Home About Network of subjects Linked subjects heatmap Book indices included Search by subject Search by reference Browse subjects Browse texts

Tiresias: The Ancient Mediterranean Religions Source Database



8253
New Testament, Romans, 1.16


οὐ γὰρ ἐπαισχύνομαι τὸ εὐαγγέλιον, δύναμις γὰρ θεοῦ ἐστὶν εἰς σωτηρίαν παντὶ τῷ πιστεύοντι, Ἰουδαίῳ τε [πρῶτον] καὶ Ἕλληνι·For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ, for it is the power of God for salvation for everyone who believes; for the Jew first, and also for the Greek.


Intertexts (texts cited often on the same page as the searched text):

31 results
1. Hebrew Bible, Deuteronomy, 30.16 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)

30.16. אֲשֶׁר אָנֹכִי מְצַוְּךָ הַיּוֹם לְאַהֲבָה אֶת־יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ לָלֶכֶת בִּדְרָכָיו וְלִשְׁמֹר מִצְוֺתָיו וְחֻקֹּתָיו וּמִשְׁפָּטָיו וְחָיִיתָ וְרָבִיתָ וּבֵרַכְךָ יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ בָּאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר־אַתָּה בָא־שָׁמָּה לְרִשְׁתָּהּ׃ 30.16. in that I command thee this day to love the LORD thy God, to walk in His ways, and to keep His commandments and His statutes and His ordices; then thou shalt live and multiply, and the LORD thy God shall bless thee in the land whither thou goest in to possess it."
2. Hebrew Bible, Exodus, 22.27 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)

22.27. אֱלֹהִים לֹא תְקַלֵּל וְנָשִׂיא בְעַמְּךָ לֹא תָאֹר׃ 22.27. Thou shalt not revile God, nor curse a ruler of thy people."
3. Hebrew Bible, Genesis, 1.3, 3.1-3.6, 15.6 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)

1.3. וּלְכָל־חַיַּת הָאָרֶץ וּלְכָל־עוֹף הַשָּׁמַיִם וּלְכֹל רוֹמֵשׂ עַל־הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר־בּוֹ נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה אֶת־כָּל־יֶרֶק עֵשֶׂב לְאָכְלָה וַיְהִי־כֵן׃ 1.3. וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים יְהִי אוֹר וַיְהִי־אוֹר׃ 3.1. וַיֹּאמֶר אֶת־קֹלְךָ שָׁמַעְתִּי בַּגָּן וָאִירָא כִּי־עֵירֹם אָנֹכִי וָאֵחָבֵא׃ 3.1. וְהַנָּחָשׁ הָיָה עָרוּם מִכֹּל חַיַּת הַשָּׂדֶה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה יְהוָה אֱלֹהִים וַיֹּאמֶר אֶל־הָאִשָּׁה אַף כִּי־אָמַר אֱלֹהִים לֹא תֹאכְלוּ מִכֹּל עֵץ הַגָּן׃ 3.2. וַתֹּאמֶר הָאִשָּׁה אֶל־הַנָּחָשׁ מִפְּרִי עֵץ־הַגָּן נֹאכֵל׃ 3.2. וַיִּקְרָא הָאָדָם שֵׁם אִשְׁתּוֹ חַוָּה כִּי הִוא הָיְתָה אֵם כָּל־חָי׃ 3.3. וּמִפְּרִי הָעֵץ אֲשֶׁר בְּתוֹךְ־הַגָּן אָמַר אֱלֹהִים לֹא תֹאכְלוּ מִמֶּנּוּ וְלֹא תִגְּעוּ בּוֹ פֶּן־תְּמֻתוּן׃ 3.4. וַיֹּאמֶר הַנָּחָשׁ אֶל־הָאִשָּׁה לֹא־מוֹת תְּמֻתוּן׃ 3.5. כִּי יֹדֵעַ אֱלֹהִים כִּי בְּיוֹם אֲכָלְכֶם מִמֶּנּוּ וְנִפְקְחוּ עֵינֵיכֶם וִהְיִיתֶם כֵּאלֹהִים יֹדְעֵי טוֹב וָרָע׃ 3.6. וַתֵּרֶא הָאִשָּׁה כִּי טוֹב הָעֵץ לְמַאֲכָל וְכִי תַאֲוָה־הוּא לָעֵינַיִם וְנֶחְמָד הָעֵץ לְהַשְׂכִּיל וַתִּקַּח מִפִּרְיוֹ וַתֹּאכַל וַתִּתֵּן גַּם־לְאִישָׁהּ עִמָּהּ וַיֹּאכַל׃ 15.6. וְהֶאֱמִן בַּיהוָה וַיַּחְשְׁבֶהָ לּוֹ צְדָקָה׃ 1.3. And God said: ‘Let there be light.’ And there was light." 3.1. Now the serpent was more subtle than any beast of the field which the LORD God had made. And he said unto the woman: ‘Yea, hath God said: Ye shall not eat of any tree of the garden?’" 3.2. And the woman said unto the serpent: ‘of the fruit of the trees of the garden we may eat;" 3.3. but of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden, God hath said: Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it, lest ye die.’" 3.4. And the serpent said unto the woman: ‘Ye shall not surely die;" 3.5. for God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as God, knowing good and evil.’" 3.6. And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was to be desired to make one wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat; and she gave also unto her husband with her, and he did eat." 15.6. And he believed in the LORD; and He counted it to him for righteousness."
4. Hebrew Bible, Habakkuk, 2.4 (8th cent. BCE - 6th cent. BCE)

2.4. הִנֵּה עֻפְּלָה לֹא־יָשְׁרָה נַפְשׁוֹ בּוֹ וְצַדִּיק בֶּאֱמוּנָתוֹ יִחְיֶה׃ 2.4. Behold, his soul is puffed up, it is not upright in him; But the righteous shall live by his faith."
5. Hebrew Bible, Isaiah, 6.9-6.10, 40.13 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)

6.9. וַיֹּאמֶר לֵךְ וְאָמַרְתָּ לָעָם הַזֶּה שִׁמְעוּ שָׁמוֹעַ וְאַל־תָּבִינוּ וּרְאוּ רָאוֹ וְאַל־תֵּדָעוּ׃ 40.13. מִי־תִכֵּן אֶת־רוּחַ יְהוָה וְאִישׁ עֲצָתוֹ יוֹדִיעֶנּוּ׃ 6.9. And He said: ‘Go, and tell this people: Hear ye indeed, but understand not; and see ye indeed, but perceive not." 6.10. Make the heart of this people fat, and make their ears heavy, and shut their eyes; lest they, seeing with their eyes, and hearing with their ears, and understanding with their heart, return, and be healed.’" 40.13. Who hath meted out the spirit of the LORD? Or who was His counsellor that he might instruct Him?"
6. Hebrew Bible, Jeremiah, 23.18, 31.31-31.34 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)

