1. Hebrew Bible, Deuteronomy, 17.6, 19.15 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
| 17.6. עַל־פִּי שְׁנַיִם עֵדִים אוֹ שְׁלֹשָׁה עֵדִים יוּמַת הַמֵּת לֹא יוּמַת עַל־פִּי עֵד אֶחָד׃ 19.15. לֹא־יָקוּם עֵד אֶחָד בְּאִישׁ לְכָל־עָוֺן וּלְכָל־חַטָּאת בְּכָל־חֵטְא אֲשֶׁר יֶחֱטָא עַל־פִּי שְׁנֵי עֵדִים אוֹ עַל־פִּי שְׁלֹשָׁה־עֵדִים יָקוּם דָּבָר׃ | 17.6. At the mouth of two witnesses, or three witnesses, shall he that is to die be put to death; at the mouth of one witness he shall not be put to death." 19.15. One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity, or for any sin, in any sin that he sinneth; at the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall a matter be establishment" |
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2. Hebrew Bible, Exodus, 16.29, 20.8-20.11, 35.1-35.3 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
| 16.29. רְאוּ כִּי־יְהוָה נָתַן לָכֶם הַשַּׁבָּת עַל־כֵּן הוּא נֹתֵן לָכֶם בַּיּוֹם הַשִּׁשִּׁי לֶחֶם יוֹמָיִם שְׁבוּ אִישׁ תַּחְתָּיו אַל־יֵצֵא אִישׁ מִמְּקֹמוֹ בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי׃ 20.8. זָכוֹר אֶת־יוֹם הַשַּׁבָּת לְקַדְּשׁוֹ 20.9. שֵׁשֶׁת יָמִים תַּעֲבֹד וְעָשִׂיתָ כָּל־מְלַאכְתֶּךָ 20.11. כִּי שֵׁשֶׁת־יָמִים עָשָׂה יְהוָה אֶת־הַשָּׁמַיִם וְאֶת־הָאָרֶץ אֶת־הַיָּם וְאֶת־כָּל־אֲשֶׁר־בָּם וַיָּנַח בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי עַל־כֵּן בֵּרַךְ יְהוָה אֶת־יוֹם הַשַּׁבָּת וַיְקַדְּשֵׁהוּ׃ 35.1. וְכָל־חֲכַם־לֵב בָּכֶם יָבֹאוּ וְיַעֲשׂוּ אֵת כָּל־אֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהוָה׃ 35.1. וַיַּקְהֵל מֹשֶׁה אֶת־כָּל־עֲדַת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵהֶם אֵלֶּה הַדְּבָרִים אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּה יְהוָה לַעֲשֹׂת אֹתָם׃ 35.2. וַיֵּצְאוּ כָּל־עֲדַת בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל מִלִּפְנֵי מֹשֶׁה׃ 35.2. שֵׁשֶׁת יָמִים תֵּעָשֶׂה מְלָאכָה וּבַיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי יִהְיֶה לָכֶם קֹדֶשׁ שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֹן לַיהוָה כָּל־הָעֹשֶׂה בוֹ מְלָאכָה יוּמָת׃ 35.3. לֹא־תְבַעֲרוּ אֵשׁ בְּכֹל מֹשְׁבֹתֵיכֶם בְּיוֹם הַשַּׁבָּת׃ 35.3. וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל רְאוּ קָרָא יְהוָה בְּשֵׁם בְּצַלְאֵל בֶּן־אוּרִי בֶן־חוּר לְמַטֵּה יְהוּדָה׃ | 16.29. See that the LORD hath given you the sabbath; therefore He giveth you on the sixth day the bread of two days; abide ye every man in his place, let no man go out of his place on the seventh day.’" 20.8. Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy." 20.9. Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy work;" 20.10. but the seventh day is a sabbath unto the LORD thy God, in it thou shalt not do any manner of work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, nor thy man-servant, nor thy maid-servant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates;" 20.11. for in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested on the seventh day; wherefore the LORD blessed the sabbath day, and hallowed it." 35.1. And Moses assembled all the congregation of the children of Israel, and said unto them: ‘These are the words which the LORD hath commanded, that ye should do them." 35.2. Six days shall work be done, but on the seventh day there shall be to you a holy day, a sabbath of solemn rest to the LORD; whosoever doeth any work therein shall be put to death." 35.3. Ye shall kindle no fire throughout your habitations upon the sabbath day.’" |
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3. Hebrew Bible, Leviticus, 25.34 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
| 25.34. וּשְׂדֵה מִגְרַשׁ עָרֵיהֶם לֹא יִמָּכֵר כִּי־אֲחֻזַּת עוֹלָם הוּא לָהֶם׃ | 25.34. But the fields of the open land about their cities may not be sold; for that is their perpetual possession." |
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4. Hebrew Bible, Numbers, 15.32, 35.1-35.3, 35.5-35.8, 35.30, 36.6-36.9 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
| 15.32. וַיִּהְיוּ בְנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמִּדְבָּר וַיִּמְצְאוּ אִישׁ מְקֹשֵׁשׁ עֵצִים בְּיוֹם הַשַּׁבָּת׃ 35.1. דַּבֵּר אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאָמַרְתָּ אֲלֵהֶם כִּי אַתֶּם עֹבְרִים אֶת־הַיַּרְדֵּן אַרְצָה כְּנָעַן׃ 35.1. וַיְדַבֵּר יְהוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה בְּעַרְבֹת מוֹאָב עַל־יַרְדֵּן יְרֵחוֹ לֵאמֹר׃ 35.2. וְאִם־בְּשִׂנְאָה יֶהְדָּפֶנּוּ אוֹ־הִשְׁלִיךְ עָלָיו בִּצְדִיָּה וַיָּמֹת׃ 35.2. צַו אֶת־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְנָתְנוּ לַלְוִיִּם מִנַּחֲלַת אֲחֻזָּתָם עָרִים לָשָׁבֶת וּמִגְרָשׁ לֶעָרִים סְבִיבֹתֵיהֶם תִּתְּנוּ לַלְוִיִּם׃ 35.3. וְהָיוּ הֶעָרִים לָהֶם לָשָׁבֶת וּמִגְרְשֵׁיהֶם יִהְיוּ לִבְהֶמְתָּם וְלִרְכֻשָׁם וּלְכֹל חַיָּתָם׃ 35.3. כָּל־מַכֵּה־נֶפֶשׁ לְפִי עֵדִים יִרְצַח אֶת־הָרֹצֵחַ וְעֵד אֶחָד לֹא־יַעֲנֶה בְנֶפֶשׁ לָמוּת׃ 35.5. וּמַדֹּתֶם מִחוּץ לָעִיר אֶת־פְּאַת־קֵדְמָה אַלְפַּיִם בָּאַמָּה וְאֶת־פְּאַת־נֶגֶב אַלְפַּיִם בָּאַמָּה וְאֶת־פְּאַת־יָם אַלְפַּיִם בָּאַמָּה וְאֵת פְּאַת צָפוֹן אַלְפַּיִם בָּאַמָּה וְהָעִיר בַּתָּוֶךְ זֶה יִהְיֶה לָהֶם מִגְרְשֵׁי הֶעָרִים׃ 35.6. וְאֵת הֶעָרִים אֲשֶׁר תִּתְּנוּ לַלְוִיִּם אֵת שֵׁשׁ־עָרֵי הַמִּקְלָט אֲשֶׁר תִּתְּנוּ לָנֻס שָׁמָּה הָרֹצֵחַ וַעֲלֵיהֶם תִּתְּנוּ אַרְבָּעִים וּשְׁתַּיִם עִיר׃ 35.7. כָּל־הֶעָרִים אֲשֶׁר תִּתְּנוּ לַלְוִיִּם אַרְבָּעִים וּשְׁמֹנֶה עִיר אֶתְהֶן וְאֶת־מִגְרְשֵׁיהֶן׃ 35.8. וְהֶעָרִים אֲשֶׁר תִּתְּנוּ מֵאֲחֻזַּת בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵאֵת הָרַב תַּרְבּוּ וּמֵאֵת הַמְעַט תַּמְעִיטוּ אִישׁ כְּפִי נַחֲלָתוֹ אֲשֶׁר יִנְחָלוּ יִתֵּן מֵעָרָיו לַלְוִיִּם׃ 36.6. זֶה הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּה יְהוָה לִבְנוֹת צְלָפְחָד לֵאמֹר לַטּוֹב בְּעֵינֵיהֶם תִּהְיֶינָה לְנָשִׁים אַךְ לְמִשְׁפַּחַת מַטֵּה אֲבִיהֶם תִּהְיֶינָה לְנָשִׁים׃ 36.7. וְלֹא־תִסֹּב נַחֲלָה לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמַּטֶּה אֶל־מַטֶּה כִּי אִישׁ בְּנַחֲלַת מַטֵּה אֲבֹתָיו יִדְבְּקוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל׃ 36.8. וְכָל־בַּת יֹרֶשֶׁת נַחֲלָה מִמַּטּוֹת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לְאֶחָד מִמִּשְׁפַּחַת מַטֵּה אָבִיהָ תִּהְיֶה לְאִשָּׁה לְמַעַן יִירְשׁוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אִישׁ נַחֲלַת אֲבֹתָיו׃ 36.9. וְלֹא־תִסֹּב נַחֲלָה מִמַּטֶּה לְמַטֶּה אַחֵר כִּי־אִישׁ בְּנַחֲלָתוֹ יִדְבְּקוּ מַטּוֹת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל׃ | 15.32. And while the children of Israel were in the wilderness, they found a man gathering sticks upon the sabbath day." 35.1. And the LORD spoke unto Moses in the plains of Moab by the Jordan at Jericho, saying:" 35.2. ’Command the children of Israel, that they give unto the Levites of the inheritance of their possession cities to dwell in; and open land round about the cities shall ye give unto the Levites." 35.3. And the cities shall they have to dwell in; and their open land shall be for their cattle, and for their substance, and for all their beasts." 