1. Hebrew Bible, Song of Songs, 1.4 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
| 1.4. מָשְׁכֵנִי אַחֲרֶיךָ נָּרוּצָה הֱבִיאַנִי הַמֶּלֶךְ חֲדָרָיו נָגִילָה וְנִשְׂמְחָה בָּךְ נַזְכִּירָה דֹדֶיךָ מִיַּיִן מֵישָׁרִים אֲהֵבוּךָ׃ | 1.4. Draw me, we will run after thee; The king hath brought me into his chambers; We will be glad and rejoice in thee, We will find thy love more fragrant than wine! Sincerely do they love thee. |
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2. Hebrew Bible, Deuteronomy, 8.10, 16.13-16.15, 17.15, 32.43 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
| 16.13. חַג הַסֻּכֹּת תַּעֲשֶׂה לְךָ שִׁבְעַת יָמִים בְּאָסְפְּךָ מִגָּרְנְךָ וּמִיִּקְבֶךָ׃ 16.14. וְשָׂמַחְתָּ בְּחַגֶּךָ אַתָּה וּבִנְךָ וּבִתֶּךָ וְעַבְדְּךָ וַאֲמָתֶךָ וְהַלֵּוִי וְהַגֵּר וְהַיָּתוֹם וְהָאַלְמָנָה אֲשֶׁר בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָ׃ 16.15. שִׁבְעַת יָמִים תָּחֹג לַיהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ בַּמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר־יִבְחַר יְהוָה כִּי יְבָרֶכְךָ יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ בְּכֹל תְּבוּאָתְךָ וּבְכֹל מַעֲשֵׂה יָדֶיךָ וְהָיִיתָ אַךְ שָׂמֵחַ׃ 17.15. שׂוֹם תָּשִׂים עָלֶיךָ מֶלֶךְ אֲשֶׁר יִבְחַר יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ בּוֹ מִקֶּרֶב אַחֶיךָ תָּשִׂים עָלֶיךָ מֶלֶךְ לֹא תוּכַל לָתֵת עָלֶיךָ אִישׁ נָכְרִי אֲשֶׁר לֹא־אָחִיךָ הוּא׃ 32.43. הַרְנִינוּ גוֹיִם עַמּוֹ כִּי דַם־עֲבָדָיו יִקּוֹם וְנָקָם יָשִׁיב לְצָרָיו וְכִפֶּר אַדְמָתוֹ עַמּוֹ׃ | 8.10. And thou shalt eat and be satisfied, and bless the LORD thy God for the good land which He hath given thee." 16.13. Thou shalt keep the feast of tabernacles seven days, after that thou hast gathered in from thy threshing-floor and from thy winepress." 16.14. And thou shalt rejoice in thy feast, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, and thy man-servant, and thy maid-servant, and the Levite, and the stranger, and the fatherless, and the widow, that are within thy gates." 16.15. Seven days shalt thou keep a feast unto the LORD thy God in the place which the LORD shall choose; because the LORD thy God shall bless thee in all thine increase, and in all the work of thy hands, and thou shalt be altogether joyful." 17.15. thou shalt in any wise set him king over thee, whom the LORD thy God shall choose; one from among thy brethren shalt thou set king over thee; thou mayest not put a foreigner over thee, who is not thy brother." 32.43. Sing aloud, O ye nations, of His people; For He doth avenge the blood of His servants, And doth render vengeance to His adversaries, And doth make expiation for the land of His people." |
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3. Hebrew Bible, Exodus, 12.1, 15.20, 20.2, 20.11 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
| 12.1. וְלֹא־תוֹתִירוּ מִמֶּנּוּ עַד־בֹּקֶר וְהַנֹּתָר מִמֶּנּוּ עַד־בֹּקֶר בָּאֵשׁ תִּשְׂרֹפוּ׃ 12.1. וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה וְאֶל־אַהֲרֹן בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם לֵאמֹר׃ 20.2. אָנֹכִי יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ אֲשֶׁר הוֹצֵאתִיךָ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם מִבֵּית עֲבָדִים׃ 20.2. לֹא תַעֲשׂוּן אִתִּי אֱלֹהֵי כֶסֶף וֵאלֹהֵי זָהָב לֹא תַעֲשׂוּ לָכֶם׃ 20.11. כִּי שֵׁשֶׁת־יָמִים עָשָׂה יְהוָה אֶת־הַשָּׁמַיִם וְאֶת־הָאָרֶץ אֶת־הַיָּם וְאֶת־כָּל־אֲשֶׁר־בָּם וַיָּנַח בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי עַל־כֵּן בֵּרַךְ יְהוָה אֶת־יוֹם הַשַּׁבָּת וַיְקַדְּשֵׁהוּ׃ | 12.1. And the LORD spoke unto Moses and Aaron in the land of Egypt, saying:" 15.20. And Miriam the prophetess, the sister of Aaron, took a timbrel in her hand; and all the women went out after her with timbrels and with dances." 20.2. I am the LORD thy God, who brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage." 20.11. for in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested on the seventh day; wherefore the LORD blessed the sabbath day, and hallowed it." |
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4. Hebrew Bible, Genesis, 2.2-2.3, 33.17 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
| 2.2. וַיְכַל אֱלֹהִים בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי מְלַאכְתּוֹ אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה וַיִּשְׁבֹּת בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי מִכָּל־מְלַאכְתּוֹ אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה׃ 2.2. וַיִּקְרָא הָאָדָם שֵׁמוֹת לְכָל־הַבְּהֵמָה וּלְעוֹף הַשָּׁמַיִם וּלְכֹל חַיַּת הַשָּׂדֶה וּלְאָדָם לֹא־מָצָא עֵזֶר כְּנֶגְדּוֹ׃ 2.3. וַיְבָרֶךְ אֱלֹהִים אֶת־יוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי וַיְקַדֵּשׁ אֹתוֹ כִּי בוֹ שָׁבַת מִכָּל־מְלַאכְתּוֹ אֲשֶׁר־בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים לַעֲשׂוֹת׃ 33.17. וְיַעֲקֹב נָסַע סֻכֹּתָה וַיִּבֶן לוֹ בָּיִת וּלְמִקְנֵהוּ עָשָׂה סֻכֹּת עַל־כֵּן קָרָא שֵׁם־הַמָּקוֹם סֻכּוֹת׃ | 2.2. And on the seventh day God finished His work which He had made; and He rested on the seventh day from all His work which He had made." 2.3. And God blessed the seventh day, and hallowed it; because that in it He rested from all His work which God in creating had made." 33.17. And Jacob journeyed to Succoth, and built him a house, and made booths for his cattle. Therefore the name of the place is called Succoth." |
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5. Hebrew Bible, Hosea, 14.2 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
| 14.2. שׁוּבָה יִשְׂרָאֵל עַד יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ כִּי כָשַׁלְתָּ בַּעֲוֺנֶךָ׃ | 14.2. Return, O Israel, unto the LORD thy God; For thou hast stumbled in thine iniquity." |
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6. Hebrew Bible, Leviticus, 14.42, 16.1, 23.4, 23.33-23.39, 23.41-23.44, 26.18 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
| 14.42. וְלָקְחוּ אֲבָנִים אֲחֵרוֹת וְהֵבִיאוּ אֶל־תַּחַת הָאֲבָנִים וְעָפָר אַחֵר יִקַּח וְטָח אֶת־הַבָּיִת׃ 16.1. וַיְדַבֵּר יְהוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה אַחֲרֵי מוֹת שְׁנֵי בְּנֵי אַהֲרֹן בְּקָרְבָתָם לִפְנֵי־יְהוָה וַיָּמֻתוּ׃ 16.1. וְהַשָּׂעִיר אֲשֶׁר עָלָה עָלָיו הַגּוֹרָל לַעֲזָאזֵל יָעֳמַד־חַי לִפְנֵי יְהוָה לְכַפֵּר עָלָיו לְשַׁלַּח אֹתוֹ לַעֲזָאזֵל הַמִּדְבָּרָה׃ 23.4. וּלְקַחְתֶּם לָכֶם בַּיּוֹם הָרִאשׁוֹן פְּרִי עֵץ הָדָר כַּפֹּת תְּמָרִים וַעֲנַף עֵץ־עָבֹת וְעַרְבֵי־נָחַל וּשְׂמַחְתֶּם לִפְנֵי יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם שִׁבְעַת יָמִים׃ 23.4. אֵלֶּה מוֹעֲדֵי יְהוָה מִקְרָאֵי קֹדֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר־תִּקְרְאוּ אֹתָם בְּמוֹעֲדָם׃ 23.33. וַיְדַבֵּר יְהוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵּאמֹר׃ 23.34. דַּבֵּר אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לֵאמֹר בַּחֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר יוֹם לַחֹדֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִי הַזֶּה חַג הַסֻּכּוֹת שִׁבְעַת יָמִים לַיהֹוָה׃ 23.35. בַּיּוֹם הָרִאשׁוֹן מִקְרָא־קֹדֶשׁ כָּל־מְלֶאכֶת עֲבֹדָה לֹא תַעֲשׂוּ׃ 23.36. שִׁבְעַת יָמִים תַּקְרִיבוּ אִשֶּׁה לַיהוָה בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁמִינִי מִקְרָא־קֹדֶשׁ יִהְיֶה לָכֶם וְהִקְרַבְתֶּם אִשֶּׁה לַיהוָה עֲצֶרֶת הִוא כָּל־מְלֶאכֶת עֲבֹדָה לֹא תַעֲשׂוּ׃ 23.37. אֵלֶּה מוֹעֲדֵי יְהוָה אֲשֶׁר־תִּקְרְאוּ אֹתָם מִקְרָאֵי קֹדֶשׁ לְהַקְרִיב אִשֶּׁה לַיהוָה עֹלָה וּמִנְחָה זֶבַח וּנְסָכִים דְּבַר־יוֹם בְּיוֹמוֹ׃ 23.38. מִלְּבַד שַׁבְּתֹת יְּהוָה וּמִלְּבַד מַתְּנוֹתֵיכֶם וּמִלְּבַד כָּל־נִדְרֵיכֶם וּמִלְּבַד כָּל־נִדְבוֹתֵיכֶם אֲשֶׁר תִּתְּנוּ לַיהוָה׃ 23.39. אַךְ בַּחֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר יוֹם לַחֹדֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִי בְּאָסְפְּכֶם אֶת־תְּבוּאַת הָאָרֶץ תָּחֹגּוּ אֶת־חַג־יְהוָה שִׁבְעַת יָמִים בַּיּוֹם הָרִאשׁוֹן שַׁבָּתוֹן וּבַיּוֹם הַשְּׁמִינִי שַׁבָּתוֹן׃ 23.41. וְחַגֹּתֶם אֹתוֹ חַג לַיהוָה שִׁבְעַת יָמִים בַּשָּׁנָה חֻקַּת עוֹלָם לְדֹרֹתֵיכֶם בַּחֹדֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִי תָּחֹגּוּ אֹתוֹ׃ 23.42. בַּסֻּכֹּת תֵּשְׁבוּ שִׁבְעַת יָמִים כָּל־הָאֶזְרָח בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל יֵשְׁבוּ בַּסֻּכֹּת׃ 23.43. לְמַעַן יֵדְעוּ דֹרֹתֵיכֶם כִּי בַסֻּכּוֹת הוֹשַׁבְתִּי אֶת־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּהוֹצִיאִי אוֹתָם מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם אֲנִי יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם׃ 23.44. וַיְדַבֵּר מֹשֶׁה אֶת־מֹעֲדֵי יְהוָה אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל׃ 26.18. וְאִם־עַד־אֵלֶּה לֹא תִשְׁמְעוּ לִי וְיָסַפְתִּי לְיַסְּרָה אֶתְכֶם שֶׁבַע עַל־חַטֹּאתֵיכֶם׃ | 14.42. And they shall take other stones, and put them in the place of those stones; and he shall take other mortar, and shall plaster the house." 16.1. And the LORD spoke unto Moses, after the death of the two sons of Aaron, when they drew near before the LORD, and died;" 23.4. These are the appointed seasons of the LORD, even holy convocations, which ye shall proclaim in their appointed season." 23.33. And the LORD spoke unto Moses, saying:" 23.34. Speak unto the children of Israel, saying: On the fifteenth day of this seventh month is the feast of tabernacles for seven days unto the LORD." 23.35. On the first day shall be a holy convocation; ye shall do no manner of servile work." 23.36. Seven days ye shall bring an offering made by fire unto the LORD; on the eighth day shall be a holy convocation unto you; and ye shall bring an offering made by fire unto the LORD; it is a day of solemn assembly; ye shall do no manner of servile work." 23.37. These are the appointed seasons of the LORD, which ye shall proclaim to be holy convocations, to bring an offering made by fire unto the LORD, a burnt-offering, and a meal-offering, a sacrifice, and drink-offerings, each on its own day;" 23.38. beside the sabbaths of the LORD, and beside your gifts, and beside all your vows, and beside all your freewill-offerings, which ye give unto the LORD." 23.39. Howbeit on the fifteenth day of the seventh month, when ye have gathered in the fruits of the land, ye shall keep the feast of the LORD seven days; on the first day shall be a solemn rest, and on the eighth day shall be a solemn rest." 23.41. And ye shall keep it a feast unto the LORD seven days in the year; it is a statute for ever in your generations; ye shall keep it in the seventh month." 23.42. Ye shall dwell in booths seven days; all that are home-born in Israel shall dwell in booths;" 23.43. that your generations may know that I made the children of Israel to dwell in booths, when I brought them out of the land of Egypt: I am the LORD your God." 23.44. And Moses declared unto the children of Israel the appointed seasons of the LORD." 26.18. And if ye will not yet for these things hearken unto Me, then I will chastise you seven times more for your sins." |
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7. Hebrew Bible, Numbers, 29.12-29.39 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
| 29.12. וּבַחֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר יוֹם לַחֹדֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִי מִקְרָא־קֹדֶשׁ יִהְיֶה לָכֶם כָּל־מְלֶאכֶת עֲבֹדָה לֹא תַעֲשׂוּ וְחַגֹּתֶם חַג לַיהוָה שִׁבְעַת יָמִים׃ 29.13. וְהִקְרַבְתֶּם עֹלָה אִשֵּׁה רֵיחַ נִיחֹחַ לַיהוָה פָּרִים בְּנֵי־בָקָר שְׁלֹשָׁה עָשָׂר אֵילִם שְׁנָיִם כְּבָשִׂים בְּנֵי־שָׁנָה אַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר תְּמִימִם יִהְיוּ׃ 29.14. וּמִנְחָתָם סֹלֶת בְּלוּלָה בַשָּׁמֶן שְׁלֹשָׁה עֶשְׂרֹנִים לַפָּר הָאֶחָד לִשְׁלֹשָׁה עָשָׂר פָּרִים שְׁנֵי עֶשְׂרֹנִים לָאַיִל הָאֶחָד לִשְׁנֵי הָאֵילִם׃ 29.15. וְעִשָּׂרוֹן עִשָּׂרוֹן לַכֶּבֶשׂ הָאֶחָד לְאַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר כְּבָשִׂים׃ 29.16. וּשְׂעִיר־עִזִּים אֶחָד חַטָּאת מִלְּבַד עֹלַת הַתָּמִיד מִנְחָתָהּ וְנִסְכָּהּ׃ 29.17. וּבַיּוֹם הַשֵּׁנִי פָּרִים בְּנֵי־בָקָר שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר אֵילִם שְׁנָיִם כְּבָשִׂים בְּנֵי־שָׁנָה אַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר תְּמִימִם׃ 29.18. וּמִנְחָתָם וְנִסְכֵּיהֶם לַפָּרִים לָאֵילִם וְלַכְּבָשִׂים בְּמִסְפָּרָם כַּמִּשְׁפָּט׃ 29.19. וּשְׂעִיר־עִזִּים אֶחָד חַטָּאת מִלְּבַד עֹלַת הַתָּמִיד וּמִנְחָתָהּ וְנִסְכֵּיהֶם׃ 29.21. וּמִנְחָתָם וְנִסְכֵּיהֶם לַפָּרִים לָאֵילִם וְלַכְּבָשִׂים בְּמִסְפָּרָם כַּמִּשְׁפָּט׃ 29.22. וּשְׂעִיר חַטָּאת אֶחָד מִלְּבַד עֹלַת הַתָּמִיד וּמִנְחָתָהּ וְנִסְכָּהּ׃ 29.23. וּבַיּוֹם הָרְבִיעִי פָּרִים עֲשָׂרָה אֵילִם שְׁנָיִם כְּבָשִׂים בְּנֵי־שָׁנָה אַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר תְּמִימִם׃ 29.24. מִנְחָתָם וְנִסְכֵּיהֶם לַפָּרִים לָאֵילִם וְלַכְּבָשִׂים בְּמִסְפָּרָם כַּמִּשְׁפָּט׃ 29.25. וּשְׂעִיר־עִזִּים אֶחָד חַטָּאת מִלְּבַד עֹלַת הַתָּמִיד מִנְחָתָהּ וְנִסְכָּהּ׃ 29.26. וּבַיּוֹם הַחֲמִישִׁי פָּרִים תִּשְׁעָה אֵילִם שְׁנָיִם כְּבָשִׂים בְּנֵי־שָׁנָה אַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר תְּמִימִם׃ 29.27. וּמִנְחָתָם וְנִסְכֵּיהֶם לַפָּרִים לָאֵילִם וְלַכְּבָשִׂים בְּמִסְפָּרָם כַּמִּשְׁפָּט׃ 29.28. וּשְׂעִיר חַטָּאת אֶחָד מִלְּבַד עֹלַת הַתָּמִיד וּמִנְחָתָהּ וְנִסְכָּהּ׃ 29.29. וּבַיּוֹם הַשִּׁשִּׁי פָּרִים שְׁמֹנָה אֵילִם שְׁנָיִם כְּבָשִׂים בְּנֵי־שָׁנָה אַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר תְּמִימִם׃ 29.31. וּשְׂעִיר חַטָּאת אֶחָד מִלְּבַד עֹלַת הַתָּמִיד מִנְחָתָהּ וּנְסָכֶיהָ׃ 29.32. וּבַיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי פָּרִים שִׁבְעָה אֵילִם שְׁנָיִם כְּבָשִׂים בְּנֵי־שָׁנָה אַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר תְּמִימִם׃ 29.33. וּמִנְחָתָם וְנִסְכֵּהֶם לַפָּרִים לָאֵילִם וְלַכְּבָשִׂים בְּמִסְפָּרָם כְּמִשְׁפָּטָם׃ 29.34. וּשְׂעִיר חַטָּאת אֶחָד מִלְּבַד עֹלַת הַתָּמִיד מִנְחָתָהּ וְנִסְכָּהּ׃ 29.35. בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁמִינִי עֲצֶרֶת תִּהְיֶה לָכֶם כָּל־מְלֶאכֶת עֲבֹדָה לֹא תַעֲשׂוּ׃ 29.36. וְהִקְרַבְתֶּם עֹלָה אִשֵּׁה רֵיחַ נִיחֹחַ לַיהוָה פַּר אֶחָד אַיִל אֶחָד כְּבָשִׂים בְּנֵי־שָׁנָה שִׁבְעָה תְּמִימִם׃ 29.37. מִנְחָתָם וְנִסְכֵּיהֶם לַפָּר לָאַיִל וְלַכְּבָשִׂים בְּמִסְפָּרָם כַּמִּשְׁפָּט׃ 29.38. וּשְׂעִיר חַטָּאת אֶחָד מִלְּבַד עֹלַת הַתָּמִיד וּמִנְחָתָהּ וְנִסְכָּהּ׃ 29.39. אֵלֶּה תַּעֲשׂוּ לַיהוָה בְּמוֹעֲדֵיכֶם לְבַד מִנִּדְרֵיכֶם וְנִדְבֹתֵיכֶם לְעֹלֹתֵיכֶם וּלְמִנְחֹתֵיכֶם וּלְנִסְכֵּיכֶם וּלְשַׁלְמֵיכֶם׃ | 29.12. And on the fifteenth day of the seventh month ye shall have a holy convocation: ye shall do no manner of servile work, and ye shall keep a feast unto the LORD seven days;" 29.13. and ye shall present a burnt-offering, an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD: thirteen young bullocks, two rams, fourteen he-lambs of the first year; they shall be without blemish;" 29.14. and their meal-offering, fine flour mingled with oil, three tenth parts for every bullock of the thirteen bullocks, two tenth parts for each ram of the two rams," 29.15. and a several tenth part for every lamb of the fourteen lambs;" 29.16. and one he-goat for a sin-offering beside the continual burnt-offering, the meal-offering thereof, and the drink-offering thereof." 29.17. And on the second day ye shall present twelve young bullocks, two rams, fourteen he-lambs of the first year without blemish;" 29.18. and their meal-offering and their drink-offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the lambs, according to their number, after the ordice;" 29.19. and one he-goat for a sin-offering; beside the continual burnt-offering, and the meal-offering thereof, and their drink-offerings." 29.20. And on the third day eleven bullocks, two rams, fourteen he-lambs of the first year without blemish;" 29.21. and their meal-offering and their drink-offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the lambs, according to their number, after the ordice;" 29.22. and one he-goat for a sin-offering; beside the continual burnt-offering, and the meal-offering thereof, and the drink-offering thereof." 29.23. And on the fourth day ten bullocks, two rams, fourteen he-lambs of the first year without blemish;" 29.24. their meal-offering and their drink-offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the lambs, according to their number, after the ordice;" 29.25. and one he-goat for a sin-offering; beside the continual burnt-offering, the meal-offering thereof, and the drink-offering thereof." 29.26. And on the fifth day nine bullocks, two rams, fourteen he-lambs of the first year without blemish;" 29.27. and their meal-offering and their drink-offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the lambs, according to their number, after the ordice;" 29.28. and one he-goat for a sin-offering; beside the continual burnt-offering, and the meal-offering thereof, and the drink-offering thereof." 29.29. And on the sixth day eight bullocks, two rams, fourteen he-lambs of the first year without blemish;" 29.30. and their meal-offering and their drink-offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the lambs, according to their number, after the ordice;" 29.31. and one he-goat for a sin-offering; beside the continual burnt-offering, the meal-offering thereof, and the drink-offerings thereof." 29.32. And on the seventh day seven bullocks, two rams, fourteen he-lambs of the first year without blemish;" 29.33. and their meal-offering and their drink-offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the lambs, according to their number, after the ordice;" 29.34. and one he-goat for a sin-offering; beside the continual burnt-offering, the meal-offering thereof, and the drink-offering thereof." 29.35. On the eighth day ye shall have a solemn assembly: ye shall do no manner of servile work;" 29.36. but ye shall present a burnt-offering, an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD: one bullock, one ram, seven he-lambs of the first year without blemish;" 29.37. their meal-offering and their drink-offerings for the bullock, for the ram, and for the lambs, shall be according to their number, after the ordice;" 29.38. and one he-goat for a sin-offering; beside the continual burnt-offering, and the meal-offering thereof, and the drink-offering thereof." 29.39. These ye shall offer unto the LORD in your appointed seasons, beside your vows, and your freewill-offerings, whether they be your burnt-offerings, or your meal-offerings, or your drink-offerings, or your peace-offerings." |
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8. Hebrew Bible, Psalms, 5.12, 92.13, 102.19, 104.1, 118.27 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
| 5.12. וְיִשְׂמְחוּ כָל־חוֹסֵי בָךְ לְעוֹלָם יְרַנֵּנוּ וְתָסֵךְ עָלֵימוֹ וְיַעְלְצוּ בְךָ אֹהֲבֵי שְׁמֶךָ׃ 92.13. צַדִּיק כַּתָּמָר יִפְרָח כְּאֶרֶז בַּלְּבָנוֹן יִשְׂגֶּה׃ 102.19. תִּכָּתֶב זֹאת לְדוֹר אַחֲרוֹן וְעַם נִבְרָא יְהַלֶּל־יָהּ׃ 104.1. בָּרֲכִי נַפְשִׁי אֶת־יְהוָה יְהוָה אֱלֹהַי גָּדַלְתָּ מְּאֹד הוֹד וְהָדָר לָבָשְׁתָּ׃ 104.1. הַמְשַׁלֵּחַ מַעְיָנִים בַּנְּחָלִים בֵּין הָרִים יְהַלֵּכוּן׃ 118.27. אֵל יְהוָה וַיָּאֶר לָנוּ אִסְרוּ־חַג בַּעֲבֹתִים עַד־קַרְנוֹת הַמִּזְבֵּחַ׃ | 5.12. So shall all those that take refuge in Thee rejoice, They shall ever shout for joy, And Thou shalt shelter them; Let them also that love Thy name exult in Thee." 92.13. The righteous shall flourish like the palm-tree; He shall grow like a cedar in Lebanon." 102.19. This shall be written for the generation to come; And a people which shall be created shall praise the LORD." 104.1. Bless the LORD, O my soul. O LORD my God, Thou art very great; Thou art clothed with glory and majesty." 118.27. The LORD is God, and hath given us light; Order the festival procession with boughs, even unto the horns of the altar." |
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9. Hebrew Bible, 1 Kings, 8.2, 12.25-12.30, 12.33 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
| 8.2. וַיָּקֶם יְהוָה אֶת־דְּבָרוֹ אֲשֶׁר דִּבֵּר וָאָקֻם תַּחַת דָּוִד אָבִי וָאֵשֵׁב עַל־כִּסֵּא יִשְׂרָאֵל כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר יְהוָה וָאֶבְנֶה הַבַּיִת לְשֵׁם יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל׃ 8.2. וַיִּקָּהֲלוּ אֶל־הַמֶּלֶךְ שְׁלֹמֹה כָּל־אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּיֶרַח הָאֵתָנִים בֶּחָג הוּא הַחֹדֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִי׃ 12.25. וַיִּבֶן יָרָבְעָם אֶת־שְׁכֶם בְּהַר אֶפְרַיִם וַיֵּשֶׁב בָּהּ וַיֵּצֵא מִשָּׁם וַיִּבֶן אֶת־פְּנוּאֵל׃ 12.26. וַיֹּאמֶר יָרָבְעָם בְּלִבּוֹ עַתָּה תָּשׁוּב הַמַּמְלָכָה לְבֵית דָּוִד׃ 12.27. אִם־יַעֲלֶה הָעָם הַזֶּה לַעֲשׂוֹת זְבָחִים בְּבֵית־יְהוָה בִּירוּשָׁלִַם וְשָׁב לֵב הָעָם הַזֶּה אֶל־אֲדֹנֵיהֶם אֶל־רְחַבְעָם מֶלֶךְ יְהוּדָה וַהֲרָגֻנִי וְשָׁבוּ אֶל־רְחַבְעָם מֶלֶךְ־יְהוּדָה׃ 12.28. וַיִּוָּעַץ הַמֶּלֶךְ וַיַּעַשׂ שְׁנֵי עֶגְלֵי זָהָב וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵהֶם רַב־לָכֶם מֵעֲלוֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַם הִנֵּה אֱלֹהֶיךָ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲשֶׁר הֶעֱלוּךָ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם׃ 12.29. וַיָּשֶׂם אֶת־הָאֶחָד בְּבֵית־אֵל וְאֶת־הָאֶחָד נָתַן בְּדָן׃ 12.33. וַיַּעַל עַל־הַמִּזְבֵּחַ אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂה בְּבֵית־אֵל בַּחֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר יוֹם בַּחֹדֶשׁ הַשְּׁמִינִי בַּחֹדֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר־בָּדָא מלבד [מִלִּבּוֹ] וַיַּעַשׂ חָג לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיַּעַל עַל־הַמִּזְבֵּחַ לְהַקְטִיר׃ | 8.2. And all the men of Israel assembled themselves unto king Solomon at the feast, in the month Ethanim, which is the seventh month." 12.25. Then Jeroboam built Shechem in the hill-country of Ephraim, and dwelt therein; and he went out from thence, and built Penuel." 12.26. And Jeroboam said in his heart: ‘Now will the kingdom return to the house of David." 12.27. If this people go up to offer sacrifices in the house of the LORD at Jerusalem, then will the heart of this people turn back unto their lord, even unto Rehoboam king of Judah; and they will kill me, and return to Rehoboam king of Judah.’" 12.28. Whereupon the king took counsel, and made two calves of gold; and he said unto them: ‘Ye have gone up long enough to Jerusalem; behold thy gods, O Israel, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt.’" 12.29. And he set the one in Beth-el, and the other put he in Dan." 12.30. And this thing became a sin; for the people went to worship before the one, even unto Dan." 12.33. And he went up unto the altar which he had made in Beth-el on the fifteenth day in the eighth month, even in the month which he had devised of his own heart; and he ordained a feast for the children of Israel, and went up unto the altar, to offer." |
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10. Hebrew Bible, 2 Samuel, 7.23 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
| 7.23. וּמִי כְעַמְּךָ כְּיִשְׂרָאֵל גּוֹי אֶחָד בָּאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר הָלְכוּ־אֱלֹהִים לִפְדּוֹת־לוֹ לְעָם וְלָשׂוּם לוֹ שֵׁם וְלַעֲשׂוֹת לָכֶם הַגְּדוּלָּה וְנֹרָאוֹת לְאַרְצֶךָ מִפְּנֵי עַמְּךָ אֲשֶׁר פָּדִיתָ לְּךָ מִמִּצְרַיִם גּוֹיִם וֵאלֹהָיו׃ | 7.23. And what one nation in the earth is like Thy people, like Yisra᾽el, whom God went to redeem for a people to himself, and to make himself a name, and to do like the great things and terrible which Thou didst for Thy land, by driving out from before Thy people, whom Thou didst redeem to Thee from Miżrayim, the nations and their gods?" |
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11. Hebrew Bible, Isaiah, 12.6, 25.6, 28.4, 40.15, 44.6, 49.13-49.15, 51.13, 54.1, 54.11-54.14, 60.1-60.3, 61.10-61.11 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