23.18. כִּי מִי עָמַד בְּסוֹד יְהוָה וְיֵרֶא וְיִשְׁמַע אֶת־דְּבָרוֹ מִי־הִקְשִׁיב דברי [דְּבָרוֹ] וַיִּשְׁמָע׃ 31.31. הִנֵּה יָמִים בָּאִים נְאֻם־יְהוָה וְכָרַתִּי אֶת־בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאֶת־בֵּית יְהוּדָה בְּרִית חֲדָשָׁה׃ 31.32. לֹא כַבְּרִית אֲשֶׁר כָּרַתִּי אֶת־אֲבוֹתָם בְּיוֹם הֶחֱזִיקִי בְיָדָם לְהוֹצִיאָם מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם אֲשֶׁר־הֵמָּה הֵפֵרוּ אֶת־בְּרִיתִי וְאָנֹכִי בָּעַלְתִּי בָם נְאֻם־יְהוָה׃ 31.33. כִּי זֹאת הַבְּרִית אֲשֶׁר אֶכְרֹת אֶת־בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל אַחֲרֵי הַיָּמִים הָהֵם נְאֻם־יְהוָה נָתַתִּי אֶת־תּוֹרָתִי בְּקִרְבָּם וְעַל־לִבָּם אֶכְתֲּבֶנָּה וְהָיִיתִי לָהֶם לֵאלֹהִים וְהֵמָּה יִהְיוּ־לִי לְעָם׃ 31.34. וְלֹא יְלַמְּדוּ עוֹד אִישׁ אֶת־רֵעֵהוּ וְאִישׁ אֶת־אָחִיו לֵאמֹר דְּעוּ אֶת־יְהוָה כִּי־כוּלָּם יֵדְעוּ אוֹתִי לְמִקְטַנָּם וְעַד־גְּדוֹלָם נְאֻם־יְהוָה כִּי אֶסְלַח לַעֲוֺנָם וּלְחַטָּאתָם לֹא אֶזְכָּר־עוֹד׃ 23.18. For who hath stood in the council of the LORD, That he should perceive and hear His word? Who hath attended to His word, and heard it?" 31.31. Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will make a new covet with the house of Israel, and with the house of Judah;" 31.32. not according to the covet that I made with their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt; forasmuch as they broke My covet, although I was a lord over them, saith the LORD." 31.33. But this is the covet that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, saith the LORD, I will put My law in their inward parts, and in their heart will I write it; and I will be their God, and they shall be My people;" 31.34. and they shall teach no more every man his neighbour, and every man his brother, saying: ‘Know the LORD’; for they shall all know Me, from the least of them unto the greatest of them, saith the LORD; for I will forgive their iniquity, and their sin will I remember no more."
7. Septuagint, Wisdom of Solomon, 9.13 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)

9.13. For what man can learn the counsel of God?Or who can discern what the Lord wills?
8. Dio Chrysostom, Orations, 12.27 (1st cent. CE - missingth cent. CE)

12.27.  Now concerning the nature of the gods in general, and especially that of the ruler of the universe, first and foremost an idea regarding him and a conception of him common to the whole human race, to the Greeks and to the barbarians alike, a conception that is inevitable and innate in every creature endowed with reason, arising in the course of nature without the aid of human teacher and free from the deceit of any expounding priest, has made its way, and it rendered manifest God's kinship with man and furnished many evidences of the truth, which did not suffer the earliest and most ancient men to doze and grow indifferent to them;
9. Josephus Flavius, Jewish Antiquities, 4.207 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

4.207. 10. Let no one blaspheme those gods which other cities esteem such; nor may any one steal what belongs to strange temples, nor take away the gifts that are dedicated to any god.
10. New Testament, 1 Peter, 4.11 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

4.11. If any man speaks, let it be as it were oracles of God. If any man serves, let it be as of the strength which God supplies, that in all things God may be glorified through Jesus Christ, to whom belong the glory and the dominion forever and ever. Amen.
11. New Testament, 1 Corinthians, 1.8, 1.22, 1.23, 1.24, 2.4, 2.5, 2.7, 2.9, 2.10, 2.12, 4.1, 4.2, 5, 5.4, 6, 7, 7.17, 7.18, 7.19, 8, 8.3, 9, 9.13, 9.17, 9.19, 9.20, 10, 10.18, 10.31-11.1, 10.32, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.13, 14.1, 14.6, 14.25, 14.26, 14.30, 15.1, 15.2, 15.5, 15.6, 15.7, 15.8, 16.1, 16.15 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

1.22. For Jews ask for signs,Greeks seek after wisdom
12. New Testament, 1 Thessalonians, 1.1, 1.5, 1.9-1.10, 2.4, 2.14-2.16, 3.1, 4.1-4.8, 5.3-5.7, 5.9, 5.23 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

1.1. Paul, Silvanus, and Timothy, to the assembly of the Thessalonians in God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. 1.5. and that our gospel came to you not in word only, but also in power, and in the Holy Spirit, and with much assurance. You know what kind of men we showed ourselves to be among you for your sake. 1.9. For they themselves report concerning us what kind of a reception we had from you; and how you turned to God from idols, to serve a living and true God 1.10. and to wait for his Son from heaven, whom he raised from the dead -- Jesus, who delivers us from the wrath to come. 2.4. But even as we have been approved by God to be entrusted with the gospel, so we speak; not as pleasing men, but God, who tests our hearts. 2.14. For you, brothers, became imitators of the assemblies of God which are in Judea in Christ Jesus; for you also suffered the same things from your own countrymen, even as they did from the Jews; 2.15. who killed both the Lord Jesus and their own prophets, and drove us out, and didn't please God, and are contrary to all men; 2.16. forbidding us to speak to the Gentiles that they may be saved; to fill up their sins always. But wrath has come on them to the uttermost. 3.1. Therefore, when we couldn't stand it any longer, we thought it good to be left behind at Athens alone 4.1. Finally then, brothers, we beg and exhort you in the Lord Jesus, that as you received from us how you ought to walk and to please God, that you abound more and more. 4.2. For you know what charge we gave you through the Lord Jesus. 4.3. For this is the will of God: your sanctification, that you abstain from sexual immorality 4.4. that each one of you know how to possess himself of his own vessel in sanctification and honor 4.5. not in the passion of lust, even as the Gentiles who don't know God; 4.6. that no one should take advantage of and wrong a brother or sister in this matter; because the Lord is an avenger in all these things, as also we forewarned you and testified. 4.7. For God called us not for uncleanness, but in sanctification. 4.8. Therefore he who rejects doesn't reject man, but God, who has also given his Holy Spirit to you. 5.3. For when they are saying, "Peace and safety," then sudden destruction will come on them, like birth pains on a pregt woman; and they will in no way escape. 5.4. But you, brothers, aren't in darkness, that the day should overtake you like a thief. 5.5. You are all sons of light, and sons of the day. We don't belong to the night, nor to darkness 5.6. so then let's not sleep, as the rest do, but let's watch and be sober. 5.7. For those who sleep, sleep in the night, and those who are drunken are drunken in the night. 5.9. For God didn't appoint us to wrath, but to the obtaining of salvation through our Lord Jesus Christ 5.23. May the God of peace himself sanctify you completely. May your whole spirit, soul, and body be preserved blameless at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ.
13. New Testament, 1 Timothy, 1.8-1.9 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