35.5. And ye shall measure without the city for the east side two thousand cubits, and for the south side two thousand cubits, and for the west side two thousand cubits, and for the north side two thousand cubits, the city being in the midst. This shall be to them the open land about the cities." 35.6. And the cities which ye shall give unto the Levites, they shall be the six cities of refuge, which ye shall give for the manslayer to flee thither; and beside them ye shall give forty and two cities." 35.7. All the cities which ye shall give to the Levites shall be forty and eight cities: them shall ye give with the open land about them." 35.8. And concerning the cities which ye shall give of the possession of the children of Israel, from the many ye shall take many, and from the few ye shall take few; each tribe according to its inheritance which it inheriteth shall give of its cities unto the Levites.’" 35.30. Whoso killeth any person, the murderer shall be slain at the mouth of witnesses; but one witness shall not testify against any person that he die." 36.6. This is the thing which the LORD hath commanded concerning the daughters of Zelophehad, saying: Let them be married to whom they think best; only into the family of the tribe of their father shall they be married." 36.7. So shall no inheritance of the children of Israel remove from tribe to tribe; for the children of Israel shall cleave every one to the inheritance of the tribe of his fathers." 36.8. And every daughter, that possesseth an inheritance in any tribe of the children of Israel, shall be wife unto one of the family of the tribe of her father, that the children of Israel may possess every man the inheritance of his fathers." 36.9. So shall no inheritance remove from one tribe to another tribe; for the tribes of the children of Israel shall cleave each one to its own inheritance.’" |
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5. Hebrew Bible, 1 Kings, 21.10, 21.13 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
| 21.13. וַיָּבֹאוּ שְׁנֵי הָאֲנָשִׁים בְּנֵי־בְלִיַּעַל וַיֵּשְׁבוּ נֶגְדּוֹ וַיְעִדֻהוּ אַנְשֵׁי הַבְּלִיַּעַל אֶת־נָבוֹת נֶגֶד הָעָם לֵאמֹר בֵּרַךְ נָבוֹת אֱלֹהִים וָמֶלֶךְ וַיֹּצִאֻהוּ מִחוּץ לָעִיר וַיִּסְקְלֻהוּ בָאֲבָנִים וַיָּמֹת׃ | 21.10. and set two men, base fellows, before him, and let them bear witness against him, saying: Thou didst curse God and the king. And then carry him out, and stone him, that he die.’" 21.13. And the two men, the base fellows, came in and sat before him; and the base fellows bore witness against him, even against Naboth, in the presence of the people, saying: ‘Naboth did curse God and the king.’ Then they carried him forth out of the city, and stoned him with stones, that he died." |
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6. Hebrew Bible, Joshua, 21.16 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
| 21.16. וְאֶת־עַיִן וְאֶת־מִגְרָשֶׁהָ וְאֶת־יֻטָּה וְאֶת־מִגְרָשֶׁהָ אֶת־בֵּית שֶׁמֶשׁ וְאֶת־מִגְרָשֶׁהָ עָרִים תֵּשַׁע מֵאֵת שְׁנֵי הַשְּׁבָטִים הָאֵלֶּה׃ | 21.16. and Ain with the open land about it, and Juttah with the open land about it, and Beth-shemesh with the open land about it; nine cities out of those two tribes." |
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7. Hebrew Bible, Ezekiel, 45.2, 45.4 (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
| 45.2. וְכֵן תַּעֲשֶׂה בְּשִׁבְעָה בַחֹדֶשׁ מֵאִישׁ שֹׁגֶה וּמִפֶּתִי וְכִפַּרְתֶּם אֶת־הַבָּיִת׃ 45.2. יִהְיֶה מִזֶּה אֶל־הַקֹּדֶשׁ חֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת בַּחֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת מְרֻבָּע סָבִיב וַחֲמִשִּׁים אַמָּה מִגְרָשׁ לוֹ סָבִיב׃ 45.4. קֹדֶשׁ מִן־הָאָרֶץ הוּא לַכֹּהֲנִים מְשָׁרְתֵי הַמִּקְדָּשׁ יִהְיֶה הַקְּרֵבִים לְשָׁרֵת אֶת־יְהוָה וְהָיָה לָהֶם מָקוֹם לְבָתִּים וּמִקְדָּשׁ לַמִּקְדָּשׁ׃ | 45.2. of this there shall be for the holy place five hundred in length by five hundred in breadth, square round about; and fifty cubits for the open land round about it." 45.4. It is a holy portion of the land; it shall be for the priests, the ministers of the sanctuary, that come near to minister unto the LORD; and it shall be a place for their houses, and a place consecrated for the sanctuary." |
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8. Hebrew Bible, 1 Chronicles, 6.49 (5th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
| 6.49. וַיִּתְּנוּ בְנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל לַלְוִיִּם אֶת־הֶעָרִים וְאֶת־מִגְרְשֵׁיהֶם׃ | 6.49. So the children of Israel gave to the Levites the cities with the open land about them." |
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9. Hebrew Bible, Nehemiah, 10.1-10.40 (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE)
| 10.1. וְהַלְוִיִּם וְיֵשׁוּעַ בֶּן־אֲזַנְיָה בִּנּוּי מִבְּנֵי חֵנָדָד קַדְמִיאֵל׃ 10.1. וּבְכָל־זֹאת אֲנַחְנוּ כֹּרְתִים אֲמָנָה וְכֹתְבִים וְעַל הֶחָתוּם שָׂרֵינוּ לְוִיֵּנוּ כֹּהֲנֵינוּ׃ 10.2. חָרִיף עֲנָתוֹת נובי [נֵיבָי׃] 10.2. וְעַל הַחֲתוּמִים נְחֶמְיָה הַתִּרְשָׁתָא בֶּן־חֲכַלְיָה וְצִדְקִיָּה׃ 10.3. שְׂרָיָה עֲזַרְיָה יִרְמְיָה׃ 10.3. מַחֲזִיקִים עַל־אֲחֵיהֶם אַדִּירֵיהֶם וּבָאִים בְּאָלָה וּבִשְׁבוּעָה לָלֶכֶת בְּתוֹרַת הָאֱלֹהִים אֲשֶׁר נִתְּנָה בְּיַד מֹשֶׁה עֶבֶד־הָאֱלֹהִים וְלִשְׁמוֹר וְלַעֲשׂוֹת אֶת־כָּל־מִצְוֺת יְהוָה אֲדֹנֵינוּ וּמִשְׁפָּטָיו וְחֻקָּיו׃ 10.4. כִּי אֶל־הַלְּשָׁכוֹת יָבִיאוּ בְנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל וּבְנֵי הַלֵּוִי אֶת־תְּרוּמַת הַדָּגָן הַתִּירוֹשׁ וְהַיִּצְהָר וְשָׁם כְּלֵי הַמִּקְדָּשׁ וְהַכֹּהֲנִים הַמְשָׁרְתִים וְהַשּׁוֹעֲרִים וְהַמְשֹׁרְרִים וְלֹא נַעֲזֹב אֶת־בֵּית אֱלֹהֵינוּ׃ 10.4. פַּשְׁחוּר אֲמַרְיָה מַלְכִּיָּה׃ 10.5. חַטּוּשׁ שְׁבַנְיָה מַלּוּךְ׃ 10.6. חָרִם מְרֵמוֹת עֹבַדְיָה׃ 10.7. דָּנִיֵּאל גִּנְּתוֹן בָּרוּךְ׃ 10.8. מְשֻׁלָּם אֲבִיָּה מִיָּמִן׃ 10.9. מַעַזְיָה בִלְגַּי שְׁמַעְיָה אֵלֶּה הַכֹּהֲנִים׃ 10.11. וַאֲחֵיהֶם שְׁבַנְיָה הוֹדִיָּה קְלִיטָא פְּלָאיָה חָנָן׃ 10.12. מִיכָא רְחוֹב חֲשַׁבְיָה׃ 10.13. זַכּוּר שֵׁרֵבְיָה שְׁבַנְיָה׃ 10.14. הוֹדִיָּה בָנִי בְּנִינוּ׃ 10.15. רָאשֵׁי הָעָם פַּרְעֹשׁ פַּחַת מוֹאָב עֵילָם זַתּוּא בָּנִי׃ 10.16. בֻּנִּי עַזְגָּד בֵּבָי׃ 10.17. אֲדֹנִיָּה בִגְוַי עָדִין׃ 10.18. אָטֵר חִזְקִיָּה עַזּוּר׃ 10.19. הוֹדִיָּה חָשֻׁם בֵּצָי׃ 10.21. מַגְפִּיעָשׁ מְשֻׁלָּם חֵזִיר׃ 10.22. מְשֵׁיזַבְאֵל צָדוֹק יַדּוּעַ׃ 10.23. פְּלַטְיָה חָנָן עֲנָיָה׃ 10.24. הוֹשֵׁעַ חֲנַנְיָה חַשּׁוּב׃ 10.25. הַלּוֹחֵשׁ פִּלְחָא שׁוֹבֵק׃ 10.26. רְחוּם חֲשַׁבְנָה מַעֲשֵׂיָה׃ 10.27. וַאֲחִיָּה חָנָן עָנָן׃ 10.28. מַלּוּךְ חָרִם בַּעֲנָה׃ 10.29. וּשְׁאָר הָעָם הַכֹּהֲנִים הַלְוִיִּם הַשּׁוֹעֲרִים הַמְשֹׁרְרִים הַנְּתִינִים וְכָל־הַנִּבְדָּל מֵעַמֵּי הָאֲרָצוֹת אֶל־תּוֹרַת הָאֱלֹהִים נְשֵׁיהֶם בְּנֵיהֶם וּבְנֹתֵיהֶם כֹּל יוֹדֵעַ מֵבִין׃ 10.31. וַאֲשֶׁר לֹא־נִתֵּן בְּנֹתֵינוּ לְעַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ וְאֶת־בְּנֹתֵיהֶם לֹא נִקַּח לְבָנֵינוּ׃ 