1. Hebrew Bible, Psalms, 115.4-115.5, 135.15-135.18 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
| 115.4. עֲצַבֵּיהֶם כֶּסֶף וְזָהָב מַעֲשֵׂה יְדֵי אָדָם׃ 115.5. פֶּה־לָהֶם וְלֹא יְדַבֵּרוּ עֵינַיִם לָהֶם וְלֹא יִרְאוּ׃ 135.15. עֲצַבֵּי הַגּוֹיִם כֶּסֶף וְזָהָב מַעֲשֵׂה יְדֵי אָדָם׃ 135.16. פֶּה־לָהֶם וְלֹא יְדַבֵּרוּ עֵינַיִם לָהֶם וְלֹא יִרְאוּ׃ 135.17. אָזְנַיִם לָהֶם וְלֹא יַאֲזִינוּ אַף אֵין־יֶשׁ־רוּחַ בְּפִיהֶם׃ 135.18. כְּמוֹהֶם יִהְיוּ עֹשֵׂיהֶם כֹּל אֲשֶׁר־בֹּטֵחַ בָּהֶם׃ | 115.4. Their idols are silver and gold, The work of men's hands." 115.5. They have mouths, but they speak not; Eyes have they, but they see not;" 135.15. The idols of the nations are silver and gold, The work of men's hands." 135.16. They have mouths, but they speak not; Eyes have they, but they see not;" 135.17. They have ears, but they hear not; Neither is there any breath in their mouths." 135.18. They that make them shall be like unto them; Yea, every one that trusteth in them." |
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2. Hebrew Bible, Isaiah, 40.18-40.20, 44.17-44.18, 46.1-46.3, 46.6-46.11, 46.13 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
| 40.18. וְאֶל־מִי תְּדַמְּיוּן אֵל וּמַה־דְּמוּת תַּעַרְכוּ לוֹ׃ 40.19. הַפֶּסֶל נָסַךְ חָרָשׁ וְצֹרֵף בַּזָּהָב יְרַקְּעֶנּוּ וּרְתֻקוֹת כֶּסֶף צוֹרֵף׃ 44.17. וּשְׁאֵרִיתוֹ לְאֵל עָשָׂה לְפִסְלוֹ יסגוד־[יִסְגָּד־] לוֹ וְיִשְׁתַּחוּ וְיִתְפַּלֵּל אֵלָיו וְיֹאמַר הַצִּילֵנִי כִּי אֵלִי אָתָּה׃ 44.18. לֹא יָדְעוּ וְלֹא יָבִינוּ כִּי טַח מֵרְאוֹת עֵינֵיהֶם מֵהַשְׂכִּיל לִבֹּתָם׃ 46.1. כָּרַע בֵּל קֹרֵס נְבוֹ הָיוּ עֲצַבֵּיהֶם לַחַיָּה וְלַבְּהֵמָה נְשֻׂאֹתֵיכֶם עֲמוּסוֹת מַשָּׂא לַעֲיֵפָה׃ 46.1. מַגִּיד מֵרֵאשִׁית אַחֲרִית וּמִקֶּדֶם אֲשֶׁר לֹא־נַעֲשׂוּ אֹמֵר עֲצָתִי תָקוּם וְכָל־חֶפְצִי אֶעֱשֶׂה׃ 46.2. קָרְסוּ כָרְעוּ יַחְדָּו לֹא יָכְלוּ מַלֵּט מַשָּׂא וְנַפְשָׁם בַּשְּׁבִי הָלָכָה׃ 46.3. שִׁמְעוּ אֵלַי בֵּית יַעֲקֹב וְכָל־שְׁאֵרִית בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל הַעֲמֻסִים מִנִּי־בֶטֶן הַנְּשֻׂאִים מִנִּי־רָחַם׃ 46.6. הַזָּלִים זָהָב מִכִּיס וְכֶסֶף בַּקָּנֶה יִשְׁקֹלוּ יִשְׂכְּרוּ צוֹרֵף וְיַעֲשֵׂהוּ אֵל יִסְגְּדוּ אַף־יִשְׁתַּחֲוּוּ׃ 46.7. יִשָּׂאֻהוּ עַל־כָּתֵף יִסְבְּלֻהוּ וְיַנִּיחֻהוּ תַחְתָּיו וְיַעֲמֹד מִמְּקוֹמוֹ לֹא יָמִישׁ אַף־יִצְעַק אֵלָיו וְלֹא יַעֲנֶה מִצָּרָתוֹ לֹא יוֹשִׁיעֶנּוּ׃ 46.8. זִכְרוּ־זֹאת וְהִתְאֹשָׁשׁוּ הָשִׁיבוּ פוֹשְׁעִים עַל־לֵב׃ 46.9. זִכְרוּ רִאשֹׁנוֹת מֵעוֹלָם כִּי אָנֹכִי אֵל וְאֵין עוֹד אֱלֹהִים וְאֶפֶס כָּמוֹנִי׃ 46.11. קֹרֵא מִמִּזְרָח עַיִט מֵאֶרֶץ מֶרְחָק אִישׁ עצתו [עֲצָתִי] אַף־דִּבַּרְתִּי אַף־אֲבִיאֶנָּה יָצַרְתִּי אַף־אֶעֱשֶׂנָּה׃ 46.13. קֵרַבְתִּי צִדְקָתִי לֹא תִרְחָק וּתְשׁוּעָתִי לֹא תְאַחֵר וְנָתַתִּי בְצִיּוֹן תְּשׁוּעָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל תִּפְאַרְתִּי׃ | 40.18. To whom then will ye liken God? Or what likeness will ye compare unto Him?" 40.19. The image perchance, which the craftsman hath melted, And the goldsmith spread over with gold, The silversmith casting silver chains?" 40.20. A holm-oak is set apart, He chooseth a tree that will not rot; He seeketh unto him a cunning craftsman To set up an image, that shall not be moved." 44.17. And the residue thereof he maketh a god, even his graven image; He falleth down unto it and worshippeth, and prayeth unto it, And saith: ‘Deliver me, for thou art my god.’" 44.18. They know not, neither do they understand; For their eyes are bedaubed, that they cannot see, And their hearts, that they cannot understand." 46.1. Bel boweth down, Nebo stoopeth; their idols are upon the beasts, and upon the cattle; the things that ye carried about are made a load, a burden to the weary beast." 46.2. They stoop, they bow down together, they could not deliver the burden; and themselves are gone into captivity." 