Tiresias: The Ancient Mediterranean Religions Source Database

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Justin, Dialogue With Trypho, 80.4
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Intertexts (texts cited often on the same page as the searched text):

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1. Hebrew Bible, Exodus, 6.3-6.4, 7.11 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)

6.3. וָאֵרָא אֶל־אַבְרָהָם אֶל־יִצְחָק וְאֶל־יַעֲקֹב בְּאֵל שַׁדָּי וּשְׁמִי יְהוָה לֹא נוֹדַעְתִּי לָהֶם׃ 6.3. וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה לִפְנֵי יְהוָה הֵן אֲנִי עֲרַל שְׂפָתַיִם וְאֵיךְ יִשְׁמַע אֵלַי פַּרְעֹה׃ 6.4. וְגַם הֲקִמֹתִי אֶת־בְּרִיתִי אִתָּם לָתֵת לָהֶם אֶת־אֶרֶץ כְּנָעַן אֵת אֶרֶץ מְגֻרֵיהֶם אֲשֶׁר־גָּרוּ בָהּ׃ 7.11. וַיִּקְרָא גַּם־פַּרְעֹה לַחֲכָמִים וְלַמְכַשְּׁפִים וַיַּעֲשׂוּ גַם־הֵם חַרְטֻמֵּי מִצְרַיִם בְּלַהֲטֵיהֶם כֵּן׃

6.3. and I appeared unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, as God Almighty, but by My name יהוה I made Me not known to them." 6.4. And I have also established My covet with them, to give them the land of Canaan, the land of their sojournings, wherein they sojourned." 7.11. Then Pharaoh also called for the wise men and the sorcerers; and they also, the magicians of Egypt, did in like manner with their secret arts."

2. Hebrew Bible, Genesis, 1.26, 3.22, 12.8, 13.4, 15.8, 28.21 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)

1.26. וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים נַעֲשֶׂה אָדָם בְּצַלְמֵנוּ כִּדְמוּתֵנוּ וְיִרְדּוּ בִדְגַת הַיָּם וּבְעוֹף הַשָּׁמַיִם וּבַבְּהֵמָה וּבְכָל־הָאָרֶץ וּבְכָל־הָרֶמֶשׂ הָרֹמֵשׂ עַל־הָאָרֶץ׃ 3.22. וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוָה אֱלֹהִים הֵן הָאָדָם הָיָה כְּאַחַד מִמֶּנּוּ לָדַעַת טוֹב וָרָע וְעַתָּה פֶּן־יִשְׁלַח יָדוֹ וְלָקַח גַּם מֵעֵץ הַחַיִּים וְאָכַל וָחַי לְעֹלָם׃ 12.8. וַיַּעְתֵּק מִשָּׁם הָהָרָה מִקֶּדֶם לְבֵית־אֵל וַיֵּט אָהֳלֹה בֵּית־אֵל מִיָּם וְהָעַי מִקֶּדֶם וַיִּבֶן־שָׁם מִזְבֵּחַ לַיהוָה וַיִּקְרָא בְּשֵׁם יְהוָה׃ 13.4. אֶל־מְקוֹם הַמִּזְבֵּחַ אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂה שָׁם בָּרִאשֹׁנָה וַיִּקְרָא שָׁם אַבְרָם בְּשֵׁם יְהוָה׃ 15.8. וַיֹּאמַר אֲדֹנָי יֱהוִה בַּמָּה אֵדַע כִּי אִירָשֶׁנָּה׃ 28.21. וְשַׁבְתִּי בְשָׁלוֹם אֶל־בֵּית אָבִי וְהָיָה יְהוָה לִי לֵאלֹהִים׃

1.26. And God said: ‘Let us make man in our image, after our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.’" 3.22. And the LORD God said: ‘Behold, the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil; and now, lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for ever.’" 12.8. And he removed from thence unto the mountain on the east of Beth-el, and pitched his tent, having Beth-el on the west, and Ai on the east; and he builded there an altar unto the LORD, and called upon the name of the LORD." 13.4. unto the place of the altar, which he had made there at the first; and Abram called there on the name of the LORD." 15.8. And he said: ‘O Lord GOD, whereby shall I know that I shall inherit it?’" 28.21. so that I come back to my father’s house in peace, then shall the LORD be my God,"

3. Hebrew Bible, Psalms, 21 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)

4. Hebrew Bible, 1 Kings, 18 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)

5. Hebrew Bible, Isaiah, 29.13, 29.19 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)

29.13. וַיֹּאמֶר אֲדֹנָי יַעַן כִּי נִגַּשׁ הָעָם הַזֶּה בְּפִיו וּבִשְׂפָתָיו כִּבְּדוּנִי וְלִבּוֹ רִחַק מִמֶּנִּי וַתְּהִי יִרְאָתָם אֹתִי מִצְוַת אֲנָשִׁים מְלֻמָּדָה׃ 29.19. וְיָסְפוּ עֲנָוִים בַּיהוָה שִׂמְחָה וְאֶבְיוֹנֵי אָדָם בִּקְדוֹשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל יָגִילוּ׃

29.13. And the Lord said: Forasmuch as this people draw near, and with their mouth and with their lips do honour Me, But have removed their heart far from Me, And their fear of Me is a commandment of men learned by rote;" 29.19. The humble also shall increase their joy in the LORD, and the neediest among men shall exult in the Holy One of Israel."

6. Dead Sea Scrolls, Community Rule, 3.7, 4.20-4.22, 8.17 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE)

7. Septuagint, 1 Maccabees, 2.58 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)

2.58. Elijah because of great zeal for the law was taken up into heaven.

8. Septuagint, 3 Maccabees, 2.19, 6.4 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)

2.19. Wipe away our sins and disperse our errors, and reveal your mercy at this hour. 6.4. Pharaoh with his abundance of chariots, the former ruler of this Egypt, exalted with lawless insolence and boastful tongue, you destroyed together with his arrogant army by drowning them in the sea, manifesting the light of your mercy upon the nation of Israel. 6.4. Then they feasted, provided with everything by the king, until the fourteenth day, on which also they made the petition for their dismissal.

9. Philo of Alexandria, On The Confusion of Tongues, 14 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE)

14. Those, then, who put these things together, and cavil at them, and raise malicious objections, will be easily refuted separately by those who can produce ready solutions of all such questions as arise from the plain words of the law, arguing in a spirit far from contentious, and not encountering them by sophisms drawn from any other source, but following the connection of natural consequences, which does not permit them to stumble, but which easily puts aside any impediments that arise, so that the course of their arguments proceeds without any interruption or mishap.

10. Philo of Alexandria, On The Preliminary Studies, 63 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE)

63. The connection therefore between the reason which is devoted to contemplation and those powers which are citizen wives, or concubines, has here been explained to the best of my power. We must now proceed to investigate what follows, and endeavour to frame a proper connection for an argument. "Abraham," says the sacred historian, "listened to the voice of Sarah." For it is necessary for him who is a learner to be obedient to the injunctions of virtue:

11. Philo of Alexandria, On Flight And Finding, 119 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE)

119. Having now, therefore, said what was proper on the subject of fugitives, we will proceed with what follows in the regular order of the context. In the first place it is said, "The angel of the Lord found her in the Way," pitying the soul which out of modesty had voluntarily committed the danger of wandering about, and very nearly becoming a conductor of her return to opinion void of error.

12. Philo of Alexandria, On The Creation of The World, 28, 65, 131 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE)

131. Then, preserving the natural order of things, and having a regard to the connection between what comes afterwards and what has gone before, he says next, "And a fountain went up from the earth and watered the whole face of the earth." For other philosophers affirm that all water is one of the four elements of which the world was composed. But Moses, who was accustomed to contemplate and comprehend matters with a more acute and far-sighted vision, considers thus: the vast sea is an element, being a fourth part of the entire universe, which the men after him denominated the ocean, while they look upon the smaller seas which we sail over in the light of harbours. And he drew a distinction between the sweet and drinkable water and that of the sea, attributing the former to the earth, and considering it a portion of the earth, rather than of the ocean, on account of the reason which I have already mentioned, that is to say, that the earth may be held together by the sweet qualities of the water as by a chain; the water acting in the manner of glue. For if the earth were left entirely dry, so that no moisture arose and penetrated through its holes rising to the surface in various directions, it would split. But now it is held together, and remains lasting, partly by the force of the wind which unites it, and partly because the moisture does not allow it to become dry, and so to be broken up into larger and smaller fragments.

13. Philo of Alexandria, On The Life of Moses, 2.291 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE)

2.291. For when he was now on the point of being taken away, and was standing at the very starting-place, as it were, that he might fly away and complete his journey to heaven, he was once more inspired and filled with the Holy Spirit, and while still alive, he prophesied admirably what should happen to himself after his death, relating, that is, how he had died when he was not as yet dead, and how he was buried without any one being present so as to know of his tomb, because in fact he was entombed not by mortal hands, but by immortal powers, so that he was not placed in the tomb of his forefathers, having met with particular grace which no man ever saw; and mentioning further how the whole nation mourned for him with tears a whole month, displaying the individual and general sorrow on account of his unspeakable benevolence towards each individual and towards the whole collective host, and of the wisdom with which he had ruled them.

14. Philo of Alexandria, Hypothetica, 11.3, 11.14-11.17 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE)

15. Philo of Alexandria, That Every Good Person Is Free, 77, 89-91, 76 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE)

76. These men, in the first place, live in villages, avoiding all cities on account of the habitual lawlessness of those who inhabit them, well knowing that such a moral disease is contracted from associations with wicked men, just as a real disease might be from an impure atmosphere, and that this would stamp an incurable evil on their souls. of these men, some cultivating the earth, and others devoting themselves to those arts which are the result of peace, benefit both themselves and all those who come in contact with them, not storing up treasures of silver and of gold, nor acquiring vast sections of the earth out of a desire for ample revenues, but providing all things which are requisite for the natural purposes of life;

16. Ignatius, To The Smyrnaeans, 4.1 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)

17. Josephus Flavius, Jewish Antiquities, 6.25, 13.311, 17.195, 18.21, 18.117 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

6.25. Hereupon Samuel bade them be of good cheer, and promised them that God would assist them; and taking a sucking lamb, he sacrificed it for the multitude, and besought God to hold his protecting hand over them when they should fight with the Philistines, and not to overlook them, nor suffer them to come under a second misfortune. Accordingly God hearkened to his prayers, and accepting their sacrifice with a gracious intention, and such as was disposed to assist them, he granted them victory and power over their enemies. 6.25. Now when Saul heard that David had been seen with a multitude about him, he fell into no small disturbance and trouble; but as he knew that David was a bold and courageous man, he suspected that somewhat extraordinary would appear from him, and that openly also, which would make him weep and put him into distress; 13.311. But here one may take occasion to wonder at one Judas, who was of the sect of the Essenes, and who never missed the truth in his predictions; for this man, when he saw Antigonus passing by the temple, cried out to his companions and friends, who abode with him as his scholars, in order to learn the art of foretelling things to come? 17.195. After which Ptolemy, who had the king’s seal intrusted to him, read the king’s testament, which was to be of force no otherwise than as it should stand when Caesar had inspected it; so there was presently an acclamation made to Archelaus, as king; and the soldiers came by bands, and their commanders with them, and promised the same good-will to him, and readiness to serve him, which they had exhibited to Herod; and they prayed God to be assistant to him. 18.21. and neither marry wives, nor are desirous to keep servants; as thinking the latter tempts men to be unjust, and the former gives the handle to domestic quarrels; but as they live by themselves, they minister one to another. 18.21. that it turned greatly to the advantage of his son among all; and, among others, the soldiery were so peculiarly affected to him, that they reckoned it an eligible thing, if need were, to die themselves, if he might but attain to the government. 18.117. for Herod slew him, who was a good man, and commanded the Jews to exercise virtue, both as to righteousness towards one another, and piety towards God, and so to come to baptism; for that the washing [with water] would be acceptable to him, if they made use of it, not in order to the putting away [or the remission] of some sins [only], but for the purification of the body; supposing still that the soul was thoroughly purified beforehand by righteousness.

18. Josephus Flavius, Jewish War, 1.3, 1.78, 2.118, 2.120-2.121, 2.137-2.145, 2.151, 2.160-2.161, 2.166, 6.387 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