10.32. וְעַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ הַמְבִיאִים אֶת־הַמַּקָּחוֹת וְכָל־שֶׁבֶר בְּיוֹם הַשַּׁבָּת לִמְכּוֹר לֹא־נִקַּח מֵהֶם בַּשַּׁבָּת וּבְיוֹם קֹדֶשׁ וְנִטֹּשׁ אֶת־הַשָּׁנָה הַשְּׁבִיעִית וּמַשָּׁא כָל־יָד׃ 10.33. וְהֶעֱמַדְנוּ עָלֵינוּ מִצְוֺת לָתֵת עָלֵינוּ שְׁלִשִׁית הַשֶּׁקֶל בַּשָּׁנָה לַעֲבֹדַת בֵּית אֱלֹהֵינוּ׃ 10.34. לְלֶחֶם הַמַּעֲרֶכֶת וּמִנְחַת הַתָּמִיד וּלְעוֹלַת הַתָּמִיד הַשַּׁבָּתוֹת הֶחֳדָשִׁים לַמּוֹעֲדִים וְלַקֳּדָשִׁים וְלַחַטָּאוֹת לְכַפֵּר עַל־יִשְׂרָאֵל וְכֹל מְלֶאכֶת בֵּית־אֱלֹהֵינוּ׃ 10.35. וְהַגּוֹרָלוֹת הִפַּלְנוּ עַל־קֻרְבַּן הָעֵצִים הַכֹּהֲנִים הַלְוִיִּם וְהָעָם לְהָבִיא לְבֵית אֱלֹהֵינוּ לְבֵית־אֲבֹתֵינוּ לְעִתִּים מְזֻמָּנִים שָׁנָה בְשָׁנָה לְבַעֵר עַל־מִזְבַּח יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵינוּ כַּכָּתוּב בַּתּוֹרָה׃ 10.36. וּלְהָבִיא אֶת־בִּכּוּרֵי אַדְמָתֵנוּ וּבִכּוּרֵי כָּל־פְּרִי כָל־עֵץ שָׁנָה בְשָׁנָה לְבֵית יְהוָה׃ 10.37. וְאֶת־בְּכֹרוֹת בָּנֵינוּ וּבְהֶמְתֵּינוּ כַּכָּתוּב בַּתּוֹרָה וְאֶת־בְּכוֹרֵי בְקָרֵינוּ וְצֹאנֵינוּ לְהָבִיא לְבֵית אֱלֹהֵינוּ לַכֹּהֲנִים הַמְשָׁרְתִים בְּבֵית אֱלֹהֵינוּ׃ 10.38. וְאֶת־רֵאשִׁית עֲרִיסֹתֵינוּ וּתְרוּמֹתֵינוּ וּפְרִי כָל־עֵץ תִּירוֹשׁ וְיִצְהָר נָבִיא לַכֹּהֲנִים אֶל־לִשְׁכוֹת בֵּית־אֱלֹהֵינוּ וּמַעְשַׂר אַדְמָתֵנוּ לַלְוִיִּם וְהֵם הַלְוִיִּם הַמְעַשְּׂרִים בְּכֹל עָרֵי עֲבֹדָתֵנוּ׃ 10.39. וְהָיָה הַכֹּהֵן בֶּן־אַהֲרֹן עִם־הַלְוִיִּם בַּעְשֵׂר הַלְוִיִּם וְהַלְוִיִּם יַעֲלוּ אֶת־מַעֲשַׂר הַמַּעֲשֵׂר לְבֵית אֱלֹהֵינוּ אֶל־הַלְּשָׁכוֹת לְבֵית הָאוֹצָר׃ | 10.1. And yet for all this we make a sure covet, and subscribe it; and our princes, our Levites, and our priests, set their seal unto it." 10.2. Now those that set their seal were: Nehemiah the Tirshatha, the son of Hachaliah, and Zedekiah;" 10.3. Seraiah, Azariah, Jeremiah;" 10.4. Pashhur, Amariah, Malchijah;" 10.5. Hattush, Shebaniah, Malluch;" 10.6. Harim, Meremoth, Obadiah;" 10.7. Daniel, Ginnethon, Baruch;" 10.8. Meshullam, Abijah, Mijamin;" 10.9. Maaziah, Bilgai, Shemaiah. These were the priests." 10.10. And the Levites: Jeshua the son of Azaniah, Binnui of the sons of Henadad, Kadmiel;" 10.11. and their brethren, Shebaniah, Hodiah, Kelita, Pelaiah, Ha;" 10.12. Mica, Rehob, Hashabiah;" 10.13. Zaccur, Sherebiah, Shebaniah;" 10.14. Hodiah, Bani, Beninu. ." 10.15. The chiefs of the people: Parosh, Pahath-moab, Elam, Zattu, Bani;" 10.16. Bunni, Azgad, Bebai;" 10.17. Adonijah, Bigvai, Adin;" 10.18. Ater, Hezekiah, Azzur;" 10.19. Hodiah, Hashum, Bezai;" 10.20. Hariph, Anathoth, Nebai;" 10.21. Magpiash, Meshullam, Hezir;" 10.22. Meshezabel, Zadok, Jaddua;" 10.23. Pelatiah, Ha, Anaiah;" 10.24. Hoshea, Haiah, Hasshub;" 10.25. Hallohesh, Pilha, Shobek;" 10.26. Rehum, Hashabnah, Maaseiah;" 10.27. and Ahiah, Ha, A;" 10.28. Malluch, Harim, Baanah." 10.29. And the rest of the people, the priests, the Levites, the porters, the singers, the Nethinim, and all they that had separated themselves from the peoples of the lands unto the law of God, their wives, their sons, and their daughters, every one that had knowledge and understanding;" 10.30. they cleaved to their brethren, their nobles, and entered into a curse, and into an oath, to walk in God’s law, which was given by Moses the servant of God, and to observe and do all the commandments of the LORD our Lord, and His ordices and His statutes;" 10.31. and that we would not give our daughters unto the peoples of the land, nor take their daughters for our sons;" 10.32. and if the peoples of the land bring ware or any victuals on the sabbath day to sell, that we would not buy of them on the sabbath, or on a holy day; and that we would forego the seventh year, and the exaction of every debt." 10.33. Also we made ordices for us, to charge ourselves yearly with the third part of a shekel for the service of the house of our God;" 10.34. for the showbread, and for the continual meal-offering, and for the continual burnt-offering, of the sabbaths, of the new moons, for the appointed seasons, and for the holy things, and for the sin-offerings to make atonement for Israel, and for all the work of the house of our God." 10.35. And we cast lots, the priests, the Levites, and the people, for the wood-offering, to bring it into the house of our God, according to our fathers’houses, at times appointed, year by year, to burn upon the altar of the LORD our God, as it is written in the Law;" 10.36. and to bring the first-fruits of our land, and the first-fruits of all fruit of all manner of trees, year by year, unto the house of the LORD;" 10.37. also the first-born of our sons, and of our cattle, as it is written in the Law, and the firstlings of our herds and of our flocks, to bring to the house of our God, unto the priests that minister in the house of our God;" 10.38. and that we should bring the first of our dough, and our heave-offerings, and the fruit of all manner of trees, the wine and the oil, unto the priests, to the chambers of the house of our God; and the tithes of our land unto the Levites; for they, the Levites, take the tithes in all the cities of our tillage." 10.39. And the priest the son of Aaron shall be with the Levites, when the Levites take tithes; and the Levites shall bring up the tithe of the tithes unto the house of our God, to the chambers, into the treasure-house. ." 10.40. For the children of Israel and the children of Levi shall bring the heave-offering of the corn, of the wine, and of the oil, unto the chambers, where are the vessels of the sanctuary, and the priests that minister, and the porters, and the singers; and we will not forsake the house of our God." |
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10. Anon., Testament of Dan, 5.10 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. CE)
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11. Anon., Testament of Joseph, 19.6 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. CE)
| 19.6. And the horns of the fourth bull went up unto heaven and became as a wall for the flocks, and in the midst of the two horns there grew another horn. |
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12. Anon., Testament of Simeon, 7.2 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. CE)
| 7.2. For the Lord shall raise up from Levi as it were a High-priest, and from Judah as it were a King [God and man], He shall save all [the Gentiles and] the race of Israel. |
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13. Dead Sea Scrolls, Damascus Covenant, 10.5-10.6, 10.21, 11.5 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE)
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14. Dead Sea Scrolls, (Cairo Damascus Covenant) Cd-A, 10.5-10.6, 10.21, 11.5 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE)
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15. Dead Sea Scrolls, 11Qt, 29.3, 45.12-45.14, 46.4, 46.11-46.15, 47.10-47.11, 47.18, 48.11, 51.7-51.8 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE)
