1. Hebrew Bible, Exodus, 18.1, 31.18, 34.1, 34.29 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
| 18.1. וַיִּשְׁמַע יִתְרוֹ כֹהֵן מִדְיָן חֹתֵן מֹשֶׁה אֵת כָּל־אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה אֱלֹהִים לְמֹשֶׁה וּלְיִשְׂרָאֵל עַמּוֹ כִּי־הוֹצִיא יְהוָה אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרָיִם׃ 18.1. וַיֹּאמֶר יִתְרוֹ בָּרוּךְ יְהוָה אֲשֶׁר הִצִּיל אֶתְכֶם מִיַּד מִצְרַיִם וּמִיַּד פַּרְעֹה אֲשֶׁר הִצִּיל אֶת־הָעָם מִתַּחַת יַד־מִצְרָיִם׃ 31.18. וַיִּתֵּן אֶל־מֹשֶׁה כְּכַלֹּתוֹ לְדַבֵּר אִתּוֹ בְּהַר סִינַי שְׁנֵי לֻחֹת הָעֵדֻת לֻחֹת אֶבֶן כְּתֻבִים בְּאֶצְבַּע אֱלֹהִים׃ 34.1. וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה פְּסָל־לְךָ שְׁנֵי־לֻחֹת אֲבָנִים כָּרִאשֹׁנִים וְכָתַבְתִּי עַל־הַלֻּחֹת אֶת־הַדְּבָרִים אֲשֶׁר הָיוּ עַל־הַלֻּחֹת הָרִאשֹׁנִים אֲשֶׁר שִׁבַּרְתָּ׃ 34.1. וַיֹּאמֶר הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי כֹּרֵת בְּרִית נֶגֶד כָּל־עַמְּךָ אֶעֱשֶׂה נִפְלָאֹת אֲשֶׁר לֹא־נִבְרְאוּ בְכָל־הָאָרֶץ וּבְכָל־הַגּוֹיִם וְרָאָה כָל־הָעָם אֲשֶׁר־אַתָּה בְקִרְבּוֹ אֶת־מַעֲשֵׂה יְהוָה כִּי־נוֹרָא הוּא אֲשֶׁר אֲנִי עֹשֶׂה עִמָּךְ׃ 34.29. וַיְהִי בְּרֶדֶת מֹשֶׁה מֵהַר סִינַי וּשְׁנֵי לֻחֹת הָעֵדֻת בְּיַד־מֹשֶׁה בְּרִדְתּוֹ מִן־הָהָר וּמֹשֶׁה לֹא־יָדַע כִּי קָרַן עוֹר פָּנָיו בְּדַבְּרוֹ אִתּוֹ׃ | 18.1. Now Jethro, the priest of Midian, Moses’father-in-law, heard of all that God had done for Moses, and for Israel His people, how that the LORD had brought Israel out of Egypt." 31.18. And He gave unto Moses, when He had made an end of speaking with him upon mount Sinai, the two tables of the testimony, tables of stone, written with the finger of God." 34.1. And the LORD said unto Moses: ‘Hew thee two tables of stone like unto the first; and I will write upon the tables the words that were on the first tables, which thou didst break." 34.29. And it came to pass, when Moses came down from mount Sinai with the two tables of the testimony in Moses’hand, when he came down from the mount, that Moses knew not that the skin of his face sent forth abeams while He talked with him." |
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2. Hebrew Bible, Joel, 2.2, 4.12 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
| 2.2. יוֹם חֹשֶׁךְ וַאֲפֵלָה יוֹם עָנָן וַעֲרָפֶל כְּשַׁחַר פָּרֻשׂ עַל־הֶהָרִים עַם רַב וְעָצוּם כָּמֹהוּ לֹא נִהְיָה מִן־הָעוֹלָם וְאַחֲרָיו לֹא יוֹסֵף עַד־שְׁנֵי דּוֹר וָדוֹר׃ 2.2. וְאֶת־הַצְּפוֹנִי אַרְחִיק מֵעֲלֵיכֶם וְהִדַּחְתִּיו אֶל־אֶרֶץ צִיָּה וּשְׁמָמָה אֶת־פָּנָיו אֶל־הַיָּם הַקַּדְמֹנִי וְסֹפוֹ אֶל־הַיָּם הָאַחֲרוֹן וְעָלָה בָאְשׁוֹ וְתַעַל צַחֲנָתוֹ כִּי הִגְדִּיל לַעֲשׂוֹת׃ 4.12. יֵעוֹרוּ וְיַעֲלוּ הַגּוֹיִם אֶל־עֵמֶק יְהוֹשָׁפָט כִּי שָׁם אֵשֵׁב לִשְׁפֹּט אֶת־כָּל־הַגּוֹיִם מִסָּבִיב׃ | 2.2. A day of darkness and gloominess, A day of clouds and thick darkness, As blackness spread upon the mountains; A great people and a mighty, There hath not been ever the like, Neither shall be any more after them, Even to the years of many generations." 4.12. Let the nations be stirred up, and come up To the valley of Jehoshaphat; For there will I sit to judge All the nations round about." |
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3. Hebrew Bible, Zephaniah, 1.15 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
| 1.15. יוֹם עֶבְרָה הַיּוֹם הַהוּא יוֹם צָרָה וּמְצוּקָה יוֹם שֹׁאָה וּמְשׁוֹאָה יוֹם חֹשֶׁךְ וַאֲפֵלָה יוֹם עָנָן וַעֲרָפֶל׃ | 1.15. That day is a day of wrath, A day of trouble and distress, A day of wasteness and desolation, A day of darkness and gloominess, A day of clouds and thick darkness," |
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4. Hebrew Bible, Isaiah, 29.6 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
| 29.6. מֵעִם יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת תִּפָּקֵד בְּרַעַם וּבְרַעַשׁ וְקוֹל גָּדוֹל סוּפָה וּסְעָרָה וְלַהַב אֵשׁ אוֹכֵלָה׃ | 29.6. There shall be a visitation from the LORD of hosts With thunder, and with earthquake, and great noise, With whirlwind and tempest, and the flame of a devouring fire." |
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5. Hebrew Bible, Zechariah, 9.14 (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE)
| 9.14. וַיהוָה עֲלֵיהֶם יֵרָאֶה וְיָצָא כַבָּרָק חִצּוֹ וַאדֹנָי יְהֹוִה בַּשּׁוֹפָר יִתְקָע וְהָלַךְ בְּסַעֲרוֹת תֵּימָן׃ | 9.14. And the LORD shall be seen over them, And His arrow shall go forth as the lightning; And the Lord GOD will blow the horn, And will go with whirlwinds of the south." |
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6. Anon., 1 Enoch, 15.8-16.1, 19.1 (3rd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
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7. Anon., Jubilees, 5.12, 8.1-8.5, 10.1-10.6, 11.4-11.5 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
| 5.12. And He said "Thy spirit will not always abide on man; for they also are flesh and their days shall be one hundred and twenty years. 8.1. In the twenty-ninth jubilee, in the first week, in the beginning thereof Arpachshad took to himself a wife and her name was Râsû’ĕjâ, [the daughter of Sûsân,] the daughter of Elam 8.2. and she bare him a son in the third year in this week, and he called his name Kâinâm. 8.3. And the son grew, and his father taught him writing, and he went to seek for himself a place where he might seize for himself a city. 8.4. And he found a writing which former (generations) had carved on the rock, and he read what was thereon, and he transcribed it and sinned owing to it; for it contained the teaching of the Watchers in accordance with which they used to observe 8.5. the omens of the sun and moon and stars in all the signs of heaven. 10.1. And in the third week of this jubilee the unclean demons began to lead astray the children of the sons of Noah; and to make to err and destroy them. 10.2. And the sons of Noah came to Noah their father, and they told him concerning the demons which were, leading astray and blinding and slaying his sons' sons. 10.3. And he prayed before the Lord his God, and said: God of the spirits of all flesh, who hast shown mercy unto me, And hast saved me and my sons from the waters of the flood, And hast not caused me to perish as Thou didst the sons of perdition; 10.4. For Thy grace hath been great towards me, And great hath been Thy mercy to my soul; 10.5. Let Thy grace be lift up upon my sons 10.6. But do Thou bless me and my sons, that we may increase and multiply and replenish the earth. 11.4. and to build strong cities, and walls, and towers, and individuals (began) to exalt themselves above the nation, and to found the beginnings of kingdoms 11.5. and to go to war people against people, and nation against nation, and city against city, and all (began) to do evil, and to acquire arms, and to teach their sons war |