| 12.6. צַהֲלִי וָרֹנִּי יוֹשֶׁבֶת צִיּוֹן כִּי־גָדוֹל בְּקִרְבֵּךְ קְדוֹשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל׃ 25.6. וְעָשָׂה יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת לְכָל־הָעַמִּים בָּהָר הַזֶּה מִשְׁתֵּה שְׁמָנִים מִשְׁתֵּה שְׁמָרִים שְׁמָנִים מְמֻחָיִם שְׁמָרִים מְזֻקָּקִים׃ 28.4. וְהָיְתָה צִיצַת נֹבֵל צְבִי תִפְאַרְתּוֹ אֲשֶׁר עַל־רֹאשׁ גֵּיא שְׁמָנִים כְּבִכּוּרָהּ בְּטֶרֶם קַיִץ אֲשֶׁר יִרְאֶה הָרֹאֶה אוֹתָהּ בְּעוֹדָהּ בְּכַפּוֹ יִבְלָעֶנָּה׃ 40.15. הֵן גּוֹיִם כְּמַר מִדְּלִי וּכְשַׁחַק מֹאזְנַיִם נֶחְשָׁבוּ הֵן אִיִּים כַּדַּק יִטּוֹל׃ 44.6. כֹּה־אָמַר יְהוָה מֶלֶךְ־יִשְׂרָאֵל וְגֹאֲלוֹ יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת אֲנִי רִאשׁוֹן וַאֲנִי אַחֲרוֹן וּמִבַּלְעָדַי אֵין אֱלֹהִים׃ 49.13. רָנּוּ שָׁמַיִם וְגִילִי אָרֶץ יפצחו [וּפִצְחוּ] הָרִים רִנָּה כִּי־נִחַם יְהוָה עַמּוֹ וַעֲנִיָּו יְרַחֵם׃ 49.14. וַתֹּאמֶר צִיּוֹן עֲזָבַנִי יְהוָה וַאדֹנָי שְׁכֵחָנִי׃ 49.15. הֲתִשְׁכַּח אִשָּׁה עוּלָהּ מֵרַחֵם בֶּן־בִּטְנָהּ גַּם־אֵלֶּה תִשְׁכַּחְנָה וְאָנֹכִי לֹא אֶשְׁכָּחֵךְ׃ 51.13. וַתִּשְׁכַּח יְהוָה עֹשֶׂךָ נוֹטֶה שָׁמַיִם וְיֹסֵד אָרֶץ וַתְּפַחֵד תָּמִיד כָּל־הַיּוֹם מִפְּנֵי חֲמַת הַמֵּצִיק כַּאֲשֶׁר כּוֹנֵן לְהַשְׁחִית וְאַיֵּה חֲמַת הַמֵּצִיק׃ 54.1. רָנִּי עֲקָרָה לֹא יָלָדָה פִּצְחִי רִנָּה וְצַהֲלִי לֹא־חָלָה כִּי־רַבִּים בְּנֵי־שׁוֹמֵמָה מִבְּנֵי בְעוּלָה אָמַר יְהוָה׃ 54.1. כִּי הֶהָרִים יָמוּשׁוּ וְהַגְּבָעוֹת תְּמוּטֶנָה וְחַסְדִּי מֵאִתֵּךְ לֹא־יָמוּשׁ וּבְרִית שְׁלוֹמִי לֹא תָמוּט אָמַר מְרַחֲמֵךְ יְהוָה׃ 54.11. עֲנִיָּה סֹעֲרָה לֹא נֻחָמָה הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי מַרְבִּיץ בַּפּוּךְ אֲבָנַיִךְ וִיסַדְתִּיךְ בַּסַּפִּירִים׃ 54.12. וְשַׂמְתִּי כַּדְכֹד שִׁמְשֹׁתַיִךְ וּשְׁעָרַיִךְ לְאַבְנֵי אֶקְדָּח וְכָל־גְּבוּלֵךְ לְאַבְנֵי־חֵפֶץ׃ 54.13. וְכָל־בָּנַיִךְ לִמּוּדֵי יְהוָה וְרַב שְׁלוֹם בָּנָיִךְ׃ 54.14. בִּצְדָקָה תִּכּוֹנָנִי רַחֲקִי מֵעֹשֶׁק כִּי־לֹא תִירָאִי וּמִמְּחִתָּה כִּי לֹא־תִקְרַב אֵלָיִךְ׃ 60.1. וּבָנוּ בְנֵי־נֵכָר חֹמֹתַיִךְ וּמַלְכֵיהֶם יְשָׁרְתוּנֶךְ כִּי בְקִצְפִּי הִכִּיתִיךְ וּבִרְצוֹנִי רִחַמְתִּיךְ׃ 60.1. קוּמִי אוֹרִי כִּי בָא אוֹרֵךְ וּכְבוֹד יְהוָה עָלַיִךְ זָרָח׃ 60.2. לֹא־יָבוֹא עוֹד שִׁמְשֵׁךְ וִירֵחֵךְ לֹא יֵאָסֵף כִּי יְהוָה יִהְיֶה־לָּךְ לְאוֹר עוֹלָם וְשָׁלְמוּ יְמֵי אֶבְלֵךְ׃ 60.2. כִּי־הִנֵּה הַחֹשֶׁךְ יְכַסֶּה־אֶרֶץ וַעֲרָפֶל לְאֻמִּים וְעָלַיִךְ יִזְרַח יְהוָה וּכְבוֹדוֹ עָלַיִךְ יֵרָאֶה׃ 60.3. וְהָלְכוּ גוֹיִם לְאוֹרֵךְ וּמְלָכִים לְנֹגַהּ זַרְחֵךְ׃ 61.11. כִּי כָאָרֶץ תּוֹצִיא צִמְחָהּ וּכְגַנָּה זֵרוּעֶיהָ תַצְמִיחַ כֵּן אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה יַצְמִיחַ צְדָקָה וּתְהִלָּה נֶגֶד כָּל־הַגּוֹיִם׃ | 12.6. Cry aloud and shout, thou inhabitant of Zion, For great is the Holy One of Israel in the midst of thee.’" 25.6. And in this mountain will the LORD of hosts make unto all peoples A feast of fat things, a feast of wines on the lees, of fat things full of marrow, of wines on the lees well refined." 28.4. And the fading flower of his glorious beauty, Which is on the head of the fat valley, Shall be as the first-ripe fig before the summer, Which when one looketh upon it, While it is yet in his hand he eateth it up." 40.15. Behold, the nations are as a drop of a bucket, And are counted as the small dust of the balance; Behold the isles are as a mote in weight." 44.6. Thus saith the LORD, the King of Israel, And his Redeemer the LORD of hosts: I am the first, and I am the last, And beside Me there is no God." 49.13. Sing, O heavens, and be joyful, O earth, And break forth into singing, O mountains; For the LORD hath comforted His people, And hath compassion upon His afflicted." 49.14. But Zion said: ‘The LORD hath forsaken me, And the Lord hath forgotten me.’" 49.15. Can a woman forget her sucking child, That she should not have compassion on the son of her womb? Yea, these may forget, Yet will not I forget thee." 51.13. And hast forgotten the LORD thy Maker, That stretched forth the heavens, And laid the foundations of the earth; And fearest continually all the day Because of the fury of the oppressor, As he maketh ready to destroy? And where is the fury of the oppressor?" 54.1. Sing, O barren, thou that didst not bear, Break forth into singing, and cry aloud, thou that didst not travail; For more are the children of the desolate Than the children of the married wife, saith the LORD." 54.11. O thou afflicted, tossed with tempest, and not comforted, behold, I will set thy stones in fair colours, And lay thy foundations with sapphires." 54.12. And I will make thy pinnacles of rubies, and thy gates of carbuncles, and all thy border of precious stones." 54.13. And all thy children shall be taught of the LORD; and great shall be the peace of thy children." 54.14. In righteousness shalt thou be established; be thou far from oppression, for thou shalt not fear, And from ruin, for it shall not come near thee." 60.1. Arise, shine, for thy light is come, And the glory of the LORD is risen upon thee." 60.2. For, behold, darkness shall cover the earth, And gross darkness the peoples; But upon thee the LORD will arise, And His glory shall be seen upon thee." 60.3. And nations shall walk at thy light, And kings at the brightness of thy rising." 61.10. I will greatly rejoice in the LORD, My soul shall be joyful in my God; For He hath clothed me with the garments of salvation, He hath covered me with the robe of victory, As a bridegroom putteth on a priestly diadem, And as a bride adorneth herself with her jewels." 61.11. For as the earth bringeth forth her growth, And as the garden causeth the things that are sown in it to spring forth; So the Lord GOD will cause victory and glory To spring forth before all the nations." |
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12. Hebrew Bible, Jeremiah, 2.4-2.5 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
| 2.4. שִׁמְעוּ דְבַר־יְהוָה בֵּית יַעֲקֹב וְכָל־מִשְׁפְּחוֹת בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל׃ 2.5. כֹּה אָמַר יְהוָה מַה־מָּצְאוּ אֲבוֹתֵיכֶם בִּי עָוֶל כִּי רָחֲקוּ מֵעָלָי וַיֵּלְכוּ אַחֲרֵי הַהֶבֶל וַיֶּהְבָּלוּ׃ | 2.4. Hear ye the word of the LORD, O house of Jacob, and all the families of the house of Israel;" 2.5. Thus saith the LORD: What unrighteousness have your fathers found in Me, that they are gone far from Me, and have walked after things of nought, and are become nought?" |
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13. Hebrew Bible, Judges, 21.21 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
| 21.21. וּרְאִיתֶם וְהִנֵּה אִם־יֵצְאוּ בְנוֹת־שִׁילוֹ לָחוּל בַּמְּחֹלוֹת וִיצָאתֶם מִן־הַכְּרָמִים וַחֲטַפְתֶּם לָכֶם אִישׁ אִשְׁתּוֹ מִבְּנוֹת שִׁילוֹ וַהֲלַכְתֶּם אֶרֶץ בִּנְיָמִן׃ | 21.21. and see, and, behold, if the daughters of Shilo come out to dance in the dances, then come out of the vineyards, and catch you every man his wife of the daughters of Shilo, and go to the land of Binyamin." |
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14. Hebrew Bible, Lamentations, 1.1-1.2 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
| 1.1. יָדוֹ פָּרַשׂ צָר עַל כָּל־מַחֲמַדֶּיהָ כִּי־רָאֲתָה גוֹיִם בָּאוּ מִקְדָּשָׁהּ אֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתָה לֹא־יָבֹאוּ בַקָּהָל לָךְ׃ 1.1. אֵיכָה יָשְׁבָה בָדָד הָעִיר רַבָּתִי עָם הָיְתָה כְּאַלְמָנָה רַּבָּתִי בַגּוֹיִם שָׂרָתִי בַּמְּדִינוֹת הָיְתָה לָמַס׃ 1.2. רְאֵה יְהוָה כִּי־צַר־לִי מֵעַי חֳמַרְמָרוּ נֶהְפַּךְ לִבִּי בְּקִרְבִּי כִּי מָרוֹ מָרִיתִי מִחוּץ שִׁכְּלָה־חֶרֶב בַּבַּיִת כַּמָּוֶת׃ 1.2. בָּכוֹ תִבְכֶּה בַּלַּיְלָה וְדִמְעָתָהּ עַל לֶחֱיָהּ אֵין־לָהּ מְנַחֵם מִכָּל־אֹהֲבֶיהָ כָּל־רֵעֶיהָ בָּגְדוּ בָהּ הָיוּ לָהּ לְאֹיְבִים׃ | 1.1. O how has the city that was once so populous remained lonely! She has become like a widow! She that was great among the nations, a princess among the provinces, has become tributary. 1.2. She weeps, yea, she weeps in the night, and her tears are on her cheek; she has no comforter among all her lovers; all her friends have betrayed her; they have become her enemies." |
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15. Homer, Odyssey, 7.114-7.132 (8th cent. BCE - 7th cent. BCE)
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16. Hebrew Bible, Ezekiel, 17.5 (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
| 17.5. וַיִּקַּח מִזֶּרַע הָאָרֶץ וַיִּתְּנֵהוּ בִּשְׂדֵה־זָרַע קָח עַל־מַיִם רַבִּים צַפְצָפָה שָׂמוֹ׃ | 17.5. He took also of the seed of the land, And planted it in a fruitful soil; He placed it beside many waters, He set it as a slip." |
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17. Hebrew Bible, Nehemiah, 8.9, 8.13-8.18 (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE)
| 8.9. וַיֹּאמֶר נְחֶמְיָה הוּא הַתִּרְשָׁתָא וְעֶזְרָא הַכֹּהֵן הַסֹּפֵר וְהַלְוִיִּם הַמְּבִינִים אֶת־הָעָם לְכָל־הָעָם הַיּוֹם קָדֹשׁ־הוּא לַיהוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם אַל־תִּתְאַבְּלוּ וְאַל־תִּבְכּוּ כִּי בוֹכִים כָּל־הָעָם כְּשָׁמְעָם אֶת־דִּבְרֵי הַתּוֹרָה׃ 8.13. וּבַיּוֹם הַשֵּׁנִי נֶאֶסְפוּ רָאשֵׁי הָאָבוֹת לְכָל־הָעָם הַכֹּהֲנִים וְהַלְוִיִּם אֶל־עֶזְרָא הַסֹּפֵר וּלְהַשְׂכִּיל אֶל־דִּבְרֵי הַתּוֹרָה׃ 8.14. וַיִּמְצְאוּ כָּתוּב בַּתּוֹרָה אֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהוָה בְּיַד־מֹשֶׁה אֲשֶׁר יֵשְׁבוּ בְנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּסֻּכּוֹת בֶּחָג בַּחֹדֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִי׃ 8.15. וַאֲשֶׁר יַשְׁמִיעוּ וְיַעֲבִירוּ קוֹל בְּכָל־עָרֵיהֶם וּבִירוּשָׁלִַם לֵאמֹר צְאוּ הָהָר וְהָבִיאוּ עֲלֵי־זַיִת וַעֲלֵי־עֵץ שֶׁמֶן וַעֲלֵי הֲדַס וַעֲלֵי תְמָרִים וַעֲלֵי עֵץ עָבֹת לַעֲשֹׂת סֻכֹּת כַּכָּתוּב׃ 8.16. וַיֵּצְאוּ הָעָם וַיָּבִיאוּ וַיַּעֲשׂוּ לָהֶם סֻכּוֹת אִישׁ עַל־גַּגּוֹ וּבְחַצְרֹתֵיהֶם וּבְחַצְרוֹת בֵּית הָאֱלֹהִים וּבִרְחוֹב שַׁעַר הַמַּיִם וּבִרְחוֹב שַׁעַר אֶפְרָיִם׃ 8.17. וַיַּעֲשׂוּ כָל־הַקָּהָל הַשָּׁבִים מִן־הַשְּׁבִי סֻכּוֹת וַיֵּשְׁבוּ בַסֻּכּוֹת כִּי לֹא־עָשׂוּ מִימֵי יֵשׁוּעַ בִּן־נוּן כֵּן בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל עַד הַיּוֹם הַהוּא וַתְּהִי שִׂמְחָה גְּדוֹלָה מְאֹד׃ 8.18. וַיִּקְרָא בְּסֵפֶר תּוֹרַת הָאֱלֹהִים יוֹם בְּיוֹם מִן־הַיּוֹם הָרִאשׁוֹן עַד הַיּוֹם הָאַחֲרוֹן וַיַּעֲשׂוּ־חָג שִׁבְעַת יָמִים וּבַיּוֹם הַשְּׁמִינִי עֲצֶרֶת כַּמִּשְׁפָּט׃ | 8.9. And Nehemiah, who was the Tirshatha, and Ezra the priest the scribe, and the Levites that taught the people, said unto all the people: ‘This day is holy unto the LORD your God; mourn not, nor weep.’ For all the people wept, when they heard the words of the Law." 8.13. And on the second day were gathered together the heads of fathers’houses of all the people, the priests, and the Levites, unto Ezra the scribe, even to give attention to the words of the Law." 8.14. And they found written in the Law, how that the LORD had commanded by Moses, that the children of Israel should dwell in booths in the feast of the seventh month;" 8.15. and that they should publish and proclaim in all their cities, and in Jerusalem, saying: ‘Go forth unto the mount, and fetch olive branches, and branches of wild olive, and myrtle branches, and palm branches, and branches of thick trees, to make booths, as it is written.’" 8.16. So the people went forth, and brought them, and made themselves booths, every one upon the roof of his house, and in their courts, and in the courts of the house of God, and in the broad place of the water gate, and in the broad place of the gate of Ephraim." 8.17. And all the congregation of them that were come back out of the captivity made booths, and dwelt in the booths; for since the days of Joshua the son of Nun unto that day had not the children of Israel done so. And there was very great gladness." 8.18. Also day by day, from the first day unto the last day, he read in the book of the Law of God. And they kept the feast seven days;" |
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18. Hebrew Bible, Zechariah, 14 (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE)
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19. Anon., Jubilees, 50, 32 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
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20. Septuagint, 1 Maccabees, 10.21, 13.51 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
| 10.21. So Jonathan put on the holy garments in the seventh month of the one hundred and sixtieth year, at the feast of tabernacles, and he recruited troops and equipped them with arms in abundance. 13.51. On the twenty-third day of the second month, in the one hundred and seventy-first year, the Jews entered it with praise and palm branches, and with harps and cymbals and stringed instruments, and with hymns and songs, because a great enemy had been crushed and removed from Israel. |
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21. Septuagint, 2 Maccabees, 6.7, 10.1-10.8, 14.4 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
| 6.7. On the monthly celebration of the king's birthday, the Jews were taken, under bitter constraint, to partake of the sacrifices; and when the feast of Dionysus came, they were compelled to walk in the procession in honor of Dionysus, wearing wreaths of ivy.' 10.1. Now Maccabeus and his followers, the Lord leading them on, recovered the temple and the city;' 10.2. and they tore down the altars which had been built in the public square by the foreigners, and also destroyed the sacred precincts.' 10.3. They purified the sanctuary, and made another altar of sacrifice; then, striking fire out of flint, they offered sacrifices, after a lapse of two years, and they burned incense and lighted lamps and set out the bread of the Presence.' 10.4. And when they had done this, they fell prostrate and besought the Lord that they might never again fall into such misfortunes, but that, if they should ever sin, they might be disciplined by him with forbearance and not be handed over to blasphemous and barbarous nations.' 10.5. It happened that on the same day on which the sanctuary had been profaned by the foreigners, the purification of the sanctuary took place, that is, on the twenty-fifth day of the same month, which was Chislev.' 10.6. And they celebrated it for eight days with rejoicing, in the manner of the feast of booths, remembering how not long before, during the feast of booths, they had been wandering in the mountains and caves like wild animals.' 10.7. Therefore bearing ivy-wreathed wands and beautiful branches and also fronds of palm, they offered hymns of thanksgiving to him who had given success to the purifying of his own holy place.' 10.8. They decreed by public ordice and vote that the whole nation of the Jews should observe these days every year. 14.4. and went to King Demetrius in about the one hundred and fifty-first year, presenting to him a crown of gold and a palm, and besides these some of the customary olive branches from the temple. During that day he kept quiet.' |
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22. Septuagint, Judith, 15.12-15.13, 16.1, 16.5-16.9, 16.14-16.15, 16.17 (2nd cent. BCE - 0th cent. CE)
| 15.12. Then all the women of Israel gathered to see her, and blessed her, and some of them performed a dance for her; and she took branches in her hands and gave them to the women who were with her; 15.13. and they crowned themselves with olive wreaths, she and those who were with her; and she went before all the people in the dance, leading all the women, while all the men of Israel followed, bearing their arms and wearing garlands and with songs on their lips. 16.1. Then Judith began this thanksgiving before all Israel, and all the people loudly sang this song of praise. 16.5. He boasted that he would burn up my territory, and kill my young men with the sword, and dash my infants to the ground and seize my children as prey, and take my virgins as booty. 16.6. But the Lord Almighty has foiled them by the hand of a woman. 16.7. For their mighty one did not fall by the hands of the young men, nor did the sons of the Titans smite him, nor did tall giants set upon him; but Judith the daughter of Merari undid him with the beauty of her countece. 16.8. For she took off her widow's mourning to exalt the oppressed in Israel. She anointed her face with ointment and fastened her hair with a tiara and put on a linen gown to deceive him. 16.9. Her sandal ravished his eyes, her beauty captivated his mind, and the sword severed his neck. 16.14. Let all thy creatures serve thee, for thou didst speak, and they were made. Thou didst send forth thy Spirit, and it formed them; there is none that can resist thy voice. 16.15. For the mountains shall be shaken to their foundations with the waters; at thy presence the rocks shall melt like wax, but to those who fear thee thou wilt continue to show mercy. 16.17. Woe to the nations that rise up against my people! The Lord Almighty will take vengeance on them in the day of judgment; fire and worms he will give to their flesh; they shall weep in pain for ever. |
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23. Philo of Alexandria, On The Special Laws, 2.206-2.207 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE)
| 2.206. And, indeed, the people are commanded to pass the whole period of the feast under tents, either because there is no longer any necessity for remaining in the open air labouring at the cultivation of the land, since there is nothing left in the land, but all ... is stored up in the barns, on account of the injuries which otherwise might be likely to visit it from the burning of the sun or the violence of the Rains.{33}{portions of sections 207, 209, 212, 213 were omitted in Yonge's translation because the edition on which Yonge based his translation, Mangey, lacked this material. These lines have been newly translated for this volume.} 2.207. For when the crops which provide nourishment are in the fields, you act as a manager and guard of those necessities not by having cooped yourself up like a woman who belongs at home, but by having gone out to the fields. If severe cold or summer heat befalls you as you live in the open air, the overgrowths of the trees are handy shelters. If you get under their protection, you will be able to escape easily the harm from each. But when all the crops are in, go in with them to look for a more substantial abode for rest in place of the toils which you endured as you worked the land. Or again, it may be a reminder of the long journey of our ancestors which they made through a wide desert, living in tents for many years at each station. |
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24. Josephus Flavius, Jewish Antiquities, 3.244-3.248, 4.209-4.211, 13.304, 13.372 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
| 3.244. 4. Upon the fifteenth day of the same month, when the season of the year is changing for winter, the law enjoins us to pitch tabernacles in every one of our houses, so that we preserve ourselves from the cold of that time of the year; 3.245. as also that when we should arrive at our own country, and come to that city which we should have then for our metropolis, because of the temple therein to be built, and keep a festival for eight days, and offer burnt-offerings, and sacrifice thank-offerings, that we should then carry in our hands a branch of myrtle, and willow, and a bough of the palm-tree, with the addition of the pome citron: 3.246. That the burnt-offering on the first of those days was to be a sacrifice of thirteen bulls, and fourteen lambs, and fifteen rams, with the addition of a kid of the goats, as an expiation for sins; and on the following days the same number of lambs, and of rams, with the kids of the goats; but abating one of the bulls every day till they amounted to seven only. 3.247. On the eighth day all work was laid aside, and then, as we said before, they sacrificed to God a bullock, a ram, and seven lambs, with a kid of the goats, for an expiation of sins. And this is the accustomed solemnity of the Hebrews, when they pitch their tabernacles. 3.248. 5. In the month of Xanthicus, which is by us called Nisan, and is the beginning of our year, on the fourteenth day of the lunar month, when the sun is in Aries, (for in this month it was that we were delivered from bondage under the Egyptians,) the law ordained that we should every year slay that sacrifice which I before told you we slew when we came out of Egypt, and which was called the Passover; and so we do celebrate this passover in companies, leaving nothing of what we sacrifice till the day following. 4.209. 12. When the multitude are assembled together unto the holy city for sacrificing every seventh year, at the feast of tabernacles, let the high priest stand upon a high desk, whence he may be heard, and let him read the laws to all the people; and let neither the women nor the children be hindered from hearing, no, nor the servants neither; 4.211. that so there may always be within their minds that intention of the laws which they have despised and broken, and have thereby been the causes of their own mischief. Let the children also learn the laws, as the first thing they are taught, which will be the best thing they can be taught, and will be the cause of their future felicity. 13.304. But when Antigonus was once returned from the army, and that feast was then at hand when they make tabernacles to [the honor of God,] it happened that Arlstobulus was fallen sick, and that Antigonus went up most splendidly adorned, and with his soldiers about him in their armor, to the temple to celebrate the feast, and to put up many prayers for the recovery of his brother 13.372. 5. As to Alexander, his own people were seditious against him; for at a festival which was then celebrated, when he stood upon the altar, and was going to sacrifice, the nation rose upon him, and pelted him with citrons [which they then had in their hands, because] the law of the Jews required that at the feast of tabernacles every one should have branches of the palm tree and citron tree; which thing we have elsewhere related. They also reviled him, as derived from a captive, and so unworthy of his dignity and of sacrificing. |
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25. Josephus Flavius, Jewish War, 1.73, 1.88, 6.301 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
| 1.73. however, as Antigonus came once in a splendid manner from the army to that festival, wherein our ancient custom is to make tabernacles for God, it happened, in those days, that Aristobulus was sick, and that, at the conclusion of the feast, Antigonus came up to it, with his armed men about him; and this when he was adorned in the finest manner possible; and that, in a great measure, to pray to God on the behalf of his brother. 1.88. 3. But when he had made slaves of the citizens of all these cities, the nation of the Jews made an insurrection against him at a festival; for at those feasts seditions are generally begun; and it looked as if he should not be able to escape the plot they had laid for him, had not his foreign auxiliaries, the Pisidians and Cilicians, assisted him; for as to the Syrians, he never admitted them among his mercenary troops, on account of their innate enmity against the Jewish nation. 6.301. began on a sudden to cry aloud, “A voice from the east, a voice from the west, a voice from the four winds, a voice against Jerusalem and the holy house, a voice against the bridegrooms and the brides, and a voice against this whole people!” This was his cry, as he went about by day and by night, in all the lanes of the city. |
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26. Mishnah, Bikkurim, 3.3, 3.7 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
| 3.3. Those who lived near [Jerusalem] would bring fresh figs and grapes, while those who lived far away would bring dried figs and raisins. An ox would go in front of them, his horns bedecked with gold and with an olive-crown on its head. The flute would play before them until they would draw close to Jerusalem. When they drew close to Jerusalem they would send messengers in advance, and they would adorn their bikkurim. The governors and chiefs and treasurers [of the Temple] would go out to greet them, and according to the rank of the entrants they would go forth. All the skilled artisans of Jerusalem would stand up before them and greet them saying, “Our brothers, men of such and such a place, we welcome you in peace.”" 3.7. Originally all who knew how to recite would recite while those who did not know how to recite, others would read it for them [and they would repeat the words]. But when they refrained from bringing, they decreed that they should read the words to both those who could and those who could not [recite so that they could repeat after them]." |