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16. Septuagint, 1 Maccabees, 10.39 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
| 10.39. Ptolemais and the land adjoining it I have given as a gift to the sanctuary in Jerusalem, to meet the necessary expenses of the sanctuary. |
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17. Josephus Flavius, Jewish Antiquities, 13.66-13.71 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
| 13.66. where I found that the greatest part of your people had temples in an improper manner, and that on this account they bare ill-will one against another, which happens to the Egyptians by reason of the multitude of their temples, and the difference of opinions about divine worship. Now I found a very fit place in a castle that hath its name from the country Diana; this place is full of materials of several sorts, and replenished with sacred animals; 13.67. I desire therefore that you will grant me leave to purge this holy place, which belongs to no master, and is fallen down, and to build there a temple to Almighty God, after the pattern of that in Jerusalem, and of the same dimensions, that may be for the benefit of thyself, and thy wife and children, that those Jews which dwell in Egypt may have a place whither they may come and meet together in mutual harmony one with another, and he subservient to thy advantages; 13.68. for the prophet Isaiah foretold that, ‘there should be an altar in Egypt to the Lord God;’” and many other such things did he prophesy relating to that place. 13.69. 2. And this was what Onias wrote to king Ptolemy. Now any one may observe his piety, and that of his sister and wife Cleopatra, by that epistle which they wrote in answer to it; for they laid the blame and the transgression of the law upon the head of Onias. And this was their reply: 13.71. But since thou sayest that Isaiah the prophet foretold this long ago, we give thee leave to do it, if it may be done according to your law, and so that we may not appear to have at all offended God herein.” |
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18. Josephus Flavius, Jewish War, 2.147-2.149, 7.430 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
| 2.147. They also avoid spitting in the midst of them, or on the right side. Moreover, they are stricter than any other of the Jews in resting from their labors on the seventh day; for they not only get their food ready the day before, that they may not be obliged to kindle a fire on that day, but they will not remove any vessel out of its place, nor go to stool thereon. 2.148. Nay, on theother days they dig a small pit, a foot deep, with a paddle (which kind of hatchet is given them when they are first admitted among them); and covering themselves round with their garment, that they may not affront the Divine rays of light, they ease themselves into that pit 2.149. after which they put the earth that was dug out again into the pit; and even this they do only in the more lonely places, which they choose out for this purpose; and although this easement of the body be natural, yet it is a rule with them to wash themselves after it, as if it were a defilement to them. |
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19. New Testament, Hebrews, 7.1-7.7 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
| 7.1. For this Melchizedek, king of Salem, priest of God Most High, who met Abraham returning from the slaughter of the kings and blessed him 7.2. to whom also Abraham divided a tenth part of all (being first, by interpretation, king of righteousness, and then also king of Salem, which is king of peace; 7.3. without father, without mother, without genealogy, having neither beginning of days nor end of life, but made like the Son of God), remains a priest continually. 7.4. Now consider how great this man was, to whom even Abraham, the patriarch, gave a tenth out of the best spoils. 7.5. They indeed of the sons of Levi who receive the priest's office have a commandment to take tithes of the people according to the law, that is, of their brothers, though these have come out of the loins of Abraham 7.6. but he whose genealogy is not counted from them has taken tithes of Abraham, and has blessed him who has the promises. 7.7. But without any dispute the less is blessed by the better. |
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20. New Testament, Matthew, 12.1-12.8, 18.20 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
| 12.1. At that time, Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. His disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and to eat. 12.2. But the Pharisees, when they saw it, said to him, "Behold, your disciples do what is not lawful to do on the Sabbath. 12.3. But he said to them, "Haven't you read what David did, when he was hungry, and those who were with him; 12.4. how he entered into the house of God, and ate the show bread, which was not lawful for him to eat, neither for those who were with him, but only for the priests? 12.5. Or have you not read in the law, that on the Sabbath day, the priests in the temple profane the Sabbath, and are guiltless? 12.6. But I tell you that one greater than the temple is here. 12.7. But if you had known what this means, 'I desire mercy, and not sacrifice,' you would not have condemned the guiltless. 12.8. For the Son of Man is Lord of the Sabbath. 18.20. For where two or three are gathered together in my name, there I am in the midst of them. |
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21. Babylonian Talmud, Eruvin, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 51a. אמר רבא והוא דכי רהיט לעיקרו מטי א"ל אביי והא חשכה לו קתני,חשכה לביתו אבל לעיקרו של אילן מצי אזיל איכא דאמרי אמר רבא חשכה לו כי מסגי קלי קלי אבל רהיט מטי,רבה ורב יוסף הוו קא אזלי באורחא א"ל רבה לרב יוסף תהא שביתתנו תותי דיקלא דסביל אחוה ואמרי לה תותי דיקלא דפריק מריה מכרגא,(ידע ליה מר) א"ל לא ידענא ליה אמר ליה סמוך עלי דתניא ר' יוסי אומר אם היו שנים אחד מכיר ואחד שאינו מכיר זה שאינו מכיר מוסר שביתתו למכיר זה שמכיר אומר תהא שביתתנו במקום פלוני,ולא היא לא תנא ליה כר' יוסי אלא כי היכי דליקבל לה מיניה משום דר' יוסי נימוקו עמו:,אם אינו מכיר או שאינו בקי וכו':,הני אלפים אמה היכן כתיבן דתניא (שמות טז, כט) שבו איש תחתיו אלו ארבע אמות אל יצא איש ממקומו אלו אלפים אמה,מנא לן אמר רב חסדא למדנו מקום ממקום ומקום מניסה וניסה מניסה וניסה מגבול וגבול מגבול וגבול מחוץ וחוץ מחוץ דכתיב (במדבר לה, ה) ומדותם מחוץ לעיר את פאת קדמה אלפים באמה וגו',ונילף (במדבר לה, ד) מקיר העיר וחוצה אלף אמה דנין חוץ מחוץ ואין דנין חוץ מחוצה,ומאי נפקא מינה הא תנא דבי רבי ישמעאל (ויקרא יד, לט) ושב הכהן (ויקרא יד, מד) ובא הכהן זו היא שיבה זו היא ביאה,הני מילי היכא דליכא מידי דדמי ליה אבל היכא דאיכא מידי דדמי ליה מדמי ליה ילפינן:,אלפים אמה עגולות: ורבי חנינא בן אנטיגנוס מה נפשך אי אית ליה ג"ש פיאות כתיבן אי לית ליה גזירה שוה אלפים