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Tiresias: The Ancient Mediterranean Religions Source Database



6296
Hebrew Bible, Leviticus, 11.9-11.12


nanAnd all that have not fins and scales in the seas, and in the rivers, of all that swarm in the waters, and of all the living creatures that are in the waters, they are a detestable thing unto you


וְשֶׁקֶץ יִהְיוּ לָכֶם מִבְּשָׂרָם לֹא תֹאכֵלוּ וְאֶת־נִבְלָתָם תְּשַׁקֵּצוּ׃and they shall be a detestable thing unto you; ye shall not eat of their flesh, and their carcasses ye shall have in detestation.


כֹּל אֲשֶׁר אֵין־לוֹ סְנַפִּיר וְקַשְׂקֶשֶׂת בַּמָּיִם שֶׁקֶץ הוּא לָכֶם׃Whatsoever hath no fins nor scales in the waters, that is a detestable thing unto you.


אֶת־זֶה תֹּאכְלוּ מִכֹּל אֲשֶׁר בַּמָּיִם כֹּל אֲשֶׁר־לוֹ סְנַפִּיר וְקַשְׂקֶשֶׂת בַּמַּיִם בַּיַּמִּים וּבַנְּחָלִים אֹתָם תֹּאכֵלוּ׃These may ye eat of all that are in the waters: whatsoever hath fins and scales in the waters, in the seas, and in the rivers, them may ye eat.


Intertexts (texts cited often on the same page as the searched text):

20 results
1. Hebrew Bible, Deuteronomy, 12.16, 14.1, 14.3-14.21, 24.4, 24.8 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)

12.16. רַק הַדָּם לֹא תֹאכֵלוּ עַל־הָאָרֶץ תִּשְׁפְּכֶנּוּ כַּמָּיִם׃ 14.1. וְכֹל אֲשֶׁר אֵין־לוֹ סְנַפִּיר וְקַשְׂקֶשֶׂת לֹא תֹאכֵלוּ טָמֵא הוּא לָכֶם׃ 14.1. בָּנִים אַתֶּם לַיהוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם לֹא תִתְגֹּדְדוּ וְלֹא־תָשִׂימוּ קָרְחָה בֵּין עֵינֵיכֶם לָמֵת׃ 14.3. לֹא תֹאכַל כָּל־תּוֹעֵבָה׃ 14.4. זֹאת הַבְּהֵמָה אֲשֶׁר תֹּאכֵלוּ שׁוֹר שֵׂה כְשָׂבִים וְשֵׂה עִזִּים׃ 14.5. אַיָּל וּצְבִי וְיַחְמוּר וְאַקּוֹ וְדִישֹׁן וּתְאוֹ וָזָמֶר׃ 14.6. וְכָל־בְּהֵמָה מַפְרֶסֶת פַּרְסָה וְשֹׁסַעַת שֶׁסַע שְׁתֵּי פְרָסוֹת מַעֲלַת גֵּרָה בַּבְּהֵמָה אֹתָהּ תֹּאכֵלוּ׃ 14.7. אַךְ אֶת־זֶה לֹא תֹאכְלוּ מִמַּעֲלֵי הַגֵּרָה וּמִמַּפְרִיסֵי הַפַּרְסָה הַשְּׁסוּעָה אֶת־הַגָּמָל וְאֶת־הָאַרְנֶבֶת וְאֶת־הַשָּׁפָן כִּי־מַעֲלֵה גֵרָה הֵמָּה וּפַרְסָה לֹא הִפְרִיסוּ טְמֵאִים הֵם לָכֶם׃ 14.8. וְאֶת־הַחֲזִיר כִּי־מַפְרִיס פַּרְסָה הוּא וְלֹא גֵרָה טָמֵא הוּא לָכֶם מִבְּשָׂרָם לֹא תֹאכֵלוּ וּבְנִבְלָתָם לֹא תִגָּעוּ׃ 14.9. אֶת־זֶה תֹּאכְלוּ מִכֹּל אֲשֶׁר בַּמָּיִם כֹּל אֲשֶׁר־לוֹ סְנַפִּיר וְקַשְׂקֶשֶׂת תֹּאכֵלוּ׃ 14.11. כָּל־צִפּוֹר טְהֹרָה תֹּאכֵלוּ׃ 14.12. וְזֶה אֲשֶׁר לֹא־תֹאכְלוּ מֵהֶם הַנֶּשֶׁר וְהַפֶּרֶס וְהָעָזְנִיָּה׃ 14.13. וְהָרָאָה וְאֶת־הָאַיָּה וְהַדַּיָּה לְמִינָהּ׃ 14.14. וְאֵת כָּל־עֹרֵב לְמִינוֹ׃ 14.15. וְאֵת בַּת הַיַּעֲנָה וְאֶת־הַתַּחְמָס וְאֶת־הַשָּׁחַף וְאֶת־הַנֵּץ לְמִינֵהוּ׃ 14.16. אֶת־הַכּוֹס וְאֶת־הַיַּנְשׁוּף וְהַתִּנְשָׁמֶת׃ 14.17. וְהַקָּאָת וְאֶת־הָרָחָמָה וְאֶת־הַשָּׁלָךְ׃ 14.18. וְהַחֲסִידָה וְהָאֲנָפָה לְמִינָהּ וְהַדּוּכִיפַת וְהָעֲטַלֵּף׃ 14.19. וְכֹל שֶׁרֶץ הָעוֹף טָמֵא הוּא לָכֶם לֹא יֵאָכֵלוּ׃ 14.21. לֹא תֹאכְלוּ כָל־נְבֵלָה לַגֵּר אֲשֶׁר־בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָ תִּתְּנֶנָּה וַאֲכָלָהּ אוֹ מָכֹר לְנָכְרִי כִּי עַם קָדוֹשׁ אַתָּה לַיהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ לֹא־תְבַשֵּׁל גְּדִי בַּחֲלֵב אִמּוֹ׃ 24.4. לֹא־יוּכַל בַּעְלָהּ הָרִאשׁוֹן אֲשֶׁר־שִׁלְּחָהּ לָשׁוּב לְקַחְתָּהּ לִהְיוֹת לוֹ לְאִשָּׁה אַחֲרֵי אֲשֶׁר הֻטַּמָּאָה כִּי־תוֹעֵבָה הִוא לִפְנֵי יְהוָה וְלֹא תַחֲטִיא אֶת־הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ נֹתֵן לְךָ נַחֲלָה׃ 24.8. הִשָּׁמֶר בְּנֶגַע־הַצָּרַעַת לִשְׁמֹר מְאֹד וְלַעֲשׂוֹת כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר־יוֹרוּ אֶתְכֶם הַכֹּהֲנִים הַלְוִיִּם כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתִם תִּשְׁמְרוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת׃ 12.16. Only ye shall not eat the blood; thou shalt pour it out upon the earth as water." 14.1. Ye are the children of the LORD your God: ye shall not cut yourselves, nor make any baldness between your eyes for the dead." 14.3. Thou shalt not eat any abominable thing." 14.4. These are the beasts which ye may eat: the ox, the sheep, and the goat," 14.5. the hart, and the gazelle, and the roebuck, and the wild goat, and the pygarg, and the antelope, and the mountain-sheep." 14.6. And every beast that parteth the hoof, and hath the hoof wholly cloven in two, and cheweth the cud, among the beasts, that ye may eat." 14.7. Nevertheless these ye shall not eat of them that only chew the cud, or of them that only have the hoof cloven: the camel, and the hare, and the rock-badger, because they chew the cud but part not the hoof, they are unclean unto you;" 14.8. and the swine, because he parteth the hoof but cheweth not the cud, he is unclean unto you; of their flesh ye shall not eat, and their carcasses ye shall not touch." 14.9. These ye may eat of all that are in the waters: whatsoever hath fins and scales may ye eat;" 14.10. and whatsoever hath not fins and scales ye shall not eat; it is unclean unto you." 14.11. of all clean birds ye may eat." 14.12. But these are they of which ye shall not eat: the great vulture, and the bearded vulture, and the ospray;" 14.13. and the glede, and the falcon, and the kite after its kinds;" 14.14. and every raven after its kinds;" 14.15. and the ostrich, and the night-hawk, and the sea-mew, and the hawk after its kinds;" 14.16. the little owl, and the great owl, and the horned owl;" 14.17. and the pelican, and the carrion-vulture, and the cormorant;" 14.18. and the stork, and the heron after its kinds, and the hoopoe, and the bat." 14.19. And all winged swarming things are unclean unto you; they shall not be eaten." 14.20. of all clean winged things ye may eat." 14.21. Ye shall not eat of any thing that dieth of itself; thou mayest give it unto the stranger that is within thy gates, that he may eat it; or thou mayest sell it unto a foreigner; for thou art a holy people unto the LORD thy God. Thou shalt not seethe a kid in its mother’s milk." 24.4. her former husband, who sent her away, may not take her again to be his wife, after that she is defiled; for that is abomination before the LORD; and thou shalt not cause the land to sin, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance." 24.8. Take heed in the plague of leprosy, that thou observe diligently, and do according to all that the priests the Levites shall teach you, as I commanded them, so ye shall observe to do."
2. Hebrew Bible, Exodus, 22.12, 22.30, 23.19, 34.26 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)