1.8. But we know that the law is good, if a man uses it lawfully 1.9. as knowing this, that law is not made for a righteous man, but for the lawless and insubordinate, for the ungodly and sinners, for the unholy and profane, for murderers of fathers and murderers of mothers, for manslayers
14. New Testament, 2 Corinthians, 1.12, 1.22, 2.14-2.17, 3.3-3.9, 3.13, 3.16-3.18, 4.1-4.7, 4.10-4.11, 4.17, 5.5, 5.21, 6.1-6.2, 8.4, 9.1, 10.8, 11.6, 11.22-11.26, 12.12 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

15. New Testament, 2 Timothy, 1.7 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

1.7. For God didn't give us a spirit of fear, but of power, love, and self-control.
16. New Testament, Acts, 7.38, 14.1, 17.16-17.31, 18.24-18.28, 19.2-19.7, 28.17-28.31 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)

7.38. This is he who was in the assembly in the wilderness with the angel that spoke to him on Mount Sinai, and with our fathers, who received living oracles to give to us 14.1. It happened in Iconium that they entered together into the synagogue of the Jews, and so spoke that a great multitude both of Jews and of Greeks believed. 17.16. Now while Paul waited for them at Athens, his spirit was provoked within him as he saw the city full of idols. 17.17. So he reasoned in the synagogue with Jews and the devout persons, and in the marketplace every day with those who met him. 17.18. Some of the Epicurean and Stoic philosophers also encountered him. Some said, "What does this babbler want to say?"Others said, "He seems to be advocating foreign demons," because he preached Jesus and the resurrection. 17.19. They took hold of him, and brought him to the Areopagus, saying, "May we know what this new teaching is, which is spoken by you? 17.20. For you bring certain strange things to our ears. We want to know therefore what these things mean. 17.21. Now all the Athenians and the strangers living there spent their time in nothing else, but either to tell or to hear some new thing. 17.22. Paul stood in the midst of the Areopagus, and said, "You men of Athens, I perceive that you are very religious in all things. 17.23. For as I passed along, and observed the objects of your worship, I found also an altar with this inscription: 'TO AN UNKNOWN GOD.' What therefore you worship in ignorance, this I announce to you. 17.24. The God who made the world and all things in it, he, being Lord of heaven and earth, dwells not in temples made with hands 17.25. neither is he served by men's hands, as though he needed anything, seeing he himself gives to all life and breath, and all things. 17.26. He made from one blood every nation of men to dwell on all the surface of the earth, having determined appointed seasons, and the bounds of their habitation 17.27. that they should seek the Lord, if perhaps they might reach out for him and find him, though he is not far from each one of us. 17.28. 'For in him we live, and move, and have our being.' As some of your own poets have said, 'For we are also his offspring.' 17.29. Being then the offspring of God, we ought not to think that the Divine Nature is like gold, or silver, or stone, engraved by art and device of man. 17.30. The times of ignorance therefore God overlooked. But now he commands that all men everywhere should repent 17.31. because he has appointed a day in which he will judge the world in righteousness by the man whom he has ordained; whereof he has given assurance to all men, in that he has raised him from the dead. 18.24. Now a certain Jew named Apollos, an Alexandrian by race, an eloquent man, came to Ephesus. He was mighty in the Scriptures. 18.25. This man had been instructed in the way of the Lord; and being fervent in spirit, he spoke and taught accurately the things concerning Jesus, although he knew only the baptism of John. 18.26. He began to speak boldly in the synagogue. But when Priscilla and Aquila heard him, they took him aside, and explained to him the way of God more accurately. 18.27. When he had determined to pass over into Achaia, the brothers encouraged him, and wrote to the disciples to receive him. When he had come, he helped them much, who had believed through grace; 18.28. for he powerfully refuted the Jews, publicly showing by the Scriptures that Jesus was the Christ. 19.2. He said to them, "Did you receive the Holy Spirit when you believed?"They said to him, "No, we haven't even heard that there is a Holy Spirit. 19.3. He said, "Into what then were you baptized?"They said, "Into John's baptism. 19.4. Paul said, "John indeed baptized with the baptism of repentance, saying to the people that they should believe in the one who would come after him, that is, on Jesus. 19.5. When they heard this, they were baptized into the name of the Lord Jesus. 19.6. When Paul had laid his hands on them, the Holy Spirit came on them, and they spoke with other languages, and prophesied. 19.7. They were about twelve men in all. 28.17. It happened that after three days Paul called together those who were the leaders of the Jews. When they had come together, he said to them, "I, brothers, though I had done nothing against the people, or the customs of our fathers, still was delivered prisoner from Jerusalem into the hands of the Romans 28.18. who, when they had examined me, desired to set me free, because there was no cause of death in me. 28.19. But when the Jews spoke against it, I was constrained to appeal to Caesar, not that I had anything about which to accuse my nation. 28.20. For this cause therefore I asked you to see and to speak with me. For because of the hope of Israel I am bound with this chain. 28.21. They said to him, "We neither received letters from Judea concerning you, nor did any of the brothers come here and report or speak any evil of you. 28.22. But we desire to hear from you what you think. For, as concerning this sect, it is known to us that everywhere it is spoken against. 28.23. When they had appointed him a day, they came to him into his lodging in great number. He explained to them, testifying about the Kingdom of God, and persuading them concerning Jesus, both from the law of Moses and from the prophets, from morning until evening. 28.24. Some believed the things which were spoken, and some disbelieved. 28.25. When they didn't agree among themselves, they departed after Paul had spoken one word, "The Holy Spirit spoke well through Isaiah, the prophet, to our fathers 28.26. saying, 'Go to this people, and say, In hearing, you will hear, And will in no way understand. In seeing, you will see, And will in no way perceive. 28.27. For this people's heart has grown callous. Their ears are dull of hearing. Their eyes they have closed. Lest they should see with their eyes, Hear with their ears, Understand with their heart, And would turn again, And I would heal them.' 28.28. Be it known therefore to you, that the salvation of God is sent to the Gentiles. They will also hear. 28.29. When he had said these words, the Jews departed, having a great dispute among themselves. 28.30. Paul stayed two whole years in his own rented house, and received all who went in to him 28.31. preaching the Kingdom of God, and teaching the things concerning the Lord Jesus Christ with all boldness, without hinderance.
17. New Testament, Apocalypse, 21.21 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