אמה מנא ליה,לעולם אית ליה גזירה שוה ושאני הכא דאמר קרא (במדבר לה, ה) זה יהיה להם מגרשי הערים לזה אתה נותן פיאות ואי אתה נותן פיאות לשובתי שבת,ורבנן תני רב חנניה אומר כזה יהו כל שובתי שבת,א"ר אחא בר יעקב המעביר ד"א ברה"ר אינו חייב עד שמעביר הן ואלכסונן,א"ר פפא בדיק לן רבא עמוד ברשות הרבים גבוה י' ורוחב ד' צריך הן ואלכסונן או לא ואמרינן ליה לאו היינו דרב חנניה דתניא רב חנניה אומר כזה יהו כל שובתי שבת:,וזה הוא שאמרו העני מערב ברגליו אמר ר' מאיר אנו אין לנו אלא עני וכו':,אמר רב נחמן מחלוקת במקומי דר"מ סבר עיקר עירוב בפת | 51a. bRava said:This ihalakhaapplies bonlyin a case bwhere, were he to run to the trunkof the tree bhe could reach itbefore the onset of Shabbat. bAbaye said to him: But doesn’tthe mishna bstate: And it grew darkwhile bhewas traveling, indicating that he is farther away than that?,The Gemara answers: The mishna means that bit grew darkwhile he was traveling so that he can no longer return bto his housebefore nightfall; bhowever, he is ableto bgo to the trunkof the tree before Shabbat. bSome statea different version of the previous statement. bRava said:The mishna means that bit grew darkwhile bhewas traveling, so that bwere he to walk very slowlyhe could not reach his house; bhowever, if he runs, he canstill barrivebefore Shabbat., bRabba and Rav Yosef were goingtogether balong the way. Rabba said to Rav Yosef: Our residence will be beneath the palm that carries its brother,the one with another palm tree leaning on it. bAnd some sayhe said to him: Our residence will be bbeneath the palm that spared its owner from the land tax [ ikarga /i],the palm which yielded enough dates for its owner to pay his entire land tax.,Rabba asked: bDoes the Master knowof that tree? Rav Yosef bsaid to him:No, bI do not knowof it. bHe said to him:Then brely on me, as it was taughtin a ibaraitathat bRabbi Yosei says: If twopeople bwerewalking together, boneof whom is bfamiliarwith a particular location in the distance, band oneis bnot familiarwith it, bthe one whois bnot familiarwith it bentrustshis right to designate bhisresidence bto the one whois bfamiliarwith it, band the one whois bfamiliarwith it bsays: My residence is in such-and-such place. /b,The Gemara comments: bBut it is notso; that is not the opinion of Rabbi Yosei. Rabba bonly taught itas if it is bin accordance withthe opinion of bRabbi Yosei so thatRav Yosef bwould accept it from him, due tothe fact that bRabbi Yosei’s reasoningaccompanies bhisrulings, Since the ihalakhais usually in accordance with Rav Yosei’s opinion, Rav Yosef would be less likely to raise doubts with regard to the ruling.,We learned in the mishna: bIf one is not familiarwith a tree or any other noticeable landmark, bor if he is not an expertin the ihalakha /i, unaware that residence can be established from a distance, and he said: My residence is at my current location, his presence at his current location acquires for him the right to walk two thousand cubits in each direction.,The Gemara raises a fundamental question: bThese two thousand cubits, where arethey bwrittenin the Torah? The Gemara answers that it is bas it was taughtin a ibaraita /i: b“Remain every man in his place”(Exodus 16:29); bthese arethe bfour cubits,which constitute the minimum Shabbat limit, e.g., for one who ventured beyond his prescribed limit. b“Let no man go out of his place”(Exodus 16:29); bthese arethe btwo thousand cubitsof the Shabbat limit for one who remains in his place. Unless otherwise specified, the measure of one’s place is two thousand cubits.,The Gemara asks: bFrom where do wederive that this is the measure of one’s place? bRav Ḥisda said: We derivethis by means of a verbal analogy between the term bplacewritten here: “Let no man go out of his place,” and bfromthe term bplacewritten with regard to an unwitting murderer: “Then I will appoint you a place to where he shall flee” (Exodus 21:13). This last verse mentions both place and fleeing, bandthe term bplaceis derived bfromthe term bfleeing. Andthe term bfleeingis derived bfromthe term bfleeing,written in a different verse with regard to the unwitting murderer: “But if the slayer shall at any time come outside the border of the city of his refuge, whither he has fled” (Numbers 35:26). bAndthe term bfleeingis derived bfromthe term bborder,which appears in the same verse. bAndthe term bborderis derived bfromthe term bborder,as it states there: “And the avenger of blood find him outside [ imiḥutz /i] the borders of the city of his refuge” (Numbers 35:27). Since this verse mentions both the term border and the term outside, the term bborderis derived bfromthe term boutside. Andthe term boutsideis derived bfromthe term boutside, as it is writtenwith regard to the Levite cities, which also served as cities of refuge: b“And you shall measure from outside [ imiḥutz /i] the city on the east side two thousand cubits,and on the south side two thousand cubits, and on the west side two thousand cubits, and on the north side two thousand cubits” (Numbers 35:5). From this chain of identical terms, the meaning of the term place stated in connection with Shabbat is derived from the two thousand cubits mentioned with regard to the Levite cities.,The Gemara asks: bBut let us deriveinstead by means of a verbal analogy between the term outside in the verse: “Outside the borders of the city of refuge,” and the term outside in the verse: b“From the wall of the city outward [ ivaḥutza /i] a thousand cubits”(Numbers 35:4), that the Shabbat limit measures only a thousand cubits. The Gemara answers: bOne derivesthe meaning of the term boutside [ iḥutz /i]by means of a verbal analogy bfromanother instance of the term boutside [ iḥutz /i], but one does not derivethe meaning of the term boutside fromthe term boutward [ iḥutza /i]. /b,The Gemara raises a difficulty: bWhat issignificant about bthe differencebetween the two terms? bDidn’t the school of Rabbi Yishmael teacha verbal analogy with regard to leprosy of houses between the verse: b“And the priest shall return [ iveshav /i]”(Leviticus 14:39) and the verse: b“And the priest shall come [ iuva /i]”(Leviticus 14:44), from which it is derived that bthis isthe ihalakhawith regard to breturning,i.e., it is after seven days; bthis isthe same ihalakhawith regard to bcoming;it is after seven days. Obviously, the less pronounced difference of one letter between iḥutzand iḥutza /i, should not prevent the teaching of a verbal analogy.,Gemara rejects this argument: bThis appliesonly bwhen there are no termsthat are bidentical to it however, where there are termsthat are bidentical to it, we derivethe verbal analogy bfromterms bidentical to it,rather than from the terms that are not precisely identical.,The itanna’imof the mishna disagree whether the btwo-thousand-cubitlimit granted to a person in every direction is measured as a bcircleor as a square tablet. The Gemara poses a question: With regard