46.3. Hearken unto Me, O house of Jacob, and all the remt of the house of Israel, that are borne [by Me] from the birth, that are carried from the womb:" 46.6. Ye that lavish gold out of the bag, and weigh silver in the balance; ye that hire a goldsmith, that he make it a god, to fall down thereto, yea, to worship." 46.7. He is borne upon the shoulder, he is carried, and set in his place, and he standeth, from his place he doth not remove; yea, though one cry unto him, he cannot answer, nor save him out of his trouble." 46.8. Remember this, and stand fast; bring it to mind, O ye transgressors." 46.9. Remember the former things of old: That I am God, and there is none else; I am God, and there is none like Me;" 46.10. Declaring the end from the beginning, and from ancient times things that are not yet done; Saying: ‘My counsel shall stand, and all My pleasure will I do’;" 46.11. Calling a bird of prey from the east, the man of My counsel from a far country; Yea, I have spoken, I will also bring it to pass, I have purposed, I will also do it." 46.13. I bring near My righteousness, it shall not be far off, And My salvation shall not tarry; And I will place salvation in Zion For Israel My glory." |
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3. Hebrew Bible, Jeremiah, 10.1-10.10, 10.12, 10.14, 10.16 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
| 10.1. וַיהוָה אֱלֹהִים אֱמֶת הוּא־אֱלֹהִים חַיִּים וּמֶלֶךְ עוֹלָם מִקִּצְפּוֹ תִּרְעַשׁ הָאָרֶץ וְלֹא־יָכִלוּ גוֹיִם זַעְמוֹ׃ 10.1. שִׁמְעוּ אֶת־הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר יְהוָה עֲלֵיכֶם בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל׃ 10.2. כֹּה אָמַר יְהוָה אֶל־דֶּרֶךְ הַגּוֹיִם אַל־תִּלְמָדוּ וּמֵאֹתוֹת הַשָּׁמַיִם אַל־תֵּחָתּוּ כִּי־יֵחַתּוּ הַגּוֹיִם מֵהֵמָּה׃ 10.2. אָהֳלִי שֻׁדָּד וְכָל־מֵיתָרַי נִתָּקוּ בָּנַי יְצָאֻנִי וְאֵינָם אֵין־נֹטֶה עוֹד אָהֳלִי וּמֵקִים יְרִיעוֹתָי׃ 10.3. כִּי־חֻקּוֹת הָעַמִּים הֶבֶל הוּא כִּי־עֵץ מִיַּעַר כְּרָתוֹ מַעֲשֵׂה יְדֵי־חָרָשׁ בַּמַּעֲצָד׃ 10.4. בְּכֶסֶף וּבְזָהָב יְיַפֵּהוּ בְּמַסְמְרוֹת וּבְמַקָּבוֹת יְחַזְּקוּם וְלוֹא יָפִיק׃ 10.5. כְּתֹמֶר מִקְשָׁה הֵמָּה וְלֹא יְדַבֵּרוּ נָשׂוֹא יִנָּשׂוּא כִּי לֹא יִצְעָדוּ אַל־תִּירְאוּ מֵהֶם כִּי־לֹא יָרֵעוּ וְגַם־הֵיטֵיב אֵין אוֹתָם׃ 10.6. מֵאֵין כָּמוֹךָ יְהוָה גָּדוֹל אַתָּה וְגָדוֹל שִׁמְךָ בִּגְבוּרָה׃ 10.7. מִי לֹא יִרָאֲךָ מֶלֶךְ הַגּוֹיִם כִּי לְךָ יָאָתָה כִּי בְכָל־חַכְמֵי הַגּוֹיִם וּבְכָל־מַלְכוּתָם מֵאֵין כָּמוֹךָ׃ 10.8. וּבְאַחַת יִבְעֲרוּ וְיִכְסָלוּ מוּסַר הֲבָלִים עֵץ הוּא׃ 10.9. כֶּסֶף מְרֻקָּע מִתַּרְשִׁישׁ יוּבָא וְזָהָב מֵאוּפָז מַעֲשֵׂה חָרָשׁ וִידֵי צוֹרֵף תְּכֵלֶת וְאַרְגָּמָן לְבוּשָׁם מַעֲשֵׂה חֲכָמִים כֻּלָּם׃ 10.12. עֹשֵׂה אֶרֶץ בְּכֹחוֹ מֵכִין תֵּבֵל בְּחָכְמָתוֹ וּבִתְבוּנָתוֹ נָטָה שָׁמָיִם׃ 10.14. נִבְעַר כָּל־אָדָם מִדַּעַת הֹבִישׁ כָּל־צוֹרֵף מִפָּסֶל כִּי שֶׁקֶר נִסְכּוֹ וְלֹא־רוּחַ בָּם׃ 10.16. לֹא־כְאֵלֶּה חֵלֶק יַעֲקֹב כִּי־יוֹצֵר הַכֹּל הוּא וְיִשְׂרָאֵל שֵׁבֶט נַחֲלָתוֹ יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת שְׁמוֹ׃ | 10.1. Hear ye the word which the LORD speaketh unto you, O house of Israel;" 10.2. thus saith the LORD: Learn not the way of the nations, And be not dismayed at the signs of heaven; For the nations are dismayed at them." 10.3. For the customs of the peoples are vanity; For it is but a tree which one cutteth out of the forest, The work of the hands of the workman with the axe." 10.4. They deck it with silver and with gold, They fasten it with nails and with hammers, that it move not." 10.5. They are like a pillar in a garden of cucumbers, and speak not; They must needs be borne, because they cannot go. Be not afraid of them, for they cannot do evil, Neither is it in them to do good." 10.6. There is none like unto Thee, O LORD; Thou art great, and Thy name is great in might." 