1.3. I have proposed to myself, for the sake of such as live under the government of the Romans, to translate those books into the Greek tongue, which I formerly composed in the language of our country, and sent to the Upper Barbarians; I, Joseph, the son of Matthias, by birth a Hebrew, a priest also, and one who at first fought against the Romans myself, and was forced to be present at what was done afterward [am the author of this work]. 1.3. 12. I have comprehended all these things in seven books, and have left no occasion for complaint or accusation to such as have been acquainted with this war; and I have written it down for the sake of those that love truth, but not for those that please themselves [with fictitious relations]. And I will begin my account of these things with what I call my First Chapter. 1.3. When Antigonus heard of this, he sent some of his party with orders to hinder, and lay ambushes for these collectors of corn. This command was obeyed, and a great multitude of armed men were gathered together about Jericho, and lay upon the mountains, to watch those that brought the provisions. 1.78. 5. And truly anyone would be surprised at Judas upon this occasion. He was of the sect of the Essenes, and had never failed or deceived men in his predictions before. Now, this man saw Antigonus as he was passing along by the temple, and cried out to his acquaintance (they were not a few who attended upon him as his scholars) 2.118. Under his administration it was that a certain Galilean, whose name was Judas, prevailed with his countrymen to revolt, and said they were cowards if they would endure to pay a tax to the Romans and would after God submit to mortal men as their lords. This man was a teacher of a peculiar sect of his own, and was not at all like the rest of those their leaders. 2.121. They do not absolutely deny the fitness of marriage, and the succession of mankind thereby continued; but they guard against the lascivious behavior of women, and are persuaded that none of them preserve their fidelity to one man. 2.137. 7. But now, if anyone hath a mind to come over to their sect, he is not immediately admitted, but he is prescribed the same method of living which they use, for a year, while he continues excluded; and they give him also a small hatchet, and the fore-mentioned girdle, and the white garment. 2.138. And when he hath given evidence, during that time, that he can observe their continence, he approaches nearer to their way of living, and is made a partaker of the waters of purification; yet is he not even now admitted to live with them; for after this demonstration of his fortitude, his temper is tried two more years; and if he appear to be worthy, they then admit him into their society. 2.139. And before he is allowed to touch their common food, he is obliged to take tremendous oaths, that, in the first place, he will exercise piety towards God, and then that he will observe justice towards men, and that he will do no harm to any one, either of his own accord, or by the command of others; that he will always hate the wicked, and be assistant to the righteous; 2.141. that he will be perpetually a lover of truth, and propose to himself to reprove those that tell lies; that he will keep his hands clear from theft, and his soul from unlawful gains; and that he will neither conceal anything from those of his own sect, nor discover any of their doctrines to others, no, not though anyone should compel him so to do at the hazard of his life. 2.142. Moreover, he swears to communicate their doctrines to no one any otherwise than as he received them himself; that he will abstain from robbery, and will equally preserve the books belonging to their sect, and the names of the angels [or messengers]. These are the oaths by which they secure their proselytes to themselves. 2.143. 8. But for those that are caught in any heinous sins, they cast them out of their society; and he who is thus separated from them does often die after a miserable manner; for as he is bound by the oath he hath taken, and by the customs he hath been engaged in, he is not at liberty to partake of that food that he meets with elsewhere, but is forced to eat grass, and to famish his body with hunger, till he perish; 2.144. for which reason they receive many of them again when they are at their last gasp, out of compassion to them, as thinking the miseries they have endured till they came to the very brink of death to be a sufficient punishment for the sins they had been guilty of. 2.145. 9. But in the judgments they exercise they are most accurate and just, nor do they pass sentence by the votes of a court that is fewer than a hundred. And as to what is once determined by that number, it is unalterable. What they most of all honor, after God himself, is the name of their legislator [Moses], whom, if anyone blaspheme, he is punished capitally. 2.151. They are long-lived also, insomuch that many of them live above a hundred years, by means of the simplicity of their diet; nay, as I think, by means of the regular course of life they observe also. They condemn the miseries of life, and are above pain, by the generosity of their mind. And as for death, if it will be for their glory, they esteem it better than living always; 2.161. However, they try their spouses for three years; and if they find that they have their natural purgations thrice, as trials that they are likely to be fruitful, they then actually marry them. But they do not use to accompany with their wives when they are with child, as a demonstration that they do not marry out of regard to pleasure, but for the sake of posterity. Now the women go into the baths with some of their garments on, as the men do with somewhat girded about them. And these are the customs of this order of Essenes. 2.166. Moreover, the Pharisees are friendly to one another, and are for the exercise of concord, and regard for the public; but the behavior of the Sadducees one towards another is in some degree wild, and their conversation with those that are of their own party is as barbarous as if they were strangers to them. And this is what I had to say concerning the philosophic sects among the Jews. 6.387. 3. But now at this time it was that one of the priests, the son of Thebuthus, whose name was Jesus, upon his having security given him, by the oath of Caesar, that he should be preserved, upon condition that he should deliver to him certain of the precious things that had been reposited in the temple

19. Josephus Flavius, Life, 11 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

20. Mishnah, Hagigah, 2.6-2.7 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)

2.6. If he immersed for unconsecrated [food], and was presumed to be fit to eat unconsecrated [food], he is prohibited from [eating second] tithe. If he immersed for [second] tithe, and was presumed to be fit to eat [second] tithe, he is prohibited from [eating] terumah. If he immersed for terumah, and was presumed to be fit to eat terumah, he is prohibited from [eating] holy things. If he immersed for holy things, and was presumed to be fit to eat holy things he is prohibited from [touching the waters of] purification. If one immersed for something possessing a stricter [degree of holiness], one is permitted [to have contact with] something possessing a lighter [degree of holiness]. If he immersed but without special intention, it is as though he had not immersed." 2.7. The garments of an am haaretz possess midras-impurity for Pharisees. The garments of Pharisees possess midras-impurity for those who eat terumah. The garments of those who eat terumah possess midras-impurity for [those who eat] sacred things. The garments of [those who eat] sacred things possess midras-impurity for [those who occupy themselves with the waters of] purification. Yose ben Yoezer was the most pious in the priesthood, yet his apron was [considered to possess] midras-impurity for [those who ate] sacred things. Yoha ben Gudgada all his life used to eat [unconsecrated food] in accordance with the purity required for sacred things, yet his apron was [considered to possess] midras-impurity for [those who occupied themselves with the water of] purification."

21. Mishnah, Megillah, 4.8 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)

4.8. If one says, “I will not pass before the ark in colored clothes,” even in white clothes he may not pass before it. [If one says], “I will not pass before it in shoes,” even barefoot he may not pass before it. One who makes his tefillin [for the head] round, it is dangerous and has no religious value. If he put them on his forehead or on the palm of his hand, behold this is the way of heresy. If he overlaid them with gold or put [the one for the hand] on his sleeve, behold this is the manner of the outsiders."

22. Mishnah, Niddah, 4.2 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)

4.2. The daughters of the Sadducees, so long as they are accustomed to walking in the paths of their fathers, are to be regarded as Samaritan women. If they left those paths to walk in the paths of Israel, they are to be regarded as Israelite women. Rabbi Yose says: they are always regarded as Israelite women unless they leave the paths of Israel to walk in the paths of their fathers."

23. Mishnah, Sotah, 3.4 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)

3.4. She had barely finished drinking when her face turns yellow, her eyes protrude and her veins swell. And [those who see her] exclaim, “Remove her! Remove her, so that the temple-court should not be defiled”. If she had merit, it [causes the water] to suspend its effect upon her. Some merit suspends the effect for one year, some merit suspends the effects for two years, and some merit suspends the effect for three years. Hence Ben Azzai said: a person must teach his daughter Torah, so that if she has to drink [the water of bitterness], she should know that the merit suspends its effect. Rabbi Eliezer says: whoever teaches his daughter Torah teaches her lasciviousness. Rabbi Joshua says: a woman prefers one kav (of food) and sexual indulgence to nine kav and sexual separation. He used to say, a foolish pietist, a cunning wicked person, a female separatist, and the blows of separatists bring destruction upon the world."

24. Mishnah, Yadayim, 4.6 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)

4.6. The Sadducees say: we complain against you, Pharisees, because you say that the Holy Scriptures defile the hands, but the books of Homer do not defile the hands. Rabban Yoha ben Zakkai said: Have we nothing against the Pharisees but this? Behold they say that the bones of a donkey are clean, yet the bones of Yoha the high priest are unclean. They said to him: according to the affection for them, so is their impurity, so that nobody should make spoons out of the bones of his father or mother. He said to them: so also are the Holy Scriptures according to the affection for them, so is their uncleanness. The books of Homer which are not precious do not defile the hands."

25. New Testament, 1 Corinthians, 10.32 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

10.32. Give no occasions for stumbling, either to Jews, or to Greeks,or to the assembly of God;

26. New Testament, 2 John, 10 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)

27. New Testament, 2 Corinthians, 11.22, 12.8 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

28. New Testament, Acts, 2.37, 4.2, 5.37, 13.10, 13.24, 16.30, 19.4, 22.10, 23.8 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)

2.37. Now when they heard this, they were cut to the heart, and said to Peter and the rest of the apostles, "Brothers, what shall we do? 4.2. being upset because they taught the people and proclaimed in Jesus the resurrection from the dead. 5.37. After this man, Judas of Galilee rose up in the days of the enrollment, and drew away some people after him. He also perished, and all, as many as obeyed him, were scattered abroad. 13.10. and said, "Full of all deceit and all cunning, you son of the devil, you enemy of all righteousness, will you not cease to pervert the right ways of the Lord? 13.24. before his coming, when John had first preached the baptism of repentance to all the people of Israel. 16.30. and brought them out and said, "Sirs, what must I do to be saved? 19.4. Paul said, "John indeed baptized with the baptism of repentance, saying to the people that they should believe in the one who would come after him, that is, on Jesus. 22.10. I said, 'What shall I do, Lord?' The Lord said to me, 'Arise, and go into Damascus. There you will be told about all things which are appointed for you to do.' 23.8. For the Sadducees say that there is no resurrection, neither angel, nor spirit; but the Pharisees confess all of these.

29. New Testament, Apocalypse, 2.9, 3.9 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

2.9. I know your works, oppression, and your poverty (but you are rich), and the blasphemy of those who say they are Jews, and they are not, but are a synagogue of Satan. 3.9. Behold, I give of the synagogue of Satan, of those who say they are Jews, and they are not, but lie. Behold, I will make them to come and worship before your feet, and to know that I have loved you.

30. New Testament, Jude, 11-19, 8-10 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

31. New Testament, Philippians, 3.5 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

3.5. circumcised the eighth day, of the stock of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew of Hebrews; concerning the law, a Pharisee;

32. New Testament, Titus, 3.10 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

3.10. Avoid a factious man after a first and second warning;

33. New Testament, John, 7.12, 12.42 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

7.12. There was much murmuring among the multitudes concerning him. Some said, "He is a good man." Others said, "Not so, but he leads the multitude astray. 12.42. Nevertheless even of the rulers many believed in him, but because of the Pharisees they didn't confess it, so that they wouldn't be put out of the synagogue

34. New Testament, Luke, 1.50, 3.3, 3.7-3.14, 3.16, 5.17, 18.13, 20.27 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

1.50. His mercy is for generations of generations on those who fear him. 3.3. He came into all the region around the Jordan, preaching the baptism of repentance for remission of sins. 3.7. He said therefore to the multitudes who went out to be baptized by him, "You offspring of vipers, who warned you to flee from the wrath to come? 3.8. Bring forth therefore fruits worthy of repentance, and don't begin to say among yourselves, 'We have Abraham for our father;' for I tell you that God is able to raise up children to Abraham from these stones! 3.9. Even now the ax also lies at the root of the trees. Every tree therefore that doesn't bring forth good fruit is cut down, and thrown into the fire. 3.10. The multitudes asked him, "What then must we do? 3.11. He answered them, "He who has two coats, let him give to him who has none. He who has food, let him do likewise. 3.12. Tax collectors also came to be baptized, and they said to him, "Teacher, what must we do? 3.13. He said to them, "Collect no more than that which is appointed to you. 3.14. Soldiers also asked him, saying, "What about us? What must we do?"He said to them, "Extort from no one by violence, neither accuse anyone wrongfully. Be content with your wages. 3.16. John answered them all, "I indeed baptize you with water, but he comes who is mightier than I, the latchet of whose sandals I am not worthy to loosen. He will baptize you in the Holy Spirit and fire 5.17. It happened on one of those days, that he was teaching; and there were Pharisees and teachers of the law sitting by, who had come out of every village of Galilee, Judea, and Jerusalem. The power of the Lord was with him to heal them. 18.13. But the tax collector, standing far away, wouldn't even lift up his eyes to heaven, but beat his breast, saying, 'God, be merciful to me, a sinner!' 20.27. Some of the Sadducees came to him, those who deny that there is a resurrection.

35. New Testament, Mark, 1.4, 1.8, 3.6, 7.1-7.6, 8.15, 10.17, 12.1-12.12, 12.18, 12.23 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

1.4. John came baptizing in the wilderness and preaching the baptism of repentance for forgiveness of sins. 1.8. I baptized you in water, but he will baptize you in the Holy Spirit. 3.6. The Pharisees went out, and immediately conspired with the Herodians against him, how they might destroy him. 7.1. Then the Pharisees, and some of the scribes gathered together to him, having come from Jerusalem. 7.2. Now when they saw some of his disciples eating bread with defiled, that is, unwashed, hands, they found fault. 7.3. (For the Pharisees, and all the Jews, don't eat unless they wash their hands and forearms, holding to the tradition of the elders. 7.4. They don't eat when they come from the marketplace, unless they bathe themselves, and there are many other things, which they have received to hold to: washings of cups, pitchers, bronze vessels, and couches.) 7.5. The Pharisees and the scribes asked him, "Why don't your disciples walk according to the tradition of the elders, but eat their bread with unwashed hands? 7.6. He answered them, "Well did Isaiah prophesy of you hypocrites, as it is written, 'This people honors me with their lips, But their heart is far from me. 8.15. He charged them, saying, "Take heed: beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and the yeast of Herod. 10.17. As he was going out into the way, one ran to him, knelt before him, and asked him, "Good Teacher, what shall I do that I may inherit eternal life? 12.1. He began to speak to them in parables. "A man planted a vineyard, put a hedge around it, dug a pit for the winepress, built a tower, rented it out to a farmer, and went into another country. 12.2. When it was time, he sent a servant to the farmer to get from the farmer his share of the fruit of the vineyard. 12.3. They took him, beat him, and sent him away empty. 12.4. Again, he sent another servant to them; and they threw stones at him, wounded him in the head, and sent him away shamefully treated. 12.5. Again he sent another; and they killed him; and many others, beating some, and killing some. 12.6. Therefore still having one, his beloved son, he sent him last to them, saying, 'They will respect my son.' 12.7. But those farmers said among themselves, 'This is the heir. Come, let's kill him, and the inheritance will be ours.' 12.8. They took him, killed him, and cast him out of the vineyard. 12.9. What therefore will the lord of the vineyard do? He will come and destroy the farmers, and will give the vineyard to others. 12.10. Haven't you even read this Scripture: 'The stone which the builders rejected, The same was made the head of the corner. 12.11. This was from the Lord, It is marvelous in our eyes'? 12.12. They tried to seize him, but they feared the multitude; for they perceived that he spoke the parable against them. They left him, and went away. 12.18. There came to him Sadducees, who say that there is no resurrection. They asked him, saying 12.23. In the resurrection, when they rise, whose wife will she be of them? For the seven had her as a wife.