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27. Mishnah, Ketuvot, 4.12 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
| 4.12. If he did not write for her, “You shall live in my house and be maintained from my estate throughout the duration of your widowhood”, he is nevertheless liable, because [this clause] is a condition laid down by the court. Thus did the men of Jerusalem write. The men of Galilee wrote as did the men of Jerusalem. The men of Judea used to write: “Until the heirs wish to pay you your ketubah”. Therefore if the heirs wish to, they may pay her her ketubah and dismiss her." |
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28. Mishnah, Maaser Sheni, 5.2 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
| 5.2. [The produce of] a vineyard in its fourth year was brought up to Jerusalem within a distance of one day’s journey on each side. And what is the border [of a day’s journey on each side]? Eilat to the south, Akrabat on the north, Lod to the west, and the Jordan [river] to the east. When produce increased, it was decreed that it can be redeemed even if the vineyard was close to the wall. And there was a stipulation on this matter, that whenever it was so desired, the arrangement would be restored as it had been before. Rabbi Yose says: this was the stipulation after the Temple was destroyed, and the stipulation was that when the Temple should be rebuilt the arrangement would be restored as it had been before." |
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29. Mishnah, Rosh Hashanah, 2.1-2.2, 4.3-4.4 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
| 2.1. If they don’t know him [the one who came to testify], they send another with him to testify concerning [his reliability]. Originally testimony concerning the new moon was accepted from anyone. When the minim disrupted this, it was decreed that testimony should be received only from persons known [to the court]." 2.2. Originally they used to light torches [to signal that the new month had been decreed]. When the Samaritans disrupted this, they decreed that messengers should go out." 4.3. In earlier times the lulav was taken for seven days in the Temple, and in the provinces for one day only. When the temple was destroyed, Rabbi Yoha ben Zakkai decreed that the lulav should be taken in the provinces for seven days in memory of the Temple, [He also decreed] that on the whole of the day of waving it be forbidden [to eat the new produce]." 4.4. Originally they used to accept testimony with regard to the new moon during the whole day. On one occasion the witnesses were late in arriving, and the Levites went wrong in the daily hymn. They therefore decreed that testimony should be accepted only until the afternoon [sacrifice]. If witnesses came after the afternoon sacrifice that day should be kept as holy and also the next day. After the destruction of the temple Rabban Yoha ben Zakkai decreed that testimony with regard to the new moon should be received during the whole day. Rabbi Joshua ben Korha said: this further did Rabbi Yoha ben Zakkai decree, that not matter where the head of the court might be, the witnesses should have to go only to the place of the assembly." |
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30. Mishnah, Sotah, 7.8, 9.14 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
| 7.8. How was the procedure in connection with the portion read by the king?At the conclusion of the first day of the festival (Sukkot) in the eighth [year], at the end of the seventh year, they erect a wooden platform in the Temple court, and he sits upon it, as it is said, “At the end of seven years, in the set time” etc (Deuteronomy 31:10). The synagogue attendant takes a Torah scroll and hands it to the head of the synagogue, the head of the synagogue hands it to the deputy and he hands it to the high priest, and the high priest hands it to the king and the king stands and receives it, but reads it while sitting. King Agrippa stood and received it and read standing, and the sages praised him. When he reached, “You shall not place a foreigner over you” (ibid 17:15) his eyes ran with tears. They said to him, “Fear not, Agrippas, you are our brother, you are our brother!” [The king] reads from the beginning of “These are the words” (ibid 1:1) until the Shema ((ibid 6:4-9), and the Shema, and “It will come to pass if you hear” (ibid 11:13-21 the second part of the Shema), and “You shall surely tithe” (ibid 14:22-29), and “When you have finished tithing” (ibid 26:12-15) and the portion of the king (ibid 17:14-20) and the blessings and curses (ibid, until he finishes all the section. The blessings that the high priest recites, the king recites, except that he substitutes one for the festivals instead of one for the pardon of sin." 9.14. During the war with Vespasian they [the rabbis] decreed against [the use of] crowns worn by bridegrooms and against [the use of] the bell. During the war with Quietus they decreed against [the use of] crowns worn by brides and that nobody should teach their child Greek. During the final war they decreed that a bride should not go out in a palanquin inside the city, but our rabbis decreed that a bride may go out in a palanquin inside the city." |
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31. Mishnah, Sukkah, 2.9, 3.1, 3.9, 3.12-3.14, 4.4-4.6, 4.9-4.10 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
| 2.9. All seven days [of the festival] a man must make the sukkah his permanent residence and his house his temporary residence. If rain fell, when may one be permitted to leave it? When the porridge becomes spoiled. They made a parable. To what can this be compared? To a slave who comes to fill the cup for his master, and he poured a pitcher over his face." 3.1. A stolen or a dried up lulav is invalid. One [that came] from an asherah tree or from a condemned city is invalid. If its top was broken off or its leaves were detached, it is invalid. If its leaves are spread apart it is valid. Rabbi Judah says he should tie it at the top. The thorny palms of the iron mountain are valid. A lulav which is three handbreadths in length, long enough to wave, is valid." 3.9. And where [in the service] do they wave [the lulav]? At “Give thanks to the Lord” (Psalm, at the beginning and at the end, and at “O Lord, deliver us” (118:25), the words of Bet Hillel. Bet Shammai say: also at “O Lord, let us prosper.” Rabbi Akiva says: I was watching Rabban Gamaliel and Rabbi Joshua, and while all the people were waving their lulavs [at “O Lord, let us prosper”] they waved them only at “O Lord deliver us.” One who was on a journey and had no lulav to take, when he enters his house he should take it [even if he is] at his table. If he did not take the lulav in the morning, he should take it at any time before dusk, since the whole day is valid for [taking] the lulav." 3.12. In earlier times the lulav was taken for seven days in the Temple, and in the provinces for one day only. When the temple was destroyed, Rabbi Yoha ben Zakkai decreed that the lulav should be taken in the provinces for seven days in memory of the Temple, [He also decreed] that on the whole of the day of waving it be forbidden [to eat the new produce]." 3.13. If the first day of the festival falls on Shabbat, all the people bring their lulavim to the synagogue [on Friday]. The next day they arise early [and come to the synagogue] and each one recognizes his own [lulav] and takes it, since the sages said “one cannot fulfill his obligation on the first day of the festival with his friend’s lulav.” But on the other days of the festival one may fulfill his obligation with the lulav of his fellow." 3.14. Rabbi Yose says: if the first day of the festival fell on Shabbat, and he forgot and carried out his lulav into the public domain, he is not liable, since he brought it out while under the influence [of a religious act]." 4.4. The mitzvah of the lulav how was it carried out? If the first day of the festival fell on Shabbat, they brought their lulavim to the Temple Mount, and the attendants would receive them and arrange them on top of the portico, and the elders laid theirs in the chamber. And they would teach the people to say, “Whoever gets my lulav in his hand, let it be his as a gift.” The next day they got up early, and came [to the Temple Mount] and the attendants threw down [their lulavim] before them, and they snatched at them, and so they used to come to blows with one another. When the court saw that they reached a state of danger, they instituted that each man should take [his lulav] in his own home." 4.5. The mitzvah of the aravah how was it [performed]?There was a place below Jerusalem called Moza. They went down there and gathered tall branches of aravot and then they came and stood them up at the sides of the altar, and their tops were bent over the altar. They then sounded a teki’ah [long blast], a teru’ah [staccato blast] and again a teki’ah. Every day they went round the altar once, saying, “O Lord, save us, O Lord, make us prosper” (Psalms 118:. Rabbi Judah says: “Ani vaho, save us.” On that day they went round the altar seven times. When they departed, what did they say? “O altar, beauty is to you! O altar, beauty is to you!” Rabbi Eliezer said: [they would say,] “To the Lord and to you, O altar, to the Lord and to you, O altar.”" 4.6. As was its performance on a weekday, so was its performance on Shabbat, except that they would gather them on the eve of Shabbat and place them in golden basins so that they would not become wilted. Rabbi Yoha ben Beroka says: they used to bring palm branches and they would beat them on the ground at the sides of the altar, and that day was called “[the day of] the beating of the palm branches.”" 4.9. How was the water libation [performed]? A golden flask holding three logs was filled from the Shiloah. When they arrived at the water gate, they sounded a teki'ah [long blast], a teru'ah [a staccato note] and again a teki'ah. [The priest then] went up the ascent [of the altar] and turned to his left where there were two silver bowls. Rabbi Judah says: they were of plaster [but they looked silver] because their surfaces were darkened from the wine. They had each a hole like a slender snout, one being wide and the other narrow so that both emptied at the same time. The one on the west was for water and the one on the east for wine. If he poured the flask of water into the bowl for wine, or that of wine into that for water, he has fulfilled his obligation. Rabbi Judah says: with one log he performed the ceremony of the water-libation all eight days. To [the priest] who performed the libation they used to say, “Raise your hand”, for one time, a certain man poured out the water over his feet, and all the people pelted him with their etrogs." 4.10. As it was performed on weekdays, so was it was performed on Shabbat, save that on the eve of Shabbat he would fill a non-sanctified golden barrel from the Shiloah, and place it in the chamber. If it was poured away or uncovered, he would refill it from the laver, for wine or water which has become uncovered is invalid for the altar." |
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32. Mishnah, Yoma, 2.1-2.2 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
| 2.1. Originally anyone who wished to remove [the ashes from] the altar did so. When they were many, they would run up the ramp [of the altar] and he that came first within four cubits won the privilege. If two were even, the officer would say to them [all:] raise the finger! And how many did they put out? One or two but one does not put out a thumb in the Temple." 2.2. Section one: It once happened that two were even as they ran up the ramp, and one of them pushed his fellow who fell and broke his leg. When the court saw that they incurred danger, they decreed that they would remove the ashes from only by a count. Section two: There were four counts. This is the first count." |
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33. New Testament, Apocalypse, 7.9 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
| 7.9. After these things I looked, and behold, a great multitude, which no man could number, out of every nation and of all tribes, peoples, and languages, standing before the throne and before the Lamb, dressed in white robes, with palm branches in their hands. |
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34. New Testament, John, 12.13 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
| 12.13. they took the branches of the palm trees, and went out to meet him, and cried out, "Hosanna! Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord, the King of Israel! |
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35. New Testament, Luke, 15.29 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
| 15.29. But he answered his father, 'Behold, these many years I have served you, and I never disobeyed a commandment of yours, but you never gave me a goat, that I might celebrate with my friends. |
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36. New Testament, Mark, 11.11 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
| 11.11. Jesus entered into the temple in Jerusalem. When he had looked around at everything, it being now evening, he went out to Bethany with the twelve. |
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37. New Testament, Matthew, 21.33 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
| 21.33. Hear another parable. There was a man who was a master of a household, who planted a vineyard, set a hedge about it, dug a winepress in it, built a tower, leased it out to farmers, and went into another country. |
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38. Plutarch, Table Talk, 4.6 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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39. Ps.-Philo, Biblical Antiquities, 13.7 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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40. Tacitus, Histories, 5.5 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
| 5.5. Whatever their origin, these rites are maintained by their antiquity: the other customs of the Jews are base and abominable, and owe their persistence to their depravity. For the worst rascals among other peoples, renouncing their ancestral religions, always kept sending tribute and contributions to Jerusalem, thereby increasing the wealth of the Jews; again, the Jews are extremely loyal toward one another, and always ready to show compassion, but toward every other people they feel only hate and enmity. They sit apart at meals, and they sleep apart, and although as a race, they are prone to lust, they abstain from intercourse with foreign women; yet among themselves nothing is unlawful. They adopted circumcision to distinguish themselves from other peoples by this difference. Those who are converted to their ways follow the same practice, and the earliest lesson they receive is to despise the gods, to disown their country, and to regard their parents, children, and brothers as of little account. However, they take thought to increase their numbers; for they regard it as a crime to kill any late-born child, and they believe that the souls of those who are killed in battle or by the executioner are immortal: hence comes their passion for begetting children, and their scorn of death. They bury the body rather than burn it, thus following the Egyptians' custom; they likewise bestow the same care on the dead, and hold the same belief about the world below; but their ideas of heavenly things are quite the opposite. The Egyptians worship many animals and monstrous images; the Jews conceive of one god only, and that with the mind alone: they regard as impious those who make from perishable materials representations of gods in man's image; that supreme and eternal being is to them incapable of representation and without end. Therefore they set up no statues in their cities, still less in their temples; this flattery is not paid their kings, nor this honour given to the Caesars. But since their priests used to chant to the accompaniment of pipes and cymbals and to wear garlands of ivy, and because a golden vine was found in their temple, some have thought that they were devotees of Father Liber, the conqueror of the East, in spite of the incongruity of their customs. For Liber established festive rites of a joyous nature, while the ways of the Jews are preposterous and mean. |
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41. Tosefta, Avodah Zarah, 3.9 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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42. Tosefta, Berachot, 3.19 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
| 3.19. [If a person] woke up early to go on a journey, he [should] take the Shofar and blow it [at dawn], [or he should take] the Lulav and shake it [at dawn], [or he should take] the Megillah and read it [at dawn], [or he should] pray [Shemoneh Esreh at dawn], and when it will come time to read the Shema, he should read it [then]. [If] he woke up to [travel while] sitting in a coach or on a ship he should pray [Shemoneh Esreh first at dawn], and when it will come time to read the Shema he [should] read [it then]. Rebbi Shimon Ben Elazar says, “Either way, he [should] read the Shema [first] and [only then] pray [Shemoneh Esreh].”" |
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43. Tosefta, Eruvin, 3.6 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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44. Tosefta, Hagigah, 1.2 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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45. Tosefta, Sanhedrin, 4.7 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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46. Tosefta, Sotah, 7.15-7.16 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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47. Tosefta, Sukkah, 2.3, 2.10-2.11, 3.1, 3.8 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
| 2.3. The watchmen of the city who watch by day are exempt from the law of the sukkah by day, but under obligation by night; those who watch by day and by night are exempted both by day and by night. Travellers are under obligation by night, but exempted by day. Keepers of gardens and parks are exempted both by day and by night. " 2.10. If one does not have a citron, he must not take in his hand a quince, or any other fruit. Withered fruits are valid, but dried ones are not valid. Rabbi Yehudah, however, says that even dried-up ones are valid. And again he says: There is a story of the men of Carbin that they used to transmit their lulavs in the time of persecution. They said to him, The time of persecution is no proof." 2.11. A lulav, whether bound or not bound is valid. Rabbi Yehudah says, \"One bound is valid, but one not bound is not valid.\" One must not tie it together on the day of the festival; but one can draw out a twig from it, and bind it. \"They do not bind the lulav but with its own kind\" - the words of Rabbi Yehudah. Rabbi Meir says, \"It may be tied even with a cord.\" He also says, \"There is a story of the men of Jerusalem, that they were binding their lulavs with gold bands.\" They said to him, \"Do you seek a proof from this?\" The fact is, they were binding them with their own kind beneath the gold bands!" 3.1. The lulav suspends the Sabbath in the beginning of its duty, and the willow in the end of its duty. There is a story that some Boethusians once hid the willows under some great stones on the Sabbath eve; but when this had become known to the common people they came and dragged them out from under the stones on the Sabbath, for the Boethusians do not acknowledge that the beating of the willow suspends the Sabbath." |
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48. Tosefta, Shekalim, 2.14 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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49. Anon., Genesis Rabba, 63.8 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
| 63.8. וַיִּמְלְאוּ יָמֶיהָ לָלֶדֶת (בראשית כה, כד), לְהַלָּן חֲסֵרִים וְכָאן מְלֵאִים, לְהַלָּן כְּתִיב (בראשית לח, כז): תְאוֹמִים, פֶּרֶץ וְזֶרַח שְׁנֵיהֶם צַדִּיקִים, וְכָאן תוֹמִם, יַעֲקֹב צַדִּיק וְעֵשָׂו רָשָׁע. (בראשית כה, כה): וַיֵּצֵא הָרִאשׁוֹן אַדְמוֹנִי, אָמַר רַבִּי חַגַּי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יִצְחָק בִּזְכוּת (ויקרא כג, מ): וּלְקַחְתֶּם לָכֶם בַּיּוֹם הָרִאשׁוֹן, אֲנִי נִגְלֶה לָכֶם רִאשׁוֹן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה מד, ו): אֲנִי רִאשׁוֹן וַאֲנִי אַחֲרוֹן, וּפוֹרֵעַ לָכֶם מִן הָרִאשׁוֹן, זֶה עֵשָׂו, דִּכְתִיב: וַיֵּצֵא הָרִאשׁוֹן, וּבוֹנֶה לָכֶם רִאשׁוֹן, זֶה בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, דִּכְתִיב בֵּיהּ (ירמיה יז, יב): כִּסֵּא כָבוֹד מָרוֹם מֵרִאשׁוֹן, וְאָבִיא לָכֶם רִאשׁוֹן, זֶה מֶלֶךְ הַמָּשִׁיחַ, דִּכְתִיב בֵּיהּ (ישעיה מא, כז): רִאשׁוֹן לְצִיּוֹן הִנֵּה הִנָּם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וַיֵּצֵא הָרִאשׁוֹן אַדְמוֹנִי, לָמָה יָצָא עֵשָׂו תְּחִלָּה כְּדֵי שֶׁיֵּצֵא הוּא וְתֵצֵא סַרְיוּתוֹ עִמּוֹ, אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ כְּהָדֵין פָּרָבִיטָא שֶׁהוּא מְשַׁטֵּף אֶת בֵּית הַמֶּרְחָץ וְאַחַר כָּךְ מַרְחִיץ בְּנוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ, כָּךְ לָמָּה יָצָא עֵשָׂו תְּחִלָּה כְּדֵי שֶׁיֵּצֵא הוּא וְתֵצֵא סַרְיוּתוֹ עִמּוֹ. מַטְרוֹנָא שָׁאֲלָה אֶת רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בֶּן חֲלַפְתָּא אָמְרָה לֵיהּ לָמָּה יָצָא עֵשָׂו תְּחִלָּה, אָמַר לָהּ, טִפָּה רִאשׁוֹנָה שֶׁל יַעֲקֹב הָיְתָה, אָמַר לָהּ מָשָׁל אִם תַּנִּיחוּ שְׁתֵּי מַרְגָּלִיּוֹת בִּשְׁפוֹפֶרֶת אַחַת, לֹא זוֹ שֶׁאַתְּ נוֹתְנָהּ רִאשׁוֹנָה יוֹצְאָה אַחֲרוֹנָה, כָּךְ טִפָּה רִאשׁוֹנָה שֶׁל יַעֲקֹב הָיְתָה. אַדְמוֹנִי, אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא כְּאִלּוּ שׁוֹפֵךְ דָּמִים, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁרָאָה שְׁמוּאֵל אֶת דָּוִד אַדְמוֹנִי, דִּכְתִיב (שמואל א טז, יב): וַיִּשְׁלַח וַיְבִיאֵהוּ וְהוּא אַדְמוֹנִי, נִתְיָרֵא וְאָמַר אַף זֶה שׁוֹפֵךְ דָּמִים כְּעֵשָׂו. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא (שמואל א טז, יב): עִם יְפֵה עֵינַיִם, עֵשָׂו מִדַּעַת עַצְמוֹ הוּא הוֹרֵג אֲבָל זֶה מִדַּעַת סַנְהֶדְרִין הוּא הוֹרֵג. דִּקְלִיטְיָינוֹס מַלְכָּא הֲוָה רָעֵי חֲזִירִין בַּהֲדָא טְבֶרְיָה, וְכֵיוָן דַּהֲוָה מָטֵי סִדְרֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי הֲוֵי מֵינוֹקָא נָפְקִין וּמָחֲיִין לֵיהּ, לְבָתַר יוֹמִין אִיתְעֲבֵד מֶלֶךְ, נְחַת וִיתֵיב לֵיהּ בַּהֲדָא פַּנְיָיס נ"א: פַּמְיָיס, וּשְׁלַח כְּתָבִים לִטְבֶרְיָא מִפְּנֵי רַמְשָׁא דַעֲרוֹבְתָה, אֲמַר אֲנָא יָהֵיב קֵלֶווֹן דְּיֶהֱווֹן רַבְרְבָנֵי דִּיהוּדָאֵי קָיְימִין קֳדָמִי בְּצַפְרָא דְחַד בְּשַׁבָּא. פַּקְדֵּיהּ לִשְׁלִיחָא אֲמַר לֵיהּ לָא תִתֵּן יָתְהוֹן לְהוֹן אֶלָּא עִם מַטְעֲמֵי יוֹמָא דַעֲרוֹבְתָא. נְחַת רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן לְמִיסְחֵי, חַמְתֵי לְרַבִּי דַּהֲוָה קָאֵים קוֹמֵי סִדְרָא רַבָּה רָאָה פָּנָיו חוֹלָנִיּוֹת, אָמַר לוֹ לָמָּה פָנֶיךָ חוֹלָנִיּוֹת, אֲמַר כֵּן וְכֵן אִשְׁתַּדַּר לִי כְּתָבִין מִן מַלְכוּתָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ אִיתָא סְחֵי דְּבָרְיָיךְ עֲבֵיד לָנָא נִסִּין. עָלוֹן לְמִסְחֵי וַאֲתָא הָדֵין אַרְגִּינִיטוֹן מְגַחֵךְ וּמְרַקֵּד קֳדָמֵיהוֹן. בְּעָא רַבִּי דְּיִזְעוֹף בֵּיהּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן רַבִּי שַׁבְקֵיהּ דְּזִמְנִין עַל נִסִּין הוּא מִתְחֲמָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ מָרָיךְ בְּעָקָא וְאַתְּ קָאֵים גָּחֵךְ וּמְרַקֵּד. אֲמַר לְהוֹן אֲזַלוּן וְאַכְלוּן וּשְׁתוֹן וְעַבְדוּן שַׁבָּא טָבָא דְּמָרֵיכוֹן עָבֵיד לְכוֹן נִסִּין וַאֲנָא מְקִים לְכוֹן קֳדָמוֹי בְּצַפְרָא דְחַד בְּשַׁבְּתָא. בַּאֲפוּקֵי שַׁבְּתָא בָּתַר סִידְרָא, נְסַבוֹן וַאֲקִימוֹן קֳדָם פְּיָילֵי דְּפַנְיָיס. עָלוּן וְאָמְרִין לֵיהּ הָא קָיְימִין קֳדָם פְּיָילֵי. אֲמַר סִגְרוּן פְּיָילִי. נְסַבוּהוֹן וַאֲקִימוֹן עַל מְטַכְּסָא דִּמְדִינְתָּא. עָלוּן וְאָמְרִין לֵיהּ, אֲמַר אֲנָא קֵלֶווֹן אֲנָא דְּיִתְּזוּן בֵּי בַּנֵּי תְּלָתָא יוֹמֵי וְיַעֲלוּן וְיִסְחוּן וְיֶאֱתוֹן לְגַבָּאי, אֲזַלוּן וְאִתְּזוּן בֵּי בַּנֵּי תְּלָתָא יוֹמִין וְעָאל חַד אַרְגִינִיטוֹן וּמוֹזְגָהּ קֳדָמֵיהוֹן וְעָלוּ וּסְחוּן וַאֲתוֹן לְגַבֵּיהּ. אֲמַר לְהוֹן בְּגִין דְּאַתּוּן יָדְעִין דֵּאלָהֵיכוֹן עָבֵיד לְכוֹן נִסִּין אַתּוּן מְקִילִין לְמַלְכָּא. אָמְרִין לֵיהּ לְדִיקְלֵיטְיָינוֹס רָעֵי חֲזִירִין אֲקֵילֵינַן, בְּרַם לְדִיקְלֵיטְיָינוּס מַלְכָּא אֲנַן מְשֻׁעְבָּדִים. אֲמַר לְהוֹן אֲפִלּוּ כֵּן לָא תִבְזוֹן לָא בְּרוֹמִי זְעֵיר וְלָא בְּגוּלְיָיר זְעֵיר. (בראשית כה, כה): כֻּלּוֹ כְּאַדֶּרֶת שֵׂעָר, אָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָה כֻּלּוֹ רָאוּי לְאַדֶּרֶת. רַבָּנָן דָּרוֹמָאֵי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אֲלֶכְּסַנְדְּרִי וְרַחֲבָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא אָמַר יָצָא כֻּלּוֹ מְפֹזָר וּמְפֹרָד כְּאַדֶּרֶת, לִזְרוֹתוֹ כְּמוֹץ וּכְקַשׁ מֵאִדְּרָא, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (דניאל ב, לה): בֵּאדַיִן דָּקוּ כַחֲדָה פַּרְזְלָא וגו' וַהֲווֹ כְּעוּר מִן אִדְּרֵי קַיִט, רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בַּר יִצְחָק אָמַר מִי גָרַם לָהֶם לְהֵעָשׂוֹת כְּעוּר, מִן אִדְּרֵי קַיִט, עַל שֶׁפָּשְׁטוּ יְדֵיהֶם בָּאַדִּירִים. (בראשית כה, כה): וַיִּקְרְאוּ שְׁמוֹ עֵשָׂו, הֵא שָׁוְא שֶׁבָּרָאתִי בְּעוֹלָמִי. אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק אַתּוּן קְרֵיתוּן לַחֲזִירַתְכוֹן שֵׁם, אַף אֲנָא קוֹרֵא לִבְנִי בְכוֹרִי שֵׁם, (שמות ד, כב): כֹּה אָמַר ה' בְּנִי בְּכֹרִי יִשְׂרָאֵל. | 63.8. “And her days to give birth were completed…” (Genesis 25:24) Below they were lacking, here they were full. Below where the word twins is written full, with the letter aleph, Peretz and Zerach were both righteous. Here it is written without an aleph, Yaakov was righteous and Esau was wicked. “And the first one emerged ruddy…” (Genesis 25:25) R’ Chaggai said in the name of R’ Yitzchak: in the merit of “And you shall take for yourselves on the first day…” (Leviticus 23:40) I will be revealed to you first, as it says “I am first and I am last” (Isaiah 44:6) and I will exact retribution on your behalf from the first who is Esau, as it is written “And the first one emerged” and I will build the first for you, which is the Holy Temple of which it is written “As a Throne of Glory, exalted from the beginning…” (Jeremiah 17:12) and I will bring for you the first who is the King Messiah of whom it is written “The first one to Zion, behold, behold them…” (Isaiah 41:27)" |