to the opinion of bRabbi Ḥanina ben Antigenosthat the limit is measured as a circle, bno matter whatyou say, it is difficult. bIf he is of theopinion that there is a bverbal analogyfrom the verse written with regard to the Levite cities it is difficult, because bsidesis the term bwritten,indicating squared boundaries. And bif he is not of theopinion that there is a bverbal analogy, from where does hederive that the Shabbat limit is btwo thousand cubits? /b,The Gemara answers: bActually, he is ofthe opinion that there is ba verbal analogy, but here,with regard to the Levite cities, it bis different, as the verse says: “This shall be to them the open space of the cities”(Numbers 35:5), from which it is inferred: bTo this,the open space of the city, byoushould bprovide sidesand square it, bbut you do not provide sides to those resting on Shabbat.Instead, those who establish Shabbat residence are provided with a circular, two-thousand-cubit limit.,The Gemara asks: bAndhow do bthe Rabbisunderstand the emphasis placed on the word this in the verse? The Gemara answers: As bit was taughtin a ibaraitathat bRav Ḥaya says: Like thismeasure bshall bethe calculations of measures for ball those who rest on Shabbat,i.e., square., bRav Aḥa bar Ya’akov said: One who carriesan object bfour cubits in the public domain is only liable if he carriesit bfourcubits bwith their diagonal.The four cubits mentioned in many places is only the basic measure by which the distance beyond which it is prohibited to carry is calculated. However, in practice, a person is liable only if he carries the object the length of the diagonal of a square with four-cubit sides., bRav Pappa saidthat bRavaonce btested usby asking: With regard to ba pillar in the public domain, tenhandbreadths bhigh and fourhandbreadths bwide, mustthe width bbefour handbreadths bwith their diagonalin order to be regarded a private domain, bor not? And we said to him: Is this notthat which was taught by bRav Ḥaya? As it was taughtin a ibaraita /i: bRav Ḥaya says: Like thismeasure bshall bethat of ball those who rest on Shabbat,indicating that the diagonal is the determining measure for the ihalakhotof rest on Shabbat.,We learned in the mishna: bAnd this isthe meaning of that bwhichthe Sages bsaid: A pauper can establish an ieiruvwith his feet,i.e., one who does not have the bread required to establish an ieiruvmay walk anywhere within his Shabbat limit and acquire residence. bWe havethis leniency in effect bonlyfor ba pauper,who does not have food for two meals. However, one who has bread may only establish residence with bread. Rabbi Yehuda says: This leniency is in effect for both a pauper and a wealthy person., bRav Naḥman said:This bdisputebetween Rabbi Meir and Rabbi Yehuda is bwith regard toa case where the person said: My residence is in bmycurrent blocation. As Rabbi Meir maintains: The primaryordice and establishment bof ieiruv /iis bwith bread. /b |
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22. Babylonian Talmud, Makkot, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 16a. משום דהוי לאו שאין בו מעשה וכל לאו שאין בו מעשה אין לוקין עליו ר"ל אומר אינו לוקה משום דהוי התראת ספק וכל התראת ספק לא שמה התראה,ותרוייהו אליבא דרבי יהודה דתניא (שמות יב, י) ולא תותירו ממנו עד בקר והנותר ממנו עד בקר וגו' בא הכתוב ליתן עשה אחר לא תעשה לומר שאין לוקין עליו דברי רבי יהודה ר' יוחנן דייק הכי טעמא דבא הכתוב הא לא בא הכתוב לוקה אלמא התראת ספק שמה התראה,ור"ל דייק הכי טעמא דבא הכתוב הא לא בא הכתוב לוקה אלמא לאו שאין בו מעשה לוקין עליו,ור"ש בן לקיש נמי הא ודאי התראת ספק הוא,סבר לה כאידך תנא דר' יהודה דתניא הכה זה וחזר והכה זה קילל זה וחזר וקילל זה הכה שניהם בבת אחת או קילל שניהם בבת אחת חייב רבי יהודה אומר בבת אחת חייב בזה אחר זה פטור,ורבי יוחנן נמי הא ודאי לאו שאין בו מעשה הוא,סבר לה כי הא דאמר רב אידי בר אבין אמר רב עמרם א"ר יצחק א"ר יוחנן ר' יהודה אומר משום רבי יוסי הגלילי כל לא תעשה שבתורה לאו שיש בו מעשה לוקין עליו לאו שאין בו מעשה אין לוקין עליו חוץ מן הנשבע ומימר והמקלל את חבירו בשם,קשיא דרבי יהודה אדרבי יהודה,אי לר"ש בן לקיש תרי תנאי אליבא דרבי יהודה אי לרבי יוחנן לא קשיא הא דידיה הא דרביה,תנן התם הנוטל אם על הבנים רבי יהודה אומר לוקה ואינו משלח וחכ"א משלח ואינו לוקה זה הכלל כל מצות לא תעשה שיש בה קום עשה אין חייבין עליה א"ר יוחנן אין לנו אלא זאת ועוד אחרת,א"ל ר' אלעזר היכא א"ל לכי תשכח נפק דק ואשכח דתניא אונס שגירש אם ישראל הוא מחזיר ואינו לוקה ואם כהן הוא לוקה ואינו מחזיר,הניחא למאן דתני קיימו ולא קיימו,אלא למאן דתני ביטלו ולא ביטלו בשלמא גבי שילוח הקן משכחת לה אלא אונס ביטלו ולא ביטלו היכי משכחת לה,אי דקטלה קם ליה בדרבה מיניה אמר רב שימי מחוזנאה כגון שקיבל לה קידושין מאחר אמר רב אי שוויתיה שליח איהי קא מבטלא ליה אי לא שוויתיה שליח כל כמיניה ולא כלום היא,אלא אמר רב שימי מנהרדעא כגון שהדירה ברבים הניחא למ"ד נדר שהודר ברבים אין לו הפרה אלא למ"ד יש לו הפרה מאי איכא למימר דמדירה לה על דעת רבים דאמר אמימר הלכתא נדר שהודר ברבים יש לו הפרה על דעת רבים אין לו הפרה,ותו ליכא והא איכא (סימן גז"ל משכ"ן ופא"ה) גזל דרחמנא אמר (ויקרא יט, יג) לא תגזול (ויקרא ה, כג) והשיב את הגזלה משכון דרחמנא אמר (דברים כד, י) לא תבא אל ביתו לעבוט עבוטו השב תשיב לו העבוט כבא השמש,ומשכחת לה בקיימו ולא קיימו וביטלו ולא ביטלו התם כיון דחייב בתשלומין אין לוקה ומשלם,מתקיף לה רבי זירא הא איכא משכונו של גר ומת הגר | 16a. bbecause it is a prohibition that does not involve an action.He violates the oath by failing to perform an action, rather than by performing an action, bandthe principle is: With regard to bany prohibition that does not involve an action, one is not flogged for itsviolation. bReish Lakish says: He is not flogged, becausethe forewarning in this case bis an uncertain forewarning.One cannot properly forewarn him before he takes the oath, because as long as time remains in the day he can still eat the loaf at a later time and fulfill the oath; band any uncertain forewarning is not characterized as forewarning. /b,The Gemara adds: bAnd bothRabbi Yoḥa and Reish Lakish hold bin accordance withthe opinion bof Rabbi Yehuda, as it is taughtin a ibaraita /i: It is stated with regard to the Paschal offering: b“And you shall let nothing of it remain until the morning, and that which remains of it until the morningyou shall burn in fire” (Exodus 12:10). bThe verse comes to positionthe bpositive mitzvaof burning the leftover flesh bafterthe bprohibitionagainst leaving over the flesh, bto say that one is not flogged for itsviolation; this is bthe statement of Rabbi Yehuda. Rabbi Yoḥa inferred thisfrom the statement of Rabbi Yehuda: bThe reasonhe is not flogged is bthat the verse comesand positions the mitzva after the prohibition; bbutif bthe versehad bnot comeand positioned the mitzva after the prohibition, he would have been bflogged. Apparently, uncertain forewarning is characterized as forewarning,as he can be forewarned not to leave over the flesh of the offering, even though he would not be flogged were he to burn it., bAnd Reish Lakish inferred this: The reasonhe