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8. Hebrew Bible, Daniel, 1.6-1.7, 1.11, 2.17, 7.26 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
| 1.6. וַיְהִי בָהֶם מִבְּנֵי יְהוּדָה דָּנִיֵּאל חֲנַנְיָה מִישָׁאֵל וַעֲזַרְיָה׃ 1.7. וַיָּשֶׂם לָהֶם שַׂר הַסָּרִיסִים שֵׁמוֹת וַיָּשֶׂם לְדָנִיֵּאל בֵּלְטְשַׁאצַּר וְלַחֲנַנְיָה שַׁדְרַךְ וּלְמִישָׁאֵל מֵישַׁךְ וְלַעֲזַרְיָה עֲבֵד נְגוֹ׃ 1.11. וַיֹּאמֶר דָּנִיֵּאל אֶל־הַמֶּלְצַר אֲשֶׁר מִנָּה שַׂר הַסָּרִיסִים עַל־דָּנִיֵּאל חֲנַנְיָה מִישָׁאֵל וַעֲזַרְיָה׃ 2.17. אֱדַיִן דָּנִיֵּאל לְבַיְתֵהּ אֲזַל וְלַחֲנַנְיָה מִישָׁאֵל וַעֲזַרְיָה חַבְרוֹהִי מִלְּתָא הוֹדַע׃ 7.26. וְדִינָא יִתִּב וְשָׁלְטָנֵהּ יְהַעְדּוֹן לְהַשְׁמָדָה וּלְהוֹבָדָה עַד־סוֹפָא׃ | 1.6. Now among these were, of the children of Judah, Daniel, Haiah, Mishael, and Azariah." 1.7. And the chief of the officers gave names unto them: unto Daniel he gave the name of Belteshazzar; and to Haiah, of Shadrach; and to Mishael, of Meshach; and to Azariah, of Abed-nego." 1.11. Then said Daniel to the steward, whom the chief of the officers had appointed over Daniel, Haiah, Mishael, and Azariah:" 2.17. Then Daniel went to his house, and made the thing known to Haiah, Mishael, and Azariah, his companions;" 7.26. But the judgment shall sit, and his dominions shall be taken away, to be consumed and to be destroy unto the end." |
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9. Philo of Alexandria, On The Posterity of Cain, 42 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE)
| 42. They therefore who say that all thinking, and feeling, and speaking, are the free gifts of their own soul, utter an impious and ungodly opinion, and deserve to be classed among the race of Cain, who, though he was not able to master himself, yet dared to assert that he had absolute possession of all other things; but as for those persons who do not claim all the things in creation as their own, but who ascribe them to the divine grace, being men really noble and sprung out of those who were rich long ago, but of those who love virtue and piety, they may be classed under Seth as the author of their race. |
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10. Philo of Alexandria, On The Life of Moses, 1.17, 2.263 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE)
| 1.17. and as she said that she wished that she would do so, the maiden went and fetched her own mother and that of the infant, as if she had been a stranger, who with great readiness and willingness cheerfully promised to take the child and bring him up, pretending to be tempted by the reward to be paid, the providence of God thus making the original bringing up of the child to accord with the genuine course of nature. Then she gave him a name, calling him Moses with great propriety, because she had received him out of the water, for the Egyptians call water "mos. 2.263. He gave a second instance of his prophetical inspiration not long afterwards in the oracle which he delivered about the sacred seventh day. For though it had had a natural precedence over all other days, not only from the time that the world was created, but even before the origination of the heaven and all the objects perceptible to the outward senses, men still knew it not, perhaps because, by reason of the continued and uninterrupted destructions which had taken place by water and fire, succeeding generations had not been able to receive from former ones any traditions of the arrangement and order which had been established in the connection of preceding times, which, as it was not known, Moses, now being inspired, declared to his people in an oracle which was borne testimony to by a visible sign from heaven. |
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11. Josephus Flavius, Jewish Antiquities, 1.39, 1.58, 1.60-1.61, 1.67-1.69, 1.71-1.75, 1.77, 1.82-1.83, 1.85, 1.95-1.98, 1.104-1.107, 1.109, 1.120-1.148, 1.154-1.156, 1.158, 14.487-14.491 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
| 1.39. Euphrates also, as well as Tigris, goes down into the Red Sea. Now the name Euphrates, or Phrath, denotes either a dispersion, or a flower: by Tigris, or Diglath, is signified what is swift, with narrowness; and Geon runs through Egypt, and denotes what arises from the east, which the Greeks call Nile. 1.58. God therefore did not inflict the punishment [of death] upon him, on account of his offering sacrifice, and thereby making supplication to him not to be extreme in his wrath to him; but he made him accursed, and threatened his posterity in the seventh generation. He also cast him, together with his wife, out of that land. 1.61. He augmented his household substance with much wealth, by rapine and violence; he excited his acquaintance to procure pleasures and spoils by robbery, and became a great leader of men into wicked courses. He also introduced a change in that way of simplicity wherein men lived before; and was the author of measures and weights. And whereas they lived innocently and generously while they knew nothing of such arts, he changed the world into cunning craftiness. 1.67. 3. Now Adam, who was the first man, and made out of the earth, (for our discourse must now be about him,) after Abel was slain, and Cain fled away, on account of his murder, was solicitous for posterity, and had a vehement desire of children, he being two hundred and thirty years old; after which time he lived other seven hundred, and then died. 1.68. He had indeed many other children, but Seth in particular. As for the rest, it would be tedious to name them; I will therefore only endeavor to give an account of those that proceeded from Seth. Now this Seth, when he was brought up, and came to those years in which he could discern what was good, became a virtuous man; and as he was himself of an excellent character, so did he leave children behind him who imitated his virtues. 1.69. All these proved to be of good dispositions. They also inhabited the same country without dissensions, and in a happy condition, without any misfortunes falling upon them, till they died. They also were the inventors of that peculiar sort of wisdom which is concerned with the heavenly bodies, and their order. 1.71. that in case the pillar of brick should be destroyed by the flood, the pillar of stone might remain, and exhibit those discoveries to mankind; and also inform them that there was another pillar of brick erected by them. Now this remains in the land of Siriad to this day. 1.72. 