1. Hebrew Bible, Joel, 2.28 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
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2. Mishnah, Shabbat, 19.3-19.4 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
| 19.3. They bathe the infant both before and after the circumcision, and sprinkle [warm water] over him by hand but not with a vessel. R. Elazar ben Azaryah says: they may bathe an infant on the third day [of circumcision] which falls on the Shabbat, as it is said, “And it came to pass on the third day, when they were sore” (Genesis 34:25). For one who about whom it is doubtful, and a hermaphrodite, they may not desecrate Shabbat But Rabbi Judah permits [it] in the case of a hermaphrodite." |
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3. New Testament, Acts, 2.14-2.41 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
| 2.14. But Peter, standing up with the eleven, lifted up his voice, and spoke out to them, "You men of Judea, and all you who dwell at Jerusalem, let this be known to you, and listen to my words. 2.15. For these aren't drunken, as you suppose, seeing it is only the third hour of the day. 2.16. But this is what has been spoken through the prophet Joel: 2.17. 'It will be in the last days, says God, I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh. Your sons and your daughters will prophesy. Your young men will see visions. Your old men will dream dreams. 2.18. Yes, and on my servants and on my handmaidens in those days, I will pour out my Spirit, and they will prophesy. 2.19. I will show wonders in the the sky above, And signs on the earth beneath; Blood, and fire, and billows of smoke. 2.20. The sun will be turned into darkness, And the moon into blood, Before the great and glorious day of the Lord comes. 2.21. It will be, that whoever will call on the name of the Lord will be saved.' 2.22. You men of Israel, hear these words. Jesus of Nazareth, a man approved by God to you by mighty works and wonders and signs which God did by him in the midst of you, even as you yourselves know 2.23. him, being delivered up by the determined counsel and foreknowledge of God, you have taken by the hand of lawless men, crucified and killed; 2.24. whom God raised up, having freed him from the agony of death, because it was not possible that he should be held by it. 2.25. For David says concerning him, 'I saw the Lord always before my face, For he is on my right hand, that I should not be moved. 2.26. Therefore my heart was glad, and my tongue rejoiced. Moreover my flesh also will dwell in hope; 2.27. Because you will not leave my soul in Hades, Neither will you allow your Holy One to see decay. 2.28. You made known to me the ways of life. You will make me full of gladness with your presence.' 2.29. Brothers, I may tell you freely of the patriarch David, that he both died and was buried, and his tomb is with us to this day. 2.30. Therefore, being a prophet, and knowing that God had sworn with an oath to him that of the fruit of his body, according to the flesh, he would raise up the Christ to sit on his throne 2.31. he foreseeing this spoke about the resurrection of the Christ, that neither was his soul left in Hades, nor did his flesh see decay. 2.32. This Jesus God raised up, whereof we all are witnesses. 2.33. Being therefore exalted by the right hand of God, and having received from the Father the promise of the Holy Spirit, he has poured out this, which you now see and hear. 2.34. For David didn't ascend into the heavens, but he says himself, 'The Lord said to my Lord, "Sit by my right hand 2.35. Until I make your enemies the footstool of your feet."' 2.36. Let all the house of Israel therefore know assuredly that God has made him both Lord and Christ, this Jesus whom you crucified. 2.37. Now when they heard this, they were cut to the heart, and said to Peter and the rest of the apostles, "Brothers, what shall we do? 2.38. Peter said to them, "Repent, and be baptized, everyone of you, in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of sins, and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. 2.39. For to you is the promise, and to your children, and to all who are far off, even as many as the Lord our God will call to himself. 2.40. With many other words he testified, and exhorted them, saying, "Save yourselves from this crooked generation! 2.41. Then those who gladly received his word were baptized. There were added that day about three thousand souls. |