22.12. אִם־טָרֹף יִטָּרֵף יְבִאֵהוּ עֵד הַטְּרֵפָה לֹא יְשַׁלֵּם׃ 23.19. רֵאשִׁית בִּכּוּרֵי אַדְמָתְךָ תָּבִיא בֵּית יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ לֹא־תְבַשֵּׁל גְּדִי בַּחֲלֵב אִמּוֹ׃ 34.26. רֵאשִׁית בִּכּוּרֵי אַדְמָתְךָ תָּבִיא בֵּית יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ לֹא־תְבַשֵּׁל גְּדִי בַּחֲלֵב אִמּוֹ׃ 22.12. If it be torn in pieces, let him bring it for witness; he shall not make good that which was torn." 22.30. And ye shall be holy men unto Me; therefore ye shall not eat any flesh that is torn of beasts in the field; ye shall cast it to the dogs." 23.19. The choicest first-fruits of thy land thou shalt bring into the house of the LORD thy God. Thou shalt not seethe a kid in its mother’s milk." 34.26. The choicest first-fruits of thy land thou shalt bring unto the house of the LORD thy God. Thou shalt not seethe a kid in its mother’s milk.’"
3. Hebrew Bible, Genesis, 1, 1.1-2.4, 1.11, 1.12, 1.20, 1.21, 1.22, 1.24, 1.25, 1.26, 1.28, 1.30, 2.19, 7.1, 7.2, 9.5, 9.10, 9.12, 9.15, 9.16, 32.25, 32.26, 32.27, 32.28, 32.29, 32.30, 32.31, 32.32, 32.33, 47.18 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)

4. Hebrew Bible, Hosea, 6.1 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)

6.1. לְכוּ וְנָשׁוּבָה אֶל־יְהוָה כִּי הוּא טָרָף וְיִרְפָּאֵנוּ יַךְ וְיַחְבְּשֵׁנוּ׃ 6.1. בְּבֵית יִשְׂרָאֵל רָאִיתִי שעריריה [שַׁעֲרוּרִיָּה] שָׁם זְנוּת לְאֶפְרַיִם נִטְמָא יִשְׂרָאֵל׃ 6.1. ’Come, and let us return unto the LORD; For He hath torn, and He will heal us, He hath smitten, and He will bind us up."
5. Hebrew Bible, Leviticus, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5.2, 6, 6.2, 6.7, 6.18, 7, 7.1, 7.11, 7.19, 7.20, 7.21, 7.24, 7.26, 7.37, 10.10, 11, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8, 11.9, 11.11, 11.12, 11.13, 11.14, 11.15, 11.16, 11.17, 11.18, 11.19, 11.20, 11.21, 11.22, 11.23, 11.24, 11.25, 11.26, 11.27, 11.28, 11.29, 11.30, 11.31, 11.32, 11.33, 11.34, 11.35, 11.36, 11.37, 11.38, 11.39, 11.40, 11.41, 11.42, 11.43, 11.44, 11.45, 11.46, 11.47, 12, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, 12.8, 13, 13.1-14.32, 13.47, 13.48, 13.49, 13.50, 13.51, 13.52, 13.53, 13.54, 13.55, 13.56, 13.57, 13.58, 13.59, 14, 14.33, 14.34, 14.35, 14.36, 14.37, 14.38, 14.39, 14.40, 14.41, 14.42, 14.43, 14.44, 14.45, 14.46, 14.47, 14.48, 14.49, 14.50, 14.51, 14.52, 14.53, 14.54, 14.57, 15, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.5, 15.6, 15.7, 15.8, 15.9, 15.10, 15.11, 15.12, 15.13, 15.14, 15.15, 15.16, 15.17, 15.18, 15.19, 15.20, 15.21, 15.22, 15.23, 15.24, 15.25, 15.26, 15.27, 15.28, 15.29, 15.30, 15.31, 15.32, 15.33, 16, 16.28, 17, 17.13, 17.15, 18, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4, 18.5, 18.24, 18.25, 18.26, 18.27, 18.28, 18.29, 18.30, 19, 19.2, 19.28, 19.31, 20, 20.7, 20.25, 20.26, 21, 21.1, 21.2, 21.3, 21.4, 21.5, 21.7, 21.11, 21.13, 21.14, 21.15, 22, 22.1, 22.2, 22.3, 22.4, 22.5, 22.6, 22.7, 22.8, 23, 24, 24.17, 25, 26, 27 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)

6. Hebrew Bible, Numbers, 5.2, 6.11, 9.6-9.7, 9.10-9.11, 9.13, 19.7-19.8, 19.10-19.22, 35.33-35.34 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)