21.21. The twelve gates were twelve pearls. Each one of the gates was made of one pearl. The street of the city was pure gold, like transparent glass.
18. New Testament, Colossians, 3.11-3.12 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

3.11. where there can't be Greek and Jew, circumcision and uncircumcision, barbarian, Scythian, bondservant, freeman; but Christ is all, and in all. 3.12. Put on therefore, as God's elect, holy and beloved, a heart of compassion, kindness, lowliness, humility, and perseverance;
19. New Testament, Ephesians, 1.3-1.6, 3.6 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

1.3. Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who has blessed us with every spiritual blessing in the heavenly places in Christ; 1.4. even as he chose us in him before the foundation of the world, that we would be holy and without blemish before him in love; 1.5. having predestined us for adoption as sons through Jesus Christ to himself, according to the good pleasure of his desire 1.6. to the praise of the glory of his grace, by which he freely bestowed favor on us in the Beloved 3.6. that the Gentiles are fellow heirs, and fellow members of the body, and fellow partakers of his promise in Christ Jesus through the gospel
20. New Testament, Galatians, 1.1, 1.7, 1.12-1.16, 1.23, 2.1-2.15, 3.5, 3.8, 3.11, 3.14, 3.23, 3.26-3.29, 4.4, 4.9, 4.14, 4.19, 4.23, 5.14, 6.2, 6.12, 6.16 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

1.1. Paul, an apostle (not from men, neither through man, but through Jesus Christ, and God the Father, who raised him from the dead) 1.7. and there isn'tanother gospel. Only there are some who trouble you, and want topervert the gospel of Christ. 1.12. For neither did Ireceive it from man, nor was I taught it, but it came to me throughrevelation of Jesus Christ. 1.13. For you have heard of my way ofliving in time past in the Jews' religion, how that beyond measure Ipersecuted the assembly of God, and ravaged it. 1.14. I advanced inthe Jews' religion beyond many of my own age among my countrymen, beingmore exceedingly zealous for the traditions of my fathers. 1.15. Butwhen it was the good pleasure of God, who separated me from my mother'swomb, and called me through his grace 1.16. to reveal his Son in me,that I might preach him among the Gentiles, I didn't immediately conferwith flesh and blood 1.23. but they only heard: "He who once persecuted us nowpreaches the faith that he once tried to destroy. 2.1. Then after a period of fourteen years I went up again toJerusalem with Barnabas, taking Titus also with me. 2.2. I went up byrevelation, and I laid before them the gospel which I preach among theGentiles, but privately before those who were respected, for fear thatI might be running, or had run, in vain. 2.3. But not even Titus, whowas with me, being a Greek, was compelled to be circumcised. 2.4. Thiswas because of the false brothers secretly brought in, who stole in tospy out our liberty which we have in Christ Jesus, that they mightbring us into bondage; 2.5. to whom we gave no place in the way ofsubjection, not for an hour, that the truth of the gospel mightcontinue with you. 2.6. But from those who were reputed to beimportant (whatever they were, it makes no difference to me; Goddoesn't show partiality to man) -- they, I say, who were respectedimparted nothing to me 2.7. but to the contrary, when they saw that Ihad been entrusted with the gospel for the uncircumcision, even asPeter with the gospel for the circumcision 2.8. (for he who appointedPeter to the apostleship of the circumcision appointed me also to theGentiles); 2.9. and when they perceived the grace that was given tome, James and Cephas and John, they who were reputed to be pillars,gave to me and Barnabas the right hand of fellowship, that we should goto the Gentiles, and they to the circumcision. 2.10. They only askedus to remember the poor -- which very thing I was also zealous to do. 2.11. But when Peter came to Antioch, I resisted him to the face,because he stood condemned. 2.12. For before some people came fromJames, he ate with the Gentiles. But when they came, he drew back andseparated himself, fearing those who were of the circumcision. 2.13. And the rest of the Jews joined him in his hypocrisy; so that evenBarnabas was carried away with their hypocrisy. 2.14. But when I sawthat they didn't walk uprightly according to the truth of the gospel, Isaid to Peter before them all, "If you, being a Jew, live as theGentiles do, and not as the Jews do, why do you compel the Gentiles tolive as the Jews do? 2.15. We, being Jews by nature, and not Gentile sinners 3.5. He therefore who supplies the Spirit to you, and worksmiracles among you, does he do it by the works of the law, or byhearing of faith? 3.8. The Scripture,foreseeing that God would justify the Gentiles by faith, preached thegospel beforehand to Abraham, saying, "In you all the nations will beblessed. 3.11. Now that no man is justified by the law before God isevident, for, "The righteous will live by faith. 3.14. that the blessing of Abraham might come on the Gentilesthrough Christ Jesus; that we might receive the promise of the Spiritthrough faith. 3.23. But before faith came, we were kept in custodyunder the law, shut up to the faith which should afterwards berevealed. 3.26. For you are all sons ofGod, through faith in Christ Jesus. 3.27. For as many of you as werebaptized into Christ have put on Christ. 3.28. There is neither Jewnor Greek, there is neither slave nor free man, there is neither malenor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus. 3.29. If you are Christ's, then you are Abraham's seed and heirs according to promise. 4.4. But when the fullness of the time came,God sent out his Son, born to a woman, born under the law 4.9. But now thatyou have come to know God, or rather to be known by God, why do youturn back again to the weak and miserable elements, to which you desireto be in bondage all over again? 4.14. That which was a temptation to you in my flesh,you didn't despise nor reject; but you received me as an angel of God,even as Christ Jesus. 4.19. My little children, of whom I am again in travail untilChrist is formed in you-- 4.23. However, the son by thehandmaid was born according to the flesh, but the son by the free womanwas born through promise. 5.14. For the whole law is fulfilled in one word, in this:"You shall love your neighbor as yourself. 6.2. Bear one another'sburdens, and so fulfill the law of Christ. 6.12. As many as desire to look good in the flesh, they compel you tobe circumcised; only that they may not be persecuted for the cross ofChrist. 6.16. As many as walk by this rule, peace and mercy be on them, and onGod's Israel.
21. New Testament, Hebrews, 5.12, 10.38 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

5.12. For when by reason of the time you ought to be teachers, you again need to have someone teach you the rudiments of the first principles of the oracles of God. You have come to need milk, and not solid food. 10.38. But the righteous will live by faith. If he shrinks back, my soul has no pleasure in him.
22. New Testament, Philippians, 3.2, 3.8-3.12, 3.14-3.15 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