10.7. Who would not fear Thee, O king of the nations? For it befitteth Thee; Forasmuch as among all the wise men of the nations, and in all their royalty, There is none like unto Thee." 10.8. But they are altogether brutish and foolish: The vanities by which they are instructed are but a stock;" 10.9. Silver beaten into plates which is brought from Tarshish, And gold from Uphaz, The work of the craftsman and of the hands of the goldsmith; Blue and purple is their clothing; They are all the work of skilful men." 10.10. But the LORD God is the true God, He is the living God, and the everlasting King; At His wrath the earth trembleth, And the nations are not able to abide His indignation." 10.12. He that hath made the earth by His power, That hath established the world by His wisdom, And hath stretched out the heavens by His understanding;" 10.14. Every man is proved to be brutish, without knowledge, Every goldsmith is put to shame by the graven image, His molten image is falsehood, and there is no breath in them." 10.16. Not like these is the portion of Jacob; For He is the former of all things, And Israel is the tribe of His inheritance; The LORD of hosts is His name." |
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4. New Testament, 1 Corinthians, 12.1-12.11, 14.1, 14.39 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
| 12.1. Now concerning spiritual gifts, brothers, I don't want you tobe ignorant. 12.2. You know that when you were heathen, you were ledaway to those mute idols, however you might be led. 12.3. Therefore Imake known to you that no man speaking by God's Spirit says, "Jesus isaccursed." No one can say, "Jesus is Lord," but by the Holy Spirit. 12.4. Now there are various kinds of gifts, but the same Spirit. 12.5. There are various kinds of service, and the same Lord. 12.6. There are various kinds of workings, but the same God, who works allthings in all. 12.7. But to each one is given the manifestation of theSpirit for the profit of all. 12.8. For to one is given through theSpirit the word of wisdom, and to another the word of knowledge,according to the same Spirit; 12.9. to another faith, by the sameSpirit; and to another gifts of healings, by the same Spirit; 12.10. and to another workings of miracles; and to another prophecy; and toanother discerning of spirits; to another different kinds of languages;and to another the interpretation of languages. 12.11. But the one andthe same Spirit works all of these, distributing to each one separatelyas he desires. 14.1. Follow after love, and earnestly desire spiritual gifts, butespecially that you may prophesy. 14.39. Therefore, brothers, desire earnestly toprophesy, and don't forbid speaking with other languages. |
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5. New Testament, Ephesians, 4.11 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
| 4.11. He gave some to be apostles; and some, prophets; and some, evangelists; and some, shepherds and teachers; |
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6. New Testament, Romans, 12.6 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
| 12.6. Having gifts differing according to the grace that was given to us, if prophecy, let us prophesy according to the proportion of our faith; |
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7. New Testament, Mark, 14.62 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
| 14.62. Jesus said, "I AM. You will see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of Power, and coming with the clouds of the sky. |