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4. New Testament, Luke, 1.59, 2.21 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
| 1.59. It happened on the eighth day, that they came to circumcise the child; and they would have called him Zacharias, after the name of the father. 2.21. When eight days were fulfilled for the circumcision of the child, his name was called Jesus, which was given by the angel before he was conceived in the womb. |
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5. Tosefta, Avodah Zarah, 3.13 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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6. Palestinian Talmud, Shabbat, 19.2 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
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7. Palestinian Talmud, Yevamot, 8.1 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
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8. Babylonian Talmud, Avodah Zarah, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 27a. ברופא מומחה דכי אתא רב דימי א"ר יוחנן אם היה מומחה לרבים מותר,וסבר רבי יהודה כותי שפיר דמי והתניא ישראל מל את הכותי וכותי לא ימול ישראל מפני שמל לשם הר גרזים דברי רבי יהודה,אמר לו רבי יוסי וכי היכן מצינו מילה מן התורה לשמה אלא מל והולך עד שתצא נשמתו,אלא לעולם איפוך כדאפכינן מעיקרא ודקא קשיא דרבי יהודה אדר' יהודה ההיא דרבי יהודה הנשיא היא,דתניא רבי יהודה הנשיא אומר מנין למילה בעובד כוכבים שהיא פסולה ת"ל ואתה את בריתי תשמור,אמר רב חסדא מאי טעמא דרבי יהודה דכתיב לה' המול ורבי יוסי המול ימול,ואידך הכתיב לה' המול ההוא בפסח כתיב ואידך נמי הכתיב המול ימול דברה תורה כלשון בני אדם,איתמר מנין למילה בעובד כוכבים שהיא פסולה דרו בר פפא משמיה דרב אמר ואתה את בריתי תשמור ורבי יוחנן המול ימול,מאי בינייהו ערבי מהול וגבנוני מהול איכא בינייהו מאן דאמר המול ימול איכא ומ"ד את בריתי תשמור ליכא,ולמאן דאמר המול ימול איכא והתנן קונם שאני נהנה מן הערלים מותר בערלי ישראל ואסור במולי עובדי כוכבים אלמא אף על גב דמהילי כמאן דלא מהילי דמו,אלא איכא בינייהו ישראל שמתו אחיו מחמת מילה ולא מלוהו למ"ד ואתה את בריתי תשמור איכא למאן דאמר המול ימול ליכא,ולמ"ד המול ימול ליכא והתנן קונם שאני נהנה ממולים אסור בערלי ישראל ומותר במולי עובדי כוכבים אלמא אע"ג דלא מהילי כמאן דמהילי דמו,אלא איכא בינייהו אשה למ"ד ואתה את בריתי תשמור ליכא דאשה לאו בת מילה היא ולמ"ד המול ימול איכא דאשה כמאן דמהילא דמיא,ומי איכא למאן דאמר אשה לא והכתיב (שמות ד, כה) ותקח צפורה צר קרי ביה ותקח והכתיב ותכרות קרי ביה ותכרת דאמרה לאיניש אחרינא ועבד ואיבעית אימא אתיא איהי ואתחלה ואתא משה ואגמרה:, big strongמתני׳ /strong /big מתרפאין מהן ריפוי ממון אבל לא ריפוי נפשות ואין מסתפרין מהן בכל מקום דברי רבי מאיר וחכמים אומרים ברה"ר מותר אבל לא בינו לבינו:, big strongגמ׳ /strong /big מאי ריפוי ממון ומאי ריפוי נפשות אילימא ריפוי ממון בשכר ריפוי נפשות בחנם ליתני מתרפאין מהן בשכר אבל לא בחנם,אלא ריפוי ממון דבר שאין בו סכנה ריפוי נפשות דבר שיש בו סכנה והאמר רב יהודה אפילו ריבדא דכוסילתא לא מתסינן מינייהו,אלא ריפוי ממון בהמתו ריפוי נפשות גופיה והיינו דאמר רב יהודה אפילו ריבדא דכוסילתא לא מתסינן מינייהו,אמר רב חסדא אמר מר עוקבא אבל אם אמר לו סם פלוני יפה לו סם פלוני רע לו מותר | 27a. We are dealing bwith an expert physician,who will not risk his reputation by harming a child. This is similar to that which Rabbi Yoḥa said, bas when Rav Dimi camefrom Eretz Yisrael to Babylonia, he said that bRabbi Yoḥa says: Ifthe physician bwasconsidered ba recognized expert,it is bpermittedfor one to be healed by him. When Rabbi Meir said that an Aramean may circumcise a Jewish boy, he was referring specifically to a doctor who is known for his expertise.,The latter clause of the ibaraitastates that Rabbi Yehuda maintains that a Samaritan may circumcise a Jewish infant. The Gemara asks: bAnd does Rabbi Yehudaactually bholdthat it is bpermittedfor a Samaritan to perform circumcision? bBut isn’t it taughtin a ibaraita /i: bA Jew may circumcise a Samaritan but a Samaritan may notbe allowed to bcircumcise a Jew, because he circumciseshim bfor the sake of Mount Gerizim;this is bthe statement of Rabbi Yehuda. /b, bRabbi Yosei said to him: And where do we find thatthe mitzva of bcircumcision from the Torahmust be performed bfor the sake offulfilling God’s will? bRather,a Samaritan bmay continue to circumciseJews buntil his soul leaveshis body, i.e., until the Samaritan dies, and there is no room for concern. But Rabbi Yehuda explicitly states above that circumcision may not be performed by a Samaritan., bRather, actuallyyou should breversethe opinions in the ibaraita bas we reversedthem binitially. Andas for the bdifficultyraised with regard to one statement bof Rabbi Yehuda againstthe other statement bof Rabbi Yehuda, thatopinion, that a gentile may not perform circumcision, bisactually the opinion bof Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi.Conversely, the first ibaraita /i, which is reversed and therefore cites Rabbi Yehuda as maintaining that an Aramean may perform circumcision, is referring to Rabbi Yehuda bar Ilai. Accordingly, the different opinions reflect a dispute between itanna’imrather than a contradiction.,The Gemara cites a proof that according to the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi a gentile is not qualified to perform circumcision. bAs it is taughtin a ibaraitathat bRabbi Yehuda HaNasi says: From whereis it derived with regard bto circumcisionperformed bby a gentile thatit bis not valid? The verse states:“And God said to Abraham: bAnd as for you, you shall keep My covet,you, and your seed after you throughout their generations” (Genesis 17:9).,§ It was stated that according to the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda circumcision must be performed for the sake of fulfilling a mitzva, whereas Rabbi Yosei holds that no particular intention is necessary. The Gemara analyzes these opinions. bRav Ḥisda said: What is the reasoning of Rabbi Yehuda? As it is written:“And when a stranger shall sojourn with thee, and will keep the Passover bto the Lord letall his males bbe circumcised”(Exodus 12:48). It can be inferred from the verse that the males must be circumcised “to the Lord,” i.e., for the sake of fulfilling God’s will. The Gemara asks: bAndwhat is the reasoning of bRabbi Yosei?It is written: b“He must be circumcised [ ihimmol yimmol /i]”(Genesis 17:13). The usage of the doubled verb teaches that circumcision may be performed by anyone.,The Gemara asks: bAndaccording to bthe otherSage, i.e., Rabbi Yosei, bisn’t it written: “To the Lord letall his males bbe circumcised,”which indicates that circumcision must be performed for the sake of fulfilling God’s will? The Gemara answers: bThat is written with regard to Passover.According to Rabbi Yosei, the phrase “to the Lord” is referring to the previous mention of the Paschal offering, rather than to circumcision. Accordingly, the verse should be read: “Will keep Passover to the Lord.” The Gemara asks: bAndaccording to bthe otherSage, Rabbi Yehuda, bisn’t it also written: “He must be circumcised [ ihimmol yimmol /i],”indicating that circumcision may be performed by anyone? The Gemara answers: bThe Torah spoke in the language of people,i.e., the doubled verb is the usual style of the Torah, which does not serve to teach a novel ihalakha /i.,§ The Gemara continues discussing the issue of circumcisions performed by gentiles. bIt was stated: From whereis it derived with regard bto circumcisionperformed bby a gentile thatit bis not valid? Daru bar Pappa says in the name of Rav:This is derived from a verse, as it is stated: And God said to Abraham: b“And as for you, you shall keep My covet,you, and your seed after you throughout their generations.” bAnd Rabbi Yoḥasays that it is derived from the verse: b“He must be circumcised [ ihimmol yimmol /i].”According to Rabbi Yoḥa, this verse teaches that a Jew must be circumcised by one who is already circumcised.,The Gemara asks: bWhatis the practical difference bbetweenthese two opinions? bThere isa practical difference bbetween themwith