3.2. Beware of the dogs, beware of the evil workers, beware of the false circumcision. 3.8. Yes most assuredly, and I count all things to be loss for the excellency of the knowledge of Christ Jesus, my Lord, for whom I suffered the loss of all things, and count them nothing but refuse, that I may gain Christ 3.9. and be found in him, not having a righteousness of my own, that which is of the law, but that which is through faith in Christ, the righteousness which is from God by faith; 3.10. that I may know him, and the power of his resurrection, and the fellowship of his sufferings, becoming conformed to his death; 3.11. if by any means I may attain to the resurrection from the dead. 3.12. Not that I have already obtained, or am already made perfect; but I press on, if it is so that I may take hold of that for which also I was taken hold of by Christ Jesus. 3.14. I press on toward the goal for the prize of the high calling of God in Christ Jesus. 3.15. Let us therefore, as many as are perfect, think this way. If in anything you think otherwise, God will also reveal that to you.
23. New Testament, Romans, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.10, 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, 1.14, 1.15, 1.17, 1.18, 1.18-2.16, 1.19, 1.20, 1.21, 1.22, 1.23, 1.24, 1.25, 1.26, 1.27, 1.28, 1.29, 1.30, 1.31, 1.32, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13, 2.14, 2.15, 2.16, 2.17, 2.18, 2.19, 2.20, 2.21, 2.22, 2.23, 2.24, 2.25, 2.26, 2.27, 2.28, 2.29, 3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14, 3.15, 3.16, 3.17, 3.18, 3.20, 3.21, 3.22, 3.23, 3.24, 3.25, 3.26, 3.27, 3.29, 3.30, 3.31, 4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, 4.13, 4.14, 4.15, 4.16, 4.17, 4.18, 4.19, 4.20, 4.21, 4.22, 4.23, 4.24, 4.25, 5, 5.3, 5.5, 5.6, 5.9, 5.11, 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 5.15, 5.16, 5.19, 5.20, 6, 6.11, 6.12, 6.19, 6.20, 6.21, 6.22, 6.23, 7, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 7.10, 7.11, 7.12, 7.13, 7.14, 7.15, 7.16, 7.17, 7.18, 7.19, 7.20, 7.21, 7.22, 7.23, 7.24, 7.25, 8, 8.6, 8.7, 8.28, 8.29, 8.30, 8.33, 9, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 9.9, 9.10, 9.11, 9.12, 9.13, 9.14, 9.15, 9.16, 9.17, 9.18, 9.19, 9.24, 9.30, 9.31, 9.32, 10, 10.12, 10.14, 11, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8, 11.9, 11.10, 11.11, 11.12, 11.13, 11.14, 11.15, 11.16, 11.17, 11.25, 11.32, 11.33, 11.34, 12, 12.11, 13, 13.9, 13.10, 14, 14.1, 14.1-15.13, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 14.5, 14.6, 14.7, 14.8, 14.9, 14.10, 14.11, 14.12, 15, 15.7, 15.8, 15.9, 15.10, 15.11, 15.12, 15.13, 15.19, 15.24, 15.25, 15.26, 15.27, 15.31, 16, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 16.5, 16.6, 16.7, 16.8, 16.9, 16.10, 16.11, 16.12, 16.13, 16.14, 16.15, 16.16, 16.17, 16.18, 16.19, 16.20, 16.21, 16.22, 16.23, 16.26 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

24. New Testament, Titus, 2.12 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

2.12. instructing us to the intent that, denying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we would live soberly, righteously, and godly in this present world;
25. New Testament, John, 1.17 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

1.17. For the law was given through Moses. Grace and truth came through Jesus Christ.
26. New Testament, Matthew, 22.37 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

22.37. Jesus said to him, "'You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind.'
27. Pliny The Elder, Natural History, 36.72-36.73 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

28. Seneca The Younger, Letters, 99.16-99.17 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

29. Tacitus, Histories, 5.2, 5.5 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)

5.2.  However, as I am about to describe the last days of a famous city, it seems proper for me to give some account of its origin. It is said that the Jews were originally exiles from the island of Crete who settled in the farthest parts of Libya at the time when Saturn had been deposed and expelled by Jove. An argument in favour of this is derived from the name: there is a famous mountain in Crete called Ida, and hence the inhabitants were called the Idaei, which was later lengthened into the barbarous form Iudaei. Some hold that in the reign of Isis the superfluous population of Egypt, under the leadership of Hierosolymus and Iuda, discharged itself on the neighbouring lands; many others think that they were an Egyptian stock, which in the reign of Cepheus was forced to migrate by fear and hatred. Still others report that they were Assyrian refugees, a landless people, who first got control of a part of Egypt, then later they had their own cities and lived in the Hebrew territory and the nearer parts of Syria. Still others say that the Jews are of illustrious origin, being the Solymi, a people celebrated in Homer's poems, who founded a city and gave it the name Hierosolyma, formed from their own. 5.5.  Whatever their origin, these rites are maintained by their antiquity: the other customs of the Jews are base and abominable, and owe their persistence to their depravity. For the worst rascals among other peoples, renouncing their ancestral religions, always kept sending tribute and contributions to Jerusalem, thereby increasing the wealth of the Jews; again, the Jews are extremely loyal toward one another, and always ready to show compassion, but toward every other people they feel only hate and enmity. They sit apart at meals, and they sleep apart, and although as a race, they are prone to lust, they abstain from intercourse with foreign women; yet among themselves nothing is unlawful. They adopted circumcision to distinguish themselves from other peoples by this difference. Those who are converted to their ways follow the same practice, and the earliest lesson they receive is to despise the gods, to disown their country, and to regard their parents, children, and brothers as of little account. However, they take thought to increase their numbers; for they regard it as a crime to kill any late-born child, and they believe that the souls of those who are killed in battle or by the executioner are immortal: hence comes their passion for begetting children, and their scorn of death. They bury the body rather than burn it, thus following the Egyptians' custom; they likewise bestow the same care on the dead, and hold the same belief about the world below; but their ideas of heavenly things are quite the opposite. The Egyptians worship many animals and monstrous images; the Jews conceive of one god only, and that with the mind alone: they regard as impious those who make from perishable materials representations of gods in man's image; that supreme and eternal being is to them incapable of representation and without end. Therefore they set up no statues in their cities, still less in their temples; this flattery is not paid their kings, nor this honour given to the Caesars. But since their priests used to chant to the accompaniment of pipes and cymbals and to wear garlands of ivy, and because a golden vine was found in their temple, some have thought that they were devotees of Father Liber, the conqueror of the East, in spite of the incongruity of their customs. For Liber established festive rites of a joyous nature, while the ways of the Jews are preposterous and mean.
30. Clement of Alexandria, Miscellanies, 7.14 (2nd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)