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8. Hermas, Mandates, 5.1.2, 5.2.5-5.2.7, 6.2.3, 6.2.5, 8.10, 10.1.2, 10.1.4-10.1.6, 11.1-11.7, 11.9-11.15, 11.20-11.21 (2nd cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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9. Hermas, Similitudes, 1.9, 5.2.1-5.2.11, 5.5.2, 5.6.4-5.6.5, 6.3.6, 7.4, 9.13.2, 9.17.4 (2nd cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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10. Hermas, Visions, 1.4.1, 2.2.4, 2.2.6-2.2.7, 2.3.2, 2.4.1-2.4.3, 3.2.1, 3.3.5, 3.8.11, 3.9.8, 3.9.10 (2nd cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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11. Babylonian Talmud, Shabbat, 92a (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 92a. דאי בעי מפקע ליה ושקיל בנסכא וכיון דאיכא שנצין מפיק ליה עד פומיה ושרי ושקיל ושנצין אגידי מגואי דליכא שנצין ואיבעית אימא דאית ליה ומכרכי עילויה,וכן אמר רבא לא שנו אלא בקופה מלאה קישואין ודלועין אבל מלאה חרדל חייב אלמא קסבר אגד כלי לא שמיה אגד אביי אמר אפילו מלאה חרדל פטור אלמא קסבר אגד כלי שמיה אגד קם אביי בשיטתיה דרבא קם רבא בשיטתיה דאביי ורמי דאביי אדאביי ורמי דרבא אדרבא,דאיתמר המוציא פירות לרה"ר אביי אמר ביד חייב בכלי פטור ורבא אמר ביד פטור בכלי חייב,איפוך ביד חייב והתנן פשט בעל הבית את ידו לחוץ ונטל העני מתוכה או שנתן לתוכה והכניס שניהן פטורין התם למעלה מג' הכא למטה מג':, big strongמתני׳ /strong /big המוציא בין בימינו בין בשמאלו בתוך חיקו או על כתיפיו חייב שכן משא בני קהת כלאחר ידו ברגלו בפיו ובמרפקו באזנו ובשערו ובפונדתו ופיה למטה בין פונדתו לחלוקו ובשפת חלוקו במנעלו בסנדלו פטור שלא הוציא כדרך המוציאין:, big strongגמ׳ /strong /big אמר ר"א המוציא משאוי למעלה מעשרה טפחים חייב שכן משא בני קהת ומשא בני קהת מנלן דכתיב (במדבר ג, כו) על המשכן ועל המזבח סביב מקיש מזבח למשכן מה משכן י' אמות אף מזבח י' אמות,ומשכן גופיה מנלן דכתיב (שמות כו, טז) עשר אמות אורך הקרש וכתיב (שמות מ, יט) ויפרוש את האהל על המשכן ואמר רב משה רבינו פרשו מכאן אתה למד גובהן של לויים עשר אמות וגמירי דכל טונא דמידלי במוטות תילתא מלעיל ותרי תילתי מלתחת אישתכח דהוה מידלי טובא,ואיבעית אימא מארון דאמר מר ארון תשעה וכפורת טפח הרי כאן י' וגמירי דכל טונא דמידלי במוטות תילתא מלעיל ותרי תילתי מלרע אישתכח דלמעלה מי' הוה קאי וליגמר ממשה דילמא משה שאני דאמר מר אין השכינה שורה אלא על חכם גבור ועשיר ובעל קומה,אמר רב משום רבי חייא המוציא משאוי בשבת על ראשו חייב חטאת שכן אנשי הוצל עושין כן ואנשי הוצל רובא דעלמא אלא אי איתמר הכי איתמר אמר רב משום רבי חייא אחד מבני הוצל שהוציא משוי על ראשו בשבת חייב שכן בני עירו עושין כן ותיבטל דעתו אצל כל אדם אלא אי איתמר הכי איתמר המוציא משוי על ראשו פטור | 92a. bfor if he wishes, he can tearthe seam band takethe money. The Gemara answers: Here, it is referring btolong bmetal strips.As long as the entire purse is not in the public domain, he did not acquire any of the long strips, and he is not liable for theft. The Gemara asks: bAnd sincethe purse bhas lacesto close its opening, to be liable for theft it is sufficient bthat he carry it out sothat bits mouthis in the public domain, as he can buntiethe straps band removethe contents of the purse. bAndsince the blacesremain bbound insidethe private domain, he is not yet liable for violating the prohibition of Shabbat. The Gemara answers: This is referring to a case where the purse bdoes not have laces. And if you wish, sayinstead that it is referring to a case where bit haslaces, bandthe laces are bwound aroundthe purse.,There is a dispute between Abaye and Rava that parallels the dispute between Ḥizkiya and Rabbi Yoḥa. bAnd, so too, Rava said: They only taughtin the mishna that one is exempt bwith regard tocarrying out ba basket full of cucumbers and gourds. However,for carrying out a basket bfull of mustardseeds, bhe is liable. Apparently,Rava bholds: fusionof several objects