5.2. וְאַתְּ כִּי שָׂטִית תַּחַת אִישֵׁךְ וְכִי נִטְמֵאת וַיִּתֵּן אִישׁ בָּךְ אֶת־שְׁכָבְתּוֹ מִבַּלְעֲדֵי אִישֵׁךְ׃ 5.2. צַו אֶת־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וִישַׁלְּחוּ מִן־הַמַּחֲנֶה כָּל־צָרוּעַ וְכָל־זָב וְכֹל טָמֵא לָנָפֶשׁ׃ 6.11. וְעָשָׂה הַכֹּהֵן אֶחָד לְחַטָּאת וְאֶחָד לְעֹלָה וְכִפֶּר עָלָיו מֵאֲשֶׁר חָטָא עַל־הַנָּפֶשׁ וְקִדַּשׁ אֶת־רֹאשׁוֹ בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא׃ 9.6. וַיְהִי אֲנָשִׁים אֲשֶׁר הָיוּ טְמֵאִים לְנֶפֶשׁ אָדָם וְלֹא־יָכְלוּ לַעֲשֹׂת־הַפֶּסַח בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא וַיִּקְרְבוּ לִפְנֵי מֹשֶׁה וְלִפְנֵי אַהֲרֹן בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא׃ 9.7. וַיֹּאמְרוּ הָאֲנָשִׁים הָהֵמָּה אֵלָיו אֲנַחְנוּ טְמֵאִים לְנֶפֶשׁ אָדָם לָמָּה נִגָּרַע לְבִלְתִּי הַקְרִב אֶת־קָרְבַּן יְהוָה בְּמֹעֲדוֹ בְּתוֹךְ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל׃ 9.11. בַּחֹדֶשׁ הַשֵּׁנִי בְּאַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר יוֹם בֵּין הָעַרְבַּיִם יַעֲשׂוּ אֹתוֹ עַל־מַצּוֹת וּמְרֹרִים יֹאכְלֻהוּ׃ 9.13. וְהָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר־הוּא טָהוֹר וּבְדֶרֶךְ לֹא־הָיָה וְחָדַל לַעֲשׂוֹת הַפֶּסַח וְנִכְרְתָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא מֵעַמֶּיהָ כִּי קָרְבַּן יְהוָה לֹא הִקְרִיב בְּמֹעֲדוֹ חֶטְאוֹ יִשָּׂא הָאִישׁ הַהוּא׃ 19.7. וְכִבֶּס בְּגָדָיו הַכֹּהֵן וְרָחַץ בְּשָׂרוֹ בַּמַּיִם וְאַחַר יָבוֹא אֶל־הַמַּחֲנֶה וְטָמֵא הַכֹּהֵן עַד־הָעָרֶב׃ 19.8. וְהַשֹּׂרֵף אֹתָהּ יְכַבֵּס בְּגָדָיו בַּמַּיִם וְרָחַץ בְּשָׂרוֹ בַּמָּיִם וְטָמֵא עַד־הָעָרֶב׃ 19.11. הַנֹּגֵעַ בְּמֵת לְכָל־נֶפֶשׁ אָדָם וְטָמֵא שִׁבְעַת יָמִים׃ 19.12. הוּא יִתְחַטָּא־בוֹ בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁי וּבַיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי יִטְהָר וְאִם־לֹא יִתְחַטָּא בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁי וּבַיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי לֹא יִטְהָר׃ 19.13. כָּל־הַנֹּגֵעַ בְּמֵת בְּנֶפֶשׁ הָאָדָם אֲשֶׁר־יָמוּת וְלֹא יִתְחַטָּא אֶת־מִשְׁכַּן יְהוָה טִמֵּא וְנִכְרְתָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל כִּי מֵי נִדָּה לֹא־זֹרַק עָלָיו טָמֵא יִהְיֶה עוֹד טֻמְאָתוֹ בוֹ׃ 19.14. זֹאת הַתּוֹרָה אָדָם כִּי־יָמוּת בְּאֹהֶל כָּל־הַבָּא אֶל־הָאֹהֶל וְכָל־אֲשֶׁר בָּאֹהֶל יִטְמָא שִׁבְעַת יָמִים׃ 19.15. וְכֹל כְּלִי פָתוּחַ אֲשֶׁר אֵין־צָמִיד פָּתִיל עָלָיו טָמֵא הוּא׃ 19.16. וְכֹל אֲשֶׁר־יִגַּע עַל־פְּנֵי הַשָּׂדֶה בַּחֲלַל־חֶרֶב אוֹ בְמֵת אוֹ־בְעֶצֶם אָדָם אוֹ בְקָבֶר יִטְמָא שִׁבְעַת יָמִים׃ 19.17. וְלָקְחוּ לַטָּמֵא מֵעֲפַר שְׂרֵפַת הַחַטָּאת וְנָתַן עָלָיו מַיִם חַיִּים אֶל־כֶּלִי׃ 19.18. וְלָקַח אֵזוֹב וְטָבַל בַּמַּיִם אִישׁ טָהוֹר וְהִזָּה עַל־הָאֹהֶל וְעַל־כָּל־הַכֵּלִים וְעַל־הַנְּפָשׁוֹת אֲשֶׁר הָיוּ־שָׁם וְעַל־הַנֹּגֵעַ בַּעֶצֶם אוֹ בֶחָלָל אוֹ בַמֵּת אוֹ בַקָּבֶר׃ 19.19. וְהִזָּה הַטָּהֹר עַל־הַטָּמֵא בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁי וּבַיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי וְחִטְּאוֹ בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי וְכִבֶּס בְּגָדָיו וְרָחַץ בַּמַּיִם וְטָהֵר בָּעָרֶב׃ 19.21. וְהָיְתָה לָּהֶם לְחֻקַּת עוֹלָם וּמַזֵּה מֵי־הַנִּדָּה יְכַבֵּס בְּגָדָיו וְהַנֹּגֵעַ בְּמֵי הַנִּדָּה יִטְמָא עַד־הָעָרֶב׃ 19.22. וְכֹל אֲשֶׁר־יִגַּע־בּוֹ הַטָּמֵא יִטְמָא וְהַנֶּפֶשׁ הַנֹּגַעַת תִּטְמָא עַד־הָעָרֶב׃ 35.33. וְלֹא־תַחֲנִיפוּ אֶת־הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר אַתֶּם בָּהּ כִּי הַדָּם הוּא יַחֲנִיף אֶת־הָאָרֶץ וְלָאָרֶץ לֹא־יְכֻפַּר לַדָּם אֲשֶׁר שֻׁפַּךְ־בָּהּ כִּי־אִם בְּדַם שֹׁפְכוֹ׃ 35.34. וְלֹא תְטַמֵּא אֶת־הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר אַתֶּם יֹשְׁבִים בָּהּ אֲשֶׁר אֲנִי שֹׁכֵן בְּתוֹכָהּ כִּי אֲנִי יְהוָה שֹׁכֵן בְּתוֹךְ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל׃ 5.2. ’Command the children of Israel, that they put out of the camp every leper, and every one that hath an issue, and whosoever is unclean by the dead;" 6.11. And the priest shall prepare one for a sin-offering, and the other for a burnt-offering, and make atonement for him, for that he sinned by reason of the dead; and he shall hallow his head that same day." 9.6. But there were certain men, who were unclean by the dead body of a man, so that they could not keep the passover on that day; and they came before Moses and before Aaron on that day." 9.7. And those men said unto him: ‘We are unclean by the dead body of a man; wherefore are we to be kept back, so as not to bring the offering of the LORD in its appointed season among the children of Israel?’" 9.10. ’Speak unto the children of Israel, saying: If any man of you or of your generations shall be unclean by reason of a dead body, or be in a journey afar off, yet he shall keep the passover unto the LORD;" 9.11. in the second month on the fourteenth day at dusk they shall keep it; they shall eat it with unleavened bread and bitter herbs;" 9.13. But the man that is clean, and is not on a journey, and forbeareth to keep the passover, that soul shall be cut off from his people; because he brought not the offering of the LORD in its appointed season, that man shall bear his sin." 19.7. Then the priest shall wash his clothes, and he shall bathe his flesh in water, and afterward he may come into the camp, and the priest shall be unclean until the even." 19.8. And he that burneth her shall wash his clothes in water, and bathe his flesh in water, and shall be unclean until the even." 19.10. And he that gathereth the ashes of the heifer shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even; and it shall be unto the children of Israel, and unto the stranger that sojourneth among them, for a statute for ever." 19.11. He that toucheth the dead, even any man’s dead body, shall be unclean seven days;" 19.12. the same shall purify himself therewith on the third day and on the seventh day, and he shall be clean; but if he purify not himself the third day and the seventh day, he shall not be clean." 19.13. Whosoever toucheth the dead, even the body of any man that is dead, and purifieth not himself—he hath defiled the tabernacle of the LORD—that soul shall be cut off from Israel; because the water of sprinkling was not dashed against him, he shall be unclean; his uncleanness is yet upon him." 19.14. This is the law: when a man dieth in a tent, every one that cometh into the tent, and every thing that is in the tent, shall be unclean seven days." 19.15. And every open vessel, which hath no covering close-bound upon it, is unclean." 19.16. And whosoever in the open field toucheth one that is slain with a sword, or one that dieth of himself, or a bone of a man, or a grave, shall be unclean seven days." 19.17. And for the unclean they shall take of the ashes of the burning of the purification from sin, and running water shall be put thereto in a vessel." 19.18. And a clean person shall take hyssop, and dip it in the water, and sprinkle it upon the tent, and upon all the vessels, and upon the persons that were there, and upon him that touched the bone, or the slain, or the dead, or the grave." 19.19. And the clean person shall sprinkle upon the unclean on the third day, and on the seventh day; and on the seventh day he shall purify him; and he shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and shall be clean at even." 19.20. But the man that shall be unclean, and shall not purify himself, that soul shall be cut off from the midst of the assembly, because he hath defiled the sanctuary of the LORD; the water of sprinkling hath not been dashed against him: he is unclean." 19.21. And it shall be a perpetual statute unto them; and he that sprinkleth the water of sprinkling shall wash his clothes; and he that toucheth the water of sprinkling shall be unclean until even." 19.22. And whatsoever the unclean person toucheth shall be unclean; and the soul that toucheth him shall be unclean until even." 35.33. So ye shall not pollute the land wherein ye are; for blood, it polluteth the land; and no expiation can be made for the land for the blood that is shed therein, but by the blood of him that shed it." 35.34. And thou shalt not defile the land which ye inhabit, in the midst of which I dwell; for I the LORD dwell in the midst of the children of Israel.’"
7. Hebrew Bible, Psalms, 106.39-106.40, 110.6 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)

106.39. וַיִּטְמְאוּ בְמַעֲשֵׂיהֶם וַיִּזְנוּ בְּמַעַלְלֵיהֶם׃ 110.6. יָדִין בַּגּוֹיִם מָלֵא גְוִיּוֹת מָחַץ רֹאשׁ עַל־אֶרֶץ רַבָּה׃ 106.39. Thus were they defiled with their works, And went astray in their doings." 106.40. Therefore was the wrath of the LORD kindled against His people, And He abhorred His inheritance." 110.6. He will judge among the nations; He filleth it with the dead bodies, He crusheth the head over a wide land."
8. Hebrew Bible, Zephaniah, 3.4 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)