31. Irenaeus, Refutation of All Heresies, 4.33.7 (2nd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)



Subjects of this text:

subject book bibliographic info
abraham Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 181; Novenson (2020), Monotheism and Christology in Greco-Roman Antiquity, 265; Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 357
achaia Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 473
adam and eve Morgan (2022), The New Testament and the Theology of Trust: 'This Rich Trust', 146
adultery Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 382
affect Gunderson (2022), The Social Worlds of Ancient Jews and Christians: Essays in Honor of L. Michael White, 95
alexandria Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 194, 195
allegory,allegorical Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 473
allegory,allegorical interpretation,aristobulus Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 174
amoraic midrash Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 181
amore iustitiae Cheuk-Yin Yam (2019), Trinity and Grace in Augustine, 370
anger Levison (2023), The Greek Life of Adam and Eve. 142
antioch (syrian) Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 348, 397
apistein Morgan (2022), The New Testament and the Theology of Trust: 'This Rich Trust', 146
apistia,apistos Morgan (2022), The New Testament and the Theology of Trust: 'This Rich Trust', 146
apollo Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 207
apollos,ii Hellholm et al. (2010), Ablution, Initiation, and Baptism: Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity, 391
apologie Hellholm et al. (2010), Ablution, Initiation, and Baptism: Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity, 455
apostle/apostles,divinely inspired apostle (paul) Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
apostle Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 347, 348, 372, 397
apostle paul Cheuk-Yin Yam (2019), Trinity and Grace in Augustine, 436, 471, 520, 521
apostles decree Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 357
apostolikon,marcions Lieu (2015), Marcion and the Making of a Heretic: God and Scripture in the Second Century, 255
aramaic Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 181, 361
aristobulus,aratus,phaenomena Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 174
aristobulus,diaspora consciousness Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 174
aristobulus,general profile Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 174
aristobulus,orpheus Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 174
aristobulus,philos predecessor Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 174
aristobulus Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 174
aristotle Gunderson (2022), The Social Worlds of Ancient Jews and Christians: Essays in Honor of L. Michael White, 95; Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 347
athens Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 365, 766
augustine Cheuk-Yin Yam (2019), Trinity and Grace in Augustine, 73, 370, 433, 436, 470, 471, 520, 521; Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 181, 347, 348, 372
augustus,egyptian obelisk Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 207
augustus,rome,building projects Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 207
barnabas Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 397
beatitude Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 473
bible,and philosophy Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
body,bodies Gunderson (2022), The Social Worlds of Ancient Jews and Christians: Essays in Honor of L. Michael White, 91
bonum Cheuk-Yin Yam (2019), Trinity and Grace in Augustine, 73, 470
campus martius Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 207
chosen Gunderson (2022), The Social Worlds of Ancient Jews and Christians: Essays in Honor of L. Michael White, 96
christ Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
christianity,pauline Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 363, 365
christianity,philosophy Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 363, 365
christianity,rome,city of Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 195, 196
christians/christianity Gruen (2020), Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter, 187
christology,christological Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 348
churches/tradition of paul pauline Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 181
circumcision Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 177; Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 181, 347, 372
claudius Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 195; Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 397
clement of alexandria Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 875; Schliesser et al. (2021), Alexandria: Hub of the Hellenistic World. 449
conflict,of jews and christians (parting of the ways) Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 181
conversion Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 363
converts as pauls,pauline Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 380
covenant Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
covenants,old and new,philosophy and law as Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
creator,creation Novenson (2020), Monotheism and Christology in Greco-Roman Antiquity, 265
creator Cheuk-Yin Yam (2019), Trinity and Grace in Augustine, 471
culture,cultural affiliations in galilee Esler (2000), The Early Christian World, 171
cupiditas Cheuk-Yin Yam (2019), Trinity and Grace in Augustine, 73
customs/traditions/practices as identity markers,general Gruen (2020), Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter, 187
cynics/cynicism Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 766
death,of jesus Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 365
decalogue / ten commandments Cheuk-Yin Yam (2019), Trinity and Grace in Augustine, 433
diaspora Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 174, 177
dio chrysostom Gunderson (2022), The Social Worlds of Ancient Jews and Christians: Essays in Honor of L. Michael White, 95; Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 766
disobedience Morgan (2022), The New Testament and the Theology of Trust: 'This Rich Trust', 146
distress (thlipsis),christian Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 363, 365
distress (thlipsis),thessalonians Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 365
dominion of death Levison (2023), The Greek Life of Adam and Eve. 142
dynamis Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 875
egypt,augustus and Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 207
egypt,psalmik obelisk of Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 207
election (of israel) Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 372
elites Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 196
epistolography Gunderson (2022), The Social Worlds of Ancient Jews and Christians: Essays in Honor of L. Michael White, 91
eschatology,event Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 365
eschatology Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 875
estrangement Levison (2023), The Greek Life of Adam and Eve. 142
ethnicity Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 195, 196
ethnos/ethne,as gentiles Gruen (2020), Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter, 185, 187
ethnos/ethne,in paul Gruen (2020), Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter, 185, 187
exegesis,of paul Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
exegesis Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
exegetical debates/conversations Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
faith,faithfulness (pistis) Gunderson (2022), The Social Worlds of Ancient Jews and Christians: Essays in Honor of L. Michael White, 91
faith,pistis Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 181
faith Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
faithfulness,of god Morgan (2022), The New Testament and the Theology of Trust: 'This Rich Trust', 42, 43
faithfulness,of israel Morgan (2022), The New Testament and the Theology of Trust: 'This Rich Trust', 43
faithfulness Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 196
father Novenson (2020), Monotheism and Christology in Greco-Roman Antiquity, 265
fickleness,ancient conception of Keener(2005), First-Second Corinthians, 159
forma Cheuk-Yin Yam (2019), Trinity and Grace in Augustine, 470
friendship (philia) Gunderson (2022), The Social Worlds of Ancient Jews and Christians: Essays in Honor of L. Michael White, 91
fruit Levison (2023), The Greek Life of Adam and Eve. 142
galatians,letter to the Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 195
galen Schliesser et al. (2021), Alexandria: Hub of the Hellenistic World. 449
gamble,harry Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 181
gentile Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 766; Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 347, 361, 382
gentile christians / gentile churches Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 181, 372, 382, 397, 473
gentiles,and paul Gruen (2020), Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter, 185
gentiles,as contrast with jews Gruen (2020), Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter, 185