1. Now this posterity of Seth continued to esteem God as the Lord of the universe, and to have an entire regard to virtue, for seven generations; but in process of time they were perverted, and forsook the practices of their forefathers; and did neither pay those honors to God which were appointed them, nor had they any concern to do justice towards men. But for what degree of zeal they had formerly shown for virtue, they now showed by their actions a double degree of wickedness, whereby they made God to be their enemy. 1.73. For many angels of God accompanied with women, and begat sons that proved unjust, and despisers of all that was good, on account of the confidence they had in their own strength; for the tradition is, that these men did what resembled the acts of those whom the Grecians call giants. 1.74. But Noah was very uneasy at what they did; and being displeased at their conduct, persuaded them to change their dispositions and their acts for the better: but seeing they did not yield to him, but were slaves to their wicked pleasures, he was afraid they would kill him, together with his wife and children, and those they had married; so he departed out of that land. 1.75. 2. Now God loved this man for his righteousness: yet he not only condemned those other men for their wickedness, but determined to destroy the whole race of mankind, and to make another race that should be pure from wickedness; and cutting short their lives, and making their years not so many as they formerly lived, but one hundred and twenty only, he turned the dry land into sea; 1.77. That he should make an ark of four stories high, three hundred cubits long, fifty cubits broad, and thirty cubits high. Accordingly he entered into that ark, and his wife, and sons, and their wives, and put into it not only other provisions, to support their wants there, but also sent in with the rest all sorts of living creatures, the male and his female, for the preservation of their kinds; and others of them by sevens. 1.82. and this was two thousand six hundred and fifty-six [one thousand six hundred and fifty-six] years from Adam, the first man; and the time is written down in our sacred books, those who then lived having noted down, with great accuracy, both the births and deaths of illustrious men. 1.83. 4. For indeed Seth was born when Adam was in his two hundred and thirtieth year, who lived nine hundred and thirty years. Seth begat Enos in his two hundred and fifth year; who, when he had lived nine hundred and twelve years, delivered the government to Cai his son, whom he had in his hundred and ninetieth year. He lived nine hundred and five years. 1.85. He lived nine hundred and sixty-two years; and then his son Enoch succeeded him, who was born when his father was one hundred and sixty-two years old. Now he, when he had lived three hundred and sixty-five years, departed and went to God; whence it is that they have not written down his death. 1.95. “There is a great mountain in Armenia, over Minyas, called Baris, upon which it is reported that many who fled at the time of the Deluge were saved; and that one who was carried in an ark came on shore upon the top of it; and that the remains of the timber were a great while preserved. This might be the man about whom Moses the legislator of the Jews wrote.” 1.96. 7. But as for Noah, he was afraid, since God had determined to destroy mankind, lest he should drown the earth every year; so he offered burnt-offerings, and besought God that nature might hereafter go on in its former orderly course, and that he would not bring on so great a judgment any more, by which the whole race of creatures might be in danger of destruction: but that, having now punished the wicked, he would of his goodness spare the remainder, and such as he had hitherto judged fit to be delivered from so severe a calamity; 1.97. for that otherwise these last must be more miserable than the first, and that they must be condemned to a worse condition than the others, unless they be suffered to escape entirely; that is, if they be reserved for another deluge; while they must be afflicted with the terror and sight of the first deluge, and must also be destroyed by a second. 1.98. He also entreated God to accept of his sacrifice, and to grant that the earth might never again undergo the like effects of ‘his wrath; that men might be permitted to go on cheerfully in cultivating the same; to build cities, and live happily in them; and that they might not be deprived of any of those good things which they enjoyed before the Flood; but might attain to the like length of days, and old age, which the ancient people had arrived at before. 1.104. 9. Now when Noah had lived three hundred and fifty years after the Flood, and that all that time happily, he died, having lived the number of nine hundred and fifty years. 1.105. But let no one, upon comparing the lives of the ancients with our lives, and with the few years which we now live, think that what we have said of them is false; or make the shortness of our lives at present an argument, that neither did they attain to so long a duration of life 1.106. for those ancients were beloved of God, and [lately] made by God himself; and because their food was then fitter for the prolongation of life, might well live so great a number of years: and besides, God afforded them a longer time of life on account of their virtue, and the good use they made of it in astronomical and geometrical discoveries, which would not have afforded the time of foretelling [the periods of the stars] unless they had lived six hundred years; for the great year is completed in that interval. 1.107. Now I have for witnesses to what I have said, all those that have written Antiquities, both among the Greeks and barbarians; for even Manetho, who wrote the Egyptian History, and Berosus, who collected the Chaldean Monuments, and Mochus, and Hestieus, and, besides these, Hieronymus the Egyptian, and those who composed the Phoenician History, agree to what I here say: 1.109. 1. Now the sons of Noah were three,—Shem, Japhet, and Ham, born one hundred years before the Deluge. These first of all descended from the mountains into the plains, and fixed their habitation there; and persuaded others who were greatly afraid of the lower grounds on account of the flood, and so were very loath to come down from the higher places, to venture to follow their examples. 