36. New Testament, Matthew, 3.7-3.11, 9.34, 12.24, 15.1-15.7, 21.43, 22.23, 26.39, 26.53, 27.63 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

3.7. But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees coming for his baptism, he said to them, "You offspring of vipers, who warned you to flee from the wrath to come? 3.8. Therefore bring forth fruit worthy of repentance! 3.9. Don't think to yourselves, 'We have Abraham for our father,' for I tell you that God is able to raise up children to Abraham from these stones. 3.10. Even now the ax lies at the root of the trees. Therefore, every tree that doesn't bring forth good fruit is cut down, and cast into the fire. 3.11. I indeed baptize you in water for repentance, but he who comes after me is mightier than I, whose shoes I am not worthy to carry. He will baptize you in the Holy Spirit. 9.34. But the Pharisees said, "By the prince of the demons, he casts out demons. 12.24. But when the Pharisees heard it, they said, "This man does not cast out demons, except by Beelzebul, the prince of the demons. 15.1. Then Pharisees and scribes came to Jesus from Jerusalem, saying 15.2. Why do your disciples disobey the tradition of the elders? For they don't wash their hands when they eat bread. 15.3. He answered them, "Why do you also disobey the commandment of God because of your tradition? 15.4. For God commanded, 'Honor your father and your mother,' and, 'He who speaks evil of father or mother, let him be put to death.' 15.5. But you say, 'Whoever may tell his father or his mother, "Whatever help you might otherwise have gotten from me is a gift devoted to God 15.6. he shall not honor his father or mother.' You have made the commandment of God void because of your tradition. 15.7. You hypocrites! Well did Isaiah prophesy of you, saying 21.43. Therefore I tell you, the Kingdom of God will be taken away from you, and will be given to a nation bringing forth its fruits. 22.23. On that day Sadducees (those who say that there is no resurrection) came to him. They asked him 26.39. He went forward a little, fell on his face, and prayed, saying, "My Father, if it is possible, let this cup pass away from me; nevertheless, not what I desire, but what you desire. 26.53. Or do you think that I couldn't ask my Father, and he would even now send me more than twelve legions of angels? 27.63. saying, "Sir, we remember what that deceiver said while he was still alive: 'After three days I will rise again.'

37. Plutarch, Alexander The Great, 33 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)

38. Tosefta, Berachot, 2.13, 2.18, 3.6 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)

2.13. “A man who had a seminal emission (Baal Keri) who does not have water to dip in may read the Shema, but he may not [read it loud enough so that he can] hear [himself talking] with his own ear, and does not say the Beracha (blessing) not before it and not after it.” [These are] the words of Rebbi Meir. And the Chachamim (Sages) say, ”He may read the Shema and he may [read it loud enough so that he can] hear [himself talking] with his own ear, and he says the Beracha [both] before it and after it.” Rebbi Meir said, “One time we were sitting in the Bet Midrash (Study Hall) in front of Rebbi Akiva and we were reading the Shema, but we were not saying it loud enough to be able to hear ourselves, because of one inquisitor who was standing by the door.” They (i.e. Chachamim) said [back] to him, “The time of danger is not a proof.”" 3.6. [A person] who prays [Shmoneh Esreh] must pay attention [to the meaning of the words]. Abba Shaul says, “There is a reference for [the need of attention in] prayer [in the Tanach], ‘Prepare their hearts, pay attention.’ “ (Psalms 10:17)"

39. Tosefta, Niddah, 5.3 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)

40. Tosefta, Yadayim, 2.20 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)

41. Anon., Marytrdom of Polycarp, 10.1 (2nd cent. CE - missingth cent. CE)

10.1. 1 But when he persisted again, and said: "Swear by the genius of Caesar," he answered him: "If you vainly suppose that I will swear by the genius of Caesar, as you say, and pretend that you are ignorant who I am, listen plainly: I am a Christian. And if you wish to learn the doctrine of Christianity fix a day and listen.

42. Clement of Alexandria, Miscellanies, 7.16.95.1 (2nd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)

43. Hippolytus, Refutation of All Heresies, 5.2, 5.6.4, 5.8, 6.36.2 (2nd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)

5.2. These are the heads of very numerous discourses which (the Naassene) asserts James the brother of the Lord handed down to Mariamne. In order, then, that these impious (heretics) may no longer belie Mariamne or James, or the Saviour Himself, let us come to the mystic rites (whence these have derived their figment) - to a consideration, if it seems right, of both the Barbarian and Grecian (mysteries) - and let us see how these (heretics), collecting together the secret and ineffable mysteries of all the Gentiles, are uttering falsehoods against Christ, and are making dupes of those who are not acquainted with these orgies of the Gentiles. For since the foundation of the doctrine with them is the man Adam, and they say that concerning him it has been written, Who shall declare his generation? Isaiah 53:8 learn how, partly deriving from the Gentiles the undiscoverable and diversified generation of the man, they fictitiously apply it to Christ. Now earth, say the Greeks, gave forth a man, (earth) first bearing a goodly gift, wishing to become mother not of plants devoid of sense, nor beasts without reason, but of a gentle and highly favoured creature. It, however, is difficult, (the Naassene) says, to ascertain whether Alalcomeneus, first of men, rose upon the Boeotians over Lake Cephisus; or whether it were the Idaean Curetes, a divine race; or the Phrygian Corybantes, whom first the sun beheld springing up after the manner of the growth of trees; or whether Arcadia brought forth Pelasgus, of greater antiquity than the moon; or Eleusis (produced) Diaulus, an inhabitant of Raria; or Lemnus begot Cabirus, fair child of secret orgies; or Pallene (brought forth) the Phlegraean Alcyoneus, oldest of the giants. But the Libyans affirm that Iarbas, first born, on emerging from arid plains, commenced eating the sweet acorn of Jupiter. But the Nile of the Egyptians, he says, up to this day fertilizing mud, (and therefore) generating animals, renders up living bodies, which acquire flesh from moist vapour. The Assyrians, however, say that fish-eating Oannes was (the first man, and) produced among themselves. The Chaldeans, however, say that this Adam is the man whom alone earth brought forth. And that he lay iimate, unmoved, (and) still as a statue; being an image of him who is above, who is celebrated as the man Adam, having been begotten by many powers, concerning whom individually is an enlarged discussion. In order, therefore, that finally the Great Man from above may be overpowered, from whom, as they say, the whole family named on earth and in the heavens has been formed, to him was given also a soul, that through the soul he might suffer; and that the enslaved image may be punished of the Great and most Glorious and Perfect Man, for even so they call him. Again, then, they ask what is the soul, and whence, and what kind in its nature, that, coming to the man and moving him, it should enslave and punish the image of the Perfect Man. They do not, however, (on this point) institute an inquiry from the Scriptures, but ask this (question) also from the mystic (rites). And they affirm that the soul is very difficult to discover, and hard to understand; for it does not remain in the same figure or the same form invariably, or in one passive condition, that either one could express it by a sign, or comprehend it substantially. But they have these varied changes (of the soul) set down in the gospel inscribed according to the Egyptians. They are, then, in doubt, as all the rest of men among the Gentiles, whether (the soul) is at all from something pre-existent, or whether from the self-produced (one), or from a widespread Chaos. And first they fly for refuge to the mysteries of the Assyrians, perceiving the threefold division of the man; for the Assyrians first advanced the opinion that the soul has three parts, and yet (is essentially) one. For of soul, say they, is every nature desirous, and each in a different manner. For soul is cause of all things made; all things that are nourished, (the Naassene) says, and that grow, require soul. For it is not possible, he says, to obtain any nourishment or growth where soul is not present. For even stones, he affirms, are animated, for they possess what is capable of increase; but increase would not at any time take place without nourishment, for it is by accession that things which are being increased grow, but accession is the nourishment of things that are nurtured. Every nature, then, as of thins celestial and (the Naasene) says, of things celestial, and earthly, and infernal, desires a soul. And an entity of this description the Assyrians call Adonis or Endymion; and when it is styled Adonis, Venus, he says, loves and desires the soul when styled by such a name. But Venus is production, according to them. But whenever Proserpine or Cora becomes enamoured with Adonis, there results, he says, a certain mortal soul separated from Venus (that is, from generation). But should the Moon pass into concupiscence for Endymion, and into love of her form, the nature, he says, of the higher beings requires a soul likewise. But if, he says, the mother of the gods emasculate Attis, and herself has this (person) as an object of affection, the blessed nature, he says, of the supernal and everlasting (beings) alone recalls the male power of the soul to itself. For (the Naassene) says, there is the hermaphrodite man. According to this account of theirs, the intercourse of woman with man is demonstrated, in conformity with such teaching, to be an exceedingly wicked and filthy (practice). For, says (the Naassene), Attis has been emasculated, that is, he has passed over from the earthly parts of the nether world to the everlasting substance above, where, he says, there is neither female or male, but a new creature, a new man, which is hermaphrodite. As to where, however, they use the expression above, I shall show when I come to the proper place (for treating this subject). But they assert that, by their account, they testify that Rhea is not absolutely isolated, but - for so I may say - the universal creature; and this they declare to be what is affirmed by the Word. For the invisible things of Him are seen from the creation of the world, being understood by the things that are made by Him, even His eternal power and Godhead, for the purpose of leaving them without excuse. Wherefore, knowing God, they glorified Him not as God, nor gave Him thanks; but their foolish heart was rendered vain. For, professing themselves to be wise, they became fools, and changed the glory of the uncorruptible God into images of the likeness of corruptible man, and of birds, and four-footed beasts, and creeping things. Wherefore also God gave them up unto vile affections; for even their women did change the natural use into that which is against nature. What, however, the natural use is, according to them, we shall afterwards declare. And likewise also the men, leaving the natural use of the woman, burned in their lust one toward another; men with men working that which is unseemly - now the expression that which is unseemly signifies, according to these (Naasseni), the first and blessed substance, figureless, the cause of all figures to those things that are moulded into shapes -and receiving in themselves that recompense of their error which was meet. Romans 1:20-27 For in these words which Paul has spoken they say the entire secret of theirs, and a hidden mystery of blessed pleasure, are comprised. For the promise of washing is not any other, according to them, than the introduction of him that is washed in, according to them, life-giving water, and anointed with ineffable ointment (than his introduction) into unfading bliss. But they assert that not only is there in favour of their doctrine, testimony to be drawn from the mysteries of the Assyrians, but also from those of the Phrygians concerning the happy nature - concealed, and yet at the same time disclosed - of things that have been, and are coming into existence, and moreover will be -(a happy nature) which, (the Naassene) says, is the kingdom of heaven to be sought for within a man.Luke 17:21 And concerning this (nature) they hand down an explicit passage, occurring in the Gospel inscribed according to Thomas, expressing themselves thus: He who seeks me, will find me in children from seven years old; for there concealed, I shall in the fourteenth age be made manifest. This, however, is not (the teaching) of Christ, but of Hippocrates, who uses these words: A child of seven years is half of a father. And so it is that these (heretics), placing the originative nature of the universe in causative seed, (and) having ascertained the (aphorism) of Hippocrates, that a child of seven years old is half of a father, say that in fourteen years, according to Thomas, he is manifested. This, with them, is the ineffable and mystical Logos. They assert, then, that the Egyptians, who after the Phrygians, it is established, are of greater antiquity than all mankind, and who confessedly were the first to proclaim to all the rest of men the rites and orgies of, at the same time, all the gods, as well as the species and energies (of things), have the sacred and august, and for those who are not initiated, unspeakable mysteries of Isis. These, however, are not anything else than what by her of the seven dresses and sable robe was sought and snatched away, namely, the pudendum of Osiris. And they say that Osiris is water. But the seven-robed nature, encircled and arrayed with seven mantles of ethereal texture - for so they call the planetary stars, allegorizing and denominating them ethereal robes - is as it were the changeable generation, and is exhibited as the creature transformed by the ineffable and unportrayable, and inconceivable and figureless one. And this, (the Naassene) says, is what is declared in Scripture, The just will fall seven times, and rise again. Proverbs 24:16; Luke 17:4 For these falls, he says, are the changes of the stars, moved by Him who puts all things in motion. They affirm, then, concerning the substance of the seed which is a cause of all existent things, that it is none of these, but that it produces and forms all things that are made, expressing themselves thus: I become what I wish, and I am what I am: on account of this I say, that what puts all things in motion is itself unmoved. For what exists remains forming all things, and nought of existing things is made. He says that this (one) alone is good, and that what is spoken by the Saviour is declared concerning this (one): Why do you say that am good? One is good, my Father which is in the heavens, who causes His sun to rise upon the just and unjust, and sends rain upon saints and sinners. Matthew 5:45 But who the saintly ones are on whom He sends the rain, and the sinners on whom the same sends the rain, this likewise we shall afterwards declare with the rest. And this is the great and secret and unknown mystery of the universe, concealed and revealed among the Egyptians. For Osiris, (the Naassene) says, is in temples in front of Isis; and his pudendum stands exposed, looking downwards, and crowned with all its own fruits of things that are made. And (he affirms) that such stands not only in the most hallowed temples chief of idols, but that also, for the information of all, it is as it were a light not set under a bushel, but upon a candlestick, proclaiming its message upon the housetops, in all byways, and all streets, and near the actual dwellings, placed in front as a certain appointed limit and termination of the dwelling, and that this is denominated the good (entity) by all. For they style this good-producing, not knowing what they say. And the Greeks, deriving this mystical (expression) from the Egyptians, preserve it until this day. For we behold, says (the Naassene), statues of Mercury, of such a figure honoured among them. Worshipping, however, Cyllenius with special distinction, they style him Logios. For Mercury is Logos, who being interpreter and fabricator of the things that have been made simultaneously, and that are being produced, and that will exist, stands honoured among them, fashioned into some such figure as is the pudendum of a man, having an impulsive power from the parts below towards those above. And that this (deity) - that is, a Mercury of this description - is, (the Naassene) says, a conjurer of the dead, and a guide of departed spirits, and an originator of souls; nor does this escape the notice of the poets, who express themselves thus:- Cyllenian Hermes also called The souls of mortal suitors. Not Penelope's suitors, says he, O wretches! But (souls) awakened and brought to recollection of themselves, From honour so great, and from bliss so long. That is, from the blessed man from above, or the primal man or Adam, as it seems to them, souls have been conveyed down here into a creation of clay, that they may serve the Demiurge of this creation, Ialdabaoth, a fiery God, a fourth number; for so they call the Demiurge and father of the formal world:- And in hand he held a lovely Wand of gold that human eyes enchants, of whom he will, and those again who slumber rouses. This, he says, is he who alone has power of life and death. Concerning this, he says, it has been written, You shall rule them with a rod of iron. The poet, however, he says, being desirous of adorning the incomprehensible (potency) of the blessed nature of the Logos, invested him with not an iron, but golden wand. And he enchants the eyes of the dead, as he says, and raises up again those that are slumbering, after having been roused from sleep, and after having been suitors. And concerning these, he says, the Scripture speaks: Awake you that sleep, and arise, and Christ will give you light. Ephesians 5:14 This is the Christ who, he says, in all that have been generated, is the portrayed Son of Man from the unportrayable Logos. This, he says, is the great and unspeakable mystery of the Eleusinian rites, Hye, Cye. And he affirms that all things have been subjected unto him, and this is that which has been spoken, Their sound is gone forth unto all the earth, Romans 10:18 just as it agrees with the expressions, Mercury waving his wand, guides the souls, but they twittering follow. I mean the disembodied spirits follow continuously in such a way as the poet by his imagery delineates, using these words:- And as when in the magic cave's recess Bats humming fly, and when one drops From ridge of rock, and each to other closely clings. The expression rock, he says, he uses of Adam. This, he affirms, is Adam: The chief corner-stone become the head of the corner. For that in the head the substance is the formative brain from which the entire family is fashioned.Ephesians 3:15 Whom, he says, I place as a rock at the foundations of Zion. Allegorizing, he says, he speaks of the creation of the man. The rock is interposed (within) the teeth, as Homer says, enclosure of teeth, that is, a wall and fortress, in which exists the inner man, who there has fallen from Adam, the primal man above. And he has been severed without hands to effect the division, and has been borne down into the image of oblivion, being earthly and clayish. And he asserts that the twittering spirits follow him, that is, the Logos:- Thus these, twittering, came together: and then the souls. That is, he guides them; Gentle Hermes led through wide-extended paths. That is, he says, into the eternal places separated from all wickedness. For where, he says, did they come from:- O'er ocean's streams they came, and Leuca's cliff, And by the portals of the sun and land of dreams. This, he says, is ocean, generation of gods and generation of men ever whirled round by the eddies of water, at one time upwards, at another time downwards. But he says there ensues a generation of men when the ocean flows downwards; but when upwards to the wall and fortress and the cliff of Luecas, a generation of gods takes place. This, he asserts, is that which has been written: I said, You are gods, and all children of the highest; If you hasten to fly out of Egypt, and repair beyond the Red Sea into the wilderness, that is, from earthly intercourse to the Jerusalem above, which is the mother of the living; Galatians 4:26 If, moreover, again you return into Egypt, that is, into earthly intercourse, you shall die as men. For mortal, he says, is every generation below, but immortal that which is begotten above, for it is born of water only, and of spirit, being spiritual, not carnal. But what (is born) below is carnal, that is, he says, what is written. That which is born of the flesh is flesh, and that which is born of the spirit is spirit. John 3:6 This, according to them, is the spiritual generation. This, he says, is the great Jordan Joshua 3:7-17 which, flowing on (here) below, and preventing the children of Israel from departing out of Egypt- I mean from terrestrial intercourse, for Egypt is with them the body - Jesus drove back, and made it flow upwards. 5.8. Let us, then, in the first place, learn how (the Peratists), deriving this doctrine from astrologers, act despitefully towards Christ, working destruction for those who follow them in an error of this description. For the astrologers, alleging that there is one world, divide it into the twelve fixed portions of the zodiacal signs, and call the world of the fixed zodiacal signs one immoveable world; and the other they affirm to be a world of erratic (signs), both in power, and position, and number, and that it extends as far as the moon. And (they lay down), that (one) world derives from (the other) world a certain power, and mutual participation (in that power), and that the subjacent obtain this participation from the superjacent (portions). In order, however, that what is (here) asserted may be perspicuous, I shall one by one employ those very expressions of the astrologers; (and in doing so) I shall only be reminding my readers of statements previously made in the department of the work where we have explained the entire art of the astrologers. What, then, the opinions are which those (speculators) entertain, are as follow:- (Their doctrine is), that from an emanation of the stars the generations of the subjacent (parts) is consummated. For, as they wistfully gazed upward upon heaven, the Chaldeans asserted that (the seven stars) contain a reason for the efficient causes of the occurrence of all the events that happen unto us, and that the parts of the fixed zodiacal signs co-operate (in this influence). Into twelve (parts they divide the zodiacal circle), and each zodiacal sign into thirty portions, and each portion into sixty diminutive parts; for so they denominate the very smallest parts, and those that are indivisible. And of the zodiacal signs, they term some male, but others feminine; and some with two bodies, but others not so; and some tropical, whereas others firm. The male signs, then, are either feminine, which possess a co-operative nature for the procreation of males, (or are themselves productive of females.) For Aries is a male zodiacal sign, but Taurus female; and the rest (are denominated) according to the same analogy, some male, but others female. And I suppose that the Pythagoreans, being swayed from such (considerations), style the Monad male, and the Duad female; and, again, the Triad male, and analogically the remainder of the even and odd numbers. Some, however, dividing each zodiacal sign into twelve parts, employ almost the same method. For example, in Aries, they style the first of the twelve parts both Aries and a male, but the second both Taurus and a female, and the third both Gemini and a male; and the same plan is pursued in the case of the rest of the parts. And they assert that there are signs with two bodies, viz., Gemini and the signs diametrically opposite, namely Sagittarius, and Virgo, and Pisces, and that the rest have not two bodies. And (they state) that some are likewise tropical, and when the sun stands in these, he causes great turnings of the surrounding (sign). Aries is a sign of this description, and that which is diametrically opposite to it, just as Libra, and Capricorn, and Cancer. For in Aries is the vernal turning, and in Capricorn that of winter, and in Cancer that of summer, and in Libra that of autumn. The details, however, concerning this system we have minutely explained in the book preceding this; and from it any one who wishes instruction (on the point), may learn how it is that the originators of this Peratic heresy, viz., Euphrates the Peratic, and Celbes the Carystian, have, in the transference (into their own system of opinions from these sources), made alterations in name only, while in reality they have put forward similar tenets. (Nay more), they have, with immoderate zeal, themselves devoted (their attention) to the art (of the astrologers). For also the astrologers speak of the limits of the stars, in which they assert that the domit stars have greater influence; as, for instance, on some they act injuriously, while on others they act well. And of these they denominate some malicious, and some beneficent. And (stars) are said to look upon one another, and to harmonize with each other, so that they appear according to (the shape of) a triangle or square. The stars, looking on one another, are figured according to (the shape of ) a triangle, having an intervening distance of the extent of three zodiacal signs; whereas (those that have an interval of) two zodiacal signs are figured according to (the shape of) a square. And (their doctrine is), that as in the same way as in a man, the subjacent parts sympathize with the head, and the head likewise sympathizes with the subjacent parts, so all terrestrial (sympathize) with super-lunar objects. But (the astrologers go further than this ); for there exists (according to them) a certain difference and incompatibility between these, so as that they do not involve one and the same union. This combination and divergence of the stars, which is a Chaldean (tenet), has been arrogated to themselves by those of whom we have previously spoken. Now these, falsifying the name of truth, proclaim as a doctrine of Christ an insurrection of Aeons and revolts of good into (the ranks of) evil powers; and they speak of the confederations of good powers with wicked ones. Denominating them, therefore, Toparchai and Proastioi, and (though thus) framing for themselves very many other names not suggested (to them from other sources), they have yet unskilfully systematized the entire imaginary doctrine of the astrologers concerning the stars. And since they have introduced a supposition pregt with immense error, they shall be refuted through the instrumentality of our admirable arrangement. For I shall set down, in contrast with the previously mentioned Chaldaic art of the astrologers, some of the Peratic treatises, from which, by means of comparison, there will be an opportunity of perceiving how the Peratic doctrines are those confessedly of the astrologers, not of Christ.