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50. Anon., Leviticus Rabba, 36.2 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
| 36.2. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וְזָכַרְתִּי אֶת בְּרִיתִי יַעֲקוֹב, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים פ, ט): גֶּפֶן מִמִּצְרַיִם תַּסִּיעַ, מָה הַגֶּפֶן הַזֶּה אֵין נוֹטְעִין אוֹתָהּ בִּמְקוֹם טְרָשִׁים גְּדוֹלִין אֶלָּא בּוֹלְשִׁין אוֹתָהּ מִתַּחְתֶּיהָ וְאַחַר כָּךְ נוֹטְעִין אוֹתָהּ, כָּךְ (תהלים פ, ט): תְּגָרֵשׁ גּוֹיִם וַתִּטָּעֶהָ. מָה הַגֶּפֶן הַזּוֹ כָּל שֶׁאַתָּה מְפַנֶּה תַּחְתֶּיהָ הֲרֵי הִיא מְשֻׁבַּחַת, כָּךְ הֵם יִשְׂרָאֵל פִּנִיתָ לִפְנֵיהֶם כָּל מֶלֶךְ, וְאַחַר כָּךְ (תהלים פ, י): וַתַּשְׁרֵשׁ שָׁרָשֶׁיהָ וַתְּמַלֵּא אָרֶץ. מָה הַגֶּפֶן הַזּוֹ אֵין נוֹטְעִין אוֹתָהּ עִרְבּוּבְיָא אֶלָּא שׁוּרוֹת שׁוּרוֹת, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל הֵם דְּגָלִים דְּגָלִים, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (במדבר ב, ב): אִישׁ עַל דִּגְלוֹ בְאֹתֹת לְבֵית אֲבֹתָם. מָה הַגֶּפֶן הַזּוֹ נְמוּכָה מִכָּל הָאִילָנוֹת וְשׁוֹלֶטֶת בְּכָל הָאִילָנוֹת, כָּךְ הֵם יִשְׂרָאֵל, נִרְאִים כְּאִלּוּ שְׁפָלִים בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, אֲבָל לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא הֵן עֲתִידִין לִירַשׁ מִסּוֹף הָעוֹלָם וְעַד סוֹפוֹ. מָה הַגֶּפֶן הַזּוֹ שַׁרְבִיט אֶחָד יוֹצֵא מִמֶּנּוּ וּמְכַבֵּשׁ כַּמָּה אִילָנוֹת, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל צַדִּיק אֶחָד יוֹצֵא מֵהֶן וְשׁוֹלֵט מִסּוֹף הָעוֹלָם וְעַד סוֹפוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (בראשית מב, ו): וְיוֹסֵף הוּא הַשַּׁלִּיט, (יהושע ו, כז): וַיְהִי ה' אֶת יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, (דברי הימים א יד, יז): וַיֵּצֵא שֵׁם דָּוִד בְּכָל הָאֲרָצוֹת, (מלכים א ה, א): וּשְׁלֹמֹה הָיָה מוֹשֵׁל בְּכָל הַמַּמְלָכוֹת, (אסתר ט, ד): כִּי גָּדוֹל מָרְדְּכַי בְּבֵית הַמֶּלֶךְ וְשָׁמְעוֹ הוֹלֵךְ בְּכָל הַמְדִינוֹת. מָה הַגֶּפֶן הַזּוֹ הֶעָלִים שֶׁלָּהּ מְכַסִּין עַל הָאֶשְׁכּוֹלוֹת, כָּךְ הֵם יִשְׂרָאֵל, עַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ שֶׁבָּהֶם מְכַסִּין עַל תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים. מָה הַגֶּפֶן הַזּוֹ יֵשׁ בָּהּ אֶשְׁכּוֹלוֹת גְּדוֹלוֹת וּקְטַנּוֹת, הַגָּדוֹל מֵחֲבֵרוֹ נִרְאֶה כְּאִלּוּ נָמוּךְ מֵחֲבֵרוֹ, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל כָּל מִי שֶׁאֶחָד מֵהֶם יָגֵעַ בַּתּוֹרָה וְגָדוֹל מֵחֲבֵרוֹ בַּתּוֹרָה, נִרְאֶה נָמוּךְ מֵחֲבֵרוֹ. מָה הַגֶּפֶן הַזּוֹ טְעוּנָה שָׁלשׁ בְּרָכוֹת, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִתְבָּרְכִין בְּשָׁלשׁ בְּרָכוֹת בְּכָל יוֹם (במדבר ו, כד כו): יְבָרֶכְךָ ה', יָאֵר ה', יִשָּׂא ה', מָה הַגֶּפֶן הַזּוֹ יֵשׁ בָּהּ עֲנָבִים יֵשׁ בָּהּ צִמּוּקִים, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל יֵשׁ בָּהֶם בַּעֲלֵי מִקְרָא, בַּעֲלֵי מִשְׁנָה, בַּעֲלֵי תַלְמוּד, בַּעֲלֵי אַגָּדָה. מָה גֶּפֶן זוֹ יֵשׁ בָּהּ יַיִן וְיֵשׁ בָּהּ חֹמֶץ, זֶה טָעוּן בְּרָכָה וְזֶה טָעוּן בְּרָכָה, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל חַיָּבִין לְבָרֵךְ עַל הַטּוֹבָה וְעַל הָרָעָה, עַל הַטּוֹבָה בָּרוּךְ הַטּוֹב וְהַמֵּיטִיב, עַל הָרָעָה בָּרוּךְ דַּיַּן הָאֱמֶת. מָה הַיַּיִן הַזֶּה כָּל מִי שֶׁשּׁוֹתֶה מִמֶּנּוּ פָּנָיו מְאִירוֹת וְכָל מִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ שׁוֹתֶה מִמֶּנּוּ שִׁנָּיו קֵהוֹת, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל כָּל מִי שֶׁבָּא וּמִזְדַּוֵּג לָהֶם, סוֹף שֶׁנּוֹטֵל אֶת שֶׁלּוֹ מִתַּחַת יְדֵיהֶן. מַה גֶּפֶן זוֹ בַּתְּחִלָּה הִיא נִרְפֶּסֶת בָּרֶגֶל וְאַחַר כָּךְ עוֹלָה לְשֻׁלְחַן מְלָכִים, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל נִרְאִין כְּאִלּוּ מְאוּסִין בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, דִּכְתִיב (איכה ג, יד): הָיִיתִי שְׂחֹק לְכָל עַמִּי נְגִינָתָם כָּל הַיּוֹם, אֲבָל לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא (דברים כח, א): וּנְתָנְךָ ה' עֶלְיוֹן, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה מט, כג): וְהָיוּ מְלָכִים אֹמְנַיִךְ וְשָׂרוֹתֵיהֶם מֵינִיקֹתַיִךְ. מַה גֶּפֶן זוֹ עוֹלָה עַל כָּל מַסָּע וּמַסָּע, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל סוֹפְרִין עַל כָּל מַלְכוּת. מַה גֶּפֶן זוֹ מַדְלִין אוֹתָהּ עַל גַּבֵּי אֲרָזִים גְּדוֹלִים, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים פ, יא): כָּסוּ הָרִים צִלָּהּ וַעֲנָפֶיהָ אַרְזֵי אֵל. מַה גֶּפֶן זוֹ נִשְׁעֶנֶת עַל גַּבֵּי קָנֶה, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל נִשְׁעָנִין בִּזְכוּת הַתּוֹרָה שֶׁכְּתוּבָה בְּקָנֶה. מַה גֶּפֶן זוֹ הַשּׁוֹמֵר שֶׁלָּהּ עוֹמֵד לְמַעְלָה, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל הַשּׁוֹמֵר שֶׁלָּהֶם לְמַעְלָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים קכא, ד): הִנֵּה לֹא יָנוּם וְלֹא יִישָׁן שׁוֹמֵר יִשְׂרָאֵל. מַה גֶּפֶן זוֹ נִשְׁעֶנֶת עַל גַּבֵּי עֵצִים יְבֵשִׁים וְהִיא לַחָה, כָּךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל נִשְׁעָנִין בִּזְכוּת אֲבוֹתָם אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵן יְשֵׁנִין, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: וְזָכַרְתִּי אֶת בְּרִיתִי יַעֲקוֹב וגו'. | |
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51. Anon., Sifre Deuteronomy, 218 (2nd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
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52. Anon., Sifre Numbers, 116 (2nd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
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53. Palestinian Talmud, Sukkah, 3.14 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
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54. Palestinian Talmud, Bikkurim, 3.3 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
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55. Palestinian Talmud, Sheviit, 8.10 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
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56. Tertullian, On The Apparel of Women, 1.3 (2nd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
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57. Babylonian Talmud, Bava Batra, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 173b. ואם אמר לו על מנת שאפרע ממי שארצה יפרע מן הערב רשב"ג אומר אם יש נכסים ללוה בין כך ובין כך לא יפרע מן הערב,וכן היה רבן שמעון בן גמליאל אומר הערב לאשה בכתובתה והיה בעלה מגרשה ידירנה הנאה שמא יעשו קנוניא על נכסים של זה ויחזיר את אשתו:, big strongגמ׳ /strong /big מאי טעמא רבה ורב יוסף דאמרי תרוייהו גברא אשלימת לי גברא אשלימי לך,מתקיף לה רב נחמן האי דינא דפרסאי,אדרבה בתר ערבא אזלי,אלא בי דינא דפרסאי דלא יהבי טעמא למילתייהו,אלא אמר רב נחמן מאי לא יפרע מן הערב לא יתבע ערב תחלה,תניא נמי הכי המלוה את חבירו על ידי ערב לא יתבע ערב תחלה ואם אמר על מנת שאפרע ממי שארצה יתבע ערב תחלה,א"ר הונא מנין לערב דמשתעבד דכתיב (בראשית מג, ט) אנכי אערבנו מידי תבקשנו,מתקיף לה רב חסדא הא קבלנות היא דכתיב (בראשית מב, לז) תנה אותו על ידי ואני אשיבנו,אלא אמר רבי יצחק מהכא (משלי כ, טז) לקח בגדו כי ערב זר ובעד נכריה חבלהו,ואומר (משלי ו, א) בני אם ערבת לרעך תקעת לזר כפיך נוקשת באמרי פיך נלכדת באמרי פיך עשה זאת אפוא בני והנצל כי באת בכף רעך לך התרפס ורהב רעיך אם ממון יש לו בידך התר לו פיסת יד ואם לאו הרבה עליו ריעים,אמר אמימר ערב דמשתעבד מחלוקת ר' יהודה ור' יוסי לרבי יוסי דאמר אסמכתא קניא ערב משתעבד לר' יהודה דאמר אסמכתא לא קניא ערב לא משתעבד,אמר ליה רב אשי לאמימר הא מעשים בכל יום דאסמכתא לא קניא וערב משתעבד,אלא אמר רב אשי בההוא הנאה דקא מהימן ליה גמר ומשתעבד נפשיה:,ואם אמר על מנת שאפרע ממי שארצה כו': אמר רבה בר בר חנה אמר רבי יוחנן לא שנו אלא שאין נכסים ללוה אבל יש נכסים ללוה לא יפרע מן הערב,והא מדקתני סיפא רבן שמעון בן גמליאל אומר אם יש נכסים ללוה לא יפרע מן הערב מכלל דתנא קמא סבר לא שנא הכי ולא שנא הכי,חסורי מחסרא והכי קתני המלוה את חבירו על ידי ערב לא יפרע מן הערב ואם אמר על מנת שאפרע ממי שארצה יפרע מן הערב במה דברים אמורים בשאין נכסים ללוה אבל יש נכסים ללוה לא יפרע מן הערב וקבלן אף על פי שיש נכסים ללוה יפרע מן הקבלן | 173b. bBut ifthe creditor bsaid tothe debtor: I am lending the money bon the condition that I will collectthe debt bfrom whomever I wish,i.e., either the debtor or the guarantor, he bcan collectthe debt bfrom the guarantor. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: If the debtor has propertyof his own, then bwhetherin bthiscase, where the creditor stipulated this condition, bor thatcase, where he did not, he bcannot collectthe debt bfrom the guarantor. /b, bAnd so Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel would say:If there is ba guarantor for a woman for her marriage contract,from whom the woman can collect payment of her marriage contract instead of collecting it from the husband, band her husband was divorcing her,the husband bmust take a vowprohibiting himself from deriving any bbenefit from her,so that he can never remarry her. This precaution is taken blestthe couple bcollude [ ikenunya /i]to divorce in order to collect payment of the marriage contract bfrom thisguarantor’s bproperty, andthen the husband bwill remarryhis wife., strongGEMARA: /strong The mishna teaches: One who lends money to another with a guarantor cannot collect the debt from the guarantor. The Gemara at first understands that the mishna is ruling that a guarantor’s commitment is limited to when the debtor dies or flees. bWhat is the reasonthe guarantor’s commitment is limited? bRabba and Rav Yosef both saythat the guarantor can tell the creditor: bYou gave a man over to me,to take responsibility for him if he dies or flees; bI have given a manback bto you.The debtor is here before you; take your money from him, and if he has nothing, suffer the loss yourself., bRav Naḥman objects to this: This is Persian law. /b,The Gemara interjects: bOn the contrary,the Persian courts bgo after the guarantordirectly, without even attempting to collect the debt from the debtor himself. Why, then, did Rav Naḥman say that excusing the guarantor from payment is Persian law?,The Gemara clarifies Rav Naḥman’s intent: bRather,Rav Naḥman meant to say that this kind of ruling would be appropriate for the members of ba Persian court, who do not give a reason for their statements,but issue rulings by whim. Rav Naḥman was saying that it is not fair or logical to excuse the guarantor and cause a loss to the creditor who was depending on him., bRather, Rav Naḥman said: Whatdoes the mishna mean when it says that the creditor bcannot collectthe debt bfrom the guarantor?It means that he bcannot claimpayment from the bguarantor at the outset,until after it is established that the debtor has no means to repay the debt. After the borrower defaults, the creditor can collect the debt from the guarantor., bThis ihalakha bis also taughtin a ibaraita /i: One bwho lendsmoney bto another withthe assurance of ba guarantor cannot claimpayment of the debt bfrom the guarantor at the outset,rather, he must first attempt to collect the debt from the debtor. bBut ifthe creditor bsaid tothe debtor: I am lending the money bon the condition that I will collectthe debt bfrom whomever I wish,he can bclaim paymentof the debt bfrom the guarantor at the outset,bypassing the debtor.,§ bRav Huna said: From whereis it derived bthat a guarantor becomes obligatedto repay a loan he has guaranteed? bAs it is writtenthat Judah reassured his father concerning the young Benjamin: b“I will be his guarantor; of my hand shall you request him”(Genesis 43:9). This teaches that it is possible for one to act as a guarantor that an item will be returned to the giver., bRav Ḥisda objects to this: Thisincident involving Benjamin is not a case of a standard guarantor, but a case of ban unconditional guarantee, as it is written,also in the context of Benjamin, that Reuben said: b“Deliver him into my hand, and I will bring him back to you”(Genesis 42:37). One who undertakes unconditional responsibility for a loan has a different status than a standard guarantor, as will soon be elaborated. Therefore, a biblical source has yet to be adduced to teach that one can become a standard guarantor., bRather, Rabbi Yitzḥak saidthat the source is bfrom here: “Take his garment that is surety for a stranger; and hold him in pledge that is surety for an alien woman”(Proverbs 20:16). The verse advises a creditor to take the garment of the debtor’s guarantor as payment for the loan., bAnd it is stated: “My son, if you have become surety for your neighbor, if you have shaken your hands for a stranger, you have become ensnared by the words of your mouth, you have been caught by the words of your mouth. Do this now, my son, and save yourself, seeing that you have come into the hand of your neighbor: Go, humble yourself [ ihitrappes /i], and assemble your neighbors”(Proverbs 6:1–3). This last part of the passage means: bIfyour neighbor’s bmoney is in your possession,as you owe it as a guarantor, bopen up [ ihatter /i] the palm [ ipissat /i] of your handand repay him. bAnd ifit is bnotmoney that you owe him, but rather “you have become ensnared by the words of your mouth” and owe him an apology for a personal slight, bgather together many neighborsthrough which to seek his forgiveness.,§ bAmeimar said:The issue of bwhetheror not ba guarantorin fact bbecomes obligatedto repay the loan he has guaranteed is ba disputebetween bRabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Yosei. According to Rabbi Yosei, who saysthat ba transaction with inconclusive consent [ iasmakhta /i] effects acquisition, a guarantor becomes obligatedto repay the loan, whereas baccording to Rabbi Yehuda, who saysthat ban iasmakhtadoes not effect acquisition, a guarantordoes bnot become obligatedto repay the loan. Any obligation one undertakes that is dependent on the fulfillment of certain conditions that he does not expect will be fulfilled, in this case the debtor’s default on the loan, is considered an iasmakhta /i., bRav Ashi said to Ameimarthat he was conflating these two issues: bButit is ba daily occurrence,i.e., it is taken for granted, bthat an iasmakhtadoes not effect acquisition, andit is also taken for granted that ba guarantor becomes obligatedto repay the loan he has guaranteed., bRather, Rav Ashi said: Through that satisfaction thatthe guarantor feels when the creditor btrusts himand loans the money based on his guarantee, the guarantor bresolvesto bobligate himselfto repay the loan. Guaranteeing a loan is unlike a usual case of an obligation undertaken that is dependent on the fulfillment of certain conditions that he does not expect will be fulfilled, in which the commitment is not considered a real one. Here, the one obligating himself experiences a sense of satisfaction when the money is loaned to the debtor, and due to that, fully commits to fulfill his obligation.,§ The mishna teaches: bBut ifthe creditor bsaidto the debtor: I am lending the money bon the condition that I will collectthe debt bfrom whomever I wish,he can collect the debt from the guarantor. bRabba bar bar Ḥana saysthat bRabbi Yoḥa says: They taughtthis bonly when the debtor has no propertyof his own from which to repay the loan, bbutif bthe debtor has propertythe creditor bcannot collectthe debt bfrom the guarantor. /b,The Gemara questions this assertion: bBut fromthe fact bthat the latter clauseof the mishna bteachesthat bRabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: If the debtor has propertyof his own, then whether in this case, where the creditor stipulated this condition, or that case, where he did not, he bcannot collectthe debt bfrom the guarantor, by inferenceone can understand bthat the first itannamaintainsthat there bis no differenceif it is blike this andthere bis no differenceif it is blike that.Whether or not the debtor has property from which to repay the loan, the creditor can collect the debt from the guarantor.,The Gemara clarifies: The mishna bis incomplete and thisis what bit is teaching: One who lendsmoney bto another withthe assurance of ba guarantor cannot collectthe debt bfrom the guarantorbefore first claiming the debt from the debtor. bBut ifthe creditor bsaidto the debtor: I am lending the money bon the condition that I will collectthe debt bfrom whomever I wish,he bcan collectthe debt bfrom the guarantor. In whatcase bis this statement said? When the debtor has no propertyof his own from which to repay the debt; bbutif bthe debtor has property,the creditor bcannot collectthe debt bfrom the guarantor.This is the ihalakhawith regard to a standard guarantor, bbutin the case of ban unconditional guarantor, even if the debtor has propertyof his own, the creditor bcan collectthe debt bfrom the unconditional guarantor. /b |
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58. Babylonian Talmud, Bava Qamma, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 58b. ולאסטמורי בגוה תיקו,כיצד משלמת מה שהזיקה וכו': מנה"מ,אמר רב מתנה דאמר קרא (שמות כב, ד) ובער בשדה אחר מלמד ששמין על גב שדה אחר,האי ובער בשדה אחר מבעי ליה לאפוקי רה"ר,א"כ לכתוב רחמנא ובער בשדה חבירו א"נ שדה אחר מאי בשדה אחר ששמין על גב שדה אחר,ואימא כוליה להכי הוא דאתא לאפוקי רה"ר מנלן,אם כן לכתביה רחמנא גבי תשלומין (שמות כב, ד) מיטב שדהו ומיטב כרמו ישלם בשדה אחר ל"ל דכתביה רחמנא גבי ובער ש"מ תרתי,היכי שיימינן א"ר יוסי בר חנינא סאה בששים סאין ר' ינאי אמר תרקב בששים תרקבים חזקיה אמר קלח בששים קלחים,מיתיבי אכלה קב או קביים אין אומרים תשלם דמיהן אלא רואין אותה כאילו היא ערוגה קטנה ומשערים אותה מאי לאו בפני עצמה,לא בששים,ת"ר אין שמין קב מפני שמשביחו ולא בית כור מפני שפוגמו,מאי קאמר א"ר פפא ה"ק אין שמין קב בששים קבים מפני שמשביח מזיק ולא כור בששים כורין מפני שפוגם מזיק,מתקיף לה רב הונא בר מנוח האי ולא בית כור ולא כור מבעי ליה,אלא אמר רב הונא בר מנוח משמיה דרב אחא בריה דרב איקא הכי קתני אין שמין קב בפני עצמו מפני שמשביח ניזק ולא קב בבית כור מפני שפוגם ניזק אלא בששים,ההוא גברא דקץ קשבא מחבריה אתא לקמיה דריש גלותא א"ל לדידי חזי לי ותלתא תאלתא בקינא הוו קיימי והוו שוו מאה זוזי זיל הב ליה תלתין ותלתא ותילתא אמר גבי ריש גלותא דדאין דינא דפרסאה למה לי אתא לקמיה דר"נ א"ל בששים,א"ל רבא אם אמרו בנזקי ממונו יאמרו בנזקי גופו,אמר ליה אביי לרבא בנזקי גופו מאי דעתיך דתניא המבכיר כרמו של חבירו סמדר רואין אותו כמה היתה יפה קודם לכן וכמה היא יפה לאחר מכאן ואילו בששים לא קתני,אטו גבי בהמתו נמי מי לא תניא כי האי גוונא דתניא קטמה נטיעה רבי יוסי אומר גוזרי גזירות שבירושלים אומרים נטיעה בת שנתה שתי כסף בת שתי שנים ארבעה כסף אכלה חזיז רבי יוסי הגלילי אומר נידון במשוייר שבו וחכמים אומרים רואין אותה כמה היתה יפה וכמה היא יפה | 58b. band taken care of it,and he bears responsibility for failing to do so. The dilemma bshall standunresolved.,§ The mishna teaches: bHow doesthe court appraise the value of the damage when the owner bpaysfor bwhat it damaged?The court appraises a large piece of land with an area required for sowing one se’a of seed [ ibeit se’a /i] in that field, including the garden bed in which the damage took place, it appraises how much it was worth before the animal damaged it and how much is it worth now, and the owner must pay the difference. The Gemara asks: bFrom where are these mattersderived?, bRav Mattana says: As the verse states: “And it feed in another field [ iuvi’er bisde aḥer /i]”(Exodus 22:4). This bteaches thatthe court bappraisesthe damage brelative to another field,i.e., relative to the damaged field as a whole and not an appraisal of only the specific garden bed that was damaged.,The Gemara asks: But bthisphrase: b“ iUvi’er bisde aḥer /i,”can be understood as meaning: “And it feed in another’s field,” and accordingly, bis necessaryto teach that the owner is not liable unless it was a field with an owner, bto excludedamage caused by an animal in bthe public domain,for which the owner is not liable.,The Gemara answers: bIf so,if this was the sole intention of the verse, blet the Merciful One writein the Torah: bAnd it feed in a field belonging to another [ iuvi’er bisde ḥaveiro /i], or alternatively,let it write: And it consume banother field [ isedeh aḥer /i].” Whatis conveyed by the particular expression: b“In another field [ ibisde aḥer /i]”?It is to teach that the court bappraisesthe damage brelative to another field. /b, bButwhy not bsaythat this verse bcomes entirely for thispurpose, i.e., to teach that the court appraises the damage relative to another field? And in that case, bfrom where do wederive the bexclusionof liability for damage by Eating in bthe public domain? /b,The Gemara answers: bIfit is bsothat the verse was referring solely to the method of appraising the damage, bthe Merciful One should have written thisin the Torah bin the context of payment,as follows: bHis best-quality field and the best quality of his vineyard he shall pay in another field(see Exodus 22:4), thereby adding the term: In another field, and, by extension, the directive concerning how the damage is appraised, to the verse discussing payment. bWhy do Ineed bthe Merciful One to write it inthe context of the act of damaging, in the verse: b“And it feedin another field”? bConclude twoconclusions bfrom it:The verse is referring to both the place where the damage occurred and the method by which the damage is appraised.,§ The Gemara asks: bHow do we,the court, bappraisethe value of the damage? bRabbi Yosei bar Ḥanina says:The court appraises the value of an area required for sowing one ise’a /iof seed [ ibeit se’a /i] brelative toan area required for sowing bsixty ise’a /iof seed, and according to this calculation determines