gentiles,first mission to Esler (2000), The Early Christian World, 171
gentiles,jews and Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 181, 195, 196
gentiles,judaism,interest in Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 195
gentiles Cheuk-Yin Yam (2019), Trinity and Grace in Augustine, 370, 520, 521; Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 196; Novenson (2020), Monotheism and Christology in Greco-Roman Antiquity, 265; Roskovec and Hušek (2021), Interactions in Interpretation: The Pilgrimage of Meaning through Biblical Texts and Contexts, 102
gentiles (ethnē) Gunderson (2022), The Social Worlds of Ancient Jews and Christians: Essays in Honor of L. Michael White, 91, 95, 96
gift of the spirit Morgan (2022), The New Testament and the Theology of Trust: 'This Rich Trust', 165, 309
glory,god,of Levison (2023), The Greek Life of Adam and Eve. 142
glory,hope of Morgan (2022), The New Testament and the Theology of Trust: 'This Rich Trust', 43
glory,loss of Levison (2023), The Greek Life of Adam and Eve. 142
glory,of god Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 380
god,anger of Levison (2023), The Greek Life of Adam and Eve. 142
god,justice of Levison (2023), The Greek Life of Adam and Eve. 142
god,plan of Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
god,rage of Levison (2023), The Greek Life of Adam and Eve. 142
gospel of the circumcision Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 372, 397
gospels Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
grace Morgan (2022), The New Testament and the Theology of Trust: 'This Rich Trust', 146, 165, 309
graeco-roman (world/period) Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 382
greek,ethnos Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 181, 357
greek (language),philosophy/philosophers Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
greeks,and jews Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
greeks,as critics of christianity Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
greeks/hellenes,and jews Gruen (2020), Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter, 185, 187
greeks Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
grief (lupē) Gunderson (2022), The Social Worlds of Ancient Jews and Christians: Essays in Honor of L. Michael White, 91, 95, 96
hebrew language Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 361
hebrews and hellenists Esler (2000), The Early Christian World, 171
hellenism,hellenistic Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 181, 348
hellenists Esler (2000), The Early Christian World, 171
historical criticism Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 348
holiness Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 380
holy spirit Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 380
human condition Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 363, 875
idolatry Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 357, 382
immorality Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 766
interior homo,inner man Cheuk-Yin Yam (2019), Trinity and Grace in Augustine, 433
irenaeus Doble and Kloha (2014), Texts and Traditions: Essays in Honour of J. Keith Elliott, 283
isaac Gunderson (2022), The Social Worlds of Ancient Jews and Christians: Essays in Honor of L. Michael White, 96
israel Gunderson (2022), The Social Worlds of Ancient Jews and Christians: Essays in Honor of L. Michael White, 91, 95, 96
iustitia,justice Cheuk-Yin Yam (2019), Trinity and Grace in Augustine, 370, 470, 471
iustitia dei Cheuk-Yin Yam (2019), Trinity and Grace in Augustine, 370, 470, 471
jacob Gunderson (2022), The Social Worlds of Ancient Jews and Christians: Essays in Honor of L. Michael White, 96
james (brother of jesus) Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 397
jerusalem church Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 348, 473
jesus (christ) (see also yeshu) Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 348, 473
jesus christ Cheuk-Yin Yam (2019), Trinity and Grace in Augustine, 370, 433; Gruen (2020), Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter, 185
jewett,robert Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 181, 196
jewish-christian group,commmunity Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 473
jews,judaism,gentiles and Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 181, 195, 196
jews,judaism,in alexandria Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 194, 195
jews,judaism,roman empire,and Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 181, 195
jews/hebrews,and greeks Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
jews/judeans/ioudaioi,and circumcision Gruen (2020), Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter, 187
jews/judeans/ioudaioi,and non-jews in paul Gruen (2020), Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter, 185, 187
jews Cheuk-Yin Yam (2019), Trinity and Grace in Augustine, 370, 520, 521; Roskovec and Hušek (2021), Interactions in Interpretation: The Pilgrimage of Meaning through Biblical Texts and Contexts, 102
josephus Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 382
joy Levison (2023), The Greek Life of Adam and Eve. 142
judaea (roman province; see also yehud) Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 382, 397
judaism,gentile interest in Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 195
judaism Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 766
judea (region) Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 372
justice,god,of Levison (2023), The Greek Life of Adam and Eve. 142
justice Levison (2023), The Greek Life of Adam and Eve. 142
kingdom of god Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 348
knowledge,of god Morgan (2022), The New Testament and the Theology of Trust: 'This Rich Trust', 165
koester,helmut Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 181
lampe,peter Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 195, 196
law,biblical Lieu (2015), Marcion and the Making of a Heretic: God and Scripture in the Second Century, 255
law,laws Novenson (2020), Monotheism and Christology in Greco-Roman Antiquity, 265
law,of moses Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 875
law in paul Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 347, 348, 357, 361, 372, 382, 397
lawsuits Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
lebendiges wasser Hellholm et al. (2010), Ablution, Initiation, and Baptism: Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity, 438
lex fidei Cheuk-Yin Yam (2019), Trinity and Grace in Augustine, 370, 433
lex operum / factorum Cheuk-Yin Yam (2019), Trinity and Grace in Augustine, 370, 433
lineage and genealogy as identity marker,in paul Gruen (2020), Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter, 187
liturgiei Hellholm et al. (2010), Ablution, Initiation, and Baptism: Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity, 438
logos Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 875
love Morgan (2022), The New Testament and the Theology of Trust: 'This Rich Trust', 165, 309
loving god and neighbours Cheuk-Yin Yam (2019), Trinity and Grace in Augustine, 73
macedonia Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 473
marcellinus Cheuk-Yin Yam (2019), Trinity and Grace in Augustine, 73, 370, 433, 436, 470, 471, 520, 521
marriage (see also divorce) Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 382
messianic Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 348
messianic time Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 181
metzger,bruce m. Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 181
missionary,pauline Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 380
monotheism,zeuss name changed to god Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 174
morality Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 363
mosaic law Cheuk-Yin Yam (2019), Trinity and Grace in Augustine, 521
moses Levison (2023), The Greek Life of Adam and Eve. 142; Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 194; Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 372
namensformel Hellholm et al. (2010), Ablution, Initiation, and Baptism: Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity, 455
natural law Cheuk-Yin Yam (2019), Trinity and Grace in Augustine, 521
nineteenth century (scholarship) Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 372
nomos Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 875
noy,david,egyptian Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 207
noy,david,obelisks Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 207
noy,david,psalmik ii Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 207
oath,eve,of Levison (2023), The Greek Life of Adam and Eve. 142
obedience Morgan (2022), The New Testament and the Theology of Trust: 'This Rich Trust', 146, 309
observance of law Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 361, 397
oil Levison (2023), The Greek Life of Adam and Eve. 142
origen Doble and Kloha (2014), Texts and Traditions: Essays in Honour of J. Keith Elliott, 283; Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 473; Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
orpheus,aristobulus Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 174
pagan,paganism Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 382, 397
pagan deities,name changes Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 174