3.4. נְבִיאֶיהָ פֹּחֲזִים אַנְשֵׁי בֹּגְדוֹת כֹּהֲנֶיהָ חִלְּלוּ־קֹדֶשׁ חָמְסוּ תּוֹרָה׃ 3.4. Her prophets are wanton And treacherous persons; Her priests have profaned that which is holy, They have done violence to the law.
9. Hebrew Bible, 1 Samuel, 31.10 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)

31.10. And they put his armour in the house of ῾Ashtarot: and they fastened his body to the wall of Bet-shan."
10. Hebrew Bible, Jeremiah, 3.1 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)

3.1. וְגַם־בְּכָל־זֹאת לֹא־שָׁבָה אֵלַי בָּגוֹדָה אֲחוֹתָהּ יְהוּדָה בְּכָל־לִבָּהּ כִּי אִם־בְּשֶׁקֶר נְאֻם־יְהוָה׃ 3.1. לֵאמֹר הֵן יְשַׁלַּח אִישׁ אֶת־אִשְׁתּוֹ וְהָלְכָה מֵאִתּוֹ וְהָיְתָה לְאִישׁ־אַחֵר הֲיָשׁוּב אֵלֶיהָ עוֹד הֲלוֹא חָנוֹף תֶּחֱנַף הָאָרֶץ הַהִיא וְאַתְּ זָנִית רֵעִים רַבִּים וְשׁוֹב אֵלַי נְאֻם־יְהֹוָה׃ 3.1. . . . saying: If a man put away his wife, and she go from him, and become another man’s, may he return unto her again? Will not that land be greatly polluted? But thou hast played the harlot with many lovers; and wouldest thou yet return to Me? Saith the LORD."
11. Hebrew Bible, Judges, 14.8 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)

14.8. וַיָּשָׁב מִיָּמִים לְקַחְתָּהּ וַיָּסַר לִרְאוֹת אֵת מַפֶּלֶת הָאַרְיֵה וְהִנֵּה עֲדַת דְּבוֹרִים בִּגְוִיַּת הָאַרְיֵה וּדְבָשׁ׃ 14.8. And after a time he returned to take her, and he turned aside to see the carcass of the lion: and, behold, there was a swarm of bees and honey in the carcass of the lion."
12. Hebrew Bible, Ezekiel, 4.14, 16.36-16.52, 16.55, 16.59-16.63, 22.26, 36.17, 36.19-36.25, 44.22, 44.31, 47.9 (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)