1.121. and some of those nations do still retain the denominations which were given them by their first founders; but some have lost them also, and some have only admitted certain changes in them, that they might be the more intelligible to the inhabitants. And they were the Greeks who became the authors of such mutations. For when in after-ages they grew potent, they claimed to themselves the glory of antiquity; giving names to the nations that sounded well [in Greek] that they might be better understood among themselves; and setting agreeable forms of government over them, as if they were a people derived from themselves. 1.122. 1. Now they were the grandchildren of Noah, in honor of whom names were imposed on the nations by those that first seized upon them. Japhet, the son of Noah, had seven sons: they inhabited so, that, beginning at the mountains Taurus and Amanus, they proceeded along Asia, as far as the river Tanais, and along Europe to Cadiz; and settling themselves on the lands which they light upon, which none had inhabited before, they called the nations by their own names. 1.123. For Gomer founded those whom the Greeks now call Galatians, [Galls,] but were then called Gomerites. Magog founded those that from him were named Magogites, but who are by the Greeks called Scythians. 1.124. Now as to Javan and Madai, the sons of Japhet; from Madai came the Madeans, who are called Medes, by the Greeks; but from Javan, Ionia, and all the Grecians, are derived. Thobel founded the Thobelites, who are now called Iberes; 1.125. and the Mosocheni were founded by Mosoch; now they are Cappadocians. There is also a mark of their ancient denomination still to be shown; for there is even now among them a city called Mazaca, which may inform those that are able to understand, that so was the entire nation once called. Thiras also called those whom he ruled over Thirasians; but the Greeks changed the name into Thracians. 1.126. And so many were the countries that had the children of Japhet for their inhabitants. of the three sons of Gomer, Aschanax founded the Aschanaxians, who are now called by the Greeks Rheginians. So did Riphath found the Ripheans, now called Paphlagonians; and Thrugramma the Thrugrammeans, who, as the Greeks resolved, were named Phrygians. 1.127. of the three sons of Javan also, the son of Japhet, Elisa gave name to the Eliseans, who were his subjects; they are now the Aeolians. Tharsus to the Tharsians, for so was Cilicia of old called; the sign of which is this, that the noblest city they have, and a metropolis also, is Tarsus, the tau being by change put for the theta. 1.128. Cethimus possessed the island Cethima: it is now called Cyprus; and from that it is that all islands, and the greatest part of the sea-coasts, are named Cethim by the Hebrews: and one city there is in Cyprus that has been able to preserve its denomination; it has been called Citius by those who use the language of the Greeks, and has not, by the use of that dialect, escaped the name of Cethim. And so many nations have the children and grandchildren of Japhet possessed. 1.129. Now when I have premised somewhat, which perhaps the Greeks do not know, I will return and explain what I have omitted; for such names are pronounced here after the manner of the Greeks, to please my readers; for our own country language does not so pronounce them: but the names in all cases are of one and the same ending; for the name we here pronounce Noeas, is there Noah, and in every case retains the same termination. 1.131. For of the four sons of Ham, time has not at all hurt the name of Chus; for the Ethiopians, over whom he reigned, are even at this day, both by themselves and by all men in Asia, called Chusites. 1.132. The memory also of the Mesraites is preserved in their name; for all we who inhabit this country [of Judea] called Egypt Mestre, and the Egyptians Mestreans. Phut also was the founder of Libya, and called the inhabitants Phutites, from himself: 1.133. there is also a river in the country of Moors which bears that name; whence it is that we may see the greatest part of the Grecian historiographers mention that river and the adjoining country by the appellation of Phut: but the name it has now has been by change given it from one of the sons of Mesraim, who was called Lybyos. We will inform you presently what has been the occasion why it has been called Africa also. 1.134. Canaan, the fourth son of Ham, inhabited the country now called Judea, and called it from his own name Canaan. The children of these [four] were these: Sabas, who founded the Sabeans; Evilas, who founded the Evileans, who are called Getuli; Sabathes founded the Sabathens, they are now called by the Greeks Astaborans; 1.135. Sabactas settled the Sabactens; and Ragmus the Ragmeans; and he had two sons, the one of whom, Judadas, settled the Judadeans, a nation of the western Ethiopians, and left them his name; as did Sabas to the Sabeans: but Nimrod, the son of Chus, staid and tyrannized at Babylon, as we have already informed you. 1.136. Now all the children of Mesraim, being eight in number, possessed the country from Gaza to Egypt, though it retained the name of one only, the Philistim; for the Greeks call part of that country Palestine. 1.137. As for the rest, Ludieim, and Enemim, and Labim, who alone inhabited in Libya, and called the country from himself, Nedim, and Phethrosim, and Chesloim, and Cephthorim, we know nothing of them besides their names; for the Ethiopic war which we shall describe hereafter, was the cause that those cities were overthrown. 1.138. The sons of Canaan were these: Sidonius, who also built a city of the same name; it is called by the Greeks Sidon Amathus inhabited in Amathine, which is even now called Amathe by the inhabitants, although the Macedonians named it Epiphania, from one of his posterity: Arudeus possessed the island Aradus: Arucas possessed Arce, which is in Libanus. 1.139. But for the seven others, [Eueus,] Chetteus, Jebuseus, Amorreus, Gergesus, Eudeus, Sineus, Samareus, we have nothing in the sacred books but their names, for the Hebrews overthrew their cities; and their calamities came upon them on the occasion following. 1.141. and, being drunk, he fell asleep, and lay naked in an unseemly manner. When his youngest son saw this, he came laughing, and showed him to his brethren; but they covered their father’s nakedness. 1.142. And when Noah was made sensible of what had been done, he prayed for prosperity to his other sons; but for Ham, he did not curse him, by reason of his nearness in blood, but cursed his prosperity: and when the rest of them escaped that curse, God inflicted it on the children of Canaan. But as to these matters, we shall speak more hereafter. 