in a single bvessel is not considered fusion. Abaye said: Evenif the basket is bfull of mustardseeds, bhe is exempt. Apparently,Abaye bholds: Fusionof several objects in a single bvessel is considered fusion.The Gemara comments: bAbayelater bassumed the opinion of Rava,and bRava assumed the opinion of Abaye. And a contradiction is raisedbetween one statement of bAbayeand another statement of bAbaye; and a contradiction is raisedbetween one statement of bRavaand another statement of bRava. /b, bAs it was statedthat they disputed the matter of bone who carries out fruit into the public domain. Abaye said:If he carried them out binhis bhand, he is liableeven if the rest of his body remained in the private domain because fusion of several objects in his hand is not considered fusion. However, if he carried them out bin a vessel,and part of the vessel remained in the private domain, bhe is exempt. And Rava said:If he carried them out binhis bhand, he is exemptbecause the legal status of his hand is determined by the status of the rest of the body. However, if he carried them out bin a vessel, he is liable. /b,These are contrary to their opinions stated above. The Gemara answers: bReversethe opinions, and say that Rava was the one who said: If he carried it out bin his hand, he is liable.The Gemara raises an objection. bDidn’t we learnin the mishna: In a case where bthe homeowner extended his hand into the public domain, andeither bthe poor person tookan object bfromthe homeowner’s hand and placed it in the public domain, bor the poor person placedan object bintothe homeowner’s hand and the homeowner bcarriedthe object bintothe private domain, bboth are exempt.Apparently, one is not liable if he merely moved an object in his hand into the public domain. The Gemara answers: bThere,in the mishna, it is referring to a case where his hand was babove threehandbreadths from the ground. The object in his hand, therefore, does not have the legal status of having been placed on the ground, and he is exempt. bHere,it is referring to a case where his hand was bbelow threehandbreadths off the ground. Anything that is within three handbreadths off the ground has the legal status of having been placed on the ground., strongMISHNA: /strong bOne who carries outan object into the public domain on Shabbat, bwhetherhe carried it out bin his righthand bor in his lefthand, whether he carried it bin his lap or on his shoulders, he is liable.All of these are typical methods of carrying out an object, basthis was the method of bcarryingthe sacred vessels of the Tabernacle employed bby the sons of Kehatin the desert. All labors prohibited on Shabbat are derived from the Tabernacle, including the prohibited labor of carrying out from domain to domain. But one who carries an object out bin anunusual, bbackhandedmanner, or bwith his foot,or bwith his mouth,or bwith his elbow, with his ear,or bwith his hair,or bwith his belt [ ipunda /i] whose openingfaced bdownward,or bbetween his belt and his cloak,or bwith the hem of his cloak,or bwith his shoe,or bwith his sandal, he is exemptbecause bhe did not carryit bout in a mannertypical bof those who carry. /b, strongGEMARA: /strong bRabbi Elazar said: One who carries out a loadfrom the private domain to the public domain, even if he does so at a height babove ten handbreadths,which is beyond the parameters of the public domain, bhe is liable, asthis was the method of bcarryingutilized bby the sons of Kehat.The Gemara asks: bAnd from where do wederive that the method of bcarryingutilized bby the sons of Kehatwas above ten handbreadths? The Gemara answers: bFor it is writtenabout the Levites’ carrying: “And the hangings of the courtyard, and