regard to ba circumcised Arab or a circumcised hill person [ igavnuni /i].According to bthe one who saysthat the ihalakhathat a Jewish infant may be circumcised only by one who has been circumcised himself is derived from the verse: b“He must be circumcised [ ihimmol yimmol /i],” there isreason to permit an Arab or igavnunito perform the circumcision, as they are circumcised. bAndaccording to bthe one who saysthat circumcision may not be performed by a gentile is derived from the phrase: b“You shall keep my covet,” there is noreason to permit an Arab or Gibeonite to perform circumcision.,The Gemara raises an objection: bAndis it so, baccording to the one who saysit is derived from the verse: b“He must be circumcised [ ihimmol yimmol /i],”that a Jew may not be circumcised by a gentile, that bthere isreason to permit a circumcised gentile to perform circumcision? bBut didn’t we learnin a mishna ( iNedarim31b): With regard to one who vows: bDeriving benefit from those who are uncircumcised is ikonamfor me,he bis permittedto derive benefit bfrom uncircumcised Jewsbecause they are not regarded as uncircumcised, bbut he is prohibitedfrom deriving benefit bfrom the uncircumcised of the nations of the world? Apparently, even thoughsome gentiles bare circumcised, they arenevertheless bconsidered as those who are uncircumcised. /b, bRather, there isa difference bbetween themwith regard to ba Jew whose brothers died due to circumcision, andas a result, bthey did not circumcise him. According to the one who saysthat the ihalakhais derived from the verse: b“And as for you, you shall keep My covet,” there isreason to permit such a person to perform circumcision, as he is a Jew. bAccording to the one who saysthat the ihalakhais derived from the phrase: b“He must be circumcised [ ihimmol yimmol /i],” there is noreason to permit this Jew to perform circumcision, as he is not circumcised himself.,The Gemara rejects this suggestion as well: bAndis it so that baccording to the one who saysthat the ihalakhais derived from the verse: b“He must be circumcised [ ihimmol yimmol /i],” there is noreason to permit an uncircumcised Jew to perform circumcision? bBut didn’t we learnin a mishna ( iNedarim31b): With regard to one who vows: bDeriving benefit from those who are circumcisedis ikonam bfor me, he is prohibitedfrom deriving benefit even bfrom uncircumcised Jews andhe is bpermittedto derive benefit bfrom the circumcised of the nations of the world. Apparently, even thoughsome Jews bare not circumcised, they arenevertheless bconsidered as those who are circumcised. /b, bRather, there isa difference bbetweenthese two opinions with regard to ba woman. According to the one who saysthat the ihalakhais derived from the verse: b“And as for you, you shall keep My covet,” there is noreason to permit a woman to perform circumcision, bas a woman is not subject tothe mitzva of bcircumcision,and therefore she is not included in those who must keep God’s covet. bAnd according to the one who saysthat the ihalakhais derived from the verse: b“He must be circumcised [ ihimmol yimmol /i],” there isreason to permit a woman to perform circumcision, bas a woman is considered as one who isnaturally bcircumcised. /b,The Gemara raises a difficulty against this explanation: bAnd is there anyone who saysthat ba woman may notperform circumcision? bBut isn’t it written: “Then Zipporah took [ ivattikkaḥ /i] a flintand cut off the foreskin of her son” (Exodus 4:25). This verse explicitly states that a circumcision was performed by a woman. The Gemara answers that one should bread intothe verse: bAnd she caused to be taken [ ivattakkaḥ /i],i.e., she did not take a flint herself. bBut isn’t it written: And she cut off [ ivattikhrot /i]? Read intothe verse: bAnd she caused to be cut off [ ivattakhret /i], as she told another personto take a flint and cut off her son’s foreskin, band he didso. The Gemara provides an alternative explanation: bAnd if you wish, sayinstead: bShe came and beganthe act, band Moses came and completedthe circumcision., strongMISHNA: /strong The mishna discusses the issue of accepting certain