4.14. וָאֹמַר אֲהָהּ אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה הִנֵּה נַפְשִׁי לֹא מְטֻמָּאָה וּנְבֵלָה וּטְרֵפָה לֹא־אָכַלְתִּי מִנְּעוּרַי וְעַד־עַתָּה וְלֹא־בָא בְּפִי בְּשַׂר פִּגּוּל׃ 16.36. כֹּה־אָמַר אֲדֹנָי יְהֹוִה יַעַן הִשָּׁפֵךְ נְחֻשְׁתֵּךְ וַתִּגָּלֶה עֶרְוָתֵךְ בְּתַזְנוּתַיִךְ עַל־מְאַהֲבָיִךְ וְעַל כָּל־גִּלּוּלֵי תוֹעֲבוֹתַיִךְ וְכִדְמֵי בָנַיִךְ אֲשֶׁר נָתַתְּ לָהֶם׃ 16.37. לָכֵן הִנְנִי מְקַבֵּץ אֶת־כָּל־מְאַהֲבַיִךְ אֲשֶׁר עָרַבְתְּ עֲלֵיהֶם וְאֵת כָּל־אֲשֶׁר אָהַבְתְּ עַל כָּל־אֲשֶׁר שָׂנֵאת וְקִבַּצְתִּי אֹתָם עָלַיִךְ מִסָּבִיב וְגִלֵּיתִי עֶרְוָתֵךְ אֲלֵהֶם וְרָאוּ אֶת־כָּל־עֶרְוָתֵךְ׃ 16.38. וּשְׁפַטְתִּיךְ מִשְׁפְּטֵי נֹאֲפוֹת וְשֹׁפְכֹת דָּם וּנְתַתִּיךְ דַּם חֵמָה וְקִנְאָה׃ 16.39. וְנָתַתִּי אוֹתָךְ בְּיָדָם וְהָרְסוּ גַבֵּךְ וְנִתְּצוּ רָמֹתַיִךְ וְהִפְשִׁיטוּ אוֹתָךְ בְּגָדַיִךְ וְלָקְחוּ כְּלֵי תִפְאַרְתֵּךְ וְהִנִּיחוּךְ עֵירֹם וְעֶרְיָה׃ 16.41. וְשָׂרְפוּ בָתַּיִךְ בָּאֵשׁ וְעָשׂוּ־בָךְ שְׁפָטִים לְעֵינֵי נָשִׁים רַבּוֹת וְהִשְׁבַּתִּיךְ מִזּוֹנָה וְגַם־אֶתְנַן לֹא תִתְּנִי־עוֹד׃ 16.42. וַהֲנִחֹתִי חֲמָתִי בָּךְ וְסָרָה קִנְאָתִי מִמֵּךְ וְשָׁקַטְתִּי וְלֹא אֶכְעַס עוֹד׃ 16.43. יַעַן אֲשֶׁר לֹא־זכרתי [זָכַרְתְּ] אֶת־יְמֵי נְעוּרַיִךְ וַתִּרְגְּזִי־לִי בְּכָל־אֵלֶּה וְגַם־אֲנִי הֵא דַּרְכֵּךְ בְּרֹאשׁ נָתַתִּי נְאֻם אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה וְלֹא עשיתי [עָשִׂית] אֶת־הַזִּמָּה עַל כָּל־תּוֹעֲבֹתָיִךְ׃ 16.44. הִנֵּה כָּל־הַמֹּשֵׁל עָלַיִךְ יִמְשֹׁל לֵאמֹר כְּאִמָּה בִּתָּהּ׃ 16.45. בַּת־אִמֵּךְ אַתְּ גֹּעֶלֶת אִישָׁהּ וּבָנֶיהָ וַאֲחוֹת אֲחוֹתֵךְ אַתְּ אֲשֶׁר גָּעֲלוּ אַנְשֵׁיהֶן וּבְנֵיהֶן אִמְּכֶן חִתִּית וַאֲבִיכֶן אֱמֹרִי׃ 16.46. וַאֲחוֹתֵךְ הַגְּדוֹלָה שֹׁמְרוֹן הִיא וּבְנוֹתֶיהָ הַיּוֹשֶׁבֶת עַל־שְׂמֹאולֵךְ וַאֲחוֹתֵךְ הַקְּטַנָּה מִמֵּךְ הַיּוֹשֶׁבֶת מִימִינֵךְ סְדֹם וּבְנוֹתֶיהָ׃ 16.47. וְלֹא בְדַרְכֵיהֶן הָלַכְתְּ וּבְתוֹעֲבוֹתֵיהֶן עשיתי [עָשִׂית] כִּמְעַט קָט וַתַּשְׁחִתִי מֵהֵן בְּכָל־דְּרָכָיִךְ׃ 16.48. חַי־אָנִי נְאֻם אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה אִם־עָשְׂתָה סְדֹם אֲחוֹתֵךְ הִיא וּבְנוֹתֶיהָ כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשִׂית אַתְּ וּבְנוֹתָיִךְ׃ 16.49. הִנֵּה־זֶה הָיָה עֲוֺן סְדֹם אֲחוֹתֵךְ גָּאוֹן שִׂבְעַת־לֶחֶם וְשַׁלְוַת הַשְׁקֵט הָיָה לָהּ וְלִבְנוֹתֶיהָ וְיַד־עָנִי וְאֶבְיוֹן לֹא הֶחֱזִיקָה׃ 16.51. וְשֹׁמְרוֹן כַּחֲצִי חַטֹּאתַיִךְ לֹא חָטָאָה וַתַּרְבִּי אֶת־תּוֹעֲבוֹתַיִךְ מֵהֵנָּה וַתְּצַדְּקִי אֶת־אחותך [אֲחוֹתַיִךְ] בְּכָל־תּוֹעֲבוֹתַיִךְ אֲשֶׁר עשיתי [עָשִׂית׃] 16.52. גַּם־אַתְּ שְׂאִי כְלִמָּתֵךְ אֲשֶׁר פִּלַּלְתְּ לַאֲחוֹתֵךְ בְּחַטֹּאתַיִךְ אֲשֶׁר־הִתְעַבְתְּ מֵהֵן תִּצְדַּקְנָה מִמֵּךְ וְגַם־אַתְּ בּוֹשִׁי וּשְׂאִי כְלִמָּתֵךְ בְּצַדֶּקְתֵּךְ אַחְיוֹתֵךְ׃ 16.55. וַאֲחוֹתַיִךְ סְדֹם וּבְנוֹתֶיהָ תָּשֹׁבְןָ לְקַדְמָתָן וְשֹׁמְרוֹן וּבְנוֹתֶיהָ תָּשֹׁבְןָ לְקַדְמָתָן וְאַתְּ וּבְנוֹתַיִךְ תְּשֻׁבֶינָה לְקַדְמַתְכֶן׃ 16.59. כִּי כֹה אָמַר אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה ועשית [וְעָשִׂיתִי] אוֹתָךְ כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשִׂית אֲשֶׁר־בָּזִית אָלָה לְהָפֵר בְּרִית׃ 16.61. וְזָכַרְתְּ אֶת־דְּרָכַיִךְ וְנִכְלַמְתְּ בְּקַחְתֵּךְ אֶת־אֲחוֹתַיִךְ הַגְּדֹלוֹת מִמֵּךְ אֶל־הַקְּטַנּוֹת מִמֵּךְ וְנָתַתִּי אֶתְהֶן לָךְ לְבָנוֹת וְלֹא מִבְּרִיתֵךְ׃ 16.62. וַהֲקִימוֹתִי אֲנִי אֶת־בְּרִיתִי אִתָּךְ וְיָדַעַתְּ כִּי־אֲנִי יְהוָה׃ 16.63. לְמַעַן תִּזְכְּרִי וָבֹשְׁתְּ וְלֹא יִהְיֶה־לָּךְ עוֹד פִּתְחוֹן פֶּה מִפְּנֵי כְּלִמָּתֵךְ בְּכַפְּרִי־לָךְ לְכָל־אֲשֶׁר עָשִׂית נְאֻם אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה׃ 22.26. כֹּהֲנֶיהָ חָמְסוּ תוֹרָתִי וַיְחַלְּלוּ קָדָשַׁי בֵּין־קֹדֶשׁ לְחֹל לֹא הִבְדִּילוּ וּבֵין־הַטָּמֵא לְטָהוֹר לֹא הוֹדִיעוּ וּמִשַׁבְּתוֹתַי הֶעְלִימוּ עֵינֵיהֶם וָאֵחַל בְּתוֹכָם׃ 36.17. בֶּן־אָדָם בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל יֹשְׁבִים עַל־אַדְמָתָם וַיְטַמְּאוּ אוֹתָהּ בְּדַרְכָּם וּבַעֲלִילוֹתָם כְּטֻמְאַת הַנִּדָּה הָיְתָה דַרְכָּם לְפָנָי׃ 36.19. וָאָפִיץ אֹתָם בַּגּוֹיִם וַיִּזָּרוּ בָּאֲרָצוֹת כְּדַרְכָּם וְכַעֲלִילוֹתָם שְׁפַטְתִּים׃ 36.21. וָאֶחְמֹל עַל־שֵׁם קָדְשִׁי אֲשֶׁר חִלְּלוּהוּ בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּגּוֹיִם אֲשֶׁר־בָּאוּ שָׁמָּה׃ 36.22. לָכֵן אֱמֹר לְבֵית־יִשְׂרָאֵל כֹּה אָמַר אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה לֹא לְמַעַנְכֶם אֲנִי עֹשֶׂה בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל כִּי אִם־לְשֵׁם־קָדְשִׁי אֲשֶׁר חִלַּלְתֶּם בַּגּוֹיִם אֲשֶׁר־בָּאתֶם שָׁם׃ 36.23. וְקִדַּשְׁתִּי אֶת־שְׁמִי הַגָּדוֹל הַמְחֻלָּל בַּגּוֹיִם אֲשֶׁר חִלַּלְתֶּם בְּתוֹכָם וְיָדְעוּ הַגּוֹיִם כִּי־אֲנִי יְהוָה נְאֻם אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה בְּהִקָּדְשִׁי בָכֶם לְעֵינֵיהֶם׃ 36.24. וְלָקַחְתִּי אֶתְכֶם מִן־הַגּוֹיִם וְקִבַּצְתִּי אֶתְכֶם מִכָּל־הָאֲרָצוֹת וְהֵבֵאתִי אֶתְכֶם אֶל־אַדְמַתְכֶם׃ 36.25. וְזָרַקְתִּי עֲלֵיכֶם מַיִם טְהוֹרִים וּטְהַרְתֶּם מִכֹּל טֻמְאוֹתֵיכֶם וּמִכָּל־גִּלּוּלֵיכֶם אֲטַהֵר אֶתְכֶם׃ 44.22. וְאַלְמָנָה וּגְרוּשָׁה לֹא־יִקְחוּ לָהֶם לְנָשִׁים כִּי אִם־בְּתוּלֹת מִזֶּרַע בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל וְהָאַלְמָנָה אֲשֶׁר תִּהְיֶה אַלְמָנָה מִכֹּהֵן יִקָּחוּ׃ 44.31. כָּל־נְבֵלָה וּטְרֵפָה מִן־הָעוֹף וּמִן־הַבְּהֵמָה לֹא יֹאכְלוּ הַכֹּהֲנִים׃ 47.9. וְהָיָה כָל־נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה אֲ‍שֶׁר־יִשְׁרֹץ אֶל כָּל־אֲשֶׁר יָבוֹא שָׁם נַחֲלַיִם יִחְיֶה וְהָיָה הַדָּגָה רַבָּה מְאֹד כִּי בָאוּ שָׁמָּה הַמַּיִם הָאֵלֶּה וְיֵרָפְאוּ וָחָי כֹּל אֲשֶׁר־יָבוֹא שָׁמָּה הַנָּחַל׃ 4.14. Then said I: ‘Ah Lord GOD! behold, my soul hath not been polluted; for from my youth up even till now have I not eaten of that which dieth of itself, or is torn of beasts; neither came there abhorred flesh into my mouth.’" 16.36. Thus saith the Lord GOD: Because thy filthiness was poured out, and thy nakedness uncovered through thy harlotries with thy lovers; and because of all the idols of thy abominations, and for the blood of thy children, that thou didst give unto them;" 16.37. therefore behold, I will gather all thy lovers, unto whom thou hast been pleasant, and all them that thou hast loved, with all them that thou hast hated; I will even gather them against thee from every side, and will uncover thy nakedness unto them, that they may see all thy nakedness." 16.38. And I will judge thee, as women that break wedlock and shed blood are judged; and I will bring upon thee the blood of fury and jealousy." 16.39. I will also give thee into their hand, and they shall throw down thine eminent place, and break down thy lofty places; and they shall strip thee of thy clothes, and take thy fair jewels; and they shall leave thee naked and bare." 16.40. They shall also bring up an assembly against thee, and they shall stone thee with stones, and thrust thee through with their swords." 16.41. And they shall burn thy houses with fire, and execute judgments upon thee in the sight of many women; and I will cause thee to cease from playing the harlot, and thou shalt also give no hire any more." 16.42. So will I satisfy My fury upon thee, and My jealousy shall depart from thee, and I will be quiet, and will be no more angry." 16.43. Because thou hast not remembered the days of thy youth, but hast fretted Me in all these things; lo, therefore I also will bring thy way upon thy head, saith the Lord GOD; or hast thou not committed this lewdness above all thine abominations?" 16.44. Behold, every one that useth proverbs shall use this proverb against thee, saying: As the mother, so her daughter." 16.45. Thou art thy mother’s daughter, that loatheth her husband and her children; and thou art the sister of thy sisters, who loathed their husbands and their children; your mother was a Hittite, and your father an Amorite." 16.46. And thine elder sister is Samaria, that dwelleth at thy left hand, she and her daughters; and thy younger sister, that dwelleth at thy right hand, is Sodom and her daughters." 16.47. Yet hast thou not walked in their ways, nor done after their abominations; but in a very little while thou didst deal more corruptly than they in all thy ways." 16.48. As I live, saith the Lord GOD, Sodom thy sister hath not done, she nor her daughters, as thou hast done, thou and thy daughters." 16.49. Behold, this was the iniquity of thy sister Sodom: pride, fulness of bread, and careless ease was in her and in her daughters; neither did she strengthen the hand of the poor and needy." 16.50. And they were haughty, and committed abomination before Me; therefore I removed them when I saw it." 16.51. Neither hath Samaria committed even half of thy sins; but thou hast multiplied thine abominations more than they, and hast justified thy sisters by all thine abominations which thou hast done." 16.52. Thou also, bear thine own shame, in that thou hast given judgment for thy sisters; through thy sins that thou hast committed more abominable than they, they are more righteous than thou; yea, be thou also confounded, and bear thy shame, in that thou hast justified thy sisters." 16.55. And thy sisters, Sodom and her daughters, shall return to their former estate, and Samaria and her daughters shall return to their former estate, and thou and thy daughters shall return to your former estate." 16.59. For thus saith the Lord GOD: I will even deal with thee as thou hast done, who hast despised the oath in breaking the covet." 16.60. Nevertheless I will remember My covet with thee in the days of thy youth, and I will establish unto thee an everlasting covet." 16.61. Then shalt thou remember thy ways, and be ashamed, when thou shalt receive thy sisters, thine elder sisters and thy younger; and I will give them unto thee for daughters, but not because of thy covet." 16.62. And I will establish My covet with thee, and thou shalt know that I am the LORD;" 16.63. that thou mayest remember, and be confounded, and never open thy mouth any more, because of thy shame; when I have forgiven thee all that thou hast done, saith the Lord GOD.’" 22.26. Her priests have done violence to My law, and have profaned My holy things; they have put no difference between the holy and the common, neither have they taught difference between the unclean and the clean, and have hid their eyes from My sabbaths, and I am profaned among them." 36.17. ’Son of man, when the house of Israel dwelt in their own land, they defiled it by their way and by their doings; their way before Me was as the uncleanness of a woman in her impurity." 36.19. and I scattered them among the nations, and they were dispersed through the countries; according to their way and according to their doings I judged them." 36.20. And when they came unto the nations, whither they came, they profaned My holy name; in that men said of them: These are the people of the LORD, and are gone forth out of His land." 36.21. But I had pity for My holy name, which the house of Israel had profaned among the nations, whither they came." 36.22. Therefore say unto the house of Israel: Thus saith the Lord GOD: I do not this for your sake, O house of Israel, but for My holy name, which ye have profaned among the nations, whither ye came." 36.23. And I will sanctify My great name, which hath been profaned among the nations, which ye have profaned in the midst of them; and the nations shall know that I am the LORD, saith the Lord GOD, when I shall be sanctified in you before their eyes." 36.24. For I will take you from among the nations, and gather you out of all the countries, and will bring you into your own land." 36.25. And I will sprinkle clean water upon you, and ye shall be clean; from all your uncleannesses, and from all your idols, will I cleanse you." 44.22. Neither shall they take for their wives a widow, nor her that is put away; but they shall take virgins of the seed of the house of Israel, or a widow that is the widow of a priest." 44.31. The priests shall not eat of any thing that dieth of itself, or is torn, whether it be fowl or beast." 47.9. And it shall come to pass, that every living creature wherewith it swarmeth, whithersoever the rivers shall come, shall live; and there shall be a very great multitude of fish; for these waters are come thither, that all things be healed and may live whithersoever the river cometh."
13. Hebrew Bible, Haggai, 2.11, 2.13 (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)