paradise,traveling (journey or foray) to/from Levison (2023), The Greek Life of Adam and Eve. 142
paraenesis Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 363
passion/passions,control of Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
passion/passions Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
passions (pathē) Gunderson (2022), The Social Worlds of Ancient Jews and Christians: Essays in Honor of L. Michael White, 91, 95, 96
paul,and eschatology Gunderson (2022), The Social Worlds of Ancient Jews and Christians: Essays in Honor of L. Michael White, 91
paul,and faithfulness (pistis) Gunderson (2022), The Social Worlds of Ancient Jews and Christians: Essays in Honor of L. Michael White, 91
paul,and passions (pathē) Gunderson (2022), The Social Worlds of Ancient Jews and Christians: Essays in Honor of L. Michael White, 91, 95, 96
paul,apostle,gospel Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 181
paul,as pastor Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 380
paul,cultural influence on teaching Esler (2000), The Early Christian World, 171
paul,gospel of Gunderson (2022), The Social Worlds of Ancient Jews and Christians: Essays in Honor of L. Michael White, 95, 96; Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 363, 365
paul,pauline,paulinism Novenson (2020), Monotheism and Christology in Greco-Roman Antiquity, 265
paul,rhetoric of Gunderson (2022), The Social Worlds of Ancient Jews and Christians: Essays in Honor of L. Michael White, 91, 95, 96
paul,the apostle/st. paul,apostle divine apostle) Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
paul,the apostle/st. paul,interpretation of paul Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
paul Gruen (2020), Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter, 185, 187; Gunderson (2022), The Social Worlds of Ancient Jews and Christians: Essays in Honor of L. Michael White, 91, 95, 96; Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 766, 875
paul (saul) Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 181, 347, 348, 357, 361, 372, 382, 397, 473
paul (the apostle) Roskovec and Hušek (2021), Interactions in Interpretation: The Pilgrimage of Meaning through Biblical Texts and Contexts, 102
pauline Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 380
pauline letters/epistles Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
pelagius xxvi Cheuk-Yin Yam (2019), Trinity and Grace in Augustine, 370
peter (cephas,simon –) Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 397
philo of alexandria,aristobuluss successor Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 174
philo of alexandria Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 195; Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 174
philosopher,moral Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 365
philosophy/philosophers,christian Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
philosophy/philosophers,greek Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
philosophy/philosophers Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
philosophy Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 875
pistis,as gift of the spirit Morgan (2022), The New Testament and the Theology of Trust: 'This Rich Trust', 165
pistis,faith Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 181
plato/platonism,christian platonism Schliesser et al. (2021), Alexandria: Hub of the Hellenistic World. 449
plato/platonism Schliesser et al. (2021), Alexandria: Hub of the Hellenistic World. 449
plato Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
pleasure Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 363, 365, 380
pliny the elder Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 207
polemic Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 766
polysemie Hellholm et al. (2010), Ablution, Initiation, and Baptism: Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity, 419
poor,the Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 473
power,consequence of pistis Morgan (2022), The New Testament and the Theology of Trust: 'This Rich Trust', 309
power Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 181
praeceptum Cheuk-Yin Yam (2019), Trinity and Grace in Augustine, 73
prayer Gunderson (2022), The Social Worlds of Ancient Jews and Christians: Essays in Honor of L. Michael White, 91
preaching,pauline Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 363, 365, 380
preaching Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 875
presbyteri Hellholm et al. (2010), Ablution, Initiation, and Baptism: Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity, 438
promises of god Morgan (2022), The New Testament and the Theology of Trust: 'This Rich Trust', 42, 43
protestant Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 348
protrepsis/protreptic Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 363
präsuppositionen,situationen Hellholm et al. (2010), Ablution, Initiation, and Baptism: Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity, 419
ps.-hecataeus,aristobulus comparison Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 174
ps.-hecataeus,diaspora jewrys loyalty to homeland Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 174
ps.-hecataeus Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 174
psalmik obelisk Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 207
pulchritudo,beauty Cheuk-Yin Yam (2019), Trinity and Grace in Augustine, 470
qualifikation des orators Hellholm et al. (2010), Ablution, Initiation, and Baptism: Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity, 455
qumran documents Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 361, 473
racism Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 194, 195, 207
reconciliation Morgan (2022), The New Testament and the Theology of Trust: 'This Rich Trust', 146
reformation (see also protestant) Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 347
religion,of man Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 875
religion,pagan Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 363
resurrection,hope in Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 380
resurrection,of christ Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 365
resurrection of jesus as sign Morgan (2022), The New Testament and the Theology of Trust: 'This Rich Trust', 165
revelation Morgan (2022), The New Testament and the Theology of Trust: 'This Rich Trust', 165
rhetoric,rhetorical Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 372, 382, 473
righteousness Levison (2023), The Greek Life of Adam and Eve. 142
roman,empire Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 348
roman assembly,correspondence Gunderson (2022), The Social Worlds of Ancient Jews and Christians: Essays in Honor of L. Michael White, 91, 95, 96
roman catholic Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 347, 348
roman empire,egypt and Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 207
roman empire,jews and Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 181, 195
romans,letter to,early christianity and Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 195, 196
romans,letter to Nasrallah (2019), Archaeology and the Letters of Paul, 181, 195, 196
rome,churches/christians in Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 372, 382, 473
rome Roskovec and Hušek (2021), Interactions in Interpretation: The Pilgrimage of Meaning through Biblical Texts and Contexts, 102
sabbatum,sabbath Cheuk-Yin Yam (2019), Trinity and Grace in Augustine, 433
salvation Gunderson (2022), The Social Worlds of Ancient Jews and Christians: Essays in Honor of L. Michael White, 91; Lieu (2015), Marcion and the Making of a Heretic: God and Scripture in the Second Century, 255; Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 875; Roskovec and Hušek (2021), Interactions in Interpretation: The Pilgrimage of Meaning through Biblical Texts and Contexts, 102; Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
sanctification Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 363, 380
scriptures,interpretation of,as basis for pistis Morgan (2022), The New Testament and the Theology of Trust: 'This Rich Trust', 146, 165
selbstverteidigung Hellholm et al. (2010), Ablution, Initiation, and Baptism: Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity, 455
seneca Gunderson (2022), The Social Worlds of Ancient Jews and Christians: Essays in Honor of L. Michael White, 91; Malherbe et al. (2014), Light from the Gentiles: Hellenistic Philosophy and Early Christianity: Collected Essays of Abraham J, 766
service to god or christ Morgan (2022), The New Testament and the Theology of Trust: 'This Rich Trust', 309
sexual relations,(mis)behaviour Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 357
simple believers/simpliciores Černušková, Kovacs and Plátová (2016), Clement’s Biblical Exegesis: Proceedings of the Second Colloquium on Clement of Alexandria , 340
sin Lieu (2015), Marcion and the Making of a Heretic: God and Scripture in the Second Century, 255
slaves/slavery,in pauls binary Gruen (2020), Ethnicity in the Ancient World - Did it matter, 185
spirit,relation to pistis Morgan (2022), The New Testament and the Theology of Trust: 'This Rich Trust', 165, 309
status in der gesellschaft Hellholm et al. (2010), Ablution, Initiation, and Baptism: Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity, 438