professional services from a gentile. bOne may be treated bygentiles, provided that it is bmonetary treatment, but not personal treatment. And one may not have his hair cut by them anywhere,due to the danger that the gentile will kill him with the razor; this is bthe statement of Rabbi Meir. And the Rabbis say: In the public thoroughfare,it is bpermittedto have one’s hair cut by a gentile, bbut notwhen the Jew and gentile are balone together. /b, strongGEMARA: /strong bWhatis bmonetary treatment, and whatis bpersonal treatment? If we saythat bmonetary treatmentis medical attention provided in exchange bfor payment,whereas bpersonal treatmentis medical attention provided bfor free,then bletthe mishna bteach: One may be treated bygentiles in exchange bfor payment, but not for free. /b,The Gemara suggests another explanation: bRather, monetary treatmentis referring to medical treatment for ba matter that poses nolife-threatening bdanger,whereas bpersonal treatmentis referring to treatment for ba matter that does poselife-threatening bdanger.The Gemara rejects this suggestion as well. bBut doesn’t Rav Yehuda say: Evenwith regard to the wound of ba bloodletting incision [ irivda dekhusilta /i] we are notpermitted to be btreated bygentiles. The wound left after bloodletting certainly does not pose life-threatening danger, and yet a Jew is prohibited from having it treated by a gentile., bRather, monetary treatmentis referring to medical treatment provided for bone’s animal,whereas bpersonal treatmentis referring to treatment provided for bhisown bbody, and this isin accordance with bthatwhich bRav Yehuda says: Evenwith regard to the wound of ba bloodletting incision, we are notpermitted to be btreated by them. /b, bRav Ḥisda saysthat bMar Ukva says: But ifa gentile bsaid to him: Such and such a potion is beneficial forthis ailment, or bsuch and such a potion is harmful forthis ailment, it is bpermittedto adhere to the gentile’s advice. |
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9. Babylonian Talmud, Pesahim, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 54a. ואיש תבונה ידלנה מים עמוקים עצה בלב איש זה עולא ואיש תבונה ידלנה זה רבה בר בר חנה ואינהו כמאן סברוה כי הא דאמר ר' בנימן בר יפת אמר רבי יוחנן מברכין על האור בין במוצאי שבת בין במוצאי יום הכפורים וכן עמא דבר,מיתיבי אין מברכין על האור אלא במוצאי שבת הואיל ותחילת ברייתו הוא וכיון שרואה מברך מיד רבי יהודה אומר סודרן על הכוס ואמר רבי יוחנן הלכה כרבי יהודה,לא קשיא כאן באור ששבת כאן באור היוצא מן העצים ומן האבנים,תני חדא אור היוצא מן העצים ומן האבנים מברכין עליו ותני חדא אין מברכין עליו לא קשיא כאן במוצאי שבת כאן במוצאי יום הכפורים,רבי מפזרן רבי חייא מכנסן אמר רבי יצחק בר אבדימי אע"פ שרבי מפזרן חוזר וסודרן על הכוס כדי להוציא בניו ובני ביתו,ואור במוצאי שבת איברי והא תניא עשרה דברים נבראו בערב שבת בין השמשות אלו הן באר והמן וקשת כתב ומכתב והלוחות וקברו של משה ומערה שעמד בו משה ואליהו פתיחת פי האתון ופתיחת פי הארץ לבלוע את הרשעים,רבי נחמיה אומר משום אביו אף האור והפרד ר' יאשיה אומר משום אביו אף האיל והשמיר רבי יהודה אומר אף הצבת הוא היה אומר צבתא בצבתא מתעבדא וצבתא קמייתא מאן עבד הא לאי בריה בידי שמים היא אמר ליה אפשר יעשנה בדפוס ויקבענה כיון הא לאי בריה בידי אדם היא,לא קשיא הא באור דידן הא באור דגיהנם אור דידן במוצאי שבת אור דגיהנם בערב שבת ואור דגיהנם בערב שבת איברי והא תניא *שבעה דברים נבראו קודם שנברא העולם ואלו הן תורה ותשובה וגן עדן וגיהנם וכסא הכבוד ובית המקדש ושמו של משיח,תורה דכתיב (משלי ח, כב) ה' קנני ראשית דרכו תשובה דכתיב (תהלים צ, ב) בטרם הרים יולדו וכתיב (תהלים צ, ג) תשב אנוש עד דכא ותאמר שובו בני אדם,גן עדן דכתיב (בראשית ב, ח) ויטע ה' אלהים גן בעדן מקדם גיהנם דכתיב (ישעיהו ל, לג) כי ערוך מאתמול תפתה,כסא הכבוד ובית המקדש דכתיב (ירמיהו יז, יב) כסא כבוד מרום מראשון מקום מקדשנו שמו של משיח דכתיב (תהלים עב, יז) יהי שמו לעולם לפני שמש ינון שמו,אמרי חללה הוא דנברא קודם שנברא העולם ואור דידיה בערב שבת,ואור דידיה בערב שבת איברי והתניא רבי יוסי אומר אור שברא הקב"ה בשני בשבת אין לו כבייה לעולם שנאמר (ישעיהו סו, כד) ויצאו וראו בפגרי האנשים הפושעים בי כי תולעתם לא תמות ואשם לא תכבה ואמר רבי בנאה בריה דרבי עולא מפני מה לא נאמר כי טוב בשני בשבת מפני שנברא בו אור של גיהנם ואמר רבי אלעזר אע"פ שלא נאמר בו כי טוב