2.11. כֹּה אָמַר יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת שְׁאַל־נָא אֶת־הַכֹּהֲנִים תּוֹרָה לֵאמֹר׃ 2.13. וַיֹּאמֶר חַגַּי אִם־יִגַּע טְמֵא־נֶפֶשׁ בְּכָל־אֵלֶּה הֲיִטְמָא וַיַּעֲנוּ הַכֹּהֲנִים וַיֹּאמְרוּ יִטְמָא׃ 2.11. ’Thus saith the LORD of hosts: Ask now the priests for instruction, saying:" 2.13. Then said Haggai: ‘If one that is unclean by a dead body touch any of these, shall it be unclean?’ And the priests answered and said: ‘It shall be unclean.’"
14. Hebrew Bible, 1 Chronicles, 10.12 (5th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)

10.12. וַיָּקוּמוּ כָּל־אִישׁ חַיִל וַיִּשְׂאוּ אֶת־גּוּפַת שָׁאוּל וְאֵת גּוּפֹת בָּנָיו וַיְבִיאוּם יָבֵישָׁה וַיִּקְבְּרוּ אֶת־עַצְמוֹתֵיהֶם תַּחַת הָאֵלָה בְּיָבֵשׁ וַיָּצוּמוּ שִׁבְעַת יָמִים׃ 10.12. all the valiant men arose, and took away the body of Saul, and the bodies of his sons, and brought them to Jabesh, and buried their bones under the terebinth in Jabesh, and fasted seven days."
15. Hebrew Bible, Nehemiah, 9.37 (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE)

9.37. וּתְבוּאָתָהּ מַרְבָּה לַמְּלָכִים אֲשֶׁר־נָתַתָּה עָלֵינוּ בְּחַטֹּאותֵינוּ וְעַל גְּוִיֹּתֵינוּ מֹשְׁלִים וּבִבְהֶמְתֵּנוּ כִּרְצוֹנָם וּבְצָרָה גְדוֹלָה אֲנָחְנוּ׃ 9.37. And it yieldeth much increase unto the kings whom Thou hast set over us because of our sins; also they have power over our bodies, and over our cattle, at their pleasure, and we are in great distress.’"
16. Septuagint, Ecclesiasticus (Siracides), 42.18-42.19 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)

42.18. He searches out the abyss, and the hearts of men,and considers their crafty devices. For the Most High knows all that may be known,and he looks into the signs of the age. 42.18. The eye marvels at the beauty of its whiteness,and the mind is amazed at its falling. 42.19. He declares what has been and what is to be,and he reveals the tracks of hidden things. 42.19. He pours the hoarfrost upon the earth like salt,and when it freezes, it becomes pointed thorns.
17. Septuagint, Wisdom of Solomon, 1.6 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)

1.6. For wisdom is a kindly spirit and will not free a blasphemer from the guilt of his words;because God is witness of his inmost feelings,and a true observer of his heart, and a hearer of his tongue.
18. Philo of Alexandria, On The Life of Moses, 2.38-2.40 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE)

2.38. And yet who is there who does not know that every language, and the Greek language above all others, is rich in a variety of words, and that it is possible to vary a sentence and to paraphrase the same idea, so as to set it forth in a great variety of manners, adapting many different forms of expression to it at different times. But this, they say, did not happen at all in the case of this translation of the law, but that, in every case, exactly corresponding Greek words were employed to translate literally the appropriate Chaldaic words, being adapted with exceeding propriety to the matters which were to be explained; 2.39. for just as I suppose the things which are proved in geometry and logic do not admit any variety of explanation, but the proposition which was set forth from the beginning remains unaltered, in like manner I conceive did these men find words precisely and literally corresponding to the things, which words were alone, or in the greatest possible degree, destined to explain with clearness and force the matters which it was desired to reveal. 2.40. And there is a very evident proof of this; for if Chaldaeans were to learn the Greek language, and if Greeks were to learn Chaldaean, and if each were to meet with those scriptures in both languages, namely, the Chaldaic and the translated version, they would admire and reverence them both as sisters, or rather as one and the same both in their facts and in their language; considering these translators not mere interpreters but hierophants and prophets to whom it had been granted it their honest and guileless minds to go along with the most pure spirit of Moses.
19. Theophilus, To Autolycus, 2.17 (2nd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)

