Tiresias: The Ancient Mediterranean Religions Source Database

6281

Hebrew Bible, Exodus, 21.23-21.25
וְאִם־אָסוֹן יִהְיֶה וְנָתַתָּה נֶפֶשׁ תַּחַת נָפֶשׁ׃ But if any harm follow, then thou shalt give life for life
עַיִן תַּחַת עַיִן שֵׁן תַּחַת שֵׁן יָד תַּחַת יָד רֶגֶל תַּחַת רָגֶל׃ eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot
כְּוִיָּה תַּחַת כְּוִיָּה פֶּצַע תַּחַת פָּצַע חַבּוּרָה תַּחַת חַבּוּרָה׃ burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.

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16 results
1. Hebrew Bible, Deuteronomy, 6.5, 19.16-19.21, 21.19, 21.21, 22.8 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) 6.5. וְאָהַבְתָּ אֵת יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ בְּכָל־לְבָבְךָ וּבְכָל־נַפְשְׁךָ וּבְכָל־מְאֹדֶךָ׃ 19.16. כִּי־יָקוּם עֵד־חָמָס בְּאִישׁ לַעֲנוֹת בּוֹ סָרָה׃ 19.17. וְעָמְדוּ שְׁנֵי־הָאֲנָשִׁים אֲשֶׁר־לָהֶם הָרִיב לִפְנֵי יְהוָה לִפְנֵי הַכֹּהֲנִים וְהַשֹּׁפְטִים אֲשֶׁר יִהְיוּ בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם׃ 19.18. וְדָרְשׁוּ הַשֹּׁפְטִים הֵיטֵב וְהִנֵּה עֵד־שֶׁקֶר הָעֵד שֶׁקֶר עָנָה בְאָחִיו׃ 19.19. וַעֲשִׂיתֶם לוֹ כַּאֲשֶׁר זָמַם לַעֲשׂוֹת לְאָחִיו וּבִעַרְתָּ הָרָע מִקִּרְבֶּךָ׃ 19.21. וְלֹא תָחוֹס עֵינֶךָ נֶפֶשׁ בְּנֶפֶשׁ עַיִן בְּעַיִן שֵׁן בְּשֵׁן יָד בְּיָד רֶגֶל בְּרָגֶל׃ 21.19. וְתָפְשׂוּ בוֹ אָבִיו וְאִמּוֹ וְהוֹצִיאוּ אֹתוֹ אֶל־זִקְנֵי עִירוֹ וְאֶל־שַׁעַר מְקֹמוֹ׃ 21.21. וּרְגָמֻהוּ כָּל־אַנְשֵׁי עִירוֹ בָאֲבָנִים וָמֵת וּבִעַרְתָּ הָרָע מִקִּרְבֶּךָ וְכָל־יִשְׂרָאֵל יִשְׁמְעוּ וְיִרָאוּ׃ 22.8. כִּי תִבְנֶה בַּיִת חָדָשׁ וְעָשִׂיתָ מַעֲקֶה לְגַגֶּךָ וְלֹא־תָשִׂים דָּמִים בְּבֵיתֶךָ כִּי־יִפֹּל הַנֹּפֵל מִמֶּנּוּ׃ 6.5. And thou shalt love the LORD thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might." 19.16. If an unrighteous witness rise up against any man to bear perverted witness against him;" 19.17. then both the men, between whom the controversy is, shall stand before the LORD, before the priests and the judges that shall be in those days." 19.18. And the judges shall inquire diligently; and, behold, if the witness be a false witness, and hath testified falsely against his brother;" 19.19. then shall ye do unto him, as he had purposed to do unto his brother; so shalt thou put away the evil from the midst of thee." 19.20. And those that remain shall hear, and fear, and shall henceforth commit no more any such evil in the midst of thee." 19.21. And thine eye shall not pity: life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot." 21.19. then shall his father and his mother lay hold on him, and bring him out unto the elders of his city, and unto the gate of his place;" 21.21. And all the men of his city shall stone him with stones, that he die; so shalt thou put away the evil from the midst of thee; and all Israel shall hear, and fear." 22.8. When thou buildest a new house, then thou shalt make a parapet for thy roof, that thou bring not blood upon thy house, if any man fall from thence."