1.143. 4. Shem, the third son of Noah, had five sons, who inhabited the land that began at Euphrates, and reached to the Indian Ocean. For Elam left behind him the Elamites, the ancestors of the Persians. Ashur lived at the city Nineve; and named his subjects Assyrians, who became the most fortunate nation, beyond others. 1.144. Arphaxad named the Arphaxadites, who are now called Chaldeans. Aram had the Aramites, which the Greeks called Syrians; as Laud founded the Laudites, which are now called Lydians. 1.145. of the four sons of Aram, Uz founded Trachonitis and Damascus: this country lies between Palestine and Celesyria. Ul founded Armenia; and Gather the Bactrians; and Mesa the Mesaneans; it is now called Charax Spasini. 1.146. Sala was the son of Arphaxad; and his son was Heber, from whom they originally called the Jews Hebrews. Heber begat Joetan and Phaleg: he was called Phaleg, because he was born at the dispersion of the nations to their several countries; for Phaleg among the Hebrews signifies division. 1.147. Now Joctan, one of the sons of Heber, had these sons, Elmodad, Saleph, Asermoth, Jera, Adoram, Aizel, Decla, Ebal, Abimael, Sabeus, Ophir, Euilat, and Jobab. These inhabited from Cophen, an Indian river, and in part of Asia adjoining to it. And this shall suffice concerning the sons of Shem. 1.148. 5. I will now treat of the Hebrews. The son of Phaleg, whose father Was Heber, was Ragau; whose son was Serug, to whom was born Nahor; his son was Terah, who was the father of Abraham, who accordingly was the tenth from Noah, and was born in the two hundred and ninety-second year after the deluge; 1.154. 1. Now Abram, having no son of his own, adopted Lot, his brother Haran’s son, and his wife Sarai’s brother; and he left the land of Chaldea when he was seventy-five years old, and at the command of God went into Canaan, and therein he dwelt himself, and left it to his posterity. He was a person of great sagacity, both for understanding all things and persuading his hearers, and not mistaken in his opinions; 1.155. for which reason he began to have higher notions of virtue than others had, and he determined to renew and to change the opinion all men happened then to have concerning God; for he was the first that ventured to publish this notion, That there was but one God, the Creator of the universe; and that, as to other [gods], if they contributed any thing to the happiness of men, that each of them afforded it only according to his appointment, and not by their own power. 1.156. This his opinion was derived from the irregular phenomena that were visible both at land and sea, as well as those that happen to the sun, and moon, and all the heavenly bodies, thus:—“If [said he] these bodies had power of their own, they would certainly take care of their own regular motions; but since they do not preserve such regularity, they make it plain, that in so far as they co-operate to our advantage, they do it not of their own abilities, but as they are subservient to Him that commands them, to whom alone we ought justly to offer our honor and thanksgiving.” 1.158. 2. Berosus mentions our father Abram without naming him, when he says thus: “In the tenth generation after the Flood, there was among the Chaldeans a man righteous and great, and skillful in the celestial science.” 14.487. 4. This destruction befell the city of Jerusalem when Marcus Agrippa and Caninius Gallus were consuls of Rome on the hundred eighty and fifth olympiad, on the third month, on the solemnity of the fast, as if a periodical revolution of calamities had returned since that which befell the Jews under Pompey; 14.488. for the Jews were taken by him on the same day, and this was after twenty-seven years’ time. So when Sosius had dedicated a crown of gold to God, he marched away from Jerusalem, and carried Antigonus with him in bonds to Antony; 14.489. but Herod was afraid lest Antigonus should be kept in prison [only] by Antony, and that when he was carried to Rome by him, he might get his cause to be heard by the senate, and might demonstrate, as he was himself of the royal blood, and Herod but a private man, that therefore it belonged to his sons however to have the kingdom, on account of the family they were of 14.491. but these men lost the government by their dissensions one with another, and it came to Herod, the son of Antipater, who was of no more than a vulgar family, and of no eminent extraction, but one that was subject to other kings. And this is what history tells us was the end of the Asamonean family. |
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12. Josephus Flavius, Jewish War, 6.110 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
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13. Anon., Tchacos 3 Gospel of Judas, 49.5-49.6 (2nd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
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14. Hippolytus, Refutation of All Heresies, 5.8.2, 5.8.30 (2nd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
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15. Irenaeus, Refutation of All Heresies, 5.8.2 (2nd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
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16. Babylonian Talmud, Zevahim, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 116a. זכרים ונקבות תמימין ובעלי מומין (דאמר מר תמות וזכרות בבהמה ואין תמות וזכרות בעופות,ואיתקש בהמה לעוף,תמימין ובעלי מומין) לאפוקי מחוסר אבר דלא א"ר אלעזר מנין למחוסר אבר שנאסר לבני נח ת"ל (בראשית ו, יט) ומכל החי מכל בשר אמרה תורה הבא בהמה שחיין ראשי איברין שלה,ודילמא למעוטי טריפה ההוא מלחיות זרע נפקא,הניחא למ"ד טריפה אינה יולדת אלא למ"ד טריפה יולדת מאי איכא למימר האמר קרא אתך בדומין לך,ודילמא נח גופיה טריפה הוה תמים כתיב ביה ודילמא תמים בדרכיו צדיק כתיב ביה,ודילמא תמים בדרכיו צדיק במעשיו אי סלקא דעתך דנח גופיה טריפה הוה מי קאמר ליה לנח דכוותך עייל שלמים לא תעייל,ומאחר דנפקא לן מאתך לחיות זרע למה לי מהו דתימא אתך לצותא בעלמא אפי' זקן אפילו סריס קמשמע לן:,טהורין אבל לא טמאין: ומי הוו טמאין וטהורין בההיא שעתא א"ר שמואל בר נחמני א"ר יונתן מאותן שלא נעבדה בהן עבירה,מנא הוו ידעי כדרב חסדא דאמר רב חסדא העבירן לפני התיבה כל שהתיבה קולטתן בידוע שהוא טהור אין התיבה קולטתן בידוע שהן טמאין,רבי אבהו אמר אמר קרא (בראשית ז, טז) והבאים זכר ונקבה הבאין מאיליהן,אמר מר והכל קרבו עולות עולות אין שלמים לא והא כתיב (שמות כד, ה) ויזבחו זבחים שלמים לה' פרים אלא אימא הכל קרבו עולות [ושלמים,והתניא אבל שלמים לא כי אם עולות] עולות אין שלמים לא כמ"ד לא קרבו שלמים בני נח דאיתמר ר"א ור' יוסי בר חנינא חד אמר קרבו [שלמים בני נח] וחד אמר לא קרבו,מ"ט דמ"ד קרבו שלמים בני נח דכתיב (בראשית