is not flogged is bthat the verse comesand positions the mitzva after the prohibition; bbutif bthe versehad bnot comeand positioned the mitzva after the prohibition, he would have been bflogged. Apparently, one is floggedeven bforviolating ba prohibition that does not involve an action,as he violates the prohibition without performing an action.,The Gemara asks: bAndaccording to bRabbi Shimon ben Lakish too, this is certainlya case of buncertain forewarning;why, then, does he not conclude based on Rabbi Yehuda’s statement that uncertain forewarning is characterized as forewarning?,The Gemara answers: bHe holds in accordance withthe opinion of bthe other itanna /iin the name bof Rabbi Yehuda, as it is taughtin a ibaraita /i: If a woman was divorced and remarried soon after, and a son was born seven months after her remarriage and nine months after her divorce, it is unclear whether he is the son of the first husband or of the second husband. In that case, if this son bstruck thishusband of his mother, band then struck thathusband, or if he bcursed thishusband band then cursed that one,and likewise if bhe struck both of them simultaneously or cursed both of them simultaneously,he is bliablefor striking or cursing his father. bRabbi Yehuda says:If he cursed or struck both of them bsimultaneouslyhe is bliable,but if he cursed or struck them bone after the other,even if he was forewarned prior to cursing or striking each one, he is bexempt.Apparently, Rabbi Yehuda is of the opinion that one is not flogged after uncertain forewarning; since in this case it is impossible to determine which of them is the father, inevitably the forewarning is uncertain.,The Gemara asks: bAndaccording to bRabbi Yoḥa too, this is certainlya case of ba prohibition that does not involve an action.Why, then, does he not conclude based on Rabbi Yehuda’s statement that one is flogged for violating a prohibition of that kind?,The Gemara answers: Rabbi Yoḥa bholds in accordance with that whichwas cited in his name, as bRav Idi bar Avin saysthat bRav Amram saysthat bRabbi Yitzḥak saysthat bRabbi Yoḥa saysthat bRabbi Yehuda says in the name of Rabbi Yosei HaGelili:With regard to bany prohibition in the Torah,if it is ba prohibition that involves an action, one is flogged for itsviolation; if it is ba prohibition that does not involve an action, one is not flogged for itsviolation, bexcept for one who takesa false boath, one who substitutesa non-sacred animal for a sacrificial animal, saying: This animal is substituted for that one, band one who curses another invoking the nameof God. In those three instances, the perpetrator is flogged even though he performed no action.,The Gemara asks: Although the difficulties that were raised with regard to the opinions of Rabbi Yoḥa and Reish Lakish were answered, the apparent contradiction from one statement bof Rabbi Yehuda toanother statement bof Rabbi Yehudais bdifficult.The Gemara cited contradictory statements of Rabbi Yehuda with regard to lashes both in the case of a prohibition that does not involve an action and in the case of uncertain forewarning.,The Gemara answers: bIfit is according bto Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish,the contradiction may be resolved with the explanation that the two sources reflect the opinions of btwo itanna’im /i,who disagree bin accordance withthe opinion bof Rabbi Yehuda. Ifit is according bto Rabbi Yoḥa,the contradiction is bnot difficult,as bthis ibaraitareflects bhisopinion, that one is flogged for violating a prohibition that involves an action, and bthat ibaraitareflects the opinion bof his teacher,Rabbi Yosei HaGelili, who holds that one is not flogged for violating a prohibition that involves an action.,§ bWe learnedin a mishna bthere(17a): With regard to bone who takesthe bmotherbird bwithher bfledglings,thereby violating the Torah prohibition: “You shall not take the mother with her fledglings; you shall send the mother, and the fledglings you may take for yourself” (Deuteronomy 22:6–7), bRabbi Yehuda says:He is bfloggedfor taking the mother bird, bandhe bdoes not sendthe mother, band the Rabbis say: He sendsthe mother band is not flogged,as bthis is the principle:With regard to bany prohibition that entailsa command to bariseand bperforma mitzva, bone is not liableto receive lashes bfor itsviolation. bRabbi Yoḥa says: We have only thismitzva band anotherwhere one would be flogged if not for the relevant mitzva., bRabbi Elazar said toRabbi Yoḥa: bWhichis that other mitzva? Rabbi Yoḥa bsaid to him:You will know bwhen you discover ityourself. Rabbi Elazar bwent out, examinedthe matter, band discoveredthe answer, bas it is taughtin a ibaraita /i: With regard to ba rapist who divorcedthe woman he raped, bif he is a non-priest, he remarriesher, band he is not floggedfor violating the prohibition: “He may not send her away all his days” (Deuteronomy 22:29). bAnd if he is a priest,he is bfloggedfor violating the prohibition, band he does not remarryher.,The Gemara states: bThis works out well according to the one who teachesthat the criterion for determining whether one is flogged for violating a prohibition that entails fulfillment of a positive mitzva is whether bhe fulfilledthe mitzva bor did not fulfillthe mitzva, and if he does not fulfill the mitzva immediately when he is instructed to do so, he is flogged when he fails to do so., bBut according to the one who teachesthat the criterion for determining whether one is flogged in that case is whether bhe nullifiedthe mitzva bor did not nullifythe mitzva, and one is flogged only if he performed an action that renders it impossible to fulfill the mitzva, bgranted, with regard tothe bsendingaway of the mother bird from bthe nest, youcan bfinda situation where he nullifies the mitzva, e.g., if he killed the mother bird. bButin the case of ba rapist,if the criterion is whether bhe nullifiedthe mitzva bor he did not nullify it, how can you finda situation where the man is flogged because he nullified any possibility of remarrying her?, bIfhe cannot remarry her because bhe killed her,he will be executed, not flogged, based on the principle: bHe receives the greaterpunishment. bRav Shimi of Meḥoza said:He nullifies the possibility of remarriage in a case bwhere he received, on herbehalf, the money for bbetrothal from another,thereby ensuring that his own remarriage to her is no longer an option. bRav said:That is not a viable solution; bifhis ex-wife bdesignated him as an agentto receive the money of betrothal on her behalf, it is bshe who nullifiesthe possibility of fulfilling the mitzva bfor him,as a woman is betrothed only with her consent, and he is not liable at all. bIf she did not designate him as an agent, is it in hispower to accept betrothal on behalf of a woman who did not designate him to do so? His action bis nothing,and the betrothal does not take