44. Irenaeus, Refutation of All Heresies, 1.25.6, 4.10.1, 5.2, 5.6.4, 5.8, 6.36.2 (2nd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)

45. Irenaeus, Demonstration of The Apostolic Teaching, 44, 48, 43 (2nd cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)

46. Justin, First Apology, 1.26, 7.3, 14.2-14.3, 16.8, 26.5-26.8 (2nd cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)

47. Justin, Second Apology, 5, 2 (2nd cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)

2. A certain woman lived with an intemperate husband; she herself, too, having formerly been intemperate. But when she came to the knowledge of the teachings of Christ she became sober-minded, and endeavoured to persuade her husband likewise to be temperate, citing the teaching of Christ, and assuring him that there shall be punishment in eternal fire inflicted upon those who do not live temperately and conformably to right reason. But he, continuing in the same excesses, alienated his wife from him by his actions. For she, considering it wicked to live any longer as a wife with a husband who sought in every way means of indulging in pleasure contrary to the law of nature, and in violation of what is right, wished to be divorced from him. And when she was overpersuaded by her friends, who advised her still to continue with him, in the idea that some time or other her husband might give hope of amendment, she did violence to her own feeling and remained with him. But when her husband had gone into Alexandria, and was reported to be conducting himself worse than ever, she - that she might not, by continuing in matrimonial connection with him, and by sharing his table and his bed, become a partaker also in his wickednesses and impieties - gave him what you call a bill of divorce, and was separated from him. But this noble husband of hers - while he ought to have been rejoicing that those actions which formerly she unhesitatingly committed with the servants and hirelings, when she delighted in drunkenness and every vice, she had now given up, and desired that he too should give up the same - when she had gone from him without his desire, brought an accusation against her, affirming that she was a Christian. And she presented a paper to you, the Emperor, a very bold apostrophe, like that of Huss to the Emperor Sigismund, which crimsoned his forehead with a blush of shame.]}-- requesting that first she be permitted to arrange her affairs, and afterwards to make her defense against the accusation, when her affairs were set in order. And this you granted. And her quondam husband, since he was now no longer able to prosecute her, directed his assaults against a man, Ptolem us, whom Urbicus punished, and who had been her teacher in the Christian doctrines. And this he did in the following way. He persuaded a centurion - who had cast Ptolem us into prison, and who was friendly to himself - to take Ptolem us and interrogate him on this sole point: whether he were a Christian? And Ptolem us, being a lover of truth, and not of a deceitful or false disposition, when he confessed himself to be a Christian, was bound by the centurion, and for a long time punished in the prison And, at last, when the man came to Urbicus, he was asked this one question only: whether he was a Christian? And again, being conscious of his duty, and the nobility of it through the teaching of Christ, he confessed his discipleship in the divine virtue. For he who denies anything either denies it because he condemns the thing itself, or he shrinks from confession because he is conscious of his own unworthiness or alienation from it, neither of which cases is that of the true Christian. And when Urbicus ordered him to be led away to punishment, one Lucius, who was also himself a Christian, seeing the unreasonable judgment that had thus been given, said to Urbicus: What is the ground of this judgment? Why have you punished this man, not as an adulterer, nor fornicator, nor murderer, nor thief, nor robber, nor convicted of any crime at all, but who has only confessed that he is called by the name of Christian? This judgment of yours, O Urbicus, does not become the Emperor Pius, nor the philosopher, the son of C sar, nor the sacred senate. And he said nothing else in answer to Lucius than this: You also seem to me to be such an one. And when Lucius answered, Most certainly I am, he again ordered him also to be led away. And he professed his thanks, knowing that he was delivered from such wicked rulers, and was going to the Father and King of the heavens. And still a third having come forward, was condemned to be punished.

48. Justin, Dialogue With Trypho, 2.2, 7.1, 11.1, 17.1, 30.1, 35.3-35.6, 38.2, 47.2-47.3, 48.2, 51.2, 62.3-62.4, 63.5, 64.1, 76.7, 78.10, 80.2-80.3, 80.5, 103.2, 103.8, 108.2, 117.5, 128.3, 137.2, 140.2 (2nd cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)

10. And when they ceased, I again addressed them. Justin: Is there any other matter, my friends, in which we are blamed, than this, that we live not after the law, and are not circumcised in the flesh as your forefathers were, and do not observe sabbaths as you do? Are our lives and customs also slandered among you? And I ask this: have you also believed concerning us, that we eat men; and that after the feast, having extinguished the lights, we engage in promiscuous concubinage? Or do you condemn us in this alone, that we adhere to such tenets, and believe in an opinion, untrue, as you think? Trypho: This is what we are amazed at, but those things about which the multitude speak are not worthy of belief; for they are most repugt to human nature. Moreover, I am aware that your precepts in the so-called Gospel are so wonderful and so great, that I suspect no one can keep them; for I have carefully read them. But this is what we are most at a loss about: that you, professing to be pious, and supposing yourselves better than others, are not in any particular separated from them, and do not alter your mode of living from the nations, in that you observe no festivals or sabbaths, and do not have the rite of circumcision; and further, resting your hopes on a man that was crucified, you yet expect to obtain some good thing from God, while you do not obey His commandments. Have you not read, that that soul shall be cut off from his people who shall not have been circumcised on the eighth day? And this has been ordained for strangers and for slaves equally. But you, despising this covet rashly, reject the consequent duties, and attempt to persuade yourselves that you know God, when, however, you perform none of those things which they do who fear God. If, therefore, you can defend yourself on these points, and make it manifest in what way you hope for anything whatsoever, even though you do not observe the law, this we would very gladly hear from you, and we shall make other similar investigations.

49. Lucian, The Passing of Peregrinus, 13-14, 12 (2nd cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)

50. Tatian, Oration To The Greeks, 25.3 (2nd cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)

51. Tertullian, Against Praxeas, 5 (2nd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)

5. But since they will have the Two to be but One, so that the Father shall be deemed to be the same as the Son, it is only right that the whole question respecting the Son should be examined, as to whether He exists, and who He is and the mode of His existence. Thus shall the truth itself secure its own sanction from the Scriptures, and the interpretations which guard them. There are some who allege that even Genesis opens thus in Hebrew: In the beginning God made for Himself a Son. As there is no ground for this, I am led to other arguments derived from God's own dispensation, in which He existed before the creation of the world, up to the generation of the Son. For before all things God was alone - being in Himself and for Himself universe, and space, and all things. Moreover, He was alone, because there was nothing external to Him but Himself. Yet even not then was He alone; for He had with Him that which He possessed in Himself, that is to say, His own Reason. For God is rational, and Reason was first in Him; and so all things were from Himself. This Reason is His own Thought (or Consciousness) which the Greeks call λόγος, by which term we also designate Word or Discourse and therefore it is now usual with our people, owing to the mere simple interpretation of the term, to say that the Word was in the beginning with God; although it would be more suitable to regard Reason as the more ancient; because God had not Word from the beginning, but He had Reason even before the beginning; because also Word itself consists of Reason, which it thus proves to have been the prior existence as being its own substance. Not that this distinction is of any practical moment. For although God had not yet sent out His Word, He still had Him within Himself, both in company with and included within His very Reason, as He silently planned and arranged within Himself everything which He was afterwards about to utter through His Word. Now, while He was thus planning and arranging with His own Reason, He was actually causing that to become Word which He was dealing with in the way of Word or Discourse. And that you may the more readily understand this, consider first of all, from your own self, who are made in the image and likeness of God, Genesis 1:26 for what purpose it is that you also possess reason in yourself, who are a rational creature, as being not only made by a rational Artificer, but actually animated out of His substance. Observe, then, that when you are silently conversing with yourself, this very process is carried on within you by your reason, which meets you with a word at every movement of your thought, at every impulse of your conception. Whatever you think, there is a word; whatever you conceive, there is reason. You must needs speak it in your mind; and while you are speaking, you admit speech as an interlocutor with you, involved in which there is this very reason, whereby, while in thought you are holding converse with your word, you are (by reciprocal action) producing thought by means of that converse with your word. Thus, in a certain sense, the word is a second person within you, through which in thinking you utter speech, and through which also, (by reciprocity of process,) in uttering speech you generate thought. The word is itself a different thing from yourself. Now how much more fully is all this transacted in God, whose image and likeness even you are regarded as being, inasmuch as He has reason within Himself even while He is silent, and involved in that Reason His Word! I may therefore without rashness first lay this down (as a fixed principle) that even then before the creation of the universe God was not alone, since He had within Himself both Reason, and, inherent in Reason, His Word, which He made second to Himself by agitating it within Himself.