ד, ד) והבל הביא גם הוא מבכורות צאנו ומחלביהן איזהו דבר שחלבו קרב לגבי מזבח ואין כולו קרב לגבי מזבח הוי אומר זה שלמים,מ"ט דמ"ד לא קרבו דכתיב (שיר השירים ד, טז) עורי צפון ובואי תימן תתנער אומה שמעשיה בצפון ותבוא אומה שמעשיה בצפון ובדרום,ומר נמי הכתיב ומחלביהן משמניהן [דידהו],ומר נמי הכתיב עורי צפון [ההוא] בקיבוץ גליות הוא דכתיב,והא כתיב (שמות י, כה) ויאמר משה גם אתה תתן בידינו זבחים ועולות ועשינו לה' אלהינו זבחים לאכילה ועולות להקרבה,והא כתיב (שמות יח, יב) ויקח יתרו [חותן משה] עולה וזבחים ההוא לאחר מתן תורה הוא דכתיב,הניחא למ"ד [יתרו] אחר מתן תורה היה אלא למ"ד [יתרו] קודם מתן תורה היה מאי איכא למימר דאיתמר בני ר' חייא ור' יהושע בן לוי חד אמר יתרו קודם מתן תורה היה וחד אמר יתרו אחר מתן תורה היה למ"ד יתרו קודם מתן תורה היה קסבר שלמים הקריבו בני נח,כתנאי (שמות יח, א) וישמע יתרו כהן מדין מה שמועה שמע ובא ונתגייר ר' יהושע אומר מלחמת עמלק שמע שהרי כתיב בצדו (שמות יז, יג) ויחלש יהושע את עמלק ואת עמו לפי חרב,ר"א המודעי אומר מתן תורה שמע [ובא] שכשניתנה תורה לישראל היה קולו הולך מסוף העולם ועד סופו וכל [מלכי] עובדי כוכבים אחזתן רעדה בהיכליהן ואמרו שירה שנאמר (תהלים כט, ט) ובהיכלו כולו אומר כבוד,נתקבצו כולם אצל בלעם הרשע ואמרו לו מה קול ההמון אשר שמענו שמא מבול בא לעולם (אמר להם) (תהלים כט, י) ה' למבול ישב [אמר להם] וישב ה' מלך לעולם כבר נשבע הקב"ה שאינו מביא מבול לעולם,אמרו לו מבול של מים אינו מביא אבל מבול של אש מביא שנא' (ישעיהו סו, טז) כי (הנה) באש ה' נשפט אמר להן כבר נשבע שאינו משחית כל בשר,ומה קול ההמון הזה ששמענו אמר להם חמדה טובה יש לו בבית גנזיו שהיתה גנוזה אצלו תתקע"ד דורות קודם שנברא העולם וביקש ליתנה לבניו שנאמר (תהלים כט, יא) ה' עוז לעמו יתן [מיד] פתחו כולם ואמרו (תהלים כט, יא) ה' יברך את עמו בשלום,ר"א אומר קריעת ים סוף שמע ובא שנא' (יהושע ה, א) ויהי כשמוע כל מלכי האמורי ואף רחב הזונה אמרה לשלוחי יהושע (יהושע ב, י) כי שמענו את אשר הוביש ה' את מי ים סוף,מאי שנא התם דאמר (ליה) (יהושע ה, א) ולא היה בם עוד רוח ומ"ש הכא דקאמר (יהושע ב, יא) ולא קמה עוד רוח באיש | 116a. That which was taught in the ibaraita /i: All animals were fit to be sacrificed: bMales and females, unblemished and blemishedanimals, pertains to bthatwhich bthe Master saidas a principle concerning the ihalakhotof sacrifices: The requirements that an offering must have bunblemished status andthat a burnt offering must have bmale statusapply bto animalofferings, bbutthe requirements of bunblemished status and male statusdo bnotapply bto birds. /b, bAndin the verses that recount Noah’s sacrifices upon exiting the ark, ba domesticated animal is juxtaposed with a bird,in the verse: “of every pure animal, and of every pure fowl” (Genesis 8:20), which teaches that kosher animals had a status identical to that of birds, and could be sacrificed whether male or female, unblemished or blemished.,The Gemara adds: That which was taught in the ibaraita /i: bUnblemished and blemishedanimals, serves bto excludeanimals that are blacking a limb, whichwere bnotfit for sacrifice. As bRabbi Elazar says: From whereis it derived bthatan animal that is blacking a limb is forbidden to the descendants of Noah,i.e., gentiles, to be used as a sacrifice? bThe verse stateswith regard to Noah: b“And of every living being of all flesh,two of every sort shall you bring into the ark” (Genesis 6:19). With regard to the phrase: “And of every living being,” which is superfluous, bthe Torah stated: Bring an animal whose limbs areall bliving,not one lacking a limb, as that animal is disqualified from sacrifice.,The Gemara challenges: bBut perhapsthis phrase: “And of every living being,” serves bto exclude an animal with a wound that will cause it to die within twelve months [ itereifa /i]from being fit as a sacrifice. The Gemara explains: The disqualification of a itereifa bis derived fromthe phrase: b“To keep seed alive”(Genesis 7:3), as a itereifacannot propagate.,The Gemara challenges: bThis works out well according to the one who saysthat ba itereifacannot give birth.In this case the disqualification of the itereifais derived from the verse: “To keep seed alive,” while the disqualification of the animal lacking a limb is derived from the verse: “And of every living being.” bBut according to the one who saysthat ba itereifacan give birth, what can be said?According to this opinion, a itereifacannot be excluded by the phrase: “To keep seed alive.” The Gemara explains: bDoesn’t the verse statewith regard to the animals that were brought by Noah into the ark: “You shall bring into the ark, to keep them alive bwith you”(Genesis 6:19)? The term “with you” indicates that the verse is stated bwith regard toanimals that are bsimilar to you,not a itereifa /i.,The Gemara asks: bBut perhaps Noah himself was a itereifa /i.If so, one cannot exclude a itereifafrom the comparison of animals to Noah. The Gemara answers: bIt is written aboutNoah that he was b“complete”(Genesis 6:9), which indicates that he was physically whole and unblemished. The Gemara challenges: bBut perhapsthe verse means that bhis ways were complete,and it is not referring to Noah’s physical attributes. The Gemara explains: bIt isalready bwritten about himthat he was b“righteous”(Genesis 6:9), which means that his actions were perfect. Consequently, when the verse says that he was also complete, it must be referring to his body.,The Gemara challenges: bBut perhapsthe verse means that Noah was bcomplete in his manner,and he was brighteous in hisgood bdeeds.Accordingly, the verse would not exclude the possibility that Noah himself was a itereifa /i. The Gemara responds: bIf it enters your mindto say bthat Noah himself was a itereifa /i, would the Merciful One have said to him: Bring in itereifot blike youto the ark, but bdo not bring in wholeand perfect animals? It is not reasonable to say that there would be a preference for him to bring itereifot /i. Rather, Noah was certainly not a itereifa /i, and the fact that a itereifais disqualified for sacrifice is derived from “with you.”,The Gemara asks: bAnd once we derivethe disqualification of a itereifa bfromthe term b“with you,” why do Ineed the phrase b“to keep seed alive”?The Gemara answers: If one could derive only from b“with you,” you would saythat Noah brought the animals to the ark bonly forthe purpose of bcompanionship,and therefore bevenan animal that is boldor beven one who is castratedcan come into the ark, provided that it is not a itereifa /i. Therefore, the Merciful One writes: “To keep seed alive,” which bteaches usthat only animals that can bear offspring were allowed to be brought into the ark.,§ The ibaraitaalso teaches that before the Tabernacle was constructed, sacrifices were brought from animals and birds that were bkosher, but notfrom bnon-kosherspecies. This