חזר וכללו בששי שנאמר (בראשית א, לא) וירא אלהים את כל אשר עשה והנה טוב מאד,אלא חללה קודם שנברא העולם ואור דידיה בשני בשבת ואור דידן במחשבה עלה ליבראות בערב שבת ולא נברא עד מוצאי שבת דתניא ר' יוסי אומר שני דברים עלו במחשבה ליבראות בערב שבת ולא נבראו עד מוצאי שבת ובמוצאי שבת נתן הקב"ה דיעה באדם הראשון מעין דוגמא של מעלה והביא שני אבנים וטחנן זו בזו ויצא מהן אור והביא שתי בהמות והרכיב זו בזו ויצא מהן פרד רבן שמעון בן גמליאל אומר פרד בימי ענה היה שנאמר (בראשית לו, כד) הוא ענה אשר מצא את הימים במדבר,דורשי חמורות היו אומרים ענה פסול היה לפיכך הביא פסול לעולם שנאמר (בראשית לו, כ) אלה בני שעיר החורי וכתיב אלה בני צבעון ואיה וענה אלא מלמד שבא צבעון על אמו והוליד ממנה ענה,ודילמא תרי ענה הוו אמר רבא אמינא מילתא דשבור מלכא לא אמרה ומנו שמואל איכא דאמרי אמר ר"פ אמינא מילתא דשבור מלכא לא אמרה ומנו רבא אמר קרא הוא ענה הוא ענה דמעיקרא,תנו רבנן עשרה דברים נבראו בערב שבת בין השמשות ואלו הן באר ומן וקשת הכתב והמכתב והלוחות קברו של משה ומערה שעמד בה משה ואליהו פתיחת פי האתון ופתיחת פי הארץ לבלוע את הרשעים ויש אומרים אף מקלו של אהרן שקדיה ופרחיה ויש אומרים אף המזיקין ויש אומרים אף | 54a. bbut a man of understanding will draw it out”(Proverbs 20:5). bCounsel in the heart of man is like deep water; that isa reference to bUlla,who had a thought but did not articulate it. bBut a man of understanding will draw it out; that isa reference to bRabba bar bar Ḥana,who understood the allusion even though it was not articulated. The Gemara asks: bAnd in accordance with whoseopinion bdoUlla and Rabba bar bar Ḥana bhold,leading them to reject Rabbi Abba’s statement of Rabbi Yoḥa’s opinion? The Gemara answers: They hold bin accordance with thatwhich bRabbi Binyamin bar Yefet saidthat bRabbi Yoḥa said: One recites the blessing over fire both at the conclusion of Shabbat and at the conclusion of Yom Kippur. And that ishow bthe people act. /b,The Gemara braises an objectionfrom that which was previously taught: bOne recites a blessing over fire only at the conclusion of Shabbatand not at the conclusion of Festivals or Yom Kippur, bsincethe conclusion of Shabbat bisthe time of bits original creation.And once bhe sees it, he recites the blessing immediately. Rabbi Yehuda says:One does not recite the blessing immediately; rather, he waits and barrangesand recites the blessings over fire and spices bover the cupof wine that accompanies the recitation of havdala. bAnd Rabbi Yoḥa said: The ihalakhais in accordance withthe opinion of bRabbi Yehuda.How does Rabbi Yoḥa explain the baraita?,The Gemara answers: This is bnot difficult. Here,where Rabbi Yoḥa said that one recites the blessing at the conclusion of Yom Kippur, it is referring to bfire that restedon Yom Kippur, i.e., fire for which no prohibition was involved in its kindling, either because it was kindled before Yom Kippur or because it was kindled in a permitted manner, e.g., for a dangerously ill person. bThere,where Rabbi Yoḥa said that the blessing is recited only at the conclusion of Shabbat, it is referring to fire bgenerated from wood and from stonesafter Shabbat, similar to the primordial fire, which was created at the conclusion of Shabbat.,It was btaughtin bone ibaraita /i: With regard to bfire generated from wood and stones, one recites a blessing over it; andit was btaughtin boneother ibaraita /i: bOne does not recite a blessing over it.This apparent contradiction is bnot difficult. Here,where the ibaraitastates that one recites a blessing, it is referring bto the conclusion of Shabbat. There,where the ibaraitastates that one does not recite a blessing, it is referring bto the conclusion of Yom Kippur. /b, bRabbiYehuda HaNasi would bdistributethe blessings over the fire and the spices, reciting each when the opportunity arose. bRabbi Ḥiyyawould bcollect them,reciting all the blessings at the same time in the framework of ihavdala /i. bRabbi Yitzḥak bar Avdimi said: Even though RabbiYehuda HaNasi bdistributes themand recites each blessing at his first opportunity, bhe repeatsthe blessings band arrangesand recites bthem over the cupof wine bin order to discharge the obligation of his children and the members of his household. /b,The Gemara