52. Babylonian Talmud, Berachot, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)

21b. או צבור וצבור אבל יחיד לגבי צבור כמאן דלא צלי דמי קמ"ל ואי אשמעינן הכא משום דלא אתחיל בה אבל התם דאתחיל בה אימא לא צריכא,אמר רב הונא הנכנס לבית הכנסת ומצא צבור שמתפללין אם יכול להתחיל ולגמור עד שלא יגיע ש"ץ למודים יתפלל ואם לאו אל יתפלל ריב"ל אמר אם יכול להתחיל ולגמור עד שלא יגיע ש"צ לקדושה יתפלל ואם לאו אל יתפלל,במאי קא מפלגי מר סבר יחיד אומר קדושה ומר סבר אין יחיד אומר קדושה,וכן אמר רב אדא בר אהבה מנין שאין היחיד אומר קדושה שנאמר (ויקרא כב, לב) ונקדשתי בתוך בני ישראל כל דבר שבקדושה לא יהא פחות מעשרה,מאי משמע דתני רבנאי אחוה דרבי חייא בר אבא אתיא תוך תוך כתיב הכא ונקדשתי בתוך בני ישראל וכתיב התם (במדבר טז, כא) הבדלו מתוך העדה הזאת מה להלן עשרה אף כאן עשרה,ודכולי עלמא מיהת מפסק לא פסיק,איבעיא להו מהו להפסיק ליהא שמו הגדול מבורך כי אתא רב דימי אמר ר' יהודה ור"ש תלמידי דרבי יוחנן אמרי לכל אין מפסיקין חוץ מן יהא שמו הגדול מבורך שאפילו עוסק במעשה מרכבה פוסק ולית הלכתא כותיה:,ר' יהודה אומר מברך לפניהם ולאחריהם: למימרא דקסבר רבי יהודה בעל קרי מותר בדברי תורה והאמר ריב"ל מנין לבעל קרי שאסור בדברי תורה שנאמר (דברים ד, ט) והודעתם לבניך ולבני בניך וסמיך ליה יום אשר עמדת וגו' מה להלן בעלי קריין אסורין אף כאן בעלי קריין אסורין,וכי תימא רבי יהודה לא דריש סמוכים והאמר רב יוסף אפילו מאן דלא דריש סמוכים בכל התורה במשנה תורה דריש דהא רבי יהודה לא דריש סמוכין בכל התורה כולה ובמשנה תורה דריש,ובכל התורה כולה מנא לן דלא דריש דתניא בן עזאי אומר נאמר (שמות כב, יז) מכשפה לא תחיה ונאמר כל שוכב עם בהמה מות יומת סמכו ענין לו לומר מה שוכב עם בהמה בסקילה אף מכשפה נמי בסקילה,אמר ליה ר' יהודה וכי מפני שסמכו ענין לו נוציא לזה לסקילה אלא אוב וידעוני בכלל כל המכשפים היו ולמה יצאו להקיש להן ולומר לך מה אוב וידעוני בסקילה אף מכשפה בסקילה,ובמשנה תורה מנא לן דדריש דתניא רבי אליעזר אומר נושא אדם אנוסת אביו ומפותת אביו אנוסת בנו ומפותת בנו,ר' יהודה אוסר באנוסת אביו ובמפותת אביו ואמר רב גידל אמר רב מאי טעמא דר' יהודה דכתיב (דברים כג, א) לא יקח איש את אשת אביו ולא יגלה (את) כנף אביו כנף שראה אביו לא יגלה,וממאי דבאנוסת אביו כתיב דסמיך ליה ונתן האיש השוכב עמה וגו',אמרי אין במשנה תורה דריש והני סמוכין מבעי ליה לאידך דריב"ל דאמר ריב"ל כל המלמד לבנו תורה מעלה עליו הכתוב כאלו קבלה מהר חורב שנאמר (דברים ד, ט) והודעתם לבניך ולבני בניך וכתיב בתריה יום אשר עמדת לפני ה' אלהיך בחורב,תנן זב שראה קרי ונדה שפלטה שכבת זרע המשמשת וראתה דם צריכין טבילה ורבי יהודה פוטר,עד כאן לא פטר רבי יהודה אלא בזב שראה קרי דמעיקרא לאו בר טבילה הוא אבל בעל קרי גרידא מחייב,וכי תימא ה"ה דאפילו בעל קרי גרידא נמי פטר רבי יהודה והאי דקא מפלגי בזב שראה קרי להודיעך כחן דרבנן אימא סיפא המשמשת וראתה דם צריכה טבילה,למאן קתני לה אילימא לרבנן פשיטא השתא ומה זב שראה קרי דמעיקרא לאו בר טבילה הוא מחייבי רבנן המשמשת וראתה דם דמעיקרא בת טבילה היא לא כל שכן אלא לאו ר' יהודה היא ודוקא קתני לה

21b. bora case where he prayed as part of ba congregation andbegan to repeat it as part of ba congregation; however,in a case where he initially prayed by himself and subsequently joined the congregation at the venue where it was praying, we might have said that ban individual vis-à-vis the congregation isconsidered bas one who has not prayed.Therefore, bhe taught usthat in this case, too, one may not repeat the prayer. bAnd,on the other hand, bif he had taught us hereonly with regard to one who entered a synagogue, we would have thought that the reason he may not pray again is bbecause he did notyet bbeginto recite the prayer, bbut there, in the case where healready bbeganto recite the prayer, bsaythat this is bnotthe case and he may continue to repeat the prayer. Therefore, both statements are bnecessary. /b, bRav Huna said: One whodid not yet pray and benters a synagogue and found that the congregation isin the midst of brecitingthe iAmida bprayer, if he is able to begin and completehis own prayer bbefore the prayer leader reachesthe blessing of bthanksgiving [ imodim /i], he shouldbegin to bpray, and, if not, he should notbegin to bpray. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: If he is able to begin and completehis prayer bbefore the prayer leader reaches sanctification [ ikedusha /i], then he shouldbegin to bpray. If not, then he should notbegin to bpray. /b,The Gemara clarifies: bWith regard to what do they disagree?The basis for their dispute is that one bSage,Rav Huna, bholds: An individualis permitted to brecite ikedusha /ion his own, so he need not insist on reciting it along with the prayer leader; bandthe other bSage,Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi, bholdsthat ban individual may not recite ikedusha /ialone, and, therefore he is required to complete his prayer before the communal prayer leader reaches ikedusha /i., bSimilarly, Rav Adda bar Ahava stated,in accordance with the second opinion: bFrom where is it derived that an individual may not recite ikedusha /ialone? bAs it is stated: “And I shall be hallowed among the children of Israel”(Leviticus 22:32), bany expression of sanctity may not berecited in a quorum of bfewer than tenmen.,The Gemara asks: bHow is this inferredfrom that verse? The Gemara responds: This must be understood in light of a ibaraita /i, bwhich was taught by Rabbenai, the brotherof bRabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba: It is inferredby means of a verbal analogy [ igezera shava /i] between the words bamong, among. Here it is written: “And I shall be hallowed among the children of Israel,” and there,regarding Korah’s congregation, bit is written “Separate yourselves from among this congregation”(Numbers 16:21). bJust as thereamong connotes bten, so too here,among connotes bten.The connotation of ten associated with the word among written in the portion of Korah is, in turn, derived by means of another verbal analogy between the word congregation written there and the word congregation written in reference to the ten spies who slandered Eretz Yisrael: “How long shall I bear with this evil congregation?” (Numbers 14:27). Consequently, among the congregation there must be at least ten., bAnd, in any case, everyoneagrees that bone may not interrupthis prayer in order to respond to ikedusha /i.,However, ba dilemma was raisedbefore the Sages of the yeshiva: bWhat isthe ruling? Is one permitted bto interrupthis prayer in order btorecite: b“May His great name be blessed”in ikaddish /i? bWhen Rav Dimi camefrom Eretz Yisrael to Babylonia, bhe said: Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Shimon, disciples of Rabbi Yoḥa, said: One may not interrupthis prayer bfor anything, except for: “May His great name be blessed,” as evenif one was bengaged inthe exalted study of the bAct of theDivine bChariot[iMa’aseh Merkava /i](see Ezekiel 1) bhe stopsto recite it. However, the Gemara concludes: bThe ihalakhais not in accordance with hisopinion.,We learned in the mishna that bRabbi Yehuda sayswith regard to one who experiences a seminal emission; bhe recites a blessing beforehand and afterwardin both the case of iShemaand in the case of food. The Gemara asks: bIs that to say that Rabbi Yehuda holds that one who experienced a seminal emission is permittedto engage bin matters of Torah? Didn’t Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi say: From wherein the Torah is it derived bthat one who experiences a seminal emission is prohibited fromengaging bin matters of Torah? As it is stated:“Just take heed and guard your soul diligently lest you forget the things your eyes have seen, and lest they depart from your heart, for all the days of your life, band you shall impart them to your children and your children’s children”(Deuteronomy 4:9), from which we derive, among other things, the obligation to study Torah. bAnd, juxtaposed to it,is the verse: b“The day that you stoodbefore the Lord your God at Horeb” (Deuteronomy 4:10). This juxtaposition teaches us that bjust as below,at the revelation at Mount Sinai, bthose who experienced a seminal emission were prohibitedand were commanded to refrain from relations with their wives and immerse themselves, bso too here,throughout the generations, bthose who experience a seminal emission are prohibitedfrom engaging in Torah study., bAnd if you say that Rabbi Yehuda does not derive homiletic interpretations from juxtaposedverses, bdidn’t Rav Yosefalready say: bEven one who does not derive homiletic interpretations from juxtaposedverses throughout bthe entire Torah,nevertheless, bderivesthem bin Deuteronomy [ iMishne Torah /i], as Rabbi Yehuda does not derive homiletic interpretations from juxtaposedverses bthroughout the entire Torah and he does derive them in iMishne Torah /i. /b, bAnd from where do we derivethat Rabbi Yehuda bdoes not derive homiletic interpretationsfrom juxtaposed verses bthroughout the entire Torah? As it was taughtin a ibaraitawith regard to the punishment of a sorceress, bben Azzai says: It is stated: “You shall not allow a sorceress to live”(Exodus 22:17), although the manner of her execution is not specified, band it is stated: “Whoever lies with a beast shall surely be put to death”(Exodus 22:18). The fact that the Torah bjuxtaposed this matter to thatwas bto say: Just as one who lies with a beastis executed bby stoning(see Leviticus 20), bso too a sorceressis executed bby stoning. /b,With regard to this proof bRabbi Yehuda said to him: And doesthe fact bthatthe Torah bjuxtaposed this matter to that warrant takingthis person bout to be stoned?Should he be sentenced to the most severe of the death penalties on that basis bRather,the source is: bMediums and wizards were included among all sorcerers. And why were they singled outfrom the rest, in the verse: “And a man or a woman who is a medium or a wizard shall surely be put to death; they shall stone them with stones, their blood is upon them” (Leviticus 20:27)? In order to bdraw an analogy to them and say to you: Just as a medium and a wizardare executed bby stoning, so too is a sorceressexecuted bby stoning. /b, bAnd from where do we derivethat Rabbi Yehuda bderives homiletic interpretationsfrom juxtaposed verses bin iMishne Torah /i? As it was taughtin another ibaraita /i: bRabbi Eliezer said that a manmay bweda woman braped by his father andone bseduced by his father;a woman braped by his son andone bseduced by his son.Though one is prohibited by Torah law from marrying the wife of his father or the wife of his son, this prohibition does not apply to a woman raped or seduced by them., bAnd Rabbi Yehuda prohibitshim from marrying ba woman raped by his father and a woman seduced by his father. And Rav Giddel saidthat bRav said: What is the reason for Rabbi Yehuda’sopinion? bAs it is written: “A man shall not take his father’s wife, and shall not uncover his father’s skirt”(Deuteronomy 23:1). The last expression, “and shall not uncover his father’s skirt,” implies that: bA skirt that has been seen by his father,i.e., any woman who has had sexual relations with his father, bmay not be uncoveredby his son, i.e., his son may not marry her., bAnd from wheredo we know bthatthe verse bis written with regard to a woman raped by his father? Asthe previous section, bjuxtaposed to it,deals with the laws of rape: b“And the man who lay with her must giveher father fifty shekels…because he has violated her” (Deuteronomy 22:29).,At any rate, we see that in Deuteronomy, Rabbi Yehuda derives homiletic interpretations from juxtaposed verses. Why does he fail to derive that one who experiences a seminal emission is prohibited from engaging in matters of Torah from the juxtaposition of the verses? bThey replied: Indeed, in iMishne Torah /iRabbi Yehuda bdoes derive homiletic interpretationsfrom the juxtaposition of verses, bbuthe requires bthese juxtaposed versesin order btoderive banotherstatement of bRabbi Yehoshua ben Levi, as Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: One who teaches his son Torah, the verse ascribes to himcredit bas if he receivedthe Torah bfrom Mount Horeb. As it is stated: “And you shall impart them to your children and your children’s children”(Deuteronomy 4:9) bafter which it is written: “The day that you stood before the Lord your God at Horeb.”Therefore, Rabbi Yehuda cannot derive from that same juxtaposition a prohibition banning one who experienced a seminal emission from engaging in matters of Torah., bWe learnedin a mishna that ba izavwho experienced a seminal emission, and a menstruating woman who discharged semen, and a woman who engaged in intercoursewith her husband band she sawmenstrual bblood,all of whom are ritually impure for at least seven days due to the severity of their impurity, nevertheless brequire ritual immersionin order to purify themselves from the impurity of the seminal emission before they may engage in matters of Torah. bAnd Rabbi Yehuda exemptsthem from immersion.,However, bRabbi Yehuda only exemptedfrom immersion in the case bof a izavwho experienced a seminal emission, who was unfit to immerse himself from the outset,as even after immersion he would remain impure with the seven-day impurity of the izav /i. bBut,in the case of bone who experienced a seminal emission alone,with no concurrent impurity, even Rabbi Yehuda brequiresimmersion before he may engage in Torah matters., bAnd if you say: The same is true evenin the case of bone who experienced a seminal emission alone,that bRabbi Yehuda also exemptshim from immersion, band the fact that they disagreein the case of ba izavwho experienced a seminal emissionand not in the case of a person who experienced a seminal emission alone bis in order to convey the far-reachingnature of the opinion bof the Rabbis,who require immersion even in this case. If so, bsay the last caseof that same mishna: bA woman who was engaged in intercourse and she sawmenstrual bblood requires immersion. /b,The Gemara seeks to clarify: bIn accordance with whoseopinion bwas thiscase in the mishna btaught? If you saythat it is in accordance with the opinion of bthe Rabbis, that is obvious; ifin the case of ba izavwho experienced a seminal emission who was unfit to immerse himself from the outset,when he experienced the seminal emission, bthe Rabbisnevertheless brequire immersion, all the more sowouldn’t they require immersion for ba woman who engaged in intercourse andonly then bsaw blood,who bwas fit to immerse herself from the outset,when she came into contact with the seminal emission of her husband? bRather, isn’t this Rabbi Yehuda’sopinion, bandthis case bwas taught specificallyin order to teach