is based on the verse that describes what Noah sacrificed when he exited the ark: “And he took of every pure animal and of every pure fowl and offered burnt offerings on the altar” (Genesis 8:20). The Gemara asks: bAnd were there pure and impurespecies bat that time,during the period of Noah? The distinction between pure, i.e., kosher species, and impure, i.e., non-kosher species, was introduced only after the Torah was given (see Leviticus, chapter 11). bRabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani saysthat bRabbi Yonatan says:The pure animals that Noah took were bfrom those that had not been used in the performance of sin. /b,The Gemara asks: bFrom where didNoah and his sons bknowwhich animals had been used in the performance of a sin, in order to prevent them from entering the ark? The Gemara answers that it is bin accordance withthe statement bof Rav Ḥisda. As Rav Ḥisda says:Noah caused all of the animals to bpass before the ark. Allanimals bthat the ark accepted,i.e., drew in, was bknown to be pure;if bthe ark did not accept them,it was bknown that theywere bimpure. /b, bRabbi Abbahu saysthere is a different explanation as to how Noah knew which animals were pure or impure. bThe verse states: “And they that went in,went in bmale and femaleof all flesh” (Genesis 7:16), which means: Those bthat went in on their own.Consequently, Noah did not need to distinguish between pure and impure animals, as only the pure ones approached.,§ In describing the sacrificial service before the Tabernacle was constructed, bthe Master said: And allofferings brought before the construction of the Tabernacle were bsacrificedas bburnt offerings.The Gemara infers: bBurnt offerings, yes,were sacrificed, but bpeace offeringswere bnotsacrificed. The Gemara challenges: bButwith regard to the offerings that were sacrificed at Mount Sinai at the time of the giving of the Torah, bit is written:“And they offered burnt offerings, band sacrificed peace offerings of oxen to the Lord”(Exodus 24:5). This event occurred prior to the construction of the Tabernacle. bRather, saythat the ibaraitameans: bAllofferings bsacrificedwere either bburnt offerings or peace offerings. /b,The Gemara challenges: bAnd isn’t it taughtin another ibaraita /i: bBut peace offeringswere bnotsacrificed before the construction of the Tabernacle; brather, only burnt offeringswere sacrificed? Clearly, bburnt offerings, yes,were sacrificed, but bpeace offeringswere bnotsacrificed. The Gemara answers that this ibaraitais bin accordance withthe opinion of bthe one who saysthat bpeace offerings were not sacrificedby the bdescendants of Noah. As it was statedthat there is a dispute between bRabbi Elazar and Rabbi Yosei bar Ḥaninawith regard to this: bOne saysthat bthe descendants of Noah sacrificed peace offerings, and one saysthat bthey did not sacrificepeace offerings.,The Gemara explains the two opinions: bWhat is the reasoning of the one who saysthat bthe descendants of Noah sacrificed peace offerings? As it is written: “And Abel, he also brought of the firstborn of his flock and of the fat thereof”(Genesis 4:4). Abel, like all gentiles, is categorized as a descendant of Noah. The verse emphasizes that the fat was sacrificed. The Gemara analyzes: bWhat is an item,i.e., an offering, bthe fat of which is sacrificed upon the altar, butthat bis not sacrificed in its entirety upon the altar? You must say: This is the peace offering,the meat of which is consumed., bWhat is the reasoning of the one who saysthat bthey did not sacrificepeace offerings? bAs it is written: “Awake [ iuri /i], O north; and come, south… /bLet my beloved come into his garden, and eat his precious fruits” (Song of Songs 4:16). The Gemara interprets this homiletically: The bnation,i.e., the nations of the world, who are the descendants of Noah, bwhose acts,i.e., sacrifices, are only bin the north,i.e., they sacrifice only burnt offerings, which are slaughtered and their blood collected in the north of the Temple courtyard, bshall be removed [ ititna’er /i], andin its place bshall comethe Jewish bnation, whose acts,i.e., sacrifices, are bin the north and in the south,as they sacrifice burnt offerings, whose rites are performed in the north, and peace offerings, whose rites may also be performed in the south, as the entire courtyard is fit for their rites.,The Gemara asks: bAnd alsoaccording to bthe Masterwho holds that the descendants of Noah did not sacrifice peace offerings, bisn’t it written: “And of the fat thereof,”from which it may be derived that Abel sacrificed a peace offering? The Gemara answers: “The fat thereof,” does not mean that Abel sacrificed only the fats of his offerings; rather, it means that he sacrificed bthe fattest of them,i.e., the fattest and choicest of his animals.,The Gemara asks: bAnd alsoaccording to bthe Masterwho holds that the descendants of Noah did sacrifice peace offerings, bisn’t it written: “Awake, O north,”from which it may be derived that the nations of the world do not sacrifice peace offerings? The Gemara answers: In his opinion, bthatverse bis written with regard to the ingathering of the exiles,i.e., the Jewish exiles will come from the north and the south.,With regard to the opinion that the descendants of Noah did not sacrifice peace offerings, the Gemara asks: bBut isn’t it written: “And Moses said: You must also give into our hand sacrifices [ izevaḥim /i] and burnt offerings, that we may sacrifice to the Lord our God”(Exodus 10:25)? This indicates that sacrifices [ izevaḥim /i], i.e., peace offerings, were sacrificed before the Torah was given. The Gemara answers: In this context, b“ izevaḥim /i”is referring to animals to be used bfor consumption,as the word izevaḥcan also be translated as an animal for slaughter, band “burnt offerings”is referring to animals to be used bfor sacrifice. /b,The Gemara asks: bBut isn’t it writtenbefore the giving of the Torah: b“And Yitro, Moses’ father-in-law, took a burnt offering and sacrifices [ izevaḥim /i]for God” (Exodus 18:12)? Since the word izevaḥimthere is referring to sacrifices, as the verse clearly states that Yitro took them for God, evidently peace offerings were sacrificed before the giving of the Torah. The Gemara answers: bThatverse bwas writtenwith regard to the period bafter the giving of the Torah,when the Jewish people were permitted to sacrifice peace offerings.,The Gemara notes: bThis works out well according to the one who saysthat the episode with bYitro was after the giving of the Torah. But according to the one who saysthat the episode with bYitro was before the giving of the