the screen for the courtyard entrance which bsurrounds the Tabernacle, and the altar,and its cords for all of its service” (Numbers 3:26). This verse bjuxtaposesthe baltar to the Tabernacle.It is derived that bjust as the Tabernaclewas bten cubitshigh, bso too,the baltarwas bten cubits high.The verse that indicates otherwise: “And you shall make the altar…and its height should be three cubits” (Exodus 27:1), must be understood differently.,The Gemara asks: bAnd from where do wederive that bthe Tabernacle itselfwas carried above ten handbreadths? The Gemara answers: bAs it is written:“And you shall make the boards for the Tabernacle out of acacia wood standing upright, bthe length of a board shall be ten cubits”(Exodus 26:15–16). bAnd it is writtenwith regard to the construction of the Tabernacle: b“And he spread the tent over the Tabernacle,and he placed the cover for the tent on top of it as God commanded Moses” (Exodus 40:19). bAnd Rav said: Moses, our teacher, spread ithimself. bFrom here youcan bderive that the height of the Levites was ten cubits.If Moses was capable of standing and spreading the cover over the tent by himself, he must have been at least ten cubits tall. Presumably, that was the height of the rest of the Levites as well. bAndthey blearnedthrough tradition that bevery burden that is carried with poles, one-thirdof the burden bis abovethe porter’s height, band two-thirds are belowhis height. bIt is found,then, bthatthe altar bwas very high,as if they carried the altar on poles, the bottom of the altar was at least one-third of ten cubits, twenty handbreadths, off the ground., bAnd if you wish, sayinstead that the Levites were not extraordinarily tall, and this can be derived from bthe Arkof the Covet, bas the Master said:The bArkitself was bninehandbreadths tall as stated in the Torah, band the Ark-coverwas one bhandbreadth, fora total of bten. Andthey blearnedthrough tradition that bevery burden that is carried with poles, one-thirdof the burden bis abovethe porter’s height band two-thirds are belowhis height. bIt is found,then, bthatthe bottom of the Ark bstood tenhandbreadths babovethe ground. The Gemara asks: bAnd let us deriveit bfrom Moses,and why was the first proof insufficient? The Gemara answers: bPerhaps Moseswas bdifferentfrom the other Levites and taller than they were, as bthe Master said: The Divine Presence only rests upona person who is bwise, mighty, wealthy, and tall.Since the Divine Presence rested on Moses, he had to be tall., bRav said in the name of Rabbi Ḥiyya: One who carries out a burden on his head on Shabbat is liableto bring ba sin-offering, as the people of Hotzal do so.They would typically carry burdens on their heads. The Gemara asks: bAnddo bthe people of Hotzalconstitute bthe majority of the world?Even if in one place it is a typical method of carrying a burden, it remains an atypical method of carrying in the rest of the world. bRather, ifthis ruling bwas stated, it was stated as follows. Rav said in the name of Rabbi Ḥiyya:If ba resident of Hotzal carried out a burden on his head on Shabbat he is liable, as the people of his city do so.The Gemara asks again: Even if the inhabitants of his city do this, blet his intention berendered birrelevant bythe opinions of ballother bpeople.If an individual or small group of people conduct themselves in an atypical manner, their conduct is not rendered typical. Typical conduct is determined by the majority of people. bRather, ifthis bwas stated, it was stated as follows. One who carries out a burden on his head is exempt. /b |
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12. Papyri, P.Oxy., 1.5
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