53. Babylonian Talmud, Niddah, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)

33b. או דילמא נוגעת היתה ולא סתרה,אמר רבא לפום חורפא שבשתא נהי נמי דסתרה כמה תסתור תסתור שבעה דיה כבועלה,תסתור יום אחד (ויקרא טו, כח) ואחר תטהר אמר רחמנא אחר אחר לכולן שלא תהא טומאה מפסקת ביניהם,וליטעמיך זב גופיה היכי סתר לטהרתו אמר רחמנא שלא תהא טומאה מפסקת ביניהן,אלא מאי אית לך למימר שלא תהא טומאת זיבה מפסקת ביניהן הכא נמי שלא תהא טומאת זיבה מפסקת ביניהן,ואין חייבין עליהן על ביאת מקדש וכו' רב פפא איקלע לתואך אמר אי איכא צורבא מרבנן הכא איזיל אקבל אפיה אמרה ליה ההיא סבתא איכא הכא צורבא מרבנן ורב שמואל שמיה ותני מתניתא יהא רעוא דתהוי כוותיה,אמר מדקמברכי לי בגוויה ש"מ ירא שמים הוא אזל לגביה רמא ליה תורא רמא ליה מתני' אהדדי תנן אין חייבין עליהן על ביאת מקדש ואין שורפין עליהן את התרומה מפני שטומאתה ספק אלמא מספיקא לא שרפינן תרומה,ורמינהי על ששה ספקות שורפין את התרומה על ספק בגדי עם הארץ,אמר רב פפא יהא רעוא דלתאכיל האי תורא לשלמא הכא במאי עסקינן בכותי חבר,כותי חבר בועל נדה משוית ליה,שבקיה ואתא לקמיה דרב שימי בר אשי אמר ליה מאי טעמא לא משנית ליה בכותי שטבל ועלה ודרס על בגדי חבר ואזלו בגדי חבר ונגעו בתרומה,דאי משום טומאת עם הארץ הא טביל ליה ואי משום בועל נדה ספק בעל בקרוב ספק לא בעל בקרוב,ואם תמצי לומר בעל בקרוב ספק השלימתו ירוק ספק לא השלימתו והוי ספק ספיקא ואספק ספיקא לא שרפינן תרומה,ותיפוק ליה משום בגדי עם הארץ דאמר מר בגדי עם הארץ מדרס לפרושין אמר ליה בכותי ערום, big strongמתני׳ /strong /big בנות צדוקין בזמן שנהגו ללכת בדרכי אבותיהן הרי הן ככותיות פרשו ללכת בדרכי ישראל הרי הן כישראלית רבי יוסי אומר לעולם הן כישראלית עד שיפרשו ללכת בדרכי אבותיהן, big strongגמ׳ /strong /big איבעיא להו סתמא מאי ת"ש בנות צדוקין בזמן שנוהגות ללכת בדרכי אבותיהן הרי הן ככותיות הא סתמא כישראלית אימא סיפא פרשו ללכת בדרכי ישראל הרי הן כישראלית הא סתמא ככותיות אלא מהא ליכא למשמע מיניה,ת"ש דתנן ר' יוסי אומר לעולם הן כישראלית עד שיפרשו ללכת בדרכי אבותיהן מכלל דת"ק סבר סתמא ככותיות ש"מ,תנו רבנן מעשה בצדוקי אחד שספר עם כהן גדול בשוק ונתזה צנורא מפיו ונפלה לכהן גדול על בגדיו והוריקו פניו של כהן גדול וקדם אצל אשתו,אמרה לו אף על פי שנשי צדוקים הן מתיראות מן הפרושים ומראות דם לחכמים,אמר רבי יוסי בקיאין אנו בהן יותר מן הכל והן מראות דם לחכמים חוץ מאשה אחת שהיתה בשכונתינו שלא הראת דם לחכמים ומתה,ותיפוק ליה משום צנורא דעם הארץ אמר אביי בצדוקי חבר אמר רבא צדוקי חבר בועל נדה משוית ליה אלא אמר רבא

33b. bOr perhapsit is because bshe was touchingthe semen, bandif so bshe has notthereby bnegatedher count, just as a izavdoes not negate his count if he touches semen., bRava says: Commensurate with the sharpnessof Rami bar Ḥama is the extent of his berror,as this is not a dilemma at all, since bevenif one could suggest bthata izavawho discharges semen has bindeed negatedher count, one must ask: bHow much should she negate?If one suggests bshe should negateall bsevendays of her counting, this is untenable, as bit is enough for herthat she should negate her count blikethe man who bengages in intercourse with her,i.e., like a izavwho discharges semen, who negates only one day.,And if one suggests that bshe should negate one dayalone, this too is untenable, as bthe Merciful One states:“But if she is purified from her izivathen she shall count to herself seven days, band after that she shall be pure”(Leviticus 15:28). The word b“after”indicates that she shall be pure only bafter all of them,i.e., after seven consecutive clean days, such bthat there should be no impurity separating between them.If so, there cannot be a situation where a izavanegates a single day, and consequently it cannot be that a izavawho discharges semen negates any part of her count.,The Gemara rejects Rava’s response: bAnd according to your reasoning, how does a izavhimself negateonly one day from his count due to a seminal emission? After all, bthe Merciful One states:“And when the izavis purified of his iziva /i, then he shall count for himself seven days for his purification, and wash his clothes, and bathe his flesh in running water, and he shall be pure” (Leviticus 15:13). The phrase: “Seven days bfor his purification,”indicates bthat there should be no impurity separating between them. /b, bRather, what have you to say?The verse means only bthat there should not be an impurity of izivaseparating between them. Here too,with regard to a izava /i, the verse means only bthat there should not be an impurity of izivaseparating between them;a discharge of semen is not included in this restriction. It is therefore possible that a discharge of semen from a izavanegates only one day from her count. Accordingly, the dilemma raised by Rami bar Ḥama remains in place.,§ The mishna teaches: bButone who enters the Temple while wearing bthosegarments upon which a Samaritan had lain bis not liableto bring an offering bfor entering the Temple,nor does one burn iterumathat came into contact with those garments, because their impurity is uncertain. In connection to these ihalakhot /i, the Gemara relates that bRav Pappa happenedto come btothe city of bTavakh. He said: If there is a Torah scholar here I will go and greet him. A certain elderly woman said to him: There is a Torah scholar here and Rav Shmuel is his name, and he teaches imishnayot /i; may it beGod’s bwill that you should be like him. /b,Rav Pappa bsaidto himself: bFromthe fact bthat they bless me throughthis Rav Shmuel that I should be like him, I may bconclude from itthat bhe is a God-fearingindividual. Rav Pappa bwent tovisit bhim,and Rav Shmuel braised a bull for him,i.e., he slaughtered a bull in honor of Rav Pappa, and he also braiseda difficulty between two imishnayot /ithat apparently contradict bone another: We learnin the mishna: One who enters the Temple while wearing bthosegarments upon which a Samaritan had lain is bnot liableto bring an offering bfor entering the Temple, nor does one burn iteruma /ithat came into contact with bthosegarments, bbecause their impurity is uncertain. Evidently, we do not burn iterumadue to uncertainimpurity., bAndone can braise a contradictionfrom another mishna ( iTeharot4:5): bFor sixcases of buncertainimpurity bone burns the iteruma /iif it came into contact with them, or if a person came into contact with them and subsequently touched the iteruma /i. One of these is bfor the uncertaincase bof the garments of one who is unreliable with regard to ritual impurity [ iam ha’aretz /i].Such garments impart impurity through contact and through carrying, due to a concern that the wife of the iam ha’aretzmight have sat on them while she was menstruating. Evidently, one burns iterumadue to uncertain impurity., bRav Pappabegan his response with a supplication and bsaid: May it beGod’s bwill that this bull shall be eaten peacefully,i.e., that I will provide a satisfactory resolution of this contradiction. Since the bull was slaughtered in my honor, failing to resolve the contradiction might spoil the meal. Rav Pappa continued: bHere we are dealing with a Samaritanwho is bdevoted to the meticulous observance of mitzvot, especially ihalakhotof ritual purity, iteruma /i, and tithes [ iḥaver /i].There is therefore less concern with regard to his ritual purity than that of an iam ha’aretz /i. Consequently, the mishna here states that iterumais not burned on account of him.,Rav Shmuel rejected this response: Since the mishna is referring to men who engage in intercourse with menstruating women, bare you equating a Samaritan iḥaver /iwith a man who bengages in intercourse with a menstruating woman? /b,Rav Pappa bleftRav Shmuel in embarrassment band came before Rav Shimi bar Ashi,to whom he related this incident. Rav Shimi bar Ashi bsaid to him: What is the reasonthat byou did not respond to himthat the ruling of the mishna is stated bwith regard to a Samaritan who immersedin a ritual bath band arosefrom his impure status, bandsubsequently btrod on the garments of a iḥaver /i,which means they are now considered the bedding of the Samaritan, bandthen those bgarments ofthe iḥaverwent and touched iteruma /i?In such a case one does not burn the iteruma /i., bAs, ifone would say to burn it bdue to the impurity of an iam ha’aretz /i, hehas bimmersedin a ritual bath. bAnd ifone were to suggest that it should be burned bbecausethe Samaritan is one who bengages in intercourse with a menstruating woman,this too is an unsatisfactory reason. This is because it is buncertainwhether bhe recently engaged in intercoursewith his wife, in which case his immersion does not remove his impurity; and it is buncertainwhether bhe did not recently engage in intercoursewith his wife, in which case he is in fact pure., bAndeven bif you saythat bhe recently engaged in intercoursewith his wife, another uncertainty remains: It is buncertainwhether his wife began counting seven days from an emission of green blood and ignored any subsequent emission of red blood and bcompletedher count for the bgreenblood, which would mean that she was in fact a menstruating woman when she engaged in sexual intercourse with her husband; and it is buncertainwhether bshe did not completea count of seven days from the emission of the green blood, rather from the emission of red blood, in which case she was not a menstruating woman when her husband engaged in intercourse with her. bAndtherefore bthis is a compound uncertainty, andthere is a principle that bone does not burn iterumaonaccount of ba compound uncertainty. /b,Rav Pappa raised an objection to Rav Shimi bar Ashi: bAnd letone bderivethat the garments of the iḥaverare impure bbecausethey came into contact with the bgarments of an iam ha’aretz /i. As the Master said:The bgarments of an iam ha’aretz /iare considered impure with the ritual impurity imparted by the btreadingof a izav /i, which means they impart impurity to people and to garments, bfor individuals who are scrupulous with regard to impurity [ iperushin /i].Rav Shimi bar Ashi bsaid toRav Pappa: The mishna is referring bto a naked Samaritan.Consequently, none of his garments came into contact with the garments of the iḥaver /i., strongMISHNA: /strong With regard to bSadducee girls, when they were accustomed to follow in the ways of theirSadducee bancestors theirstatus bis likethat of bSamaritan women,whose ihalakhawas discussed in the previous mishna. If the Sadducee women babandonedthe customs of their ancestors in order bto follow in the ways of the Jewish peopletheir status bis likethat of ba Jewish woman. Rabbi Yosei says: Theirstatus bis always likethat of ba Jewish woman, until they will abandonthe ways of the Jewish people in order bto follow in the ways of theirSadducee bancestors. /b, strongGEMARA: /strong bA dilemma was raised beforethe Sages: bWhatis the ihalakhain ban unspecifiedcase, i.e., when the custom of a Sadducee woman is unknown? The Gemara suggests: bComeand bhearevidence from the mishna: With regard to bSadducee girls, when they are accustomed to follow in the ways of theirSadducee bancestors theirstatus bis likethat of bSamaritan women.It can be inferred from the mishna bthatin ban unspecifiedcase their status bis likethat of ba Jewish woman.The Gemara rejects this suggestion: bSay the latter clause:If the Sadducee women babandonedthe customs of their ancestors in order bto follow in the ways of the Jewish people theirstatus bis likethat of ba Jewish woman.One may infer from this bthatin ban unspecifiedcase their status bis likethat of bSamaritan women. Rather, noinference is bto be learned from thismishna.,The Gemara suggests: bComeand bhearthe last clause of the mishna, bas we learnedin the mishna that bRabbi Yosei says: Theirstatus bis always likethat of ba Jewish woman, until they will abandonthe ways of the Jewish people in order bto follow in the ways of theirSadducee bancestors. By inference,one may conclude bthat the first itannaholdsthat in ban unspecifiedcase their status bis likethat of bSamaritan women.The Gemara affirms: bConclude from itthat this is the case.,§ bThe Sages taught:There was ban incident involving a certain Sadducee who was conversing with the High Priest in the marketplace, andas he was speaking, bsaliva [ itzinora /i] sprayed from his mouth and fell onto the garments of the High Priest. And the face of the High Priest turned green,as he feared that his garments had been rendered ritually impure. bAnd he rushed tothe Sadducee’s bwifeto inquire whether she properly observed the ihalakhotof menstruation, in which case his garments were not rendered impure by the saliva of her husband, as he is not considered one who engages in intercourse with a menstruating woman., bShe said to him: Even thoughwomen such as myself bare the wives of Sadducees,who do not follow in the ways of the iperushim /i, bthey are scared of the iperushimand they showtheir bblood to the Sageswhen an uncertainty arises. The garments of the High Priest are therefore pure, as the Sadducee wives properly observe the ihalakhotof menstruation., bRabbi Yosei says: We are familiar with thewives of Sadducees bmore so than everyoneelse, as they are our neighbors, bandI can testify that btheyall bshowtheir bblood to the Sages, except for a certain woman who wasliving bin our neighborhood who did not showher bblood to the Sages, and she died,as a punishment for her behavior.,The Gemara objects: bAnd letthe High Priest bderivethat his garments are impure bdue to the saliva of an iam ha’aretz /i,which imparts impurity. bAbaye said:That case involved ba Sadducee iḥaver /i,who was particular with regard to the ihalakhotof ritual purity. bRava said: Are you equating a Sadducee iḥaver /iwith a man who bengages in intercourse with a menstruating woman?After all, the High Priest was initially concerned that the Sadducee might engage in intercourse with his wife while she is still menstruating. bRather, Rava said: /b

54. Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History, 2.23, 2.25.8, 3.11, 3.32.1-3.32.6, 4.22, 4.22.2, 4.22.7, 5.20 (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)

2.25.8. And that they both suffered martyrdom at the same time is stated by Dionysius, bishop of Corinth, in his epistle to the Romans, in the following words: You have thus by such an admonition bound together the planting of Peter and of Paul at Rome and Corinth. For both of them planted and likewise taught us in our Corinth. And they taught together in like manner in Italy, and suffered martyrdom at the same time. I have quoted these things in order that the truth of the history might be still more confirmed. 3.32.1. It is reported that after the age of Nero and Domitian, under the emperor whose times we are now recording, a persecution was stirred up against us in certain cities in consequence of a popular uprising. In this persecution we have understood that Symeon, the son of Clopas, who, as we have shown, was the second bishop of the church of Jerusalem, suffered martyrdom. 3.32.2. Hegesippus, whose words we have already quoted in various places, is a witness to this fact also. Speaking of certain heretics he adds that Symeon was accused by them at this time; and since it was clear that he was a Christian, he was tortured in various ways for many days, and astonished even the judge himself and his attendants in the highest degree, and finally he suffered a death similar to that of our Lord. 3.32.3. But there is nothing like hearing the historian himself, who writes as follows: Certain of these heretics brought accusation against Symeon, the son of Clopas, on the ground that he was a descendant of David and a Christian; and thus he suffered martyrdom, at the age of one hundred and twenty years, while Trajan was emperor and Atticus governor. 3.32.4. And the same writer says that his accusers also, when search was made for the descendants of David, were arrested as belonging to that family. And it might be reasonably assumed that Symeon was one of those that saw and heard the Lord, judging from the length of his life, and from the fact that the Gospel makes mention of Mary, the wife of Clopas, who was the father of Symeon, as has been already shown. 3.32.5. The same historian says that there were also others, descended from one of the so-called brothers of the Saviour, whose name was Judas, who, after they had borne testimony before Domitian, as has been already recorded, in behalf of faith in Christ, lived until the same reign. 3.32.6. He writes as follows: They came, therefore, and took the lead of every church as witnesses and as relatives of the Lord. And profound peace being established in every church, they remained until the reign of the Emperor Trajan, and until the above-mentioned Symeon, son of Clopas, an uncle of the Lord, was informed against by the heretics, and was himself in like manner accused for the same cause before the governor Atticus. And after being tortured for many days he suffered martyrdom, and all, including even the proconsul, marveled that, at the age of one hundred and twenty years, he could endure so much. And orders were given that he should be crucified. 4.22.2. His words are as follows: And the church of Corinth continued in the true faith until Primus was bishop in Corinth. I conversed with them on my way to Rome, and abode with the Corinthians many days, during which we were mutually refreshed in the true doctrine. 4.22.7. And he wrote of many other matters, which we have in part already mentioned, introducing the accounts in their appropriate places. And from the Syriac Gospel according to the Hebrews he quotes some passages in the Hebrew tongue, showing that he was a convert from the Hebrews, and he mentions other matters as taken from the unwritten tradition of the Jews.

55. Origen, Against Celsus, 2.27, 3.12, 5.61-5.64 (3rd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)

2.27. After this he says, that certain of the Christian believers, like persons who in a fit of drunkenness lay violent hands upon themselves, have corrupted the Gospel from its original integrity, to a threefold, and fourfold, and many-fold degree, and have remodelled it, so that they might be able to answer objections. Now I know of no others who have altered the Gospel, save the followers of Marcion, and those of Valentinus, and, I think, also those of Lucian. But such an allegation is no charge against the Christian system, but against those who dared so to trifle with the Gospels. And as it is no ground of accusation against philosophy, that there exist Sophists, or Epicureans, or Peripatetics, or any others, whoever they may be, who hold false opinions; so neither is it against genuine Christianity that there are some who corrupt the Gospel histories, and who introduce heresies opposed to the meaning of the doctrine of Jesus. 3.12. In the next place, since he reproaches us with the existence of heresies in Christianity as being a ground of accusation against it, saying that when Christians had greatly increased in numbers, they were divided and split up into factions, each individual desiring to have his own party; and further, that being thus separated through their numbers, they confute one another, still having, so to speak, one name in common, if indeed they still retain it. And this is the only thing which they are yet ashamed to abandon, while other matters are determined in different ways by the various sects. In reply to which, we say that heresies of different kinds have never originated from any matter in which the principle involved was not important and beneficial to human life. For since the science of medicine is useful and necessary to the human race, and many are the points of dispute in it respecting the manner of curing bodies, there are found, for this reason, numerous heresies confessedly prevailing in the science of medicine among the Greeks, and also, I suppose, among those barbarous nations who profess to employ medicine. And, again, since philosophy makes a profession of the truth, and promises a knowledge of existing things with a view to the regulation of life, and endeavours to teach what is advantageous to our race, and since the investigation of these matters is attended with great differences of opinion, innumerable heresies have consequently sprung up in philosophy, some of which are more celebrated than others. Even Judaism itself afforded a pretext for the origination of heresies, in the different acceptation accorded to the writings of Moses and those of the prophets. So, then, seeing Christianity appeared an object of veneration to men, not to the more servile class alone, as Celsus supposes, but to many among the Greeks who were devoted to literary pursuits, there necessarily originated heresies - not at all, however, as the result of faction and strife, but through the earnest desire of many literary men to become acquainted with the doctrines of Christianity. The consequence of which was, that, taking in different acceptations those discourses which were believed by all to be divine, there arose heresies, which received their names from those individuals who admired, indeed, the origin of Christianity, but who were led, in some way or other, by certain plausible reasons, to discordant views. And yet no one would act rationally in avoiding medicine because of its heresies; nor would he who aimed at that which is seemly entertain a hatred of philosophy, and adduce its many heresies as a pretext for his antipathy. And so neither are the sacred books of Moses and the prophets to be condemned on account of the heresies in Judaism. 5.61. After the above remarks he proceeds as follows: Let no one suppose that I am ignorant that some of them will concede that their God is the same as that of the Jews, while others will maintain that he is a different one, to whom the latter is in opposition, and that it was from the former that the Son came. Now, if he imagine that the existence of numerous heresies among the Christians is a ground of accusation against Christianity, why, in a similar way, should it not be a ground of accusation against philosophy, that the various sects of philosophers differ from each other, not on small and indifferent points, but upon those of the highest importance? Nay, medicine also ought to be a subject of attack, on account of its many conflicting schools. Let it be admitted, then, that there are among us some who deny that our God is the same as that of the Jews: nevertheless, on that account those are not to be blamed who prove from the same Scriptures that one and the same Deity is the God of the Jews and of the Gentiles alike, as Paul, too, distinctly says, who was a convert from Judaism to Christianity, I thank my God, whom I serve from my forefathers with a pure conscience. And let it be admitted also, that there is a third class who call certain persons carnal, and others spiritual,- I think he here means the followers of Valentinus - yet what does this avail against us, who belong to the Church, and who make it an accusation against such as hold that certain natures are saved, and that others perish in consequence of their natural constitution? And let it be admitted further, that there are some who give themselves out as Gnostics, in the same way as those Epicureans who call themselves philosophers: yet neither will they who annihilate the doctrine of providence be deemed true philosophers, nor those true Christians who introduce monstrous inventions, which are disapproved of by those who are the disciples of Jesus. Let it be admitted, moreover, that there are some who accept Jesus, and who boast on that account of being Christians, and yet would regulate their lives, like the Jewish multitude, in accordance with the Jewish law - and these are the twofold sect of Ebionites, who either acknowledge with us that Jesus was born of a virgin, or deny this, and maintain that He was begotten like other human beings - what does that avail by way of charge against such as belong to the Church, and whom Celsus has styled those of the multitude? He adds, also, that certain of the Christians are believers in the Sibyl, having probably misunderstood some who blamed such as believed in the existence of a prophetic Sibyl, and termed those who held this belief Sibyllists. 5.62. He next pours down upon us a heap of names, saying that he knows of the existence of certain Simonians who worship Helene, or Helenus, as their teacher, and are called Helenians. But it has escaped the notice of Celsus that the Simonians do not at all acknowledge Jesus to be the Son of God, but term Simon the power of God, regarding whom they relate certain marvellous stories, saying that he imagined that if he could become possessed of similar powers to those with which be believed Jesus to be endowed, he too would become as powerful among men as Jesus was among the multitude. But neither Celsus nor Simon could comprehend how Jesus, like a good husbandman of the word of God, was able to sow the greater part of Greece, and of barbarian lands, with His doctrine, and to fill these countries with words which transform the soul from all that is evil, and bring it back to the Creator of all things. Celsus knows, moreover, certain Marcellians, so called from Marcellina, and Harpocratians from Salome, and others who derive their name from Mariamme, and others again from Martha. We, however, who from a love of learning examine to the utmost of our ability not only the contents of Scripture, and the differences to which they give rise, but have also, from love to the truth, investigated as far as we could the opinions of philosophers, have never at any time met with these sects. He makes mention also of the Marcionites, whose leader was Marcion. 5.63. In the next place, that he may have the appearance of knowing still more than he has yet mentioned, he says, agreeably to his usual custom, that there are others who have wickedly invented some being as their teacher and demon, and who wallow about in a great darkness, more unholy and accursed than that of the companions of the Egyptian Antinous. And he seems to me, indeed, in touching on these matters, to say with a certain degree of truth, that there are certain others who have wickedly invented another demon, and who have found him to be their lord, as they wallow about in the great darkness of their ignorance. With respect, however, to Antinous, who is compared with our Jesus, we shall not repeat what we have already said in the preceding pages. Moreover, he continues, these persons utter against one another dreadful blasphemies, saying all manner of things shameful to be spoken; nor will they yield in the slightest point for the sake of harmony, hating each other with a perfect hatred. Now, in answer to this, we have already said that in philosophy and medicine sects are to be found warring against sects. We, however, who are followers of the word of Jesus, and have exercised ourselves in thinking, and saying, and doing what is in harmony with His words, when reviled, bless; being persecuted, we suffer it; being defamed, we entreat; and we would not utter all manner of things shameful to be spoken against those who have adopted different opinions from ours, but, if possible, use every exertion to raise them to a better condition through adherence to the Creator alone, and lead them to perform every act as those who will (one day) be judged. And if those who hold different opinions will not be convinced, we observe the injunction laid down for the treatment of such: A man that is a heretic, after the first and second admonition, reject, knowing that he that is such is subverted, and sins, being condemned of himself. Moreover, we who know the maxim, Blessed are the peacemakers, and this also, Blessed are the meek, would not regard with hatred the corrupters of Christianity, nor term those who had fallen into error Circes and flattering deceivers. 5.64. Celsus appears to me to have misunderstood the statement of the apostle, which declares that in the latter times some shall depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing spirits and doctrines of devils; speaking lies in hypocrisy, having their conscience seared with a hot iron; forbidding to marry, and commanding to abstain from meats, which God has created to be received with thanksgiving of them who believe; and to have misunderstood also those who employed these declarations of the apostle against such as had corrupted the doctrines of Christianity. And it is owing to this cause that Celsus has said that certain among the Christians are called 'cauterized in the ears;' and also that some are termed enigmas, - a term which we have never met. The expression stumbling-block is, indeed, of frequent occurrence in these writings - an appellation which we are accustomed to apply to those who turn away simple persons, and those who are easily deceived, from sound doctrine. But neither we, nor, I imagine, any other, whether Christian or heretic, know of any who are styled Sirens, who betray and deceive, and stop their ears, and change into swine those whom they delude. And yet this man, who affects to know everything, uses such language as the following: You may hear, he says, all those who differ so widely, and who assail each other in their disputes with the most shameless language, uttering the words, 'The world is crucified to me, and I unto the world.' And this is the only phrase which, it appears, Celsus could remember out of Paul's writings; and yet why should we not also employ innumerable other quotations from the Scriptures, such as, For though we do walk in the flesh, we do not war after the flesh; (for the weapons of our warfare are not carnal, but mighty through God to the pulling down of strongholds,) casting down imaginations, and every high thing that exalts itself against the knowledge of God?

56. Anon., Apostolic Constitutions, 6.7 (4th cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)

57. Anon., 4 Baruch, 9.3, 9.16-9.18

9.3. And he prayed a prayer, saying: Holy, holy, holy, fragrant aroma of the living trees, true light that enlightens me until I ascend to you; 9.16. And the tree of life planted in the midst of paradise will cause all the unfruitful trees to bear fruit, and will grow and sprout forth. 9.17. And the trees that had sprouted and became haughty and said:"We have supplied our power (?) to the air," he will cause them to wither, with the grandeur of their branches, and he will cause them to be judged -- that firmly rooted tree! 9.18. And what is crimson will become white as wool -- the snow will be blackened -- the sweet waters will become salty, and the salty sweet, in the intense light of the joy of God.

58. Septuagint, 4 Maccabees, 6.28

6.28. Be merciful to your people, and let our punishment suffice for them.

Subjects of this text:

subject	book bibliographic info
abba shaul	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 118
abraham	Allison (2018), 4 Baruch, 411
ancient synagogue,out-of-the-sunagôgê	Cohen (2010), The Significance of Yavneh and other Essays in Jewish Hellenism, 276
ancient synagogue,pharisees/rabbis as leaders of,passages indicative of,in john	Cohen (2010), The Significance of Yavneh and other Essays in Jewish Hellenism, 276
ancient synagogue,pharisees/rabbis as leaders of,passages indicative of,in justin martyr	Cohen (2010), The Significance of Yavneh and other Essays in Jewish Hellenism, 276
angels,existence denied	Williams (2009), Williams, The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book I: (Sects 1-46), 40
apocalyptic(ism) (see also dualism)	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 229
apocalypticism,chiliasm	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 376, 390
apostolic constitutions	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 175
aqiba	Williams (2009), Williams, The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book I: (Sects 1-46), 42
aramaic	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 229
arkhisunagôgeus	Cohen (2010), The Significance of Yavneh and other Essays in Jewish Hellenism, 276
asia minor	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 390
assembling	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 376
babylonian,halakha/tradition	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 118
bannus	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 229
baptism/baptize,daily	Williams (2009), Williams, The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book I: (Sects 1-46), 45
baptism	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 229
baptistai	Goodman (2006), Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays, 155
baptizers	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 180
basilides	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 206
basmotheans	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 175
baths	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 376
blasphemy,heresy as	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 66, 67
buckley,j. j.	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 180
carpocratians	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 479
causality	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 390
celibacy,and essenes	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 197
celibacy	Williams (2009), Williams, The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book I: (Sects 1-46), 42
celsus	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 383, 479
christian (cristianî)	Lieu (2004), Christian Identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman World, 265
christian church,unity of the	Stanton (2021), Unity and Disunity in Greek and Christian Thought under the Roman Peace, 186
christianity = cristianismî,christians,graeco-roman views of	Lieu (2004), Christian Identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman World, 267
claudius apollinaris	Stanton (2021), Unity and Disunity in Greek and Christian Thought under the Roman Peace, 186
clement of alexandria,on disagreements between sects	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 383
clement of rome,and heresy	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 59
community	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 390
cultus,christian	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 376
deacon	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 376
deny resurrection	Williams (2009), Williams, The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book I: (Sects 1-46), 42
dio chrysostoms essenes,as ideal stoic polis/city	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 197
dionysios of corinth	Stanton (2021), Unity and Disunity in Greek and Christian Thought under the Roman Peace, 186
dositheus	Williams (2009), Williams, The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book I: (Sects 1-46), 40
dualism	Lieu (2004), Christian Identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman World, 297
ebionites	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 175
elder (presbyter)	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 376
epigraphic texts	Lieu (2004), Christian Identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman World, 246
epiphanius	Goodman (2006), Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays, 155
essenes,historically verifiable essene features	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 197
essenes	Goodman (2006), Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays, 155
eusebius,and translation of hegesippus	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 175
eusebius	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 175
exegesis,allegorical	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 202
exegesis,in gnosticism	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 202, 206, 207
exegesis,in justin	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 206
florinus	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 390
fringes	Williams (2009), Williams, The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book I: (Sects 1-46), 42
galileans	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 66, 67, 72
galilee,jews in galilee	Goodman (2006), Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays, 155
genistae	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 180
genistai	Goodman (2006), Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays, 155
genists	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 66, 67, 72
gnosticism,as heretical or other	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 58, 59
great church	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 390
hairesis,pre-christian use	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 34
hairesis	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 66, 67, 75
hanina,r.	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 118
heaven	Williams (2009), Williams, The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book I: (Sects 1-46), 45
hebrew	Lieu (2004), Christian Identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman World, 246
hegesippos	Stanton (2021), Unity and Disunity in Greek and Christian Thought under the Roman Peace, 186
hegesippus,and the essenes	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 175
hegesippus,seven schools of jewish law	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 175, 180
hegesippus	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 390; Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 175, 180; Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 118, 229
hellenianoi	Goodman (2006), Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays, 155
hellenians	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 66, 67, 479; Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 180
hemerobaptists	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 175
heresy,division/multiplicity of	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 67, 479
heresy,heretics	Lieu (2004), Christian Identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman World, 267, 297
heresy,human origin of	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 75
heretics {see also gnostics; marcionites)	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 376, 390
history,as christian history	Lieu (2004), Christian Identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman World, 265
hospitality	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 376
house,possession of	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 376
house community	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 376
idolatry	Lieu (2004), Christian Identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman World, 297
imperial court	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 390
imperial freedpersons	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 390
incarnation/sojourn/coming of christ (ἐνανθρώπησις,ἐνδημία,ἔνσαρκος παρουσία)	Williams (2009), Williams, The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book I: (Sects 1-46), 40
index of subjects,shammaite)	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 118
irenaeus	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 390
israel,used of christians	Lieu (2004), Christian Identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman World, 265
israel	Lieu (2004), Christian Identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman World, 246
isser,s.	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 175
james (jesus brother),death of	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 175
jew,in christian discourse	Lieu (2004), Christian Identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman World, 246
jew	Lieu (2004), Christian Identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman World, 246
jewish law/legal schools,and the hakhamim (sages)	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 197
jewish law/legal schools,essenes as separate	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 175, 197
jewish law/legal schools,hegesippus seven schools	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 175, 180
jewish law/legal schools,josephus three schools	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 175
jewish law/legal schools,justin martyrs list	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 180
jewish law/legal schools	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 175, 180
jewish revolts against romans (66-73 ce)	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 175
jewish succession,listing of sects of	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 66, 67, 72, 75, 206, 207
jewish succession,ritual and legal observance	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 202
jews,graeco-roman views of	Lieu (2004), Christian Identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman World, 246
john,gospel of	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 180
john (the baptist)	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 229
josephus	Goodman (2006), Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays, 155; Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 229
josephus essenes,admission and lifestyle	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 197
josephus essenes,and celibacy	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 197
josephus essenes,and the judaean revolt (c.	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 175
josephus essenes,and women	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 197
josephus essenes,daily routine and meals	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 197
josephus essenes,legal system	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 197
josephus essenes,marriage and children	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 197
josephus essenes,oaths of commitment	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 197
josephus essenes,purity and purification rituals	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 197
josephus essenes,wealth and communality	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 197
judaea,region of,sabbath,rules of	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 197
judaism,second temple	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 180
justin	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 376, 390
justin martyr,and pharisee identity	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 180
justin martyr,legal schools presentation of	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 180
justin martyr	Goodman (2006), Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays, 155; Stanton (2021), Unity and Disunity in Greek and Christian Thought under the Roman Peace, 186; Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 180, 197
labelling	Lieu (2004), Christian Identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman World, 267
law	Williams (2009), Williams, The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book I: (Sects 1-46), 42
life after death	Allison (2018), 4 Baruch, 411
liturgical expressions/elements	Allison (2018), 4 Baruch, 411
logos,doctrine of	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 376, 390
maccabees	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 229
marcion	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 390; Lieu (2004), Christian Identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman World, 267
mareotis,lake,essene identity and	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 197
markion	Stanton (2021), Unity and Disunity in Greek and Christian Thought under the Roman Peace, 186
martyr,justin,distinctive features of his heresiology	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 59, 66
martyr,justin,naming sects	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 34, 58, 59, 66, 67, 72
martyr,justin,on the law	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 202
martyr,justin,on the relation of the church to jewish identity	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 66
martyr,justin,polemic against exegesis of gnostics	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 202, 206, 207
martyr,justin,use of greek models for heresy	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 75
martyr,justin	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 58, 59
masbotheans	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 175
matthew,gospel of,herodians,use of term in	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 197
meals	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 376
meir,r.	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 118
menander	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 59
meristae	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 180
meristai	Goodman (2006), Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays, 155
messianic	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 229
midrash	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 118
mikva,mikvaot (ritual bathhouse)	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 118
miltiades	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 390
moses,repetitions in the name of	Williams (2009), Williams, The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book I: (Sects 1-46), 42
moses	Allison (2018), 4 Baruch, 411
myrtinus	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 376
nasaraeans	Goodman (2006), Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays, 155
niddah	Goodman (2006), Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays, 155
oaths	Williams (2009), Williams, The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book I: (Sects 1-46), 45
office,office holder	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 376
old testament,criticism of	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 206
old testament,relation to new testament,christ	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 206
origen,exclusive account of sects and heresy	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 479
orthodoxy,in judaism,in christianity	Lieu (2004), Christian Identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman World, 297
orthodoxy,unity of	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 67
ossaeans	Goodman (2006), Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays, 155
other,the,mythicized	Lieu (2004), Christian Identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman World, 297
other,the	Lieu (2004), Christian Identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman World, 297
paganism,heresy assimilated to	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 479
paganism	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 59
persecution	Lieu (2015), Marcion and the Making of a Heretic: God and Scripture in the Second Century, 20
perushim,essenes link with	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 197
pharisees,depiction as chief priests	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 180
pharisees,in justin martyr	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 180
pharisees	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 59, 66, 67, 72; Goodman (2006), Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays, 155; Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 175; Williams (2009), Williams, The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book I: (Sects 1-46), 42, 45
philistines,philosophy,christianity as	Lieu (2004), Christian Identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman World, 267
philo of alexandria	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 202
philos essenes,and communality	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 197
philos essenes,and mosaic law	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 197
philos essenes,and women	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 197
philos essenes,as aged mature men	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 197
philosophy,criticized as divided	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 67
philosophy,origin of notion of αἵρεσις	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 34
philosophy,positive invocation and use of	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 58
phylacteries	Williams (2009), Williams, The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book I: (Sects 1-46), 42
platonism,middle platonism	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 58
plinys essenes,celibacy of	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 197
pluralism,theological	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 390
poor,the	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 229
prayer	Allison (2018), 4 Baruch, 411
ptolemy (valentinian,teacher of justin,apol.	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 390
purification ~	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 229
purity (see also food laws)	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 118
purity and purification rituals,and the essenes	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 180, 197
purity and purification rituals,extreme purification	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 180
purity and purification rituals,in josephus	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 197
purity and purification rituals	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 180
purity system	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 118
qumran community	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 229
race,christians as	Lieu (2004), Christian Identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman World, 265
resurrection,of believers	Lieu (2015), Marcion and the Making of a Heretic: God and Scripture in the Second Century, 20
resurrection	Allison (2018), 4 Baruch, 411
rhodon	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 390
roman church	Stanton (2021), Unity and Disunity in Greek and Christian Thought under the Roman Peace, 186
sacrifice	Williams (2009), Williams, The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book I: (Sects 1-46), 40
sadducees,deny resurrection	Williams (2009), Williams, The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book I: (Sects 1-46), 40, 45
sadducees,mentions in rabbinic literature	Cohen (2010), The Significance of Yavneh and other Essays in Jewish Hellenism, 51
sadducees	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 66, 67, 72; Goodman (2006), Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays, 155; Williams (2009), Williams, The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book I: (Sects 1-46), 40
sadducees (tsedukim/tseduqim),in justin martyr	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 180
sadducees (tsedukim/tseduqim)	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 175
samaritans/samarians	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 175, 180
satan,and heresy	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 59, 75
saturninus	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 34, 75
schools	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 376
scribes	Williams (2009), Williams, The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book I: (Sects 1-46), 42, 45
scripture,as weapon/criterion against heresy	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 72, 75, 202, 206, 207
scripture,justin martyr on	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 202, 206, 207
sects,sectarianism,jewish	Lieu (2004), Christian Identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman World, 246
sects/sectarianism,in the rabbinic period,patristic evidence	Cohen (2010), The Significance of Yavneh and other Essays in Jewish Hellenism, 51
sects/sectarianism,in the rabbinic period,rabbinic evidence	Cohen (2010), The Significance of Yavneh and other Essays in Jewish Hellenism, 51
seraphim	Allison (2018), 4 Baruch, 411
serapion of antioch	Stanton (2021), Unity and Disunity in Greek and Christian Thought under the Roman Peace, 186
shimshon me-shantz,r.	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 229
short prayer	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 118
simeon (son of clopas)	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 175
simon (magus)	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 175
simon magus	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 390
simon of samaria	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 59, 479
simonians (sect)	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 479
sleep,deprivation	Williams (2009), Williams, The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book I: (Sects 1-46), 42
spirit/spirits,not known of	Williams (2009), Williams, The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book I: (Sects 1-46), 40
stoning	Allison (2018), 4 Baruch, 411
succession,previous notions of	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 34
synesius of crete,presentation of dios essenes	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 197
tatianos (tatian)	Stanton (2021), Unity and Disunity in Greek and Christian Thought under the Roman Peace, 186
teachers	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 376
tefilla (see also prayer)	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 118
temple,the,destruction of (66 ce)	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 175, 180
thebuthis	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 175
tolerance	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 390
tora (see also pentateuch)	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 118, 229
trajan	Taylor (2012), The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea, 175
trypho	Goodman (2006), Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays, 155; Lieu (2015), Marcion and the Making of a Heretic: God and Scripture in the Second Century, 20
valentinians,doctrine of	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 206, 207
valentinians	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 34, 75, 479
valentinus	Lieu (2004), Christian Identity in the Jewish and Graeco-Roman World, 267
via latina	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 390
victor	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 390
women,position of	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 118
yehuda (yuda),r.	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 118
yose,r.'	Goodman (2006), Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays, 155
yoshua,r.	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 118
yoshua ben levi,r.	Tomson (2019), Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries. 118
zadok	Williams (2009), Williams, The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Book I: (Sects 1-46), 40
αἱρεσιώτης	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 66, 67
διαδοχή	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 34
διατριβή	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 34
διδασκαλία	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 75
διδαχή	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 75
δίδαγμα	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 75
δύναμις	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 59
εἱρμός	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 202
κατάπληξις	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 59
μερίζειν	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 206, 207
παραχαράσσειν	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 66
προβάλλειν	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 206, 207
πρᾶγμα	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 34
στάσις	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 383
συνάφεια	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 202
σχολή	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 34
σχίσμα	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 66
σύνταγμα	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 58, 59
ἀηδῶς	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 72
ἀκολουθεῖν	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 66, 75
ἀρχηγέτης	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 34
ἀσεβής	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 66, 67
ἄθεος	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 66, 67
ἐλέγχειν	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 383
ἔλεγχος	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 383
ἴδιος	Boulluec (2022), The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries, 383