the value of the damage. bRabbi Yannai says:The court appraises each itarkav /i,equivalent to half a ibeit se’a /i, brelative toan area of bsixty itarkav /i. Ḥizkiyya says:The court appraises the value of each bstalkeaten brelative to sixty stalks. /b,The Gemara braises an objectionfrom a ibaraita /i: If an animal bateone ikavor two ikav /i,the court bdoes not say thatthe owner bpayscompensation according to btheir value,i.e., the value of the actual damage; brather,they bview it as if it were a small garden bed and evaluate itaccordingly. bWhat, is it notthat this means that the court evaluates that garden bed according to what it would cost if sold bby itself,which contradicts all the previous explanations?,The Gemara rejects this interpretation: bNo,it means that the court appraises the value binrelation to an area bsixtytimes greater., bThe Sages taught:When appraising the damage, the court bdoes not appraiseit based on an area of a ibeit bkav/i b, becausedoing so benhances hisposition, bandthey also do bnotappraise it relative to an area of ba ibeit kor /i,equivalent to the area in which one can plant thirty ise’aof seed, bbecause this weakens hisposition.,The Gemara asks: bWhat isthis ibaraita bsaying? Rav Pappa said: Thisis what the ibaraitais bsaying:The court bdoes not appraisethe value of one ikavrelative toan area of bsixty ikav /i,which, being too large for an individual but too small for a trader, is always sold in the market at a lower price, bbecause thatwould benhancethe position of bthe one liable for damage.Conversely, the court does bnotappraise the value of ba ikorrelative toan area of bsixty ikor /i,an area so large that it is purchased only by a person with a specific need and therefore for a high price, bbecause thatwould bweakenthe position of bthe one liable for damage. /b, bRav Huna bar Manoaḥ objects to this:According to this interpretation, bthisterm employed by the ibaraita /i: bAndthey also bdo notappraise it relative to ban areaof ba ibeit kor /i,is imprecise. According to the explanation of Rav Pappa, the ibaraita bshould have said: Andthey also bdo notappraise it relative to ba ikor /i,to parallel the term in the previous clause: A ikav /i., bRather, Rav Huna bar Manoaḥ said in the name of Rav Aḥa, son of Rav Ika,that bthisis what the ibaraita bis teaching:The court bdoes not appraise a ikavby itself, because thatwould benhancethe position of bthe injuredparty, bnordoes the court appraise ba ikav /ias one part of ba ibeit kor /i, because thatwould bweakenthe position of bthe injuredparty, since damage inside such a large area is insignificant. bRather,the court appraises the damage binrelation to an area bsixtytimes greater than the area that was damaged.,§ The Gemara relates: There was ba certain man who cut down a date palm [ ikashba /i]belonging bto another.The latter bcamewith the perpetrator for arbitration bbefore the Exilarch.The Exilarch bsaid tothe perpetrator: bI personally sawthat place where the date palm was planted, and it actually contained bthree date palms [ italata /i] standingtogether bin a cluster,growing out of a single root, band they were worthaltogether bone hundred dinars.Consequently, since you, the perpetrator, cut down one of the three, bgoand bgive him thirty-three and one-thirddinars, one third of the total value. The perpetrator rejected this ruling and bsaid: Why do Ineed to be judged by bthe Exilarch, who rules according to Persian law? He came before Rav Naḥmanfor judgment in the same case, who bsaid to him:The court appraises the damage binrelation to an area bsixtytimes greater than the damage caused. This amount is much less than thirty-three and one-third dinars., bRava said toRav Naḥman: bIfthe Sages bsaidthat the court appraises bdamagecaused bby one’s property,such as his animal, relative to an area sixty times greater, bwouldthey also bsaythat the court appraises damage relative to an area sixty times greater even bfordirect bdamagecaused by bone’s body? /b, bAbaye said to Rava: With regard to damagecaused by bone’s body, what is your opinion?Are you basing your opinion on the following, bas it is taughtin a ibaraita /i: If one bdestroys the vineyard of anotherwhile the grapes are bbudding [ isemadar /i],the court bviews how muchthe vineyard bwas worth beforehe destroyed it, band how much it is worth afterward.Abaye states the inference: bWhereas,the method of appraising one part in bsixty is not taught.Is the basis of your ruling the fact that in this ibaraitathat discusses damage caused directly by a person, the method of appraising one part in sixty is not mentioned?,Abaye continued: bIs that to saythat bwith regard todamage caused by ban animal it is not taughtin a mishna or ibaraitawithout mentioning the method of appraising one part in sixty blike this case?But this is not so, bas it is taughtin a ibaraita /i: If an animal bbroke down a saplingthat had not yet borne fruit, bRabbi Yosei says: Those who issue decrees in Jerusalem saythat the damages are determined based on a fixed formula: If the bsaplingwas bin its first year,the owner of the animal pays btwopieces of bsilver;if the sapling was btwo years old,he pays bfourpieces of bsilver.If the animal bate unripe blades of grainused for pasture, bRabbi Yosei HaGelili says: It is judged according to what remains of it,i.e., the court waits until the rest of the field ripens and then appraises the value of what was previously eaten. bAnd the Rabbis say:The court bviews how muchthe field bwas worthbefore he destroyed it, band how much it is worthnow. |
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59. Babylonian Talmud, Hulin, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 92a. ברוך אופנים הוא דאמרי ליה ואיבעית אימא כיון דאתיהיב רשותא אתיהיב,(הושע יב, ה) וישר אל מלאך ויוכל בכה ויתחנן לו איני יודע מי נעשה שר למי כשהוא אומר (בראשית לב, כט) כי שרית עם אלהים הוי אומר יעקב נעשה שר למלאך,בכה ויתחנן לו איני יודע מי בכה למי כשהוא אומר ויאמר שלחני הוי אומר מלאך בכה ליעקב,כי שרית [עם אלהים ועם אנשים] אמר רבה רמז רמז לו שעתידים שני שרים לצאת ממנו ראש גולה שבבבל ונשיא שבארץ ישראל מכאן רמז לו גלות,(בראשית מ, י) ובגפן שלשה שריגים אמר רב חייא בר אבא אמר רב אלו ג' שרי גאים היוצאים מישראל בכל דור ודור פעמים ששנים כאן ואחד בארץ ישראל פעמים ששנים בארץ ישראל ואחד כאן יהיבו רבנן עינייהו ברבנא עוקבא ורבנא נחמיה בני ברתיה דרב,רבא אמר אלו שלשה שרי גוים שמלמדים זכות על ישראל בכל דור ודור,תניא רבי אליעזר אומר גפן זה העולם שלשה שריגים זה אברהם יצחק ויעקב והיא כפורחת עלתה נצה אלו האמהות הבשילו אשכלותיה ענבים אלו השבטים,אמר לו רבי יהושע וכי מראין לו לאדם מה שהיה והלא אין מראין לו לאדם אלא מה שעתיד להיות אלא גפן זה תורה שלשה שריגים אלו משה ואהרן ומרים והיא כפורחת עלתה נצה אלו סנהדרין הבשילו אשכלותיה ענבים אלו הצדיקים שבכל דור ודור,אמר ר"ג עדיין צריכין אנו למודעי דמוקים ליה כוליה בחד מקום רבי אלעזר המודעי אומר גפן זה ירושלים שלשה שריגים זה מקדש מלך וכהן גדול והיא כפורחת עלתה נצה אלו פרחי כהונה הבשילו אשכלותיה ענבים אלו נסכים,רבי יהושע בן לוי מוקים לה במתנות דאמר ר' יהושע בן לוי גפן זו תורה שלשה שריגים זה באר עמוד ענן ומן והיא כפורחת עלתה נצה אלו הבכורים הבשילו אשכלותיה ענבים אלו נסכים,רבי ירמיה בר אבא אמר גפן אלו ישראל וכן הוא אומר (תהלים פ, ט) גפן ממצרים תסיע שלשה שריגים אלו שלשה רגלים שישראל עולין בהן בכל שנה ושנה והיא כפורחת עלתה נצה הגיע זמנן של ישראל לפרות ולרבות וכן הוא אומר (שמות א, ז) ובני ישראל פרו וישרצו,עלתה נצה הגיע זמנן של ישראל ליגאל וכן הוא אומר (ישעיהו סג, ג) ויז נצחם על בגדי וכל מלבושי אגאלתי הבשילו אשכלותיה ענבים הגיע זמנה של מצרים לשתות כוס התרעלה,והיינו דאמר רבא שלשה כוסות האמורות במצרים למה אחד ששתה בימי משה ואחד ששתה בימי פרעה נכה ואחד שעתידה לשתות עם כל העובדי כוכבים,אמר ליה רבי אבא לרבי ירמיה בר אבא כי דריש להו רב להני קראי באגדתא כוותך דריש להו,אמר רבי שמעון בן לקיש אומה זו כגפן נמשלה זמורות שבה אלו בעלי בתים אשכולות שבה אלו תלמידי חכמים עלין שבה אלו עמי הארץ קנוקנות שבה אלו ריקנים שבישראל,והיינו דשלחו מתם ליבעי רחמים איתכליא על עליא דאילמלא עליא לא מתקיימין איתכליא,(הושע ג, ב) ואכרה לי בחמשה עשר כסף א"ר יוחנן משום ר' שמעון בן יהוצדק אין כירה אלא לשון מכירה שנאמר (בראשית נ, ה) בקברי אשר כריתי לי,בחמשה עשר זה ט"ו בניסן שבו נגאלו ישראל ממצרים כסף אלו צדיקים וכן הוא אומר (משלי ז, כ) צרור הכסף לקח בידו,חומר שעורים ולתך שעורים אלו מ"ה צדיקים שהעולם מתקיים בהם ואיני יודע אם שלשים כאן וט"ו בארץ ישראל ואם שלשים בארץ ישראל וט"ו כאן כשהוא אומר (זכריה יא, יג) ואקחה שלשים הכסף ואשליך אותו בית ה' אל היוצר הוי אומר שלשים בארץ ישראל וט"ו כאן,אמר אביי ורובייהו משתכחי בבי כנישתא דתותי אפתא והיינו דכתיב (זכריה יא, יב) ואומר אליהם אם טוב בעיניכם הבו שכרי ואם לא חדלו וישקלו את שכרי שלשים כסף,רבי יהודה אומר אלו שלשים צדיקי אומות העולם שאומות העולם מתקיימים עליהם עולא אמר אלו שלשים מצות שקבלו עליהם בני נח ואין מקיימין אלא שלשה אחת | 92a. The Gemara answers that it is the iofanimwho saythe verse: b“Blessed bethe glory of the Lord from His place,” as the next verse mentions “the noise of the iofanim /i” (Ezekiel 3:13), and Rav Ḥanina’s statement citing Rav was referring not to iofanimbut to ministering angels. bAnd if you wish, saythat bonce permission has been givento them to mention the name of God after three words when they say: “Holy, holy, holy,” permission is also bgivento them to mention the name of God again while praising Him even after fewer than three words.,The Gemara continues to discuss Jacob wrestling with the angel. The prophet states: b“So he strove [ ivayyasar /i] with an angel, and prevailed; he wept, and made supplication to him;at Beth El he would find him, and there he would speak with us” (Hosea 12:5). From this verse bI do not know who became master [ isar /i],i.e., was victorious, bover whom. Whenanother verse bstates:“And he said: Your name shall no longer be called Jacob, but Israel; bfor you have striven with angelsand with men, and have prevailed” (Genesis 32:29), byou must saythat bJacob became master over the angel. /b,The verse in Hosea states: b“He wept, and made supplication to him.”From this verse bI do not know who cried to whom. Whenanother verse bstates: “And he said: Let me go,for the dawn has risen” (Genesis 32:27), byou must saythat bthe angel cried to Jacob. /b,The verse states: “And he said: Your name shall no longer be called Jacob, but Israel; bfor you have striven with angels [ ielohim /i] and with men,and have prevailed” (Genesis 32:29). bRabba says:The angel bintimated toJacob bthat in the future two princes would emerge from him:They are the bExilarch who is in Babylonia and the iNasiwho is in Eretz Yisrael.And bfrom here healso bintimated toJacob that there would be ban exile. /b,Similarly, with regard to the dream of Pharaoh’s butler, the verse states: b“And in the vine were three branches [ isarigim /i];and as it was budding, its blossoms shot forth, and its clusters brought forth ripe grapes” (Genesis 40:10). bRav Ḥiyya bar Abba saysthat bRav says: Thesethree branches refer to the bthree proud princes [ isarei ge’im /i] who emerge from the Jewish people in each and every generation.There are btimeswhen btwo are herein Babylonia band one is in Eretz Yisrael,and there are btimeswhen btwo are in Eretz Yisrael and one is herein Babylonia. When this was stated in the study hall, bthe Sagespresent bturned their eyes toward Rabbana Ukva and Rabbana Neḥemya, the sons of the daughter of Rav,who were from the family of the Exilarch and were two leaders of the generation who resided in Babylonia., bRava saysa different explanation of the verse: bThesethree branches [ isarigim /i] bare the three ministeringangels appointed to oversee bthe gentiles [ isarei goyim /i], who plead in favor of the Jewish people in each and every generation. /b, bIt is taughtin a ibaraita /i: bRabbi Eliezer saysan alternate interpretation of the verse. b“Vine”; thisis a reference to bthe world. “Three branches”; thisis a reference to bAbraham, Isaac, and Jacob. “And as it was budding, its blossoms shot forth”; these are the matriarchs. “And its clusters brought forth ripe grapes”; these are thetwelve btribes,i.e., the twelve sons of Jacob., bRabbi Yehoshua said to him: But is a person shownin a dream bwhat wasin the past? bIsn’tit true that bone is shown only what will be in the future?Since the patriarchs, matriarchs, and sons of Jacob were all born prior to this dream, the dream was not alluding to them. bRather,the verse should be interpreted as follows: b“Vine”; thisis a reference to bthe Torah. “Three branches”; these are Moses, Aaron, and Miriam. “And as it was budding, its blossoms shot forth”; these are themembers of the bSanhedrin. “And its clusters brought forth ripe grapes”; these are the righteouspeople bwholive bin each and every generation. /b, bRabban Gamliel said:In order to understand this verse (Genesis 40:10) bwe still needthe explanation bofRabbi Elazar bHaModa’i, whois an expert in matters of iaggada /i, as he binterprets all ofthe phrases in the verse as referring to bone location. Rabbi Elazar HaModa’i says: “Vine”; thisis a reference to bJerusalem. “Three branches”; thisis a reference to the bTemple,the bking andthe bHigh Priest. “And as it was budding [ iporaḥat /i], its blossoms shot forth”; these are the young priests [ ipirḥei khehunna /i]. “And its clusters brought forth ripe grapes”; these are thewine blibations. /b, bRabbi Yehoshua ben Levi interprets it withreference to the bgiftsthat God gave the Jewish people, bas Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: “Vine”; thisis a reference to the bTorah. “Three branches”; thisis a reference to the miraculous items that accompanied the Jewish people in the wilderness and sustained and protected them: The bwell, the pillar of cloud, and the manna. “And as it was budding, its blossoms shot forth”; these are the first fruitsthat are brought to the Temple. b“And its clusters brought forth ripe grapes”; these arethe wine blibations. /b, bRabbi Yirmeya bar Abba says: “Vine”; thisis a reference to bthe Jewish people, and similarlyanother verse bstates: “You plucked up a vine out of Egypt;You drove out the nations and planted it” (Psalms 80:9). b“Three branches”; these are the threepilgrimage bFestivals, on which the Jewish people ascendto Jerusalem bevery year. “And as it was budding, its blossoms shot forth,”means that bthe time has arrived for the Jewish people to be fruitful and multiply, and similarlyanother verse bstates: “And the children of Israel were fruitful, and increased abundantly,and multiplied, and became exceeding mighty; and the land was filled with them” (Exodus 1:7)., b“Its blossoms [ initzah /i] shot forth”means that bthe time has arrived for the Jewish people to be redeemed. And similarlyanother verse bstates: “And their eternity [ initzḥam /i] is dashed against My garments, and I have redeemed all My raiment”(Isaiah 63:3). b“And its clusters brought forth ripe grapes”means that bthe time has arrived for Egypt to drink the cup of fury,i.e., to receive its punishment., bAnd this is as Rava said: Whyare there bthree cups stated with regard to Egyptin the dream of Pharaoh’s butler (see Genesis 40:11)? They are an allusion to three cups of misfortune that would later befall Egypt: bOne thatEgypt bdrank in the days of Mosesduring the ten plagues and the Exodus; bone thatEgypt bdrank in the days of Pharaoh Nekho,the king of Egypt defeated by Nebuchadnezzar; band one thatEgypt bwill drink in the future with all theother bnations,when they are punished in the time of the Messiah., bRabbi Abba said to Rabbi Yirmeya bar Abba: When Rav interpreted these verses homiletically he interpreted them according tothe way in which byouhave interpreted them, and not according to any of the other opinions cited above.,Similar to Rabbi Yirmeya bar Abba’s interpretation of the word vine as an allusion to the Jewish people, bRabbi Shimon ben Lakish says: This nation is likened to a vine. The branches ofthe vine support the clusters of grapes, the leaves, and the tendrils; bthese arerepresented among the Jewish people by bthe homeowners,who provide ficial support for the entire nation. bThe clustersof grapes bonthe vine, bthese are the Torah scholars. The leaves onthe vine, which protect the grapes, bthese are the ignoramuses,who protect the Torah scholars. bThe tendrils ofthe vine, which do not directly serve the grapes themselves, bthese are the emptyones bof the Jewish people. /b, bAnd this isthe meaning of the instruction bthat they sent from there,i.e., from Eretz Yisrael: bLet the clustersof grapes bpray for the leaves, as were it not for the leaves, the clustersof grapes bwould not survive. /b,§ The Gemara cites homiletical interpretations of other verses that pertain to the leaders of the Jewish people in Eretz Yisrael and Babylonia. The verse states: b“So I bought her [ iva’ekkereha /i] to me for fifteen pieces of silver,and a iḥomerof barley, and a half- iḥomerof barley” (Hosea 3:2). bRabbi Yoḥa says in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yehotzadak:The term ikira /i,which forms the basis of the verb iva’ekkereha /i, bis nothing other than languagereferring to ba sale [ imekhira /i], as it is statedthat Joseph said: “My father made me swear, saying: Lo, I die; bin my grave that I have acquired [ ikariti /i] for mein the land of Canaan, there shall you bury me” (Genesis 50:5).,Rabbi Yoḥa continues: b“For fifteenpieces of silver”; bthisis a reference to bthe fifteenth of Nisan,the date bon which the Jewish people were redeemed from Egypt. “Silver”; these are the righteouspeople. bAnd similarly,another verse bstates: “He has taken the bag of silver with him”(Proverbs 7:20), a reference to God taking the righteous away prior to the destruction of the First Temple (see iSanhedrin96b).,The verse states: b“A iḥomerof barley, and a half- iḥomerof barley.”A iḥomerequals thirty ise’a /i, and a half- iḥomerequals fifteen ise’a /i, totaling forty-five ise’a /i; bthese are the forty-five righteousindividuals bin whosemerit bthe worldcontinues to bexist. Andalthough the verse alludes to the fact that thirty of these righteous individuals are in one place and fifteen are elsewhere, bI do not know if thirty are herein Babylonia band fifteen are in Eretz Yisrael, or if thirty are in Eretz Yisrael and fifteen are herein Babylonia. bWhen it saysin a different verse: b“And I took the thirty pieces of silver and cast them into the treasury, in the house of the Lord”(Zechariah 11:13), byou must saythat bthirtyof the righteous individuals are bin Eretz Yisrael and fifteen are herein Babylonia., bAbaye said: And most of thefifteen righteous individuals in Babylonia bare found in the synagogue under the upper room. And this isthe meaning of that bwhich is written: “And I said to them: If it is good in your eyes, give me my hire; and if not, refrain. And they weighed for my hire thirty pieces of silver”(Zechariah 11:12)., bRabbi Yehuda says: These are the thirty righteousindividuals among the bnations of the world, in whosemerit bthe nations of the worldcontinue to bexist. Ulla says: These are the thirty mitzvot that the descendants of Noahinitially baccepted upon themselves; but they fulfill only threeof them. bOneof these three mitzvot i |
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60. Babylonian Talmud, Kiddushin, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 6b. bhe has said nothing,as this statement is not a valid expression of divorce. Similarly, if a master bsaid to his femaleCanaanite bslaveupon emancipating her: bYou are hereby permitted to any man, he has not said anything. /b,The Gemara addresses a less straightforward case: If a man bsaid to his wife: You are hereby for yourself, what isthe ihalakha /i? bDo we saythat bhe saidthis bto her only with regard to work?In other words, he might have meant that she may keep her earnings. bOr perhaps he said to herthat she is on her own bentirely,i.e., she is divorced., bRavina said to Rav Ashi: Comeand bheara proof, bas it is taughtin a ibaraita /i: bThe essence of a bill of manumissionis the expression: bYou are hereby a freeman,or: bYou are hereby for yourself. Nowconsider, bifin the case of ba Canaanite slave, whose body belongs tothe master, even so, bwhenthe master bsays to him: You are hereby for yourself,this is considered as though bhe said to himthat he bis entirelyon his own and is freed, then ball the more sois it bnotclear bthat a wife, whose body is not ownedby her husband, is divorced by means of this expression?,With regard to the same issue, bRavina said to Rav Ashi:If bone said to hisCanaanite bslave: I have no business with you, whatis the ihalakha /i? bDo we saythat when bhe said to him: I have no business with you,he meant bentirely,and therefore the slave is freed? bOrdid he bperhaps saythis bto him with regard to labor?In other words, it is possible that the master is relieving the slave of his obligation to perform labor without actually emancipating him from slavery., bRav Naḥman said to Rav Ashi, and some say Rav Ḥanin from Meḥozasaid bto Rav Ashi: Comeand bhear:With regard to bone who sells hisCanaanite bslave to a gentile,the slave bis emancipated butnevertheless brequires a bill [ iget /i] of manumission from his first master.In this manner the Sages penalized this owner for preventing the slave from fulfilling the mitzvot in which he is obligated., bRabban Shimon ben Gamliel saysin addition to this: bIn whatcase bis this statement said?This is referring to a situation bwhere he did not write a document [ iono /i] forthe slave when he sold him to the gentile. bButif bhe wrote a document for him, thisitself bis his emancipation.The Gemara asks: bWhat are the circumstancesof this bdocument? Rav Sheshet saidthat bhe writes to him: When you escape from him I have no business with you.This indicates that the formula: I have no business with you, is a valid expression of emancipation.,§ bAbaye says:With regard to bone who betrothsa woman bwith a loan,i.e., he previously lent this woman money and he now says that she is betrothed to him by means of that loan, bshe is not betrothed.The reason is that a woman can be betrothed only through her acceptance of money, or an item that has monetary value, at the time of the betrothal. Although this woman owes the man money, at the time the man states that she is betrothed to him, the loan is not in fact money but an obligation. Therefore, he does not actually give her anything at the time of the betrothal. By contrast, if he betroths her bbymeans of bthe benefit of the loan, she is betrothed. But it is prohibited to do so, due tothe fact that betrothing a woman via the benefit of a loan is ban artificeused to circumvent the prohibition bofreceiving binterest,as this enables the husband to gain an additional benefit from the loan.,The Gemara clarifies: bWhat is meantby bthisterm: bThe benefit of the loan? If we say thatit means that bhe establishedinterest bupon itwhen she took the loan, e.g., bhe said to herthat he is lending her bfourcoins binexchange for the repayment of bfive,and he betroths her by releasing her from the obligation to pay this additional coin, bthis isa case of bfull-fledged interest,not merely an artifice used to circumvent the prohibition of receiving interest. He is receiving full payment of the loan and an additional benefit. bAnd furthermore,when he releases her from the obligation to pay this additional coin, he is simply forgoing another obligation she has toward him; he is not giving her anything. bThis islike a regular case of a betrothal with ba loan,and therefore she should not be betrothed.,The Gemara answers: bNo,it is bnecessaryin a case bwhere he extended the timeof the loan bfor her.When the time for her to repay the loan arrived he extended the deadline and betrothed her with the ficial benefit she receives from the extra time he is giving her to use the money. In this case he does betroth her with the value he is giving her at that time, but it is similar to interest, as it is included in the prohibition of interest to pay the creditor for an extension of the time of a loan.,§ bRava says:With regard to one who says to another: bHere are one hundred dinars for youthat I am giving you bon the condition that you return them to me,if he gave these one hundred dinars as part bof a purchase, he does not acquirethe item, as he has not given the seller any money. And similarly, bwith regard to a woman,if he gave her money for her betrothal on the condition that she return it, bshe is not betrothed.If one gave money in this manner bforthe bredemption ofhis firstborn bson,for which a priest must receive five isela /i, bhis son is not redeemed. /b,If one does this bwith regard to iteruma /i,i.e., he gives produce to a priest as iterumaon the condition that it will be returned, bhe hastechnically bfulfilledhis obligation of bgiving.Once he gets the iterumaback it belongs to him, as he is the original owner, and although it is prohibited for him to partake of it, as he is a non-priest, he may sell it to a different priest. bBut it is prohibited to do this,i.e., give iterumain this manner, iab initio /i, bbecausethis priest receiving the iteruma bappears like a priest who assists at the threshing floor,as he presumably agrees to this arrangement in return for some gain.,The Gemara asks: bWhat does Rava maintain? If he maintainsthat ba giftgiven bon the condition that it is returned is called a gift,this should apply not only to iterumabut bevento ballthe other cases, i.e., it should be considered a valid gift in all of the above cases. bAnd if he maintainsthat a gift of this kind bis not called a gift,then bevenwith regard to iterumaitshould bnotbe considered a legitimate form of giving., bAnd furthermore, Rava is the one who says: A gift given on the condition that it islater breturned is called a gift. As Rava saidthat if one says to another on the first day of the festival of iSukkot /i: bTake this ietrogon the condition that you return it to me,and the recipient btakes it,recites a blessing over it, band returns it, he has fulfilledhis obligation, despite the fact that one must own the ietroghe uses for the mitzva on the first day of iSukkot /i. bAnd if he does notreturn it bhe has not fulfilledhis obligation, as he gave him the gift only on the condition that it would be returned. This indicates that in the opinion of Rava, a gift that is given on the condition that it is returned is considered a gift., bRather, Rav Ashi said: In all of thesecases the gift is bacquired, except forthe betrothal of ba woman, because a woman cannot be acquired bymeans of symbolic bexchange. Rav Huna Mar, son of Rav Neḥemya, said to Rav Ashi: We say this in the name of Rava in accordance with youropinion, not in accordance with the previous ruling.,§ bRava saysthat if a woman said to a man: bGive one hundred dinars to so-and-so /b |
