and Its Cultural World. 224
taxes,custom,duty	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 80
taxes	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 80
tertullian	Brodd and Reed (2011), Rome and Religion: A Cross-Disciplinary Dialogue on the Imperial Cult, 14; Linjamaa (2019), The Ethics of The Tripartite Tractate (NHC I, 5): A Study of Determinism and Early Christian Philosophy of Ethics, 229
theft	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 381
titus	Eckhardt (2011), Jewish Identity and Politics Between the Maccabees and Bar Kokhba: Groups, Normativity, and Rituals. 182
varro,antiquitates	O'Daly (2020), Augustine's City of God: A Reader's Guide (2nd edn), 115
vincentius victor	Karfíková (2012), Grace and the Will According to Augustine, 150
vitalian,comes	Klein and Wienand (2022), City of Caesar, City of God: Constantinople and Jerusalem in Late Antiquity, 250
vitalian,magister militum	Klein and Wienand (2022), City of Caesar, City of God: Constantinople and Jerusalem in Late Antiquity, 250
voluntas,will	Karfíková (2012), Grace and the Will According to Augustine, 150