2.17. And on the sixth day, God having made the quadrupeds, and wild beasts, and the land reptiles, pronounced no blessing upon them, reserving His blessing for man, whom He was about to create on the sixth day. The quadrupeds, too, and wild beasts, were made for a type of some men, who neither know nor worship God, but mind earthly things, and repent not. For those who turn from their iniquities and live righteously, in spirit fly upwards like birds, and mind the things that are above, and are well-pleasing to the will of God. But those who do not know nor worship God, are like birds which have wings, but cannot fly nor soar to the high things of God. Thus, too, though such persons are called men, yet being pressed down with sins, they mind grovelling and earthly things. And the animals are named wild beasts [θηρία], from their being hunted [θηρεύεσθαι], not as if they had been made evil or venomous from the first - for nothing was made evil by God, but all things good, yea, very good - but the sin in which man was concerned brought evil upon them. For when man transgressed, they also transgressed with him. For as, if the master of the house himself acts rightly, the domestics also of necessity conduct themselves well; but if the master sins, the servants also sin with him; so in like manner it came to pass, that in the case of man's sin, he being master, all that was subject to him sinned with him. When, therefore, man again shall have made his way back to his natural condition, and no longer does evil, those also shall be restored to their original gentleness.
20. Anon., Letter of Aristeas, 129, 144, 158, 162-168, 128

128. It is worth while to mention briefly the information which he gave in reply to our questions. For I suppose that most people feel a curiosity with regard to some of the enactments in the law


Subjects of this text:

subject book bibliographic info
abomination Kunin, We Think What We Eat : Structuralist Analysis of Israelite Food Rules and Other Mythological and Cultural Domains(2004) 42
abstinence Schaaf, Animal Kingdom of Heaven: Anthropozoological Aspects in the Late Antique World (2019) 9
adam (human), and parahumans Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 67
adne ha-sadeh (field humans), as wild animals Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 97
adne ha-sadeh (field humans) Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 97
agency Eilberg-Schwartz, The Human Will in Judaism: The Mishnah's Philosophy of Intention (1986) 111
allegory/allegorical Schaaf, Animal Kingdom of Heaven: Anthropozoological Aspects in the Late Antique World (2019) 9
amoraim, palestinian Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 97
animal worship/theriolatry Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 278
animals, exotic Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 67
animals, generative modes of Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 62
animals, priestly classification of Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 67
animals, purity of Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 30, 31
animals, vertebrates vs. invertebrates Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 62
animals, vs. humans Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 30
aristeas (narrator) Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 255
aristotle, animals classified by Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 30, 31
behemah (animal), gasah vs. daqah Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 31
behemah (animal) Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 30, 62
ben sira/sirach Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 255
binaries, as hierarchies Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 30
bipeds vs. quadrupeds Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 67
bird/birds Schaaf, Animal Kingdom of Heaven: Anthropozoological Aspects in the Late Antique World (2019) 9
birds Altmann, Banned Birds: the Birds of Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14 (2019) 14
birds (of), classification of Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 97
birds (of) Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 30
blood, classifying species by Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 31
blood Altmann, Banned Birds: the Birds of Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14 (2019) 61
butchery Altmann, Banned Birds: the Birds of Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14 (2019) 61
canaan, canaanites Kunin, We Think What We Eat : Structuralist Analysis of Israelite Food Rules and Other Mythological and Cultural Domains(2004) 45
carcass Altmann, Banned Birds: the Birds of Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14 (2019) 14; Nihan and Frevel, Purity and the Forming of Religious Traditions in the Ancient Mediterranean World and Ancient Judaism (2013) 392
carroll, m Kunin, We Think What We Eat : Structuralist Analysis of Israelite Food Rules and Other Mythological and Cultural Domains(2004) 50
category Kunin, We Think What We Eat : Structuralist Analysis of Israelite Food Rules and Other Mythological and Cultural Domains(2004) 50
chewing the cud Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 278
classification, as biped vs. quadruped Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 67
classification, by blood Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 31
classification, by bones Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 62
classification, by modes of generation Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 62
classification, priestly Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 30
clean/unclean Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 255, 278
cleaning Nihan and Frevel, Purity and the Forming of Religious Traditions in the Ancient Mediterranean World and Ancient Judaism (2013) 392
cloven-hoofed animals Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 278
corpse Nihan and Frevel, Purity and the Forming of Religious Traditions in the Ancient Mediterranean World and Ancient Judaism (2013) 388
corpses, as human Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 97
corpses, impurity caused by Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 67, 97
corpses, of sea creatures Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 67
correspondences Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 97
creation narrative Kunin, We Think What We Eat : Structuralist Analysis of Israelite Food Rules and Other Mythological and Cultural Domains(2004) 45
cultural representation Altmann, Banned Birds: the Birds of Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14 (2019) 18
death Nihan and Frevel, Purity and the Forming of Religious Traditions in the Ancient Mediterranean World and Ancient Judaism (2013) 388
diachronic development Altmann, Banned Birds: the Birds of Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14 (2019) 14
diaspora Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 255
dietary laws biblical Blidstein, Purity Community and Ritual in Early Christian Literature (2017) 40
dietary regulations Schaaf, Animal Kingdom of Heaven: Anthropozoological Aspects in the Late Antique World (2019) 9
difference, between hayah and behemah Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 30
difference, between humans and animals Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 30
difference, between kinds Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 31
dihle Eilberg-Schwartz, The Human Will in Judaism: The Mishnah's Philosophy of Intention (1986) 216
domesticated quadrupeds Rosenblum, The Jewish Dietary Laws in the Ancient World (2016) 12
douglas, m Kunin, We Think What We Eat : Structuralist Analysis of Israelite Food Rules and Other Mythological and Cultural Domains(2004) 42, 45, 46, 50, 85, 86
douglas, mary Klawans, Purity, Sacrifice, and the Temple: Symbolism and Supersessionism in the Study of Ancient Judaism (2009) 28
egyptians Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 278
eissfeldt Eilberg-Schwartz, The Human Will in Judaism: The Mishnah's Philosophy of Intention (1986) 216
eleazar, high priest Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 255, 278
elephants Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 97
esau Kunin, We Think What We Eat : Structuralist Analysis of Israelite Food Rules and Other Mythological and Cultural Domains(2004) 46
eschaton Blidstein, Purity Community and Ritual in Early Christian Literature (2017) 40
fear of god Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 255
first fruits Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 255
fish, catfish Altmann, Banned Birds: the Birds of Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14 (2019) 61
fish (daga) Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 31, 62
flam, j Kunin, We Think What We Eat : Structuralist Analysis of Israelite Food Rules and Other Mythological and Cultural Domains(2004) 45
food/dietary laws Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 255, 278
food regulations Nihan and Frevel, Purity and the Forming of Religious Traditions in the Ancient Mediterranean World and Ancient Judaism (2013) 313
god, of the jews Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 255
greek Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 255, 278
hayah (living being) Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 30, 62, 67
hebrew Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 278
hierarchies, binaries as Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 30
hierarchies, in rabbinical literature Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 30
high priest Nihan and Frevel, Purity and the Forming of Religious Traditions in the Ancient Mediterranean World and Ancient Judaism (2013) 388, 392
high priests Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 278
holiness code Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 30
holiness of god Nihan and Frevel, Purity and the Forming of Religious Traditions in the Ancient Mediterranean World and Ancient Judaism (2013) 337
humans, and parahumans Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 67
humans, as bipeds Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 67
humans, corpses of Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 97
humans, uniqueness of Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 67, 97
humans, vs. animals Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 30
image of god, field humans and Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 97
image of god Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 30
impurity, corpses causing Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 67, 97
impurity, tent Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 97
impurity Schaaf, Animal Kingdom of Heaven: Anthropozoological Aspects in the Late Antique World (2019) 9
incense Klawans, Purity, Sacrifice, and the Temple: Symbolism and Supersessionism in the Study of Ancient Judaism (2009) 53
isaac Kunin, We Think What We Eat : Structuralist Analysis of Israelite Food Rules and Other Mythological and Cultural Domains(2004) 46
jacob Kunin, We Think What We Eat : Structuralist Analysis of Israelite Food Rules and Other Mythological and Cultural Domains(2004) 46
jerusalem Altmann, Banned Birds: the Birds of Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14 (2019) 61; Nihan and Frevel, Purity and the Forming of Religious Traditions in the Ancient Mediterranean World and Ancient Judaism (2013) 313; Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 278
kashrut Altmann, Banned Birds: the Birds of Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14 (2019) 58
kosher law / food laws Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 255, 278
law, jewish/of moses Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 278
legislator/lawgiver Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 278
levavi feinstein, eve Blidstein, Purity Community and Ritual in Early Christian Literature (2017) 40
levine, b Kunin, We Think What We Eat : Structuralist Analysis of Israelite Food Rules and Other Mythological and Cultural Domains(2004) 42
lieberman, saul Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 97
lilith, yerod as Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 97
locusts Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 278
locusts (hagavim) Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 31
martens Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 97
materiality Altmann, Banned Birds: the Birds of Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14 (2019) 18
menageries, in kilayim, generally Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 97
mice Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 62; Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 278
milgrom, j Kunin, We Think What We Eat : Structuralist Analysis of Israelite Food Rules and Other Mythological and Cultural Domains(2004) 42
milgrom, jacob Klawans, Purity, Sacrifice, and the Temple: Symbolism and Supersessionism in the Study of Ancient Judaism (2009) 28
milk Kunin, We Think What We Eat : Structuralist Analysis of Israelite Food Rules and Other Mythological and Cultural Domains(2004) 45
minim (species), in priestly source Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 31
minim (species), tannaitic use of Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 31
moral defilement Klawans, Purity, Sacrifice, and the Temple: Symbolism and Supersessionism in the Study of Ancient Judaism (2009) 53
moses Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 278
multiplication, language of Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 62
naamit Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 97
naamit like Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 97
names, instability of Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 97
narrative (διήγησις) Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 255
natural history Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 67
nefesh (being, breath, soul) Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 67
normate bodies Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 67
nuer Kunin, We Think What We Eat : Structuralist Analysis of Israelite Food Rules and Other Mythological and Cultural Domains(2004) 46
ostrich (benot yaanah) Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 97
parahumans Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 67
perfection Schaaf, Animal Kingdom of Heaven: Anthropozoological Aspects in the Late Antique World (2019) 9
peru u-revu (be fruitful and multiply) Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 62
philo of alexandria Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 278
pig, bones Altmann, Banned Birds: the Birds of Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14 (2019) 61
pig Kunin, We Think What We Eat : Structuralist Analysis of Israelite Food Rules and Other Mythological and Cultural Domains(2004) 42, 45, 85
pliny Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 97
pollution Nihan and Frevel, Purity and the Forming of Religious Traditions in the Ancient Mediterranean World and Ancient Judaism (2013) 392
porcupines/hedgehogs (kipod) Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 97
presence vs. absence Altmann, Banned Birds: the Birds of Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14 (2019) 61
priest Nihan and Frevel, Purity and the Forming of Religious Traditions in the Ancient Mediterranean World and Ancient Judaism (2013) 313, 388, 392
priestly source (p), classification in Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 30, 67
priestly source (p), hierarchy in Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 30
priestly source (p), minim in Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 31
priestly source (p), tannaim diverging from Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 31, 62
priestly source (p) Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 30
priests, priestly Altmann, Banned Birds: the Birds of Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14 (2019) 58
ps.-aristeas Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 255, 278
ptolemy ii philadelphus Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 255
purity, ritual Nihan and Frevel, Purity and the Forming of Religious Traditions in the Ancient Mediterranean World and Ancient Judaism (2013) 392
purity Altmann, Banned Birds: the Birds of Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14 (2019) 58; Kunin, We Think What We Eat : Structuralist Analysis of Israelite Food Rules and Other Mythological and Cultural Domains(2004) 42, 45, 46, 50; Schaaf, Animal Kingdom of Heaven: Anthropozoological Aspects in the Late Antique World (2019) 9
purity law Nihan and Frevel, Purity and the Forming of Religious Traditions in the Ancient Mediterranean World and Ancient Judaism (2013) 392
quadrupeds, mouse Rosenblum, The Jewish Dietary Laws in the Ancient World (2016) 12
quadrupeds, rat Rosenblum, The Jewish Dietary Laws in the Ancient World (2016) 12
quadrupeds vs. bipeds Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 67
rabbinic literature, hierarchies in Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 30
rape Blidstein, Purity Community and Ritual in Early Christian Literature (2017) 40
raven (oreb) Altmann, Banned Birds: the Birds of Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14 (2019) 14
remes (swarmer) Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 30, 31, 62
reptiles, chameleon Rosenblum, The Jewish Dietary Laws in the Ancient World (2016) 12
reptiles, gecko Rosenblum, The Jewish Dietary Laws in the Ancient World (2016) 12
reptiles, skink Rosenblum, The Jewish Dietary Laws in the Ancient World (2016) 12
reptiles, spotted lizard Rosenblum, The Jewish Dietary Laws in the Ancient World (2016) 12
ritual impurity, and moral impurity, compared Klawans, Purity, Sacrifice, and the Temple: Symbolism and Supersessionism in the Study of Ancient Judaism (2009) 53
ritual impurity, hebrew bible Klawans, Purity, Sacrifice, and the Temple: Symbolism and Supersessionism in the Study of Ancient Judaism (2009) 28, 53
ritual purity, as prerequisite for sacrifice Klawans, Purity, Sacrifice, and the Temple: Symbolism and Supersessionism in the Study of Ancient Judaism (2009) 53
ritual purity, symbolism of Klawans, Purity, Sacrifice, and the Temple: Symbolism and Supersessionism in the Study of Ancient Judaism (2009) 28
sacred and profane Blidstein, Purity Community and Ritual in Early Christian Literature (2017) 40
sacrifice, process of, in hebrew bible Klawans, Purity, Sacrifice, and the Temple: Symbolism and Supersessionism in the Study of Ancient Judaism (2009) 53
sacrifice Kunin, We Think What We Eat : Structuralist Analysis of Israelite Food Rules and Other Mythological and Cultural Domains(2004) 46
samaria Nihan and Frevel, Purity and the Forming of Religious Traditions in the Ancient Mediterranean World and Ancient Judaism (2013) 313
scale disease' Balberg, Purity, Body, and Self in Early Rabbinic Literature (2014) 192
septuagint Nihan and Frevel, Purity and the Forming of Religious Traditions in the Ancient Mediterranean World and Ancient Judaism (2013) 388
sexual relations in the hebrew bible Blidstein, Purity Community and Ritual in Early Christian Literature (2017) 40
sheqets (forbidden creature) Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 30, 31
sherets (swarming creature) Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 31, 62
sirens, in the sifra Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 67, 97
sirens, nefesh of Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 67, 97
sirens Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 67, 97
social behaviour (of animals) Schaaf, Animal Kingdom of Heaven: Anthropozoological Aspects in the Late Antique World (2019) 9
soul Schaaf, Animal Kingdom of Heaven: Anthropozoological Aspects in the Late Antique World (2019) 9
space, sacred Blidstein, Purity Community and Ritual in Early Christian Literature (2017) 40
species, instability Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 97
symbol/symbolism Schaaf, Animal Kingdom of Heaven: Anthropozoological Aspects in the Late Antique World (2019) 9
symbolic meaning Altmann, Banned Birds: the Birds of Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14 (2019) 14
taboo Altmann, Banned Birds: the Birds of Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14 (2019) 58, 61
tannaim, diverging from priestly source Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 31, 62
tannaim, on minim Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 31
tannaim, priestly material used by Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 30, 31
text criticism Altmann, Banned Birds: the Birds of Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14 (2019) 14
the sea, animals of Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 67
the sifra, exegesis in, importing classifications into scripture Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 62
the sifra, exegesis in, on generative modes Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 62
the sifra, human classification in Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 67
the sifra, human uniqueness deemphasized in Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 67
the sifra, sirens in Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 67, 97
tolerated defilements Blidstein, Purity Community and Ritual in Early Christian Literature (2017) 40
torah Nihan and Frevel, Purity and the Forming of Religious Traditions in the Ancient Mediterranean World and Ancient Judaism (2013) 313
translators, jewish Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 278
tur (field) Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 97
uncleanness Nihan and Frevel, Purity and the Forming of Religious Traditions in the Ancient Mediterranean World and Ancient Judaism (2013) 392
values, moral Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 255
weasel Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 278
wild animals Rosenblum, The Jewish Dietary Laws in the Ancient World (2016) 12
wings Schaaf, Animal Kingdom of Heaven: Anthropozoological Aspects in the Late Antique World (2019) 9
wisdom/wisdom Wright, The Letter of Aristeas: 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' (2015) 255
yerod or yeror Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 97
yose, rabbi, on adne ha-sadeh Neis, When a Human Gives Birth to a Raven: Rabbis and the Reproduction of Species (2012) 97
zooarchaeology Altmann, Banned Birds: the Birds of Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14 (2019) 58, 61
ḥṭ Nihan and Frevel, Purity and the Forming of Religious Traditions in the Ancient Mediterranean World and Ancient Judaism (2013) 337