stated that fire was originally created at the conclusion of Shabbat. The Gemara asks: bWas fire created at the conclusion of Shabbat? Wasn’tit btaughtin a ibaraita /i: bTenmiraculous bphenomena were createdin heaven bon Shabbat eve during twilight,and were revealed in the world only later? bThey were:Miriam’s bwell, and the mannathat fell in the desert, band the rainbow, writing [ iketav/b], bandthe bwriting instrument [ imikhtav /i], and the tabletsof the Ten Commandments, band the grave of Moses, and the cave in which Moses and Elijah stood, the opening of the mouth ofBalaam’s bdonkey, and the opening of the earth’s mouth to swallow the wickedin the incident involving Korah., bRabbi Neḥemya said in the name of his father: Even the fire and the mule,which is a product of crossbreeding, were created at that time. bRabbi Yoshiya said in the name of his father: Even the ramslaughtered by Abraham in place of Isaac, band the ishamir /iworm used to shape the stones for the altar, were created at that time. bRabbi Yehuda says: Even the tongswere created at this time. bHe would say: Tongscan be bfashionedonly bwithother btongs, but who fashioned the first tongs? Indeed,the first pair of tongs bwas fashioned at the hand of Heaven.An anonymous questioner bsaid to him: It is possible to fashiontongs bwith a mold and align itwithout the need for other tongs. bIndeed,the first tongs bwere a creation of man.In any event, fire was originally created before Shabbat, not at the conclusion of Shabbat.,The Gemara answers: This is bnot difficult. This ibaraitais referring bto our fire, and that ibaraitais referring bto the fireof bGehenna.The Gemara explains: bOur firewas created bat the conclusion of Shabbat,but bthe fire of Gehenna was created on Shabbat eve.The Gemara proceeds to ask: bWas the fire of Gehenna created on Shabbat eve? Wasn’tit btaughtin a ibaraita /i: bSeven phenomena were created before the world was created, and they are: Torah, and repentance, and the Garden of Eden, and Gehenna, and the Throne of Glory, and the Temple, and the name of Messiah. /b,The Gemara provides sources for the notion that each of these phenomena was created before the world was. bTorahwas created before the world was created, bas it is written: “The Lord made me as the beginning of His way,the first of His works of old” (Proverbs 8:22), which, based on the subsequent verses, is referring to the Torah. bRepentancewas created before the world was created, bas it is written: “Before the mountains were brought forth,or ever You had formed the earth and the world, even from everlasting to everlasting, You are God,” band it is writtenimmediately afterward: b“You return man to contrition; and You say: Repent, children of man”(Psalms 90:2–3)., bThe Garden of Edenwas created before the world was created, bas it is written: “And God planted the Garden of Eden in the east [ imikedem /i]”(Genesis 2:8). The term: In the east [ imikedem /i] is interpreted in the sense of: Before [ imikodem /i], i.e., before the world was created. bGehennawas created before the world was created, bas it is written: “For its hearth is ordained of old”(Isaiah 30:33). The hearth, i.e., Gehenna, was created before the world was created., bThe Throne of Glory and the Templewere created before the world was created, bas it is written: “Your Throne of Glory on high from the beginning, in the place of our Sanctuary”(Jeremiah 17:12). bThe name of Messiahwas created before the world was created, bas it is writtenin the chapter discussing the Messiah: b“May his name endure forever; his name existed before the sun”(Psalms 72:17). The name of Messiah already existed before the creation of the sun and the rest of the world. This ibaraitastates that Gehenna was created before the world was created and not during twilight before the first Shabbat., bThey sayin answer: The bvoidof Gehenna bwas created before the world, but its fire was created on Shabbat eve. /b,The Gemara asks: bAnd was its fire created on Shabbat eve? Wasn’tit btaughtin a ibaraitathat bRabbi Yosei says: The fire that the Holy One, Blessed be He, created on the second day