2. Hebrew Bible, Exodus, 21.12-21.22, 21.24-21.36, 22.7, 22.16-22.17 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) 21.12. מַכֵּה אִישׁ וָמֵת מוֹת יוּמָת׃ 21.13. וַאֲשֶׁר לֹא צָדָה וְהָאֱלֹהִים אִנָּה לְיָדוֹ וְשַׂמְתִּי לְךָ מָקוֹם אֲשֶׁר יָנוּס שָׁמָּה׃ 21.14. וְכִי־יָזִד אִישׁ עַל־רֵעֵהוּ לְהָרְגוֹ בְעָרְמָה מֵעִם מִזְבְּחִי תִּקָּחֶנּוּ לָמוּת׃ 21.15. וּמַכֵּה אָבִיו וְאִמּוֹ מוֹת יוּמָת׃ 21.16. וְגֹנֵב אִישׁ וּמְכָרוֹ וְנִמְצָא בְיָדוֹ מוֹת יוּמָת׃ 21.17. וּמְקַלֵּל אָבִיו וְאִמּוֹ מוֹת יוּמָת׃ 21.18. וְכִי־יְרִיבֻן אֲנָשִׁים וְהִכָּה־אִישׁ אֶת־רֵעֵהוּ בְּאֶבֶן אוֹ בְאֶגְרֹף וְלֹא יָמוּת וְנָפַל לְמִשְׁכָּב׃ 21.19. אִם־יָקוּם וְהִתְהַלֵּךְ בַּחוּץ עַל־מִשְׁעַנְתּוֹ וְנִקָּה הַמַּכֶּה רַק שִׁבְתּוֹ יִתֵּן וְרַפֹּא יְרַפֵּא׃ 21.21. אַךְ אִם־יוֹם אוֹ יוֹמַיִם יַעֲמֹד לֹא יֻקַּם כִּי כַסְפּוֹ הוּא׃ 21.22. וְכִי־יִנָּצוּ אֲנָשִׁים וְנָגְפוּ אִשָּׁה הָרָה וְיָצְאוּ יְלָדֶיהָ וְלֹא יִהְיֶה אָסוֹן עָנוֹשׁ יֵעָנֵשׁ כַּאֲשֶׁר יָשִׁית עָלָיו בַּעַל הָאִשָּׁה וְנָתַן בִּפְלִלִים׃ 21.24. עַיִן תַּחַת עַיִן שֵׁן תַּחַת שֵׁן יָד תַּחַת יָד רֶגֶל תַּחַת רָגֶל׃ 21.25. כְּוִיָּה תַּחַת כְּוִיָּה פֶּצַע תַּחַת פָּצַע חַבּוּרָה תַּחַת חַבּוּרָה׃ 21.26. וְכִי־יַכֶּה אִישׁ אֶת־עֵין עַבְדּוֹ אוֹ־אֶת־עֵין אֲמָתוֹ וְשִׁחֲתָהּ לַחָפְשִׁי יְשַׁלְּחֶנּוּ תַּחַת עֵינוֹ׃ 21.27. וְאִם־שֵׁן עַבְדּוֹ אוֹ־שֵׁן אֲמָתוֹ יַפִּיל לַחָפְשִׁי יְשַׁלְּחֶנּוּ תַּחַת שִׁנּוֹ׃ 21.28. וְכִי־יִגַּח שׁוֹר אֶת־אִישׁ אוֹ אֶת־אִשָּׁה וָמֵת סָקוֹל יִסָּקֵל הַשּׁוֹר וְלֹא יֵאָכֵל אֶת־בְּשָׂרוֹ וּבַעַל הַשּׁוֹר נָקִי׃ 21.29. וְאִם שׁוֹר נַגָּח הוּא מִתְּמֹל שִׁלְשֹׁם וְהוּעַד בִּבְעָלָיו וְלֹא יִשְׁמְרֶנּוּ וְהֵמִית אִישׁ אוֹ אִשָּׁה הַשּׁוֹר יִסָּקֵל וְגַם־בְּעָלָיו יוּמָת׃ 21.31. אוֹ־בֵן יִגָּח אוֹ־בַת יִגָּח כַּמִּשְׁפָּט הַזֶּה יֵעָשֶׂה לּוֹ׃ 21.32. אִם־עֶבֶד יִגַּח הַשּׁוֹר אוֹ אָמָה כֶּסֶף שְׁלֹשִׁים שְׁקָלִים יִתֵּן לַאדֹנָיו וְהַשּׁוֹר יִסָּקֵל׃ 21.33. וְכִי־יִפְתַּח אִישׁ בּוֹר אוֹ כִּי־יִכְרֶה אִישׁ בֹּר וְלֹא יְכַסֶּנּוּ וְנָפַל־שָׁמָּה שּׁוֹר אוֹ חֲמוֹר׃ 21.34. בַּעַל הַבּוֹר יְשַׁלֵּם כֶּסֶף יָשִׁיב לִבְעָלָיו וְהַמֵּת יִהְיֶה־לּוֹ׃ 21.35. וְכִי־יִגֹּף שׁוֹר־אִישׁ אֶת־שׁוֹר רֵעֵהוּ וָמֵת וּמָכְרוּ אֶת־הַשּׁוֹר הַחַי וְחָצוּ אֶת־כַּסְפּוֹ וְגַם אֶת־הַמֵּת יֶחֱצוּן׃ 21.36. אוֹ נוֹדַע כִּי שׁוֹר נַגָּח הוּא מִתְּמוֹל שִׁלְשֹׁם וְלֹא יִשְׁמְרֶנּוּ בְּעָלָיו שַׁלֵּם יְשַׁלֵּם שׁוֹר תַּחַת הַשּׁוֹר וְהַמֵּת יִהְיֶה־לּוֹ׃ 22.7. אִם־לֹא יִמָּצֵא הַגַּנָּב וְנִקְרַב בַּעַל־הַבַּיִת אֶל־הָאֱלֹהִים אִם־לֹא שָׁלַח יָדוֹ בִּמְלֶאכֶת רֵעֵהוּ׃ 22.16. אִם־מָאֵן יְמָאֵן אָבִיהָ לְתִתָּהּ לוֹ כֶּסֶף יִשְׁקֹל כְּמֹהַר הַבְּתוּלֹת׃ 22.17. מְכַשֵּׁפָה לֹא תְחַיֶּה׃ 21.12. He that smiteth a man, so that he dieth, shall surely be put to death." 21.13. And if a man lie not in wait, but God cause it to come to hand; then I will appoint thee a place whither he may flee." 21.14. And if a man come presumptuously upon his neighbour, to slay him with guile; thou shalt take him from Mine altar, that he may die." 21.15. And he that smiteth his father, or his mother, shall be surely put to death. ." 