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61. Babylonian Talmud, Niddah, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 20b. רבי חנינא הוא דחכים כולי עלמא לאו חכימי הכי,אמר רבי יוחנן חכמתא דרבי חנינא גרמא לי דלא אחזי דמא מטמינא מטהר מטהרנא מטמא אמר רבי אלעזר ענוותנותא דרבי חנינא גרמא לי דחזאי דמא ומה רבי חנינא דענותן הוא מחית נפשיה לספק וחזי אנא לא אחזי,אמר רבי זירא טבעא דבבל גרמא לי דלא חזאי דמא דאמינא בטבעא לא ידענא בדמא ידענא,למימרא דבטבעא תליא מלתא והא רבה הוא דידע בטבעא ולא ידע בדמא כל שכן קאמר ומה רבה דידע בטבעא לא חזא דמא ואנא אחזי,עולא אקלע לפומבדיתא אייתו לקמיה דמא ולא חזא אמר ומה רבי אלעזר דמרא דארעא דישראל הוה כי מקלע לאתרא דר' יהודה לא חזי דמא אנא אחזי,ואמאי קרו ליה מרא דארעא דישראל דההיא אתתא דאייתא דמא לקמיה דרבי אלעזר הוה יתיב רבי אמי קמיה ארחיה אמר לה האי דם חימוד הוא בתר דנפקה אטפל לה רבי אמי אמרה ליה בעלי היה בדרך וחמדתיו קרי עליה (תהלים כה, יד) סוד ה' ליראיו,אפרא הורמיז אמיה דשבור מלכא שדרה דמא לקמיה דרבא הוה יתיב רב עובדיה קמיה ארחיה אמר לה האי דם חימוד הוא אמרה ליה לבריה תא חזי כמה חכימי יהודאי א"ל דלמא כסומא בארובה,הדר שדרה ליה שתין מיני דמא וכולהו אמרינהו ההוא בתרא דם כנים הוה ולא ידע אסתייע מילתא ושדר לה סריקותא דמקטלא כלמי אמרה יהודאי בתווני דלבא יתביתו,אמר רב יהודה מרישא הוה חזינא דמא כיון דאמרה לי אמיה דיצחק ברי האי טיפתא קמייתא לא מייתינן לה קמייהו דרבנן משום דזהימא לא חזינא,בין טמאה לטהורה ודאי חזינא,ילתא אייתא דמא לקמיה דרבה בר בר חנה וטמי לה הדר אייתא לקמיה דרב יצחק בריה דרב יהודה ודכי לה,והיכי עביד הכי והתניא חכם שטימא אין חברו רשאי לטהר אסר אין חבירו רשאי להתיר,מעיקרא טמויי הוה מטמי לה כיון דא"ל דכל יומא הוה מדכי לי כי האי גונא והאידנא הוא דחש בעיניה דכי לה,ומי מהימני אין והתניא נאמנת אשה לומר כזה ראיתי ואבדתיו,איבעיא להו כזה טיהר איש פלוני חכם מהו,תא שמע נאמנת אשה לומר כזה ראיתי ואבדתיו שאני התם דליתיה לקמה,תא שמע דילתא אייתא דמא לקמיה דרבה בר בר חנה וטמי לה לקמיה דרב יצחק בריה דרב יהודה ודכי לה והיכי עביד הכי והתניא חכם שטימא אין חבירו רשאי לטהר וכו',ואמרינן טמויי הוה מטמי לה כיון דאמרה ליה דכל יומא מדכי לה כי האי גונא והאידנא הוא דחש בעיניה הדר דכי לה אלמא מהימנא לה,רב יצחק בר יהודה אגמריה סמך,רבי ראה דם בלילה וטימא ראה ביום וטיהר המתין שעה אחת חזר וטימא אמר אוי לי שמא טעיתי,שמא טעיתי ודאי טעה דתניא לא יאמר חכם אילו היה לח היה ודאי טמא,אלא אמר אין לו לדיין אלא מה שעיניו רואות מעיקרא אחזקיה בטמא כיון דחזא לצפרא דאשתני אמר (ליה) ודאי טהור הוה ובלילה הוא דלא אתחזי שפיר כיון דחזא דהדר אשתני אמר האי טמא הוא ומפכח הוא דקא מפכח ואזיל,רבי בדיק לאור הנר רבי ישמעאל ברבי יוסף בדיק ביום המעונן ביני עמודי אמר רב אמי בר שמואל וכולן אין בודקין אותן אלא בין חמה לצל רב נחמן אמר רבה בר אבוה בחמה ובצל ידו,וכמזוג שני חלקים כו' תנא | 20b. Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yosei, explained: bIt isonly bRabbi Ḥaninawho is permitted to examine the blood in this fashion, bas he is wise,but beveryoneelse bis not so wisethat they can successfully perform the examination without water., bRabbi Yoḥa says: Rabbi Ḥanina’s wisdom causes me not to see bloodfor a halakhic examination. When bI wouldexamine blood and bdeemit bimpure, he would deemit bpure,and when bI would deemit bpure, he would deemit bimpure.Conversely, bRabbi Elazar says: Rabbi Ḥanina’s humility causes me to see blood,as I reason to myself: bIf Rabbi Ḥanina, who is humble, places himself intoa situation of buncertainty and seesvarious types of blood to determine their status, should bI,who am not nearly as humble, bnot seeblood for an examination?, bRabbi Zeira says: Thecomplex bnatureof the residents bof Babylonia causes me not to see bloodfor a halakhic examination, bas I sayto myself: Even matters binvolving thecomplex bnatureof people bI do not know;can I then claim that bI knowabout matters bof blood? /b,The Gemara asks: bIs this to say thatthe bmatterof the appearance of blood bis dependent on the natureof people, i.e., that it changes in accordance with their nature? bBut Rabba isan example of someone bwho knew about thecomplex bnatureof the people of Babylonia, bandyet bhe did not knowhow to distinguish between different types bof blood.The Gemara answers: Rabbi Zeira took this factor into account and bsaidto himself: bAll the more so; if Rabba, who knew about thecomplex bnatureof these people, nevertheless bwould not see blood,should bI,who am unknowledgeable about the nature of these people, bseeblood for examination?,The Gemara relates that bUlla happenedto come bto Pumbedita,where bthey brought blood before himfor an examination, bbut he would not seeit, as bhe said: If Rabbi Elazar, who was the master of Eretz Yisraelin wisdom, bwhen he would happento come bto the locale of Rabbi Yehuda, he would not see blood, shall I see bloodhere?,The Gemara asks: bAnd why would they callRabbi Elazar bthe master of Eretz Yisraelin wisdom? The Gemara explains that there was an incident binvolving a certain woman who brought blood before Rabbi Elazarfor examination, and bRabbi Ami was sitting before him.Rabbi Ami observed that Rabbi Elazar bsmelledthe blood and bsaid tothe woman: bThis is blood of desire,i.e., your desire for your husband caused you to emit this blood, and it is not the blood of menstruation. bAfterthe woman bleftRabbi Elazar’s presence, bRabbi Ami caught up with herand inquired into the circumstances of her case. bShe said to him: My husband wasabsent bon a journey, and I desired him.Rabbi Ami breadthe following verse baboutRabbi Elazar: b“The counsel of the Lord is with those who fear Him;and His covet, to make them know it” (Psalms 25:14), i.e., God reveals secret matters to those who fear Him.,The Gemara further relates that bIfera Hurmiz, the mother of King Shapur, sent blood before Ravafor examination, as she sought to convert and was practicing the ihalakhotof menstruation. At that time bRav Ovadya was sitting beforeRava. Rav Ovadya observed that Rava bsmelledthe blood and later bsaid tothe woman: bThis is blood of desire. She said to her son: Comeand bsee how wise the Jewsare, as Rava is correct. Her son bsaid to her: PerhapsRava was blike a blind manwho escapes bfrom a chimney,i.e., it was a lucky guess.,Ifera Hurmiz bthen sentRava bsixtydifferent types of bblood,some impure and others pure, bandwith regard to ball of themRava accurately btold hertheir origin. The Gemara adds: bThat lastsample of blood sent by Ifera Hurmiz bwas blood of lice, andRava bdid not knowwhat it was. He received bsupportin this bmatterin the form of heavenly guidance, as he unwittingly bsent heras a gift ba comb for killing lice. She saidin exclamation: bJews, youmust bdwell in the chamber ofpeople’s bhearts. /b,§ The Gemara cites more statements of the Sages with regard to the examination of blood. bRav Yehuda says: At first I would see blood,i.e., perform examinations of blood, but I changed my conduct bwhen the mother of my son Yitzḥak,i.e., my wife, bsaid to methat she acts as follows: With regard to bthis first dropof blood that I see, bI do not bring it before the Sages, because it is not pristineblood, i.e., other substances are mixed with it. After hearing this, I decided bIwould bnolonger bseeblood, as it is possible that the first drop, which I do not get to see, was impure.,Rav Yehuda continues: But with regard to the examination of blood that a woman who gave birth emitted after the completion of her days of purity, i.e., at least forty days after giving birth to a male, or eighty after giving birth to a female (see Leviticus, chapter 12), in order to determine bwhether she is ritually impure or pure, I certainly seethis blood and determine her status based on its color. This blood is clean, as the woman has been bleeding for a long period of time.,§ The Gemara relates that bYalta,Rav Naḥman’s wife, bbrought blood before Rabba bar bar Ḥana, and he deemed her ritually impure. She then broughtit bbefore Rav Yitzḥak, son of Rav Yehuda, and he deemed her pure. /b,The Gemara asks: bBut how couldRav Yitzḥak, son of Rav Yehuda, bact in this manner? But isn’t it taughtin a ibaraita /i: In the case of ba halakhic authority who deemedan item bimpure, anotherhalakhic authority bis not allowed to deemit bpure;if one halakhic authority bdeemeda matter bprohibited, anotherhalakhic authority bis not allowed to deemit bpermitted? /b,The Gemara explains that binitiallyRav Yitzḥak, son of Rav Yehuda, bdeemed her impure,but he changed his mind bwhenYalta bsaid to him: Every daythat I bring blood bof this kindof color to Rabba bar bar Ḥana bhe deems me pure, and specifically nowhe issued a different ruling, bas he feelspain bin his eye.Upon hearing this, Rav Yitzḥak, son of Rav Yehuda, bdeemed her pure. /b,The Gemara asks: bButare people bdeemed credibleto present claims such as the one presented by Yalta? The Gemara answers: bYes; andlikewise bit is taughtin a ibaraita /i: bA woman is deemed credibleif she bsays: I sawblood blike thiscolor, bbut I lost itbefore it could be examined., bA dilemma was raised beforethe Sages: If a woman states to her friend who showed her blood: My blood, which has an appearance blike this, so-and-so, the halakhic authority, deemedit bpure, what isthe ihalakha /i? Is she deemed credible concerning its status?,The Gemara suggests: bComeand bheara resolution to this dilemma from the ibaraitacited above: bA woman is deemed credibleif she bsays: I sawblood blike thiscolor, bbut I lost it.This demonstrates that a woman may issue claims of this kind. The Gemara rejects this proof: bThereit bis different, asin that case the blood bis not before her,and therefore the Sages were lenient. But here, the woman’s friend can take her blood to a halakhic authority for examination.,The Gemara further suggests: bComeand bhearthe incident cited above, bas Yalta brought blood before Rabba bar bar Ḥana, and he deemed her ritually impure;she then brought it bbefore Rav Yitzḥak, son of Rav Yehuda, and he deemed her pure. Andthe Gemara asked: bHow couldRav Yitzḥak, son of Rav Yehuda, bact in this manner? But isn’t it taughtin a ibaraita /i: In the case of ba halakhic authority who deemedan item bimpure, anotherhalakhic authority bis not allowed to deemit bpure? /b, bAnd we sayin response that initially Rav Yitzḥak, son of Rav Yehuda, bdeemed her impure,but he changed his mind bwhen she said to him that every daythat she brings blood bof this kindof color to Rabba bar bar Ḥana bhe deems her pure, and specifically nowhe issued a different ruling, bas he feelspain bin his eye.The Gemara summarizes: The conclusion of the story was that upon hearing this, Rav Yitzḥak, son of Rav Yehuda, bthen deemed her pure. Evidently,when a woman issues claims with regard to blood that is presented, bwe deem herclaims bcredible. /b,The Gemara answers: That incident does not provide proof, as bRav Yitzḥak, son of Rav Yehuda, relied on his studiesin his lenient ruling. At first, he was reluctant to issue his ruling, in deference to Rabba bar bar Ḥana, who had said the blood was impure. But when he heard Yalta’s explanation he deemed the blood pure, as he had originally thought. Therefore, there is no proof from there that a woman’s statements of this kind are accepted.,§ The Gemara further relates: bRabbiYehuda HaNasi once bsawa woman’s bblood at night and deemedit bimpure. Heagain bsawthat blood bin the day,after it had dried, band deemedit bpure.He bwaited one hourand then bdeemedit bimpure again.It is assumed that Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi did not conduct another examination at this point; rather, he reasoned that the previous night’s examination had been correct, and the blood’s color should be deemed impure because of how it had looked when it was moist. Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi then bsaid: Woe is me! Perhaps I erredby declaring the blood impure, as based on its color it should be pure.,The Gemara questions this statement: bPerhaps I erred? He certainly erred, as it is taughtin a ibaraitathat ba halakhic authority may not say: Ifthe blood bwere moist it would certainly have been impure,and yet here, Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi deemed the blood impure based on that type of reasoning.,The Gemara explains that the incident did not unfold as initially assumed. bRather,Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi examined the blood three times, as he bsaid: A judge has only what his eyes seeas the basis for his ruling. bInitially,Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi bestablished the presumptive statusof the blood bas ritually impure,but bwhen he saw in the morning thatits color had bchanged, he said: It was definitely purelast night as well, band onlybecause it was bat nightI thought that it was impure, bbecause it could not be seen well.Subsequently, bwhen he sawafter a short while bthatits color bagain changed,Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi bsaid: Thisblood bis impure, and it is gradually becoming lighteras its color fades.,With regard to the manner in which the Sages would examine blood, the Gemara relates that bRabbiYehuda HaNasi bwould examineblood bby candlelight. Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yosef, would examineblood bbetween the pillarsof the study hall even bon a cloudy day,despite the fact that it was not very light there. bRav Ami bar Shmuel says: Andin ball thesecases, bone examinesblood bonly between sunlight and shade. Rav Naḥmansays that bRabba bar Avuh says:One stands bina place lit by the bsun, andhe conducts the examination bunder the shadow of his hand,i.e., he places his hand over the blood. In this manner the color of the blood can be best discerned.,§ The mishna states: bAndwhat is the color that is blike dilutedwine that is impure? It is specifically when the dilution consists of btwo partswater and one part wine, and specifically when it is from the wine of the Sharon region in Eretz Yisrael. The Sages btaughtin a ibaraita /i: |
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62. Babylonian Talmud, Pesahim, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 113a. גזייתא נינהו דשמטי סוסיא ואתו דברי להו,(וא"ל) רב לרב אסי לא תדור במתא דלא צניף בה סוסיא ולא נבח בה כלבא ואל תדור בעיר דריש מתא אסיא ולא תנסיב תרתי אי נסבת תרתי נסיב תלת,א"ל רב לרב כהנא הפוך בנבילתא ולא תיפוך במילי פשוט נבילתא בשוקא ושקיל אגרא ולא תימא כהנא אנא וגברא רבא אנא וסניא בי מלתא סלקת לאיגרא שירותך בהדך מאה קרי במתא בזוזא תותי כנפיך ניהוו,א"ל רב לחייא בריה לא תשתי סמא ולא תשוור ניגרא ולא תעקר ככא ולא תקנא בחיויא ולא תקנא בארמאה,תנו רבנן ג' אין מתקנאין בהן ואלו הן נכרי קטן ונחש קטן ותלמיד קטן מ"ט דמלכותייהו אחורי אודנייהו קאי,א"ל רב לאיבו בריה טרחי בך בשמעתא ולא מסתייע מילתא תא אגמרך מילי דעלמא אדחלא אכרעיך זבינך זבין כל מילי זבין ותחרט בר מחמרא דזבין ולא תחרט,שרי כיסיך פתח שקיך קבא מארעא ולא כורא מאיגרא,תמרא בחלוזך לבית סודנא רהיט ועד כמה אמר רבא עד תלתא סאה אמר רב פפא אי לא דרמאי שכרא לא איעתרי א"ד אמר רב חסדא אי לא דרמאי שכרא לא איעתרי מאי סודנא אמר רב חסדא סוד נאה וגמילות חסדים,אמר רב פפא כל אגב גביא בעי כל אשראי ספק אתי ספק לא אתי ודאתי מעות רעות נינהו,ג' דברים א"ר יוחנן משום אנשי ירושלים כשאתה יוצא למלחמה אל תצא בראשונה אלא תצא באחרונה כדי שתכנס בראשונה ועשה שבתך חול ואל תצטרך לבריות והוי משתדל עם מי שהשעה משחקת לו,(א"ר) שלשה דברים א"ר יהושע בן לוי משום אנשי ירושלים אל תרבה בגנות משום מעשה שהיה בתך בגרה שחרר עבדך ותן לה והוי זהיר באשתך מחתנה הראשון מ"ט רב חסדא אמר משום ערוה רב כהנא אמר משום ממון הא והא איתנהו,אמר רבי יוחנן שלשה מנוחלי העוה"ב אלו הן הדר בא"י והמגדל בניו לתלמוד תורה והמבדיל על היין במוצאי שבתות מאי היא דמשייר מקידושא לאבדלתא,א"ר יוחנן שלשה מכריז עליהן הקב"ה בכל יום על רווק הדר בכרך ואינו חוטא ועל עני המחזיר אבידה לבעליה ועל עשיר המעשר פירותיו בצינעה רב ספרא רווק הדר בכרך הוה | 113a. barefound bon the paths [ igazyata /i]near the city, bas horsesbelonging to the demons bfleealong those paths, bandthe demons bcome to lead themaway. Generally, however, demons do not enter inhabited places., bAndRav bsaid to Rav Asi: Do not live in a city where horses do not neigh and where dogs do not bark,as these animals provide security and protection. bAnd do not live in a city where the mayor is a doctor,as he will be too busy working to govern properly. bAnd do not marry twowomen, as they will likely join forces against you. And bif youdo bmarry two, marry a thirdas well. If two of your wives plot against you, the third will inform you of their plans., bRav said to Rav Kahana:It is better for one bto turn over a carcass than to turn over his word,i.e., to break his promise. Rav further said: bSkin a carcass in the market and take payment, but do not say: I am a priest, or: I am a great man, and this matter disgusts me.It is preferable for one to work, even in menial labor, than to be dependent on others. Rav also advised Rav Kahana: If byou ascend to the roof,carry byour food with you.One should always carry his sustece with him, even if he goes only on a short trip. If bone hundred pumpkins in the citycost ba izuz /i, placethem carefully under bthe cornersof your clothes. Treat food respectfully even if it is inexpensive., bRav said to Ḥiyya, his son: Do notget into the habit of bdrinking medications,lest you develop an addiction. bAnd do not leap over a ditch,as you might hurt yourself in the process. bAnd do not pull out a tooth,but try to heal it if possible. bAnd do not provoke a snakein your house to try to kill it or chase it away. bAnd do not provoke a gentile,as this too is dangerous.,Similarly, bthe Sages taught:There are bthreebeings boneshould bnot provoke: A small gentile, and a small snake, and a smallTorah bscholar. What is the reason? Because their authority stands behind their ears.They will eventually grow up, assume power, each in his own way, and avenge those who have harassed them., bRav said to Ayvu, his son: I struggledto teach byou ihalakhabutmy efforts bdid not succeed,as you did not become a great scholar. bComeand bI will teach youabout bmundane matters: Sell your merchandise while the dustfrom the road is still bon your feet.As soon you return from your travels, sell your wares, lest the prices fall in the meantime. Furthermore, it is possible that banything you sellmight later cause you to bregretthe sale, bexcept for wine, which youcan bsell without regret.Since wine might go bad and be entirely lost, its sale is always advisable.,Rav further advised his son: bOpen your purseto accept payment, and only then bopen your sackto deliver the goods, to ensure you will receive payment for your merchandise. It is better to earn ba ikavfrom the ground than a ikorfrom the roof.A ikoris one hundred and eighty times larger than a ikav /i. This proverb means that it is preferable to earn a small amount from a local, safe transaction than to attempt to earn more through a distant, risky venture.,Rav continued: If there are bdates in your storeroom, run to the breweryto sell them. If you wait, there is a good chance the dates will go bad. The Gemara asks: bAnd how manydates should one keep for himself? bRava said: Up to three ise’a /i. Rav Pappa said: If I were not a beer manufacturer I would not have become wealthy. Some saythat it was bRav Ḥisda who said: If I were not a beer manufacturer I would not have become wealthy.The Gemara asks: bWhat isthe meaning of the word isudana /i,the Aramaic term for a brewer? bRav Ḥisda said: A pleasant secret [ isod na’e /i] and acts of loving kindness,as brewing is a good way to make money and also enables one to perform good deeds.,The Gemara continues to offer advice about mundane matters. bRav Pappa said: Anythingyou acquire with a document bby meansof which ownership is transferred, i.e., a bill of acquisition or obligation, brequires collection,despite the fact that you are the legal owner. bAny sale on credit is uncertain whether or notit bwill cometo fruition. bAndeven bif itdoes bcometo fruition, bthe money is bad.These funds are difficult to collect, and they are generally not paid on time., bRabbi Yoḥa said three matters, citing the people of Jerusalem: When you go to war do not go out first, but go out last.The reason is bso thatif your side is defeated and you need to flee for your life, byou will enterthe refuge of the city bfirst. Andit is better to bmake your Shabbatlike an ordinary bweekday and do not be beholden toother bbeings. And exert yourselfto join together bwith one upon whom the hour smiles. /b, bRabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said three matters, citing the people of Jerusalem: Do not indulge in a shameful actin public, bbecause of the incident that occurredinvolving David and Bathsheba (see II Samuel 11–12). If byour daughter has grown up,it is better to bfree yourCanaanite bslave and givehim bto herthan to leave her to find a husband on her own. bAnd be careful with your wife with regard to her first son-in-law,as she is especially fond of him. bWhat is the reasonfor this warning? bRav Ḥisda said: Due tothe possibility of blicentiousness. Rav Kahana said: Due tothe fact that she might give him all your bmoneyand leave you impoverished. The Gemara comments: Since beither of thesecould bhappen,it is best to be prudent., bRabbi Yoḥa said: Threepeople are bamong those who inherit the World-to-Come: One who lives in Eretz Yisrael; one who raises his sons toengage bin Torah study; and one who recites ihavdalaover wine at the conclusion of Shabbat.The Gemara asks: bWhat isthe special importance of bthatmitzva, to recite ihavdalaover wine? The Gemara answers: This is referring to an individual with only a small amount of wine, bwhonevertheless bleaves some ofhis kiddush wine bfor ihavdala /i. /b, bRabbi Yoḥafurther bsaid: The Holy One, Blessed be He, proclaims aboutthe goodness of bthreekinds bof people every day,as exceptional and noteworthy individuals: bAbout a bachelor who lives in a city and does not sinwith women; babout a poor person who returns a lost object to its ownersdespite his poverty; band about a wealthy person who tithes his produce in private,without publicizing his behavior. The Gemara reports: bRav Safra was a bachelor living in a city. /b |
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63. Babylonian Talmud, Sanhedrin, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 21b. על הייחוד ועל הפנויה,יחוד דאורייתא הוא דאמר ר' יוחנן משום ר' שמעון בן יהוצדק רמז לייחוד מן התורה מניין שנאמר (דברים יג, ז) כי יסיתך אחיך בן אמך וכי בן אם מסית בן אב אינו מסית אלא לומר לך בן מתייחד עם אמו ואין אחר מתייחד עם כל עריות שבתורה,אלא אימא גזרו על ייחוד דפנויה,(מלכים א א, ה) ואדניה בן חגית מתנשא לאמר אני אמלוך אמר רב יהודה אמר רב מלמד שביקש להולמו ולא הולמתו,(מלכים א א, ה) ויעש לו רכב ופרשים וחמשים איש רצים לפניו מאי רבותא אמר רב יהודה אמר רב כולן נטולי טחול וחקוקי כפות רגלים היו:, big strongמתני׳ /strong /big לא ירבה לו סוסים אלא כדי מרכבתו וכסף וזהב לא ירבה לו מאד אלא כדי ליתן אספניא וכותב לו ס"ת לשמו יוצא למלחמה מוציאה עמה נכנס הוא מכניסה עמו יושב בדין היא עמו מיסב היא כנגדו שנאמר (דברים יז, יט) והיתה עמו וקרא בו כל ימי חייו:, big strongגמ׳ /strong /big תנו רבנן (דברים יז, טז) לא ירבה לו סוסים יכול אפילו כדי מרכבתו ופרשיו תלמוד לומר לו לו אינו מרבה אבל מרבה הוא כדי רכבו ופרשיו הא מה אני מקיים סוסים סוסים הבטלנין מניין שאפילו סוס א' והוא בטל שהוא בלא ירבה ת"ל (דברים יז, טז) למען הרבות סוס,וכי מאחר דאפילו סוס אחד והוא בטל קאי בלא ירבה סוסים למה לי לעבור בל"ת על כל סוס וסוס,טעמא דכתב רחמנא לו הא לאו הכי ה"א אפילו כדי רכבו ופרשיו נמי לא לא צריכא לאפושי:,וכסף וזהב לא ירבה לו אלא כדי ליתן אספניא: ת"ר (דברים יז, יז) וכסף וזהב לא ירבה לו יכול אפילו כדי ליתן אספניא ת"ל לו לו אינו מרבה אבל מרבה הוא כדי ליתן אספניא,טעמא דכתב רחמנא לו הא לאו הכי הוה אמינא אפילו כדי ליתן אספניא נמי לא לא צריכא להרווחה,השתא דאמרת לו לדרשה (דברים יז, יז) לא ירבה לו נשים מאי דרשת ביה למעוטי הדיוטות,רב יהודה רמי כתיב (מלכים א ה, ו) ויהי לשלמה ארבעים אלף ארוות סוסים למרכבתו וכתיב (דברי הימים ב ט, כה) ויהי לשלמה ארבעת אלפים (ארוות) סוסים הא כיצד אם ארבעים אלף איצטבלאות היו כל אחד ואחד היו בו ד' אלפים ארוות סוסים ואם ד' אלפים איצטבלאות היו כל אחד ואחד היו בו ארבעים אלף ארוות סוסים,(רבי) יצחק רמי כתיב (דברי הימים ב ט, כ) אין כסף נחשב בימי שלמה למאומה וכתיב (מלכים א י, כז) ויתן) שלמה את הכסף בירושלים כאבנים לא קשיא כאן קודם שנשא שלמה את בת פרעה כאן לאחר שנשא שלמה את בת פרעה,אמר רבי יצחק בשעה שנשא שלמה את בת פרעה ירד גבריאל ונעץ קנה בים והעלה שירטון ועליו נבנה כרך גדול שברומי,ואמר ר' יצחק מפני מה לא נתגלו טעמי תורה שהרי שתי מקראות נתגלו טעמן נכשל בהן גדול העולם כתיב (דברים יז, יז) לא ירבה לו נשים אמר שלמה אני ארבה ולא אסור וכתיב (מלכים א יא, ד) ויהי לעת זקנת שלמה נשיו הטו את לבבו,וכתיב (דברים יז, טז) לא ירבה לו סוסים ואמר שלמה אני ארבה ולא אשיב וכתיב (מלכים א י, כט) ותצא מרכבה ממצרים בשש וגו':,וכותב ספר תורה לשמו: תנא ובלבד שלא יתנאה בשל אבותיו,אמר (רבא) אף על פי שהניחו לו אבותיו לאדם ספר תורה מצוה לכתוב משלו שנאמר (דברים לא, יט) ועתה כתבו לכם את השירה איתיביה אביי וכותב לו ספר תורה לשמו שלא יתנאה בשל אחרים מלך אין הדיוט לא,לא צריכא לשתי תורות וכדתניא (דברים יז, יח) וכתב לו את משנה וגו' כותב לשמו שתי תורות אחת שהיא יוצאה ונכנסת עמו ואחת שמונחת לו בבית גנזיו,אותה שיוצאה ונכנסת עמו (עושה אותה כמין קמיע ותולה בזרועו שנאמר (תהלים טז, ח) שויתי ה' לנגדי תמיד כי מימיני בל אמוט) אינו נכנס בה לא לבית המרחץ ולא לבית הכסא שנאמר (דברים יז, יט) והיתה עמו וקרא בו מקום הראוי לקראות בו,אמר מר זוטרא ואיתימא מר עוקבא בתחלה ניתנה תורה לישראל בכתב עברי ולשון הקודש חזרה וניתנה להם בימי עזרא בכתב אשורית ולשון ארמי ביררו להן לישראל כתב אשורית ולשון הקודש והניחו להדיוטות כתב עברית ולשון ארמי,מאן הדיוטות אמר רב חסדא כותאי מאי כתב עברית אמר רב חסדא כתב ליבונאה,תניא רבי יוסי אומר ראוי היה עזרא שתינתן תורה על ידו לישראל אילמלא (לא) קדמו משה במשה הוא אומר (שמות יט, ג) ומשה עלה אל האלהים בעזרא הוא אומר (עזרא ז, ו) הוא עזרא עלה מבבל מה עלייה האמור כאן תורה אף עלייה האמור להלן תורה,במשה הוא אומר (דברים ד, יד) ואותי צוה ה' בעת ההיא ללמד אתכם חקים ומשפטים בעזרא הוא אומר (עזרא ז, י) כי עזרא הכין לבבו לדרוש את תורת ה' (אלהיו) ולעשות וללמד בישראל חוק ומשפט ואף על פי שלא ניתנה תורה על ידו נשתנה על ידו הכתב שנאמר | 21b. babout seclusion,that a man should not be secluded with women who are forbidden to him, band about a single woman. /b,The Gemara objects: bSeclusionwith a woman forbidden by familial ties bisprohibited bby Torahlaw, and was not a rabbinic decree issued in the time of David. bAs Rabbi Yoḥa says in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yehotzadak: From whereis there ban allusion tothe ihalakhathat bseclusionis forbidden bby Torahlaw? bAs it is stated: “If your brother, the son of your mother, entices you”(Deuteronomy 13:7). One can ask: bBut does the son of a mother entice, and does the son of a father not entice?Why mention only the son of a mother? bRather,this verse serves bto tell youthat only ba sonmay bbe secluded with his mother.Sons are frequently with their mother, and two half-brothers of one mother consequently have the opportunity to grow close to one another. bBut anotherindividual bmay not be secluded with those with whom relations are forbidden by the Torah,including a stepmother. Therefore, half-brothers of one father spend less time together.,Since seclusion, then, is prohibited by Torah law, how did Rav say that it was prohibited by a decree issued in King David’s time? bRather, saythat bthey decreed against seclusionof a man bwith a single woman,to prevent occurrences like that of Amnon and Tamar.,Apropos Amnon, the Gemara cites traditions about another son of David: b“Now Adonijah, son of Haggith, exalted himself, saying: I will be king”(I Kings 1:5). bRav Yehuda saysthat bRav says:The term “exalted himself” bteaches that he soughtfor the monarchy bto fit him, but it did not fit him. /b,The verse continues: b“And he prepared for himself chariots and riders and fifty people to run before him”(I Kings 1:5). The Gemara asks: bWhat is the noveltyof these actions, since other wealthy people do the same, even if they are not the sons of kings, with designs on the throne? bRav Yehuda saysthat bRav says:What was unique was that the runners ball hadtheir bspleens removed and had the soles of their feet hollowed,removing the flesh of their feet, and these two procedures enhanced their speed., strongMISHNA: /strong The king b“shall not accumulate many horses for himself”(Deuteronomy 17:16), but bonlyenough bfor his chariotin war and in peace. b“Neither shall he greatly accumulate silver and gold for himself”(Deuteronomy 17:17), but bonly enough to providehis bsoldiers’ sustece [ iaspanya /i]. Andthe king bwrites himself a Torah scroll for his sake,as stipulated in Deuteronomy 17:18. When bhe goes out to war, he brings it out with him.When bhe comes infrom war, bhe brings it in with him.When bhe sits in judgment, it is with him.When bhe reclinesto eat, bit is opposite him, as it is stated: “And it shall be with him and he shall read it all the days of his life”(Deuteronomy 17:19)., strongGEMARA: /strong bThe Sages taughtin a ibaraitawith regard to the verse: b“He shall not accumulate many horses [ isusim /i] for himselfnor return the people to Egypt for the sake of accumulating horses [ isus /i]” (Deuteronomy 17:16): One bmighthave thought that he shall not have bevenenough horses bfor his chariot and riders.Therefore, bthe verse states: “For himself,”teaching that only if the horses are bfor himself,for personal pleasure, bhe shall not accumulatethem, bbut he may accumulatehorses bfor his chariot and riders. How, then, do I realizethe meaning of b“horses [ isusim /i]”in the verse? It is referring to bidle horses,which serve no purpose other than glorifying the king. bFrom whereis it derived bthat evenif the king has bone horse that is idle, that hetransgresses b“he shall not accumulate”? The verse states: “For the sake of accumulating horses [ isus /i],”with the term for horses written in the singular.,The Gemara asks: bBut oncethe verse taught bthat even one horse that is idle standsto be included in the prohibition of b“he shall not accumulate,” why do Ineed the plural form b“horses”in the first clause of the verse? The Gemara responds: Its purpose is btoteach that a king would btransgressthe bprohibitionan additional time bfor each and everyidle bhorse. /b,The Gemara questions this ruling: The specific breasonfor limiting the prohibition to idle horses is bthat the Merciful One writes:“He shall not accumulate bfor himself,”which indicates, bconsequently,that if the Torah had bnotwritten bthis, I would saythat bevenenough horses bfor his chariot and ridersare bnotpermitted; and this is unreasonable, since the king needs an army. The Gemara responds: bNo,the term “for himself” is bnecessaryto teach that it is permitted for the king bto adda reasonable number of horses beyond the necessary minimum, and it is only strictly personal use that is prohibited.,The mishna teaches: b“Neither shall he greatly accumulate silver and gold for himself”(Deuteronomy 17:17), but bonly enough to providehis bsoldiers’ sustece. The Sages taughtin a ibaraita /i: From the command b“neither shall he greatly accumulate silver and gold for himself,”one bmighthave thought that he should not have beven enough to providehis bsoldiers’ sustece.To counter this, bthe verse states: “For himself,”teaching that only if the silver and gold is bfor himself,for personal pleasure, bhe shall not accumulateit, bbut he may accumulate enoughsilver and gold bto providehis bsoldiers’ sustece. /b,The Gemara questions this ruling: The specific breasonfor limiting the prohibition to personal wealth accumulation is bthat the Merciful One writes:“Neither shall he greatly accumulate silver and gold bfor himself,”which indicates, bconsequently,that if the Torah had bnotwritten bthis, I would saythat it bis notpermitted for the king to accumulate beven enoughsilver and gold bto providehis bsoldiers’ sustece;this is unreasonable, since the king needs an army. The Gemara responds: bNo,the term “for himself” is bnecessaryto teach that the king is permitted btoallow for ba liberal appropriationto the military budget, so that the army has a comfortable ficial cushion.,The Gemara asks: bNow that you have saidthat the term b“for himself”in the verse is stated bforthe purpose of ba derivationfor practical ihalakha /i, which limits and narrows the verse’s scope, bwhat do you derive fromthe next phrase in the verse: b“He shall not add many wives for himself”?The Gemara answers: That usage of “for himself” serves bto exclude ordinarypeople, to specify that only the king is restricted from having many wives, but a civilian may marry as many women as he wants, provided he can support them ficially.,§ bRav Yehuda raises a contradiction: It is writtenin one verse: b“And Solomon had forty thousand stalls of horses for his chariots”(I Kings 5:6), band it is writtenin another verse: b“And Solomon had four thousand stalls for horsesand chariots” (II Chronicles 9:25). bHowcan bthesetexts be reconciled? bIf there were forty thousand large stables [ iitztablaot /i], each and every oneof them bhad in it four thousand stalls,or rows, bfor horses. Andalternatively, bif there were four thousand large stables, each and every one had in it forty thousand stalls for horses.Therefore the two verses are reconciled., bRabbi Yitzḥak raises a contradiction: It is writtenin one verse: b“Silver was not worth anything in the days of Solomon”(II Chronicles 9:20), band it is writtenin another verse: b“And the king made silver in Jerusalem as stones”(I Kings 10:27), i.e., gems. The Gemara responds: It is bnot difficult: Here,where silver was worthless, this was bbefore Solomonsinfully bmarried Pharaoh’s daughter. There,where the silver was valuable, this was bafter Solomon married Pharaoh’s daughter. /b, bRabbi Yitzḥak says: When Solomon married Pharaoh’s daughter,the angel bGabriel descendedfrom Heaven band implanted a pole in the sea. Andit gradually braised up a sandbar [ isirton /i]around it, creating new, dry land, band on it the great city of Rome was built.This shows that the beginning of the Jewish people’s downfall to Rome came with Solomon’s marriage to Pharaoh’s daughter., bAnd Rabbi Yitzḥak says: For whatreason bwere the rationales of Torahcommandments bnot revealed?It was bbecause the rationales of two verses were revealed,and bthe greatest in the world,King Solomon, bfailed inthose matters. bIt is writtenwith regard to a king: b“He shall not add many wives for himself,that his heart should not turn away” (Deuteronomy 17:17). bSolomon said: I will add many, but I will not turn away,as he thought that it is permitted to have many wives if one is otherwise meticulous not to stray. bAndlater, bit is written: “For it came to pass, when Solomon was old, that his wives turned away his heartafter other gods” (I Kings 11:4)., bAnd it isalso bwritten:“Only bhe shall not accumulate many horses for himselfnor return the people to Egypt for the sake of accumulating horses” (Deuteronomy 17:16), band Solomon said: I will accumulate many, but I will not return. And it is written: “And a chariotcame up band went out of Egypt for sixhundred shekels of silver” (I Kings 10:29), teaching that not only did Solomon violate the Torah, but he also failed in applying the rationale given for its commandments. This demonstrates the wisdom in the Torah’s usual silence as to the rationale for its mitzvot, as individuals will not mistakenly rely on their own wisdom to reason that the mitzvot are inapplicable in some circumstances.,§ The mishna teaches that the king bwrites a Torah scroll for his sake.The Sages btaughtin a ibaraita( iTosefta4:4): The king fulfills the mitzva bprovided that he does not beautify himself withthe Torah scroll bof his ancestorsfor this purpose, i.e., he must write his own scroll., bRava says:With regard to the mitzva for every Jew to write himself a Torah scroll, beven if a person’s ancestors left him a Torah scroll,it is ba mitzva to writea scroll bof one’s own, as it is stated: “Now, therefore, write for yourselvesthis bsongand teach it to the children of Israel” (Deuteronomy 31:19). bAbaye raised an objection to himfrom a ibaraitaconcerning the king’s Torah scroll: bAnd he writes himself a Torah scroll for his sake, so that he does not beautify himself withthe Torah scroll bof others.Read precisely, this indicates that ba king, yes,he is included in the ihalakhanot to have a scroll inherited from his ancestors suffice, but ban ordinaryperson is bnot. /b,The Gemara dismisses Abaye’s objection: bNo,the ruling of that ibaraitais bnecessaryto teach that the king is commanded to write btwo Torahscrolls; he writes one scroll as does any Jew, and he writes an additional scroll because he is king. bAndthis is bas it is taughtin a ibaraita /i: The verse states: b“That he shall write for himself a secondTorah in a scroll, out of that which is before the priests the Levites” (Deuteronomy 17:18). This teaches that bhe writes for his sake two Torahscrolls, bone that goes out and comes in with himat all times, band one that is placed in his treasury. /b,The ibaraitacontinues: With regard to bthe one that goes out and comes in with him, he makes itvery small, blike an amulet, and he hangsit bon his arm, as it is stated: “I have set the Lord always before me; He is at my right hand, that I shall not be moved”(Psalms 16:8). This alludes to the small Torah scroll that is always on his right hand. bHe does not go into the bathhouse with it, nor into the bathroom, as it is stated: “And it shall be with him and he shall read from it”(Deuteronomy 17:19), meaning, it shall remain in ba place that is appropriate for reading from it. /b,§ bMar Zutra says, and some saythat it is bMar Ukvawho says: bInitially,the bTorah was given to the Jewish people in iIvritscript,the original form of the written language, band the sacred tongue,Hebrew. bIt was given to them again in the days of Ezra in iAshuritscript andthe bAramaic tongue. The Jewish people selected iAshuritscript and the sacred tonguefor the Torah scroll band left iIvritscript andthe bAramaic tongue for the commoners. /b,The Gemara asks: bWho arethese bcommoners? Rav Ḥisda said: The Samaritans [ iKutim /i].The Gemara asks: bWhat is iIvritscript? Rav Ḥisda says: iLibona’ascript. /b, bIt is taughtin a ibaraita( iTosefta4:5): bRabbi Yosei says: Ezra was suitable,given his greatness, bforthe bTorah to be given by him to the Jewish people, had Moses not come firstand received the Torah already. bWith regard to Mosesthe verse bstates: “And Moses went up to God”(Exodus 19:3), and bwith regard to Ezrathe verse bstates: “This Ezra went up from Babylonand he was a ready scribe in the Torah of Moses, which the Lord, the God of Israel, had given” (Ezra 7:6). bJust asthe bgoing up stated here,with regard to Moses, is for the bTorah,which he received from God and transmitted to the Jewish people, bso too,the bgoing up stated there,with regard to Ezra, is for the bTorah,as he taught Torah to the Jewish people and was suitable to have originally merited to give it.,The ibaraitacontinues: bWith regard to Mosesthe verse bstates: “And the Lord commanded me at that time to teach you statutes and ordices”(Deuteronomy 4:14), and bwith regard to Ezrathe verse bstates: “For Ezra had set his heart to seek the Torah of the Lord his God and to do it and to teach in Israel statutes and ordices”(Ezra 7:10). bAnd even thoughthe bTorah was not givenliterally bby him, the scriptof the Torah bwas changed by him, as it is stated: /b |
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64. Babylonian Talmud, Shevuot, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 34b. ועדים רואין אותו מבחוץ מאי,א"ל רב המנונא והלה מה טוען אי אמר לא היו דברים מעולם הוחזק כפרן אי אמר אין שקלי ודידי שקלי כי אתו עדים מאי הוי א"ל המנונא את עול תא,ההוא דא"ל לחבריה מנה מניתי לך בצד עמוד זה א"ל לא עברתי בצד עמוד זה אתו תרי סהדי אסהידו ביה דהשתין מים בצד עמוד זה אמר ר"ל הוחזק כפרן,מתקיף לה ר"נ האי דינא פרסאה הוא מי קאמר מעולם בעסק זה קא"ל,איכא דאמרי ההוא דא"ל לחבריה מנה מניתי לך בצד עמוד זה א"ל לא עברתי בצד עמוד זה מעולם נפקו ביה סהדי דהשתין מים בצד עמוד זה אמר ר"נ הוחזק כפרן,א"ל רבא לר"נ כל מילתא דלא רמיא עליה דאיניש עביד לה ולאו אדעתיה:,ר"ש אומר חייב כאן וחייב בפקדון כו':,מחכו עלה במערבא מאי חוכא,דקתני מה לפקדון שכן לא עשה בו מושבע כנשבע מזיד כשוגג,מכדי מושבע מפי עצמו בעדות לר"ש מנא ליה דגמר מפקדון פקדון נמי מושבע מפי אחרים נגמר מעדות,ומאי חוכא דלמא ר"ש בק"ו מייתי לה מפי אחרים חייב מפי עצמו לא כל שכן,אלא חוכא אמזיד כשוגג דקתני מה לפקדון שכן לא עשה בו מושבע כנשבע מזיד כשוגג,מכדי מזיד גבי עדות מנא ליה דלא כתיב ביה ונעלם ה"נ לא כתיב ביה ונעלם,אמר להו רב הונא ומאי חוכא דלמא מזיד דלאו כשוגג בפקדון ממעילה ר"ש גמר לה,והיינו חוכא אדגמר לה ממעילה נגמר לה מעדות,מסתברא ממעילה הוה ליה למילף שכן מעילה ממעילה,אדרבה מעדות הוה ליה למילף שכן תחטא מתחטא,מסתברא ממעילה הוה ליה למילף שכן מעילה בכל נהנה בקבוע חומש ואשם,אדרבה מעדות ה"ל למילף שכן חטא הדיוט בשבועה תבעיה וכפריה ואואין הנך נפישין,אלא מאי חוכא,כי אתא רב פפא ורב הונא בריה דרב יהושע מבי רב אמרי היינו חוכא מכדי ר"ש ג"ש גמיר למה ליה דפריך מה לפקדון שכן לא עשה בו מושבע כנשבע מזיד כשוגג,ומאי חוכא דלמא כי פריך מקמי דתיקום ליה ג"ש בתר דקמא ליה ג"ש לא פריך,ולא והאמר להו רבא בר איתי לרבנן מאן תנא שבועת הפקדון לא ניתן זדונה לכפרה ר"ש היא,דלמא מזיד כשוגג פריך דגמר לה ממעילה דהנך נפישין אבל מושבע כנשבע לא פריך,ותהדר עדות ותגמר לה מפקדון מזיד דלאו כשוגג מה פקדון שוגג אין מזיד לא אף עדות שוגג אין מזיד לא כי היכי דיליף פקדון ממעילה | 34b. band witnesses see himcounting the money bfrom outside, whatis the ihalakha /i? Is their testimony accepted?, bRav Hamnuna said toRav Yehuda: bAnd what does the otherperson bclaimin response to the demand for repayment? bIf he says:These bmatters never happened, he assumes the presumptive status of a denierof the truth, as the witnesses testify that they saw the claimant counting the money and giving it to him. bIf he says: Yes, I tookmoney from him, bbutit is bmymoney that bI took,then bwhenthe bwitnesses comeand testify that they saw the claimant counting the money and giving it to him, bwhat of it?The testimony of the witnesses does not contradict his claim, as the witnesses do not know the circumstances under which the money changed hands. Rav Yehuda bsaid to him: Are you Hamnuna? Enterand bcomeinto the study hall, as you make your teacher wiser.,The Gemara relates a similar incident: There was ba certainindividual bwho said to another: I counted for youand gave you bone hundred dinarsas a loan balongside this column.The other person bsaid to himin response: bI did not pass alongside this column. Two witnesses came and testified about himthat they saw bthat he urinated alongside this column. Reish Lakish said: He assumes the presumptive status of a denierof the truth, as the testimony of witnesses proves that he passed alongside the column., bRav Naḥman objects to this: That is a rulingcharacteristic of ba Persiancourt, not a reasonable ruling characteristic of a Jewish court. bDidthe respondent bsaythat he bneverpassed alongside the column? It was that he did not pass alongside the column binthe context of bthis matterthat bhe said to himthat he did not pass the column; therefore, the testimony of the witnesses does not contradict his statement., bThere arethose bwho saythat the incident transpired a bit differently. There was ba certainindividual bwho said to another: I counted for youand gave you bone hundred dinarsas a loan balongside this column.The other person bsaid to himin response: bI never passed alongside this column. Witnesses emergedand testified bconcerning him that he urinated alongside this column. Rav Naḥman said: He assumes the presumptive status of a denierof the truth, as the witnesses contradicted his claim., bRava said to Rav Naḥman:There is no proof from here that he assumes the presumptive status of a denier, as bany matter that is not incumbent upon a personto remember, bhe performs it and it is not on his mind.Therefore, when he denied ever passing alongside the column, it was because there was never any reason for him to remember that he had been there.,§ The Gemara proceeds to cite the opinion cited last in the ibaraitaexplaining the source of the ihalakhathat one is liable for taking a false oath of testimony only for a case involving monetary matters. bRabbi Shimon says:The Torah brenderedone bliableif he takes a false oath bhere,with regard to an oath of testimony, bandthe Torah brenderedone bliableif he takes a false oath bwith regard toan oath on ba deposit;just as there, the verse is speaking of liability only in cases involving monetary claims, so too here, the verse is speaking of liability only in cases involving monetary claims., bThey mockedthis proof bin the West,i.e., Eretz Yisrael. The Gemara asked: bWhatis worthy of bmockeryin the statement of Rabbi Shimon?,The Gemara explains that they mocked bthatwhich the ibaraita bteachesin the continuation, rejecting the ia fortioriinference suggested by Rabbi Shimon: bWhatis notable baboutthe case of ba deposit?It is notable in bthat with regard toa deposit the Torah bdid not renderthe halakhic status of bone to whom an oath was administeredby others blikethat of bone whohimself btook an oath,as one to whom an oath was administered by others is exempt; and the Torah did not render the halakhic status of one who takes ban intentionalfalse oath blikethat of one who takes ban unwittingfalse oath.,This rejection is difficult: bNow,with regard to the fact that bone who administered an oath to himselfis liable binthe case of an oath of btestimony, from whereis it derived baccording to Rabbi Shimon?Rabbi Shimon bderivesit by means of a verbal analogy bfroman oath on ba deposit.If so, based on the same verbal analogy, in the case of an oath on ba deposit too, let us derive fromthe case of an oath of btestimonythe fact that one is liable for a false boaththat bwas administered by others. /b,The Gemara rejects this: bAnd whatis worthy of bmockeryin that statement? bPerhaps Rabbi Shimondoes not derive that one who takes a false oath of testimony on his own is liable by means of a verbal analogy from an oath on a deposit; rather, bhe derives it by means of an ia fortiori /iinference: If bone is liablefor a false oath of testimony badministered by others, is it not all the more sothat he is liable for an oath that he takes bon his own? /b,The Gemara answers: bRather, the mockery is with regard tothe distinction between an oath on a deposit and an oath of testimony in the matter of whether the halakhic status of one who takes ban intentionalfalse oath is blikethat of one who takes ban unwittingfalse oath, bas it teachesin the ibaraita /i: bWhatis notable baboutthe case of ba deposit?It is notable in bthat with regard toa deposit the Torah bdid not renderthe halakhic status of bone to whom an oath was administeredby others blikethat of bone whohimself btook an oath,as one to whom an oath was administered by others is exempt; and the Torah did not render the halakhic status of one who takes ban intentionalfalse oath blikethat of one who takes ban unwittingfalse oath., bNow, from where does hederive that one who takes ban intentionalfalse oath of btestimonyis liable? He derives it bas it is not written inthe context of an oath of testimony: bAnd it is hidden. Here too, it is not written inthe context of an oath on a deposit: bAnd it is hidden.Therefore, there should be no distinction between intentional and unwitting with regard to an oath on a deposit either., bRav Huna said tothe Sages: bAnd whatis worthy of bmockeryin that statement? bPerhapsthe fact bthatthe halakhic status of one who takes ban intentionalfalse oath bis not likethat of one who takes ban unwittingfalse oath binthe case of ba deposit,and it is bfromthe ihalakhotof bmisuseof consecrated property that bRabbi Shimon derived it.Just as one is liable to bring a guilt-offering for the misuse of consecrated property only if he did so unwittingly, one is liable to bring a guilt-offering for a false oath on a deposit only if he unwittingly took the false oath.,The Gemara answers: bAnd that iswhat is worthy of bmockery. Instead of derivingthe lack of liability for an intentional false oath of deposit bfromthe case of bmisuseof consecrated property, blet him deriveliability for an intentional false oath on a deposit bfromthe case of an oath of btestimony. /b,The Gemara rejects this: bIt stands to reasonthat bhe should have derivedit bfromthe case of bmisuseof consecrated property, basthat is a derivation of bmisusewritten with regard to an oath on a deposit: “If any one shall sin and commits an act of misuse and dealt falsely with his colleague in a matter of deposit” (Leviticus 5:21), which is derived bfrom misusewritten with regard to misuse of consecrated property: “If any one commits an act of misuse and sinned unwittingly from items consecrated to the Lord” (Leviticus 5:15).,The Gemara asks: bOn the contrary, he should have derivedit bfromthe case of an oath of btestimony, asthat is a derivation of b“shall sin”written with regard to an oath on a deposit which is derived bfrom “shall sin”written with regard to an oath of testimony: “And if any one shall sin and he hears the voice of an oath, and he is a witness” (Leviticus 5:1).,The Gemara rejects this: bIt stands to reasonthat it is bfromthe case of bmisuseof consecrated property that bhe should have derivedit, basthere are many elements common to an oath on a deposit and misuse of consecrated property represented by the mnemonic: bMisuse, with regard to all, derive benefit, with fixed, one-fifth, and guilt-offering.The term misuse is employed in both cases. Both cases are relevant with regard to all individuals and not only those fit to testify. Both involve one deriving benefit from property that is not his. In both cases, one is liable to bring a fixed guilt-offering, as opposed to one who takes a false oath of testimony, who is liable to bring a sliding-scale offering. In both cases, one adds one-fifth to the payment of the principal. In both cases, that is the offering with which one gains atonement.,The Gemara rejects this: bOn the contrary, he should have derivedthe ihalakhawith regard to an oath on a deposit bfromthe ihalakhaof an oath of btestimony, asthere are many elements common to both oaths represented by the mnemonic: bSin, ordinary[ihedyot/b], bwith an oath, claimedfrom bhim, denied hisclaim, bandmultiple instances of the term b“or.”The term “shall sin” is written in both contexts. Both oaths relate to the property of ordinary individuals, not to consecrated property. In both cases there is a claim presented by one of the parties and denial of that claim by the one taking the oath. Multiple instances of the term “or” appear in both passages in the Torah. The Gemara responds: bTheseelements common to an oath on a deposit and misuse of consecrated property are more bnumerousthan the elements common to an oath on a deposit and an oath of testimony., bRather,after resolving all the difficulties that were raised against the opinion of Rabbi Shimon, the question remains: bWhatdid the Sages of Eretz Yisrael find that is worthy of bmockeryin that ibaraita /i?, bWhen Rav Pappa and Rav Huna, son of Rav Yehoshua, came from the study hall oftheir bteacher, they said: This iswhat is worthy of bmockery: Now,since ultimately bRabbi Shimon derivesthe ihalakhaby means of ba verbal analogybetween the term “shall sin” written with regard to an oath on a deposit and the term “shall sin” written with regard to an oath of testimony, bwhyis it bthat he refutesthe parallel between them by saying: bWhatis notable baboutthe case of ba deposit?It is notable in bthat with regard toa deposit the Torah bdid not renderthe halakhic status of bone to whom an oath was administeredby others blikethat of bone whohimself btook an oath,as one to whom an oath was administered by others is exempt; and the Torah did not render the halakhic status of one who takes ban intentionalfalse oath blikethat of one who takes ban unwittingfalse oath. Rabbi Shimon should have derived by means of the verbal analogy that all the ihalakhotof an oath of testimony and all the ihalakhotof an oath on a deposit are identical.,The Gemara rejects this: bAnd whatis worthy of bmockeryin that statement? bPerhaps whenRabbi Shimon brefutedthe parallel between the two oaths, it was bprior to the verbal analogy being established for him,and the derivation was by means of a paradigm. bAfter the verbal analogy was established for him, he does not refutethe parallel and holds that in the case of an oath on a deposit one is liable to bring a guilt-offering for false oaths administered by others as well as for intentional false oaths.,The Gemara asks: bAnddoes Rabbi Shimon bnotrefute the parallel between the two oaths? bBut didn’t Rava bar Ittai say to the Sages: Whois the itannawho btaughtwith regard to ban oath on a depositthat batonementby means of an offering bis not possiblefor one who takes ban intentionalfalse oath? bIt is Rabbi Shimon.Apparently, Rabbi Shimon concludes that there remains a distinction between intentional and unwitting in the case of an oath on a deposit.,The Gemara suggests: bPerhapswith regard to the halakhic status of one who takes ban intentionalfalse oath being blikethat of one who takes ban unwittingfalse oath, Rabbi Shimon brefutesthe parallel between the two oaths even after the verbal analogy is established for him, bas he derivesthe ihalakhaof an oath on a deposit bfromthe ihalakhaof bmisuseof consecrated property, where there is a distinction between intentional and unwitting, bas thoseelements common to an oath on a deposit and the misuse of consecrated property are more bnumerousthan the elements common to an oath on a deposit and an oath of testimony. bBut he does not refutethe parallel between the two oaths with the claim that there is a distinction between them with regard to whether the halakhic status of bone to whom an oath was administeredby others is blikethat of bone whohimself btook an oath.Once the verbal analogy was established for him, there is no longer a distinction between the two oaths in that regard.,The Gemara asks: If, according to Rabbi Shimon, based on the derivation from the misuse of consecrated property, one who intentionally takes a false oath on a deposit does not bring a guilt-offering like one who took the false oath unwittingly, bletthe discussion of the case of an oath of btestimony returnto the verbal analogy band derive it fromthe case of an oath on ba deposit thatthe halakhic status of one who takes ban intentionalfalse oath bis not likethat of one who takes ban unwittingfalse oath. bJust asin the case of an oath on ba deposit,one who takes ban unwittingfalse oath, byes,he is liable to bring a guilt-offering, and one who takes ban intentionalfalse oath, bno,he is not liable, bso too,in the case of an oath of btestimony,one who takes ban unwittingfalse oath, byes,he is liable to bring a sin-offering, and one who takes ban intentionalfalse oath, bno,he is not liable, bjust as he derivesthe case of an oath on ba deposit fromthe case of bmisuseof consecrated property. |
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65. Babylonian Talmud, Sotah, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 49b. אזלא ודלדלה ואין שואל ואין מבקש על מי יש להשען על אבינו שבשמים,בעקבות משיחא חוצפא יסגא ויוקר יאמיר הגפן תתן פריה והיין ביוקר ומלכות תהפך למינות ואין תוכחת בית וועד יהיה לזנות והגליל יחרב והגבלן ישום ואנשי הגבול יסובבו מעיר לעיר ולא יחוננו,וחכמות סופרים תסרח ויראי חטא ימאסו והאמת תהא נעדרת נערים פני זקנים ילבינו זקנים יעמדו מפני קטנים בן מנוול אב בת קמה באמה כלה בחמותה אויבי איש אנשי ביתו פני הדור כפני הכלב הבן אינו מתבייש מאביו ועל מה יש לנו להשען על אבינו שבשמים, big strong(גמ׳) /strong /big אמר רב לא שנו אלא של מלח וגפרית אבל של הדס ושל וורד מותר ושמואל אומר אף של הדס ושל וורד אסור של קנים ושל חילת מותר ולוי אמר אף של קנים ושל חילת אסור וכן תני לוי במתניתיה אף של קנים ושל חילת אסור,ועל האירוס מאי אירוס א"ר אלעזר טבלא דחד פומא רבה בר רב הונא עבד ליה לבריה טנבורא אתא אבוה תבריה אמר ליה מיחלף בטבלא דחד פומא זיל עביד ליה אפומא דחצבא או אפומא דקפיזא,בפולמוס של טיטוס גזרו על עטרות כלות וכו' מאי עטרות כלות אמר רבה בר בר חנה אמר ר' יוחנן עיר של זהב תניא נמי הכי איזהו עטרות כלות עיר של זהב אבל עושה אותה כיפה של מילת,תנא אף על חופת חתנים גזרו מאי חופת חתנים זהורית המוזהבות תניא נמי הכי אלו הן חופת חתנים זהורית המוזהבות אבל עושה פפירית ותולה בה כל מה שירצה,ושלא ילמד את בנו יוונית ת"ר כשצרו מלכי בית חשמונאי זה על זה היה הורקנוס מבחוץ ואריסטובלוס מבפנים בכל יום ויום היו משלשלין דינרים בקופה ומעלין להן תמידים,היה שם זקן אחד שהיה מכיר בחכמת יוונית לעז להם בחכמת יוונית אמר להן כל זמן שעוסקים בעבודה אין נמסרין בידכם למחר שלשלו להם דינרים בקופה והעלו להם חזיר כיון שהגיע לחצי חומה נעץ צפרניו נזדעזעה א"י ארבע מאות פרסה,אותה שעה אמרו ארור אדם שיגדל חזירים וארור אדם שילמד לבנו חכמת יוונית ועל אותה שנה שנינו מעשה ובא עומר מגגות צריפים ושתי הלחם מבקעת עין סוכר,איני והאמר רבי בא"י לשון סורסי למה אלא אי לשון הקודש אי לשון יוונית ואמר רב יוסף בבבל לשון ארמי למה אלא או לשון הקודש או לשון פרסי,לשון יוונית לחוד וחכמת יוונית לחוד,וחכמת יוונית מי אסירא והאמר רב יהודה אמר שמואל משום רשב"ג מאי דכתיב (איכה ג, נא) עיני עוללה לנפשי מכל בנות עירי אלף ילדים היו בבית אבא חמש מאות למדו תורה וחמש מאות למדו חכמת יוונית ולא נשתייר מהן אלא אני כאן ובן אחי אבא בעסיא,שאני של בית ר"ג דקרובין למלכות הוו דתניא מספר קומי הרי זה מדרכי האמורי אבטולוס בן ראובן התירו לספר קומי שהוא קרוב למלכות של בית רבן גמליאל התירו להן חכמה יוונית מפני שקרובין למלכות,בפולמוס האחרון גזרו שלא תצא כלה באפריון וכו' מ"ט משום צניעותא,משמת רבן יוחנן בטלה החכמה ת"ר משמת רבי אליעזר נגנז ס"ת משמת רבי יהושע בטלה עצה ומחשבה משמת ר"ע בטלו זרועי תורה ונסתתמו מעיינות החכמה,משמת רבי אלעזר בן עזריה בטלו עטרות חכמה (משלי יד, כד) שעטרת חכמים עשרם משמת רבי חנינא בן דוסא בטלו אנשי מעשה משמת אבא יוסי בן קטונתא בטלו חסידים ולמה נקרא שמו אבא יוסי בן קטונתא שהיה מקטני חסידים,משמת בן עזאי בטלו השקדנין משמת בן זומא בטלו הדרשנין משמת רשב"ג עלה גובאי ורבו צרות משמת רבי הוכפלו צרות,משמת רבי בטלה ענוה ויראת חטא אמר ליה רב יוסף לתנא לא תיתני ענוה דאיכא אנא אמר ליה רב נחמן לתנא לא תיתני יראת חטא דאיכא אנא, br br big strongהדרן עלך ערופה וסליקא לן מסכת סוטה /strong /big br br | |
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66. Babylonian Talmud, Sukkah, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 20a. והכי קאמר מחצלת הקנים גדולה עשאה לשכיבה מקבלת טומאה ואין מסככין בה טעמא דעשאה לשכיבה הא סתמא נעשה כמי שעשאה לסיכוך מסככין בה (קטנה עשאה לסיכוך מסככין בה טעמא דעשאה לסיכוך הא סתמא נעשה כמי שעשאה לשכיבה ואין מסככין בה) ואתא ר' אליעזר למימר אחת קטנה ואחת גדולה סתמא כשרה לסיכוך,אמר ליה אביי אי הכי ר' אליעזר אומר אחת קטנה ואחת גדולה אחת גדולה ואחת קטנה מיבעי ליה,ועוד כי פליגי בגדולה הוא דפליגי ורבי אליעזר לחומרא דתניא מחצלת הקנים בגדולה מסככין בה ר' אליעזר אומר אם אינה מקבלת טומאה מסככין בה,אלא אמר רב פפא בקטנה כולי עלמא לא פליגי דסתמא לשכיבה כי פליגי בגדולה ת"ק סבר סתם גדולה לסיכוך ורבי אליעזר סבר סתם גדולה נמי לשכיבה,ומאי עשאה לשכיבה דקאמר הכי קאמר סתם עשייתה נמי לשכיבה עד דעביד לסיכוך,ת"ר מחצלת של שיפה ושל גמי גדולה מסככין בה קטנה אין מסככין בה של קנים ושל חילת גדולה מסככין בה ארוגה אין מסככין בה,רבי ישמעאל בר' יוסי אומר משום אביו אחת זו ואחת זו מסככין בה וכן היה רבי דוסא אומר כדבריו,תנן התם כל החוצלות מטמאין טמא מת דברי ר' דוסא וחכמים אומרים מדרס,מדרס אין טמא מת לא והא אנן תנן כל המטמא מדרס מטמא טמא מת אימא אף מדרס,מאי חוצלות אמר רב אבדימי בר המדורי מרזובלי מאי מרזובלי אמר ר' אבא מזבלי ר' שמעון בן לקיש אומר מחצלות ממש,ואזדא ריש לקיש לטעמיה דאמר ריש לקיש הריני כפרת רבי חייא ובניו שבתחלה כשנשתכחה תורה מישראל עלה עזרא מבבל ויסדה חזרה ונשתכחה עלה הלל הבבלי ויסדה חזרה ונשתכחה עלו רבי חייא ובניו ויסדוה וכן אמר רבי חייא ובניו לא נחלקו רבי דוסא וחכמים על מחצלות של אושא | 20a. bAnd this is whatthe mishna bis saying:With regard to ba large mat of reeds,if bone produced it forthe purpose of blyingupon it, bit is susceptible to ritual impurity, and onemay bnot roofa isukka bwith it.The breasonis that bone produced itspecifically bforthe purpose of blyingupon it; however, by inference, a mat that one produced bwithout designation becomes asa mat bproduced for roofing,and one may broofa isukka bwith it.With regard to ba small mat of reeds,if bone produced it for roofing, onemay broofa isukka bwith it.The breasonis that bone produced itspecifically bfor roofing;however, by inference, a mat that one produced bwithout designation becomes asa mat bproduced forthe purpose of blyingupon it, bandone may bnot roofa isukka bwith it. And Rabbi Eliezer comes to saythat bboth a smallmat band a largeone produced bwithout designationare bfitfor roofing., bAbaye said to him: If so,if their dispute is only with regard to a small mat, then instead of saying: bRabbi Eliezer says: Both a smallmat band a largemat, the mishna bneededto say: bBoth a largemat band a smallmat. In a phrase with the format: Both this and that, one typically mentions the more obvious item first. Why then, does Rabbi Eliezer mention the small mat first, if it is with regard to the small mat that they disagree?, bAnd furthermore,there is proof that bwhen they disagree,it bis with regard to a largemat, band Rabbi Eliezer’sopinion is ba stringencyand not a leniency, bas it is taughtin a ibaraita /i: In the case of ba reed mat, with a largemat bonemay broofa isukka /i. bRabbi Eliezer says: If it is not susceptible to ritual impurity, onemay broofhis isukka bwith it.Apparently, Rabbi Eliezer holds that without designation, one may not roof his isukkawith a large mat., bRather, Rav Pappa said:Rava’s proposed resolution is rejected. Rather, bwith regard to a smallmat, beveryone agrees thatif it was produced bwithout designation,presumably it is bforthe purpose of blyingupon it. bWhen they disagree, is with regard to a largemat: bThe first itannaholdsthat ba largemat produced bwithout designationis presumably bfor roofing, and Rabbi Eliezer holdsthat ba largemat produced bwithout designationis balsopresumably bforthe purpose of blyingupon it., bWhat,then, is the meaning of: If bone produced it forthe purpose of blyingupon it, bthatRabbi Eliezer bstates? This is whathe bis saying: Making mats without designation is also forthe purpose of blyingupon it, buntil one makesit specifically bfor roofing. /b,§ bThe Sages taughtin the iTosefta /i: In the case of ba mat [ imaḥatzelet /i]woven bof papyrus or bulrushes,if it is ba largemat, bonemay broofa isukka bwith it,as it is not typically produced for the purpose of lying upon it. If it is ba smallmat, bonemay bnot roofa isukka bwith it,as it is typically produced for the purpose of lying upon it. However, with regard to a mat produced bofordinary breeds or reedsspecifically used bfor plaiting,if the mat is plaited with ba large,coarse weave, bonemay broofa isukka bwith it,as it was certainly not produced for the purpose of lying upon it. If it is bwovenwith a small, fine weave, bonemay bnot roofthe isukka bwith it,as typically mats of this sort are woven only for the purpose of lying upon them., bRabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yosei, said in the name of his father: Both with thisplaited mat band with thatwoven mat, bonemay broofa isukka /i, as without specific designation otherwise they are not produced for the purpose of lying upon them, and therefore they are ritually pure. bAnd likewise, Rabbi Dosa would say in accordance with his statement. /b, bWe learnedin a mishna bthere: Alltypes of iḥotzalotcan become ritually impurewith bimpurityimparted by ba corpse.Since their legal status is that of a vessel, they become a primary source of ritual impurity. This is bthe statement of Rabbi Dosa. And the Rabbis say:They become impure with the impurity imparted by btreading.If a izavlies or sits on one of the iḥotzalot /i, they become a primary source of ritual impurity, like a chair or bed of a izav /i.,The Gemara asks: Impurity imparted by btreading, yes; impurityimparted by ba corpse, no? But didn’t we learnin a mishna: bAny item that becomes ritually impurewith impurity imparted bby treadingalso bbecomes ritually impurewith other types of impurity, including impurity bimparted by a corpse,although the reverse is not necessarily so. The opinion of the Rabbis is difficult. The Gemara explains: Emend the mishna and bsay:They become ritually impure bevenwith the impurity imparted by btreading.These mats are not merely nondescript vessels, which become primary sources of ritual impurity through exposure to a corpse, they are vessels designated for sitting and lying upon them, and therefore they also become primary sources of ritual impurity if a izavsits or lies upon them.,The Gemara asks about the term used in the mishna: bWhatis the meaning of iḥotzalot /i? Rav Avdimi bar Hamduri said:They are imarzovelei /i.The Gemara is unfamiliar with the term and asks: bWhatis the meaning of imarzovelei /i? Rabbi Abba said:They are called imezablei /iin Babylonia. They are leather sacks used by shepherds to feed their animals. Shepherds place them under their heads when lying down. bRabbi Shimon ben Lakish says: iḤotzalotare a different term for bactual mats. /b,The Gemara notes: bAnd Reish Lakish follows hisline of breasoningstated elsewhere, bas Reish Lakish said: I am the atonement for Rabbi Ḥiyya and his sons, as initially, whensome of the bTorahlaws were bforgotten fromthe bJewish peoplein Eretz Yisrael, bEzra ascended from Babylonia and reestablishedthe forgotten laws. Parts of the Torah were bagain forgottenin Eretz Yisrael, and bHillel the Babylonian ascended and reestablishedthe forgotten sections. When parts of the Torah were bagain forgottenin Eretz Yisrael, bRabbi Ḥiyya and his sons ascended and reestablishedthe forgotten sections. This expression of deference toward Rabbi Ḥiyya introduces the ihalakhathat Reish Lakish is citing in his name. bAnd so said Rabbi Ḥiyya and his sons: Rabbi Dosa and the Rabbis did not disagree concerning thesoft bmats of Usha, /b |
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67. Anon., Exodus Rabbah, 15.12 (4th cent. CE - 9th cent. CE)
| 15.12. דָּבָר אַחֵר, הַחֹדֶשׁ הַזֶּה לָכֶם, רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר לִי וְלָכֶם הִיא הַגְּאֻלָּה, כִּבְיָכוֹל אֲנִי נִפְדֵיתִי עִמָּכֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל ב ז, כג): אֲשֶׁר פָּדִיתָ לְּךָ מִמִּצְרַיִם גּוֹיִם וֵאלֹהָיו, וְקִבְעוּ הַחֹדֶשׁ הַזֶּה לִי וְלָכֶם, שֶׁאֲנִי רוֹאֶה דַּם הַפֶּסַח וּמְכַפֵּר עֲלֵיכֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: דַּבְּרוּ אֶל כָּל עֲדַת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, וּתְהֵא שִׂמְחַתְכֶם שְׁלֵמָה, אֲפִלּוּ מִי שֶׁהוּא עָנִי. שֶׂה תָמִים זָכָר בֶּן שָׁנָה, שֶׂה, בִּשְׁבִיל (בראשית כב, ח): אֱלֹהִים יִרְאֶה לוֹ הַשֶֹּׂה וגו'. תָּמִים, לִשְׁמוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים לב, ד): הַצּוּר תָּמִים פָּעֳלוֹ. זָכָר, שֶׁהוּא הוֹרֵג כָּל בְּכוֹרֵיהֶם שֶׁל מִצְרַיִם וְחָס עַל בְּכוֹרֵיהֶם שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל. מִן הַכְּבָשִׂים וּמִן הָעִזִּים תִּקָּחוּ, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁאֲנִי הוֹרֵג הָאָדָם וְהַבְּהֵמָה הַשְּׁבִי וְהַשִּׁפְחָה, כָּךְ רְשׁוּת בְּיֶדְכֶם לִטֹּל מִכָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁאַתֶּם רוֹצִים וְיִהְיוּ מְשַׁמְרִין אוֹתוֹ, שֶׁהוּא לָכֶם שִׂמְחָה [נסחה אחרת: שמירה] גְּדוֹלָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְהָיָה לָכֶם לְמִשְׁמֶרֶת. וְשַׁחֲטוּ אוֹתוֹ, אַתֶּם שׁוֹחֲטִים פֶּסַח וַאֲנִי שׁוֹחֵט בְּכוֹרִים. וְלָקְחוּ מִן הַדָּם וְנָתְנוּ עַל שְׁתֵּי הַמְזוּזֹת, שֶׁאֲנִי פּוֹסֵחַ וּמֵגֵן עֲלֵיכֶם. וְיִהְיוּ זְהִירִין בּוֹ, שֶׁבַּלַּיְלָה הוּא נֶאֱכָל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְאָכְלוּ אֶת הַבָּשָׂר בַּלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה צְלִי אֵשׁ, בִּשְׁבִיל אַבְרָהָם שֶׁהִצַּלְתִּיו מִכִּבְשַׁן הָאֵשׁ. וּמַצּוֹת, בִּשְׁבִיל שָׂרָה שֶׁעָשְׂתָה לְמַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת עֻגוֹת וְלֹא טָעֲמוּ לֶחֶם. מְרֹרִים, בִּשְׁבִיל יַעֲקֹב, שֶׁכְּשֵׁם שֶׁנִּרְדְּפוּ בָּנָיו בְּמִצְרַיִם כָּךְ רְדָפוֹ עֵשָׂו. וְלֹא תוֹתִירוּ מִמֶּנּוּ עַד בֹּקֶר, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁאֵינִי מְשַׁיֵּר נְשָׁמָה בִּבְכוֹרֵי מִצְרַיִם, כָּךְ לֹא תוֹתִירוּ מִמֶּנוּ עַד בֹּקֶר. מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁאָמַר לְבָנָיו הֱיוּ יוֹדְעִים שֶׁאֲנִי דָן דִּינֵי נְפָשׁוֹת וּמְחַיֵּב, הַקְרִיבוּ לִי דּוֹרוֹן שֶׁאִם תַּעֲלוּ לְפָנַי לַבִּימָה שֶׁאַעֲבִיר אִילוֹגִין שֶׁלָּכֶם לְאַחֵר. כָּךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְיִשְׂרָאֵל בְּדִינֵי נְפָשׁוֹת אֲנִי מִתְעַסֵּק וּמוֹדִיעַ אֲנִי הֵיאַךְ אֲנִי חָס עֲלֵיכֶם בְּרַחֲמִים בְּדַם פֶּסַח וּבְדַם מִילָה, וַאֲנִי מְכַפֵּר עַל נַפְשׁוֹתֵיכֶם, שֶׁהָעֲבָרָה שֶׁאֲנִי עוֹבֵר קָשָׁה הִיא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וְעָבַרְתִּי בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם, וְכֵן יִשְׂרָאֵל אוֹמֵר (תהלים ט, י): וִיהִי ה' מִשְׁגָּב לַדָּךְ מִשְׂגָּב לְעִתּוֹת בַּצָּרָה. | |
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68. Methodius of Olympus, Symposium, 9.2-9.3 (4th cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
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69. Anon., 4 Ezra, 4, 14
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70. Anon., Pesiqta De Rav Kahana, 27.1
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71. Anon., Pesikta Rabbati, 21
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72. Papyri, P.Yadin, 3, 15
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