of the week will never be extinguished, as it is stated: “And they shall go forth, and look upon the carcasses of the men who have rebelled against Me; for their worm shall not die, nor will their fire be extinguished;and they shall be an abhorrence to all flesh” (Isaiah 66:24)? bAnd Rabbi Bana’a, sonof bRabbi Ulla, said: Why doesn’t the verse state: That it was good,at the end of the bsecond day of the weekof Creation, as it does on the other days? It is bbecause onthat day bthe fire of Gehenna was created. And Rabbi Elazar saidthat beven though: That it was good, was not stated with regard tothe creations of the second day, bHe later included iton the bsixth day, as it is stated: “And God saw all that He had done and behold, it was very good”(Genesis 1:31)., bRather, the voidof Gehenna was created bbefore the world was created, and its firewas created only bon the second day of the week. Andthe thought barosein God’s bmind to create our fire on Shabbat eve;however, bit was notactually bcreated until the conclusion of Shabbat, as it was taughtin a ibaraitathat bRabbi Yosei says:The thoughts of btwo phenomena arose inGod’s bmind on Shabbat eve, but were notactually bcreated until the conclusion of Shabbat. At the conclusion of Shabbat, the Holy One, Blessed be He, granted Adam, the firstman, creative bknowledge similar to divineknowledge, band he brought two rocks and rubbed them against each other, andthe first bfire emerged from them. Adamalso bbrought two animals,a female horse and a male donkey, band mated them with each other, andthe resultant offspring that bemerged from themwas ba mule. Rabban Shimon ben Gamlieldisagrees and bsaysthat the first bmule was in the days of Anah, as it is stated:“And these are the children of Zibeon: Aiah and Anah; bthis is Anah who found the mules in the wilderness,as he fed the donkeys of Zibeon his father” (Genesis 36:24)., bThe interpretersof Torah bsymbolism [ iḥamurot /i] would say: Anah wasthe product of an incestuous relationship, and as a result he was spiritually bunfitto produce offspring. bTherefore,he bbroughtan example of bunfitness,i.e., an animal physically unfit to produce offspring, binto the world, as it is stated: “These are the sons of Seir the Horite,the inhabitants of the land: Lotan, and Shoval, and Zibeon, and Anah” (Genesis 36:20). bAnd it isalso bstated: “And these are the sons of Zibeon: Aiah and Anah”(Genesis 36:24). One verse describes both Anah and Zibeon as sons of Seir, meaning that they are brothers, while the other verse describes Anah as Zibeon’s son. bRather, this teaches that Zibeon cohabited with his mother,the wife of Seir, band fathered Anah from her.He is called Seir’s son although in fact he was the offspring of Seir’s son and Seir’s wife.,The Gemara asks: bAnd perhaps there were twopeople named bAnah,one the son of Zibeon and the other the son of Seir? bRava said: I will state a matterthat even bKing Shapur did not state. And who isthis King Shapur? This cannot be a reference to Shapur, king of Persia; rather, it must be an epithet for someone else. He is bShmuel,whose legal rulings were accepted by the public like the edicts of a king by his subjects. bSome saya different version, that it was bRav Pappawho bsaid: I will state a matterthat even bKing Shapur did not state. And who is hethat Rav Pappa is referring to by the epithet King Shapur? He is bRava. The verse said: “This is Anahwho found the mules,” indicating that bhe isthe same bAnahmentioned binitiallyin the earlier verse., bThe Sages taught: Ten phenomena were created on Shabbat eve during twilight, and they were:Miriam’s bwell, and manna, andthe brainbow, writing, and the writing instrument, and the tablets, the grave of Moses, and the cave in which Moses and Elijah stood, the opening of the mouth ofBalaam’s bdonkey, and the opening of the mouth of the earth to swallow the wickedin the time of Korah. bAnd some saythat beven Aaron’s staffwas created then with bits almonds and its blossoms. Some saythat beven the demonswere created at this time. bAnd some saythat beven /b |
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