21.16. And he that stealeth a man, and selleth him, or if he be found in his hand, he shall surely be put to death." 21.17. And he that curseth his father or his mother, shall surely be put to death." 21.18. And if men contend, and one smite the other with a stone, or with his fist, and he die not, but keep his bed;" 21.19. if he rise again, and walk abroad upon his staff, then shall he that smote him be quit; only he shall pay for the loss of his time, and shall cause him to be thoroughly healed." 21.20. And if a man smite his bondman, or his bondwoman, with a rod, and he die under his hand, he shall surely be punished." 21.21. Notwithstanding if he continue a day or two, he shall not be punished; for he is his money." 21.22. And if men strive together, and hurt a woman with child, so that her fruit depart, and yet no harm follow, he shall be surely fined, according as the woman’s husband shall lay upon him; and he shall pay as the judges determine." 21.24. eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot," 21.25. burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe." 21.26. And if a man smite the eye of his bondman, or the eye of his bondwoman, and destroy it, he shall let him go free for his eye’s sake." 21.27. And if he smite out his bondman’s tooth, or his bondwoman’s tooth, he shall let him go free for his tooth’s sake." 21.28. And if an ox gore a man or a woman, that they die, the ox shall be surely stoned, and its flesh shall not be eaten; but the owner of the ox shall be quit." 21.29. But if the ox was wont to gore in time past, and warning hath been given to its owner, and he hath not kept it in, but it hath killed a man or a woman; the ox shall be stoned, and its owner also shall be put to death." 21.30. If there be laid on him a ransom, then he shall give for the redemption of his life whatsoever is laid upon him." 21.31. Whether it have gored a son, or have gored a daughter, according to this judgment shall it be done unto him." 21.32. If the ox gore a bondman or a bondwoman, he shall give unto their master thirty shekels of silver, and the ox shall be stoned." 21.33. And if a man shall open a pit, or if a man shall dig a pit and not cover it, and an ox or an ass fall therein," 21.34. the owner of the pit shall make it good; he shall give money unto the owner of them, and the dead beast shall be his." 21.35. And if one man’s ox hurt another’s, so that it dieth; then they shall sell the live ox, and divide the price of it; and the dead also they shall divide." 21.36. Or if it be known that the ox was wont to gore in time past, and its owner hath not kept it in; he shall surely pay ox for ox, and the dead beast shall be his own." 22.7. If the thief be not found, then the master of the house shall come near unto God, to see whether he have not put his hand unto his neighbour’s goods." 22.16. If her father utterly refuse to give her unto him, he shall pay money according to the dowry of virgins." 22.17. Thou shalt not suffer a sorceress to live."