effect., bRather, Rav Shimi of Neharde’a said:He nullifies the possibility of remarriage in a case bwhere he vowed in publicthat it is prohibited for him to derive benefit from bher,and it is consequently prohibited for him to marry her. The Gemara asks: bThis works out well according to the one who saysthat ba vow that was taken in public has no nullification;he is flogged, since by taking that vow he has rendered remarriage impossible. bBut according to the one who saysthat even a vow taken in public bhasthe possibility of bnullification, what can be said?He can nullify the vow and remarry her. The Gemara answers: The reference is to a case bwhere he vows onthe basis of bthe consent of the publicthat it is prohibited for him to derive benefit from bher, as Ameimar saysthat bthe ihalakha /iis: bA vow that was taken in public hasthe possibility of bnullification;a vow that was taken bonthe basis of bthe consent of the public has no nullification. /b,The Gemara questions Rabbi Yoḥa’s statement: bAndare there bno moreprohibitions that entail fulfillment of a positive mitzva for which one is flogged? bBut aren’t there others?Before stating its challenges, the Gemara provides ba mnemonicfor the cases that it will cite: bRobbery, collateral, and ipe’a /i.The Gemara elaborates: Isn’t there the case of brobbery, where the Merciful One states: “You shall not rob”(Leviticus 19:13), and also states: b“And he shall return the stolen item”(Leviticus 5:23)? Isn’t there the case of bcollateral, where the Merciful One states: “You shall not come into his house to fetch his pledge”(Deuteronomy 24:10), and He then states: b“You shall return to him the pledge when the sun sets”(Deuteronomy 24:13)?,The Gemara continues: bAnd you findthat one is liable to receive lashes binthose cases both if the criterion is whether bhe fulfilledthe mitzva bor did not fulfillthe mitzva, bandif the criterion is whether bhe nullifiedthe mitzva bor he did not nullify it.According to the first criterion, he is flogged if he fails to return the stolen item or the collateral; according to the second criterion, he is flogged if he destroys the stolen item or the collateral. The Gemara answers: bThere,in both those cases, he is not flogged, bsince he is liable toremit monetary bpaymentfor the stolen item or the collateral, as the principle is: bOne is notboth bflogged andliable to bpayrestitution for one transgression., bRabbi Zeira objects to this: But isn’t therea case where he is not liable to pay, e.g., if he appropriated bthe collateral of a convert and the convert diedwith no heirs. In that case, there is no payment, and nevertheless, he is not flogged. |
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23. Porphyry, On Abstinence, 4.13 (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
| 4.13. 13.Before, however, he who is admitted touches his common food, he takes a terrible oath, in the first place, that he will piously worship divinity; in the next place, that he will preserve justice towards men, and that he will neither designedly, nor when commanded, injure any one; in the third place; that he will always hate the unjust, but strenuously assist the just; and in the fourth place, that he will act faithfully towards all men, but especially towards the rulers of the land, since no one becomes a ruler without the permission of God; in the fifth place, that if he should be a ruler, he will never employ his power to insolently iniquitous purposes, nor will surpass those that are in subjection to him in his dress, or any other more splendid ornament; in the sixth place, that he will always love the truth, and be hostile to liars; in the seventh place, that he will preserve his hands from theft, and his soul pure from unholy gain 14; and, in the eighth place, that he will conceal nothing from those of his sect, nor divulge any thing to others pertaining to the sect, though some one, in order to compel him, should threaten him with death. In addition to these things, also, they swear, that they will not impart the dogmas of the sect to any one in any other way than that in which they received them; that they will likewise abstain from robbery 15, and preserve the books of their sect with the same care as the names of the angels. Such, therefore, are their oaths. But those among them that act criminally, and are ejected, perish by an evil destiny. For, being bound by their oaths and their customs, they are not capable of receiving food from others; but feeding on herbs, and having their body emaciated by hunger, they perish. Hence the Essenes, commiserating many of these unfortunate men, receive them in their last extremities into their society, thinking that they have suffered sufficiently for their offences in having been punished for them till they were on the brink of the grave. But they give a rake to those who intend to belong to their sect, in order that, when they sit for the purpose of exonerating the belly, they make a trench a foot in depth, and completely cover themselves by their garment, in order that they |125 may not act contumeliously towards the sun by polluting the rays of the God. And so great, indeed, is their simplicity and frugality with respect to diet, that they do not require evacuation till the seventh day after the assumption of food, which day they spend in singing hymns to God, and in resting from labour. But from this exercise they acquire the power of such great endurance, that even when tortured and burnt, and suffering every kind of excruciating pain, they cannot be induced either to blaspheme their legislator, or to eat what they have not been accustomed to. And the truth of this was demonstrated in their war with the Romans. For then they neither flattered their tormentors, nor shed any tears, but smiled in the midst of their torments, and derided those that inflicted them, and cheerfully emitted their souls, as knowing that they should possess them again. For this opinion was firmly established among them, that their bodies were indeed corruptible, and that the matter of which they consisted was not stable, but that their souls were immortal, and would endure for ever, and that, proceeding from the most subtle ether, they were drawn down by a natural flux, and complicated with bodies; but that, when they are no longer detained by the bonds of the flesh, then, as if liberated from a long slavery, they will rejoice, and ascend to the celestial regions. But from this mode of living, and from being thus exercised in truth and piety, there were many among them, as it is reasonable to suppose there would be, who had aforeknowledge of future events, as being conversant from their youth with sacred books, different purifications, and the declarations of the prophets. And such is the order [or sect] of the Essenes among the Jews. SPAN |
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