Torah, what can be said? As it was stated: The sons of Rabbi Ḥiyya and Rabbi Yehoshua ben Leviengage in a dispute concerning this issue. bOne saysthat the episode with bYitro was before the giving of the Torah, and one saysthat the episode with bYitro was after the giving of the Torah.The Gemara answers: bThe one who saysthat the episode with bYitro was before the giving of the Torah maintainsthat bthe descendants of Noah did sacrifice peace offerings. /b,§ The Gemara notes that the disagreement between iamora’imwith regard to when Yitro came to Mount Sinai is blikea dispute between itanna’im /i:The Torah states with regard to Yitro, before he came to Mount Sinai: b“Now Yitro, the priest of Midian, Moses’ father-in-law, heardof all that God had done for Moses, and for Israel His people, how the Lord had brought Israel out of Egypt” (Exodus 18:1). bWhat tiding did he hear that he came and converted? Rabbi Yehoshua says: He heardabout bthe war with Amalek, as it is written adjacent tothe verses that state that Yitro came: b“And Joshua weakened Amalek and his people with the edge of the sword”(Exodus 17:13)., bRabbi Elazar HaModa’i says: He heardabout bthe giving of the Torah and came. As when the Torah was given to the Jewish people, the voice ofthe Holy One, Blessed be He, bwent fromone bend of the world to theother bend, and all of the kings of the nations of the world were overcome with trembling in their palaces and recited a songof praise, bas it is stated:“The voice of the Lord makes the hinds to calve… band in his palace all say: Glory”(Psalms 29:9), i.e., each king in his own palace recited songs of praise to God.,At that time, ball ofthe kings bgathered around Balaam the wicked,who was the greatest gentile prophet, band said to him: What is the tumultuous sound,i.e., the loud noise, bthat we have heard? Perhaps a flood is coming todestroy bthe world, as it is stated: “The Lord sat enthroned at the flood”(Psalms 29:10)? Balaam bsaid to them: “The Lord sits as King forever”(Psalms 29:10), which means that bthe Holy One, Blessed be He, already took an oathafter the flood bnever to bring a flood to the world,as it is stated: “And the waters shall no more become a flood” (Genesis 9:15).,The kings bsaid to him: He will not bring a flood of water,as he vowed, bbutperhaps bHe will bring a flood of fire,as in the future the Lord will punish the nations with fire, bas it is stated: “For by fire will the Lord contend,and by His sword with all flesh; and the slain of the Lord shall be many” (Isaiah 66:16). Balaam bsaid to them: He already took an oath that He will not destroy all fleshin any manner, as it is stated: “To destroy all flesh” (Genesis 9:15). Therefore, there will not be a flood of fire.,They asked: bAndif so, bwhat is this tumultuous sound that we have heard?Balaam bsaid to them: He has a goodand bprecious item in His treasury, that was hidden away with Himfor b974 generations before the world was created, and He seeks to give it to his children, as it is stated: “The Lord will give strength to His people”(Psalms 29:11). “Strength” is a reference to the Torah, which is the strength of the Jewish people. bImmediately, they all began to say: “The Lord will bless His people with peace”(Psalms 29:11).,The Gemara offers another explanation of what Yitro heard: bRabbi Eliezer says: He heardabout bthe splitting of the Red Sea and came, as it is statedin a similar context with regard to the splitting of the Jordan in the days of Joshua: b“And it came to pass, when all the kings of the Amorites,that were beyond the Jordan westward, and all the kings of the Canaanites, that were by the sea, bheardhow that the Lord had dried up the waters of the Jordan from before the children of Israel, until they were passed over, that their heart melted, neither was there spirit in them anymore, because of the children of Israel” (Joshua 5:1). bAnd even Rahab the prostitute said to Joshua’s messengers: “For we have heard how the Lord dried up the water of the Red Seabefore you” (Joshua 2:10).,The Gemara asks: bWhat is different there,i.e., with regard to the splitting of the Jordan, bwherethe verse bstates: “Neither was there spirit in them anymore,” and what is different here,i.e., in the statement of Rahab, bwherethe verse bstates: “Neither did there remain [ ikama /i] any more spirit in any man”(Joshua 2:11)? |
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17. Iamblichus, Concerning The Mysteries, 8.5 (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
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18. Nag Hammadi, Eugnostos The Blessed, 75.17-75.18 (3rd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
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19. Nag Hammadi, On The Origin of The World, 125.5-125.6 (3rd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
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20. Nag Hammadi, The Apocalypse of Adam, 65.5, 65.6, 65.7, 65.8, 65.9, 83.8-84.3, 85.2, 85.3, 85.4, 85.5, 85.6, 85.7, 85.8, 85.9, 85.10, 85.11, 85.12, 85.13, 85.14, 85.15, 85.16, 85.17, 85.19, 85.20, 85.21, 85.22, 85.23, 85.24, 85.25, 85.26, 85.27, 85.28, 85.29 (3rd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
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21. Nag Hammadi, The Gospel of The Egyptians, 68.5-68.14 (3rd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
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22. Nag Hammadi, The Hypostasis of The Archons, 92.4, 93.24-93.28, 96.19, 97.4-97.5 (3rd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
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23. Nag Hammadi, The Sophia of Jesus Christ, 99.18-99.19 (3rd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
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24. Nag Hammadi, The Tripartite Tractate, 100.7-100.11, 100.13-100.14 (3rd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
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25. Nag Hammadi, Trimorphic Protennoia, 50.12-50.15, 50.18 (3rd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
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26. Nag Hammadi, Zostrianos, 5.20, 7.8-7.9, 130.5-130.9, 130.14-130.17 (3rd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
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27. Epiphanius, Panarion, 26.1.3-26.1.9, 26.8.1, 39.5.1, 40.7.4 (4th cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
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28. Pseudo-Tertullian, Adversus Omnes Haereses, 2.7-2.9
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