3. Hebrew Bible, Genesis, 9.5-9.6 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) 9.5. וְאַךְ אֶת־דִּמְכֶם לְנַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם אֶדְרֹשׁ מִיַּד כָּל־חַיָּה אֶדְרְשֶׁנּוּ וּמִיַּד הָאָדָם מִיַּד אִישׁ אָחִיו אֶדְרֹשׁ אֶת־נֶפֶשׁ הָאָדָם׃ 9.6. שֹׁפֵךְ דַּם הָאָדָם בָּאָדָם דָּמוֹ יִשָּׁפֵךְ כִּי בְּצֶלֶם אֱלֹהִים עָשָׂה אֶת־הָאָדָם׃ 9.5. And surely your blood of your lives will I require; at the hand of every beast will I require it; and at the hand of man, even at the hand of every man’s brother, will I require the life of man." 9.6. Whoso sheddeth man’s blood, by man shall his blood be shed; for in the image of God made He man."
4. Hebrew Bible, Hosea, 4.2 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) 4.2. אָלֹה וְכַחֵשׁ וְרָצֹחַ וְגָנֹב וְנָאֹף פָּרָצוּ וְדָמִים בְּדָמִים נָגָעוּ׃ 4.2. Swearing and lying, and killing, and stealing, and committing adultery! They break all bounds, and blood toucheth blood."
5. Hebrew Bible, Leviticus, 5.20-5.24, 19.18, 24.17-24.20 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) 5.21. נֶפֶשׁ כִּי תֶחֱטָא וּמָעֲלָה מַעַל בַּיהוָה וְכִחֵשׁ בַּעֲמִיתוֹ בְּפִקָּדוֹן אוֹ־בִתְשׂוּמֶת יָד אוֹ בְגָזֵל אוֹ עָשַׁק אֶת־עֲמִיתוֹ׃ 5.22. אוֹ־מָצָא אֲבֵדָה וְכִחֶשׁ בָּהּ וְנִשְׁבַּע עַל־שָׁקֶר עַל־אַחַת מִכֹּל אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂה הָאָדָם לַחֲטֹא בָהֵנָּה׃ 5.23. וְהָיָה כִּי־יֶחֱטָא וְאָשֵׁם וְהֵשִׁיב אֶת־הַגְּזֵלָה אֲשֶׁר גָּזָל אוֹ אֶת־הָעֹשֶׁק אֲשֶׁר עָשָׁק אוֹ אֶת־הַפִּקָּדוֹן אֲשֶׁר הָפְקַד אִתּוֹ אוֹ אֶת־הָאֲבֵדָה אֲשֶׁר מָצָא׃ 5.24. אוֹ מִכֹּל אֲשֶׁר־יִשָּׁבַע עָלָיו לַשֶּׁקֶר וְשִׁלַּם אֹתוֹ בְּרֹאשׁוֹ וַחֲמִשִׁתָיו יֹסֵף עָלָיו לַאֲשֶׁר הוּא לוֹ יִתְּנֶנּוּ בְּיוֹם אַשְׁמָתוֹ׃ 19.18. לֹא־תִקֹּם וְלֹא־תִטֹּר אֶת־בְּנֵי עַמֶּךָ וְאָהַבְתָּ לְרֵעֲךָ כָּמוֹךָ אֲנִי יְהוָה׃ 24.17. וְאִישׁ כִּי יַכֶּה כָּל־נֶפֶשׁ אָדָם מוֹת יוּמָת׃ 24.18. וּמַכֵּה נֶפֶשׁ־בְּהֵמָה יְשַׁלְּמֶנָּה נֶפֶשׁ תַּחַת נָפֶשׁ׃ 24.19. וְאִישׁ כִּי־יִתֵּן מוּם בַּעֲמִיתוֹ כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה כֵּן יֵעָשֶׂה לּוֹ׃ 5.20. And the LORD spoke unto Moses, saying:" 5.21. If any one sin, and commit a trespass against the LORD, and deal falsely with his neighbour in a matter of deposit, or of pledge, or of robbery, or have oppressed his neighbour;" 5.22. or have found that which was lost, and deal falsely therein, and swear to a lie; in any of all these that a man doeth, sinning therein;" 5.23. then it shall be, if he hath sinned, and is guilty, that he shall restore that which he took by robbery, or the thing which he hath gotten by oppression, or the deposit which was deposited with him, or the lost thing which he found," 5.24. or any thing about which he hath sworn falsely, he shall even restore it in full, and shall add the fifth part more thereto; unto him to whom it appertaineth shall he give it, in the day of his being guilty." 19.18. Thou shalt not take vengeance, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself: I am the LORD." 24.17. And he that smiteth any man mortally shall surely be put to death." 24.18. And he that smiteth a beast mortally shall make it good: life for life." 24.19. And if a man maim his neighbour; as he hath done, so shall it be done to him:" 24.20. breach for breach, eye for eye, tooth for tooth; as he hath maimed a man, so shall it be rendered unto him."
6. Hebrew Bible, Jeremiah, 7.9 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) 7.9. הֲגָנֹב רָצֹחַ וְנָאֹף וְהִשָּׁבֵעַ לַשֶּׁקֶר וְקַטֵּר לַבָּעַל וְהָלֹךְ אַחֲרֵי אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים אֲשֶׁר לֹא־יְדַעְתֶּם׃ 7.9. Will ye steal, murder, and commit adultery, and swear falsely, and offer unto Baal, and walk after other gods whom ye have not known,"
7. Hebrew Bible, Ezekiel, 29.3 (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) 29.3. דַּבֵּר וְאָמַרְתָּ כֹּה־אָמַר אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה הִנְנִי עָלֶיךָ פַּרְעֹה מֶלֶךְ־מִצְרַיִם הַתַּנִּים הַגָּדוֹל הָרֹבֵץ בְּתוֹךְ יְאֹרָיו אֲשֶׁר אָמַר לִי יְאֹרִי וַאֲנִי עֲשִׂיתִנִי׃ 29.3. speak, and say: Thus saith the Lord GOD: Behold, I am against thee, Pharaoh King of Egypt, The great dragon that lieth In the midst of his rivers, That hath said: My river is mine own, And I have made it for myself."
8. Dead Sea Scrolls, Community Rule, None (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE)
9. Philo of Alexandria, On The Special Laws, 3.95 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE) 3.95. It is necessary, therefore, to anticipate them, inflicting upon them that death which other persons would else have suffered by their means. And again, besides this, he who openly slays a man with a sword, or with any similar weapon, can only kill a few persons at one time; but one who mixes and compounds poisonous drugs with food, may destroy innumerable companies at once who have no suspicion of his treachery.
10. Josephus Flavius, Jewish Antiquities, 4.279-4.280, 4.282-4.283 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) 4.279. 34. Let no one of the Israelites keep any poison that may cause death, or any other harm; but if he be caught with it, let him be put to death, and suffer the very same mischief that he would have brought upon them for whom the poison was prepared. 4.282. But if the ox have killed a man-servant, or a maid-servant, let him be stoned; and let the owner of the ox pay thirty shekels to the master of him that was slain; but if it be an ox that is thus smitten and killed, let both the oxen, that which smote the other and that which was killed, be sold, and let the owners of them divide their price between them. 4.283. 37. Let those that dig a well or a pit be careful to lay planks over them, and so keep them shut up, not in order to hinder any persons from drawing water, but that there may be no danger of falling into them.
11. Juvenal, Satires, 14.104 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
12. New Testament, Apocalypse, 5.8, 6.10, 8.13, 11.10, 13.8, 13.12, 13.14, 14.6, 17.2, 17.8 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) 5.8. Now when he had taken the book, the four living creatures and the twenty-four elders fell down before the Lamb, each one having a harp, and golden bowls full of incense, which are the prayers of the saints. 6.10. They cried with a loud voice, saying, "How long, Master, the holy and true, do you not judge and avenge our blood on those who dwell on the earth? 8.13. I saw, and I heard an eagle, flying in mid heaven, saying with a loud voice, "Woe! Woe! Woe for those who dwell on the earth, because of the other voices of the trumpets of the three angels, who are yet to sound! 11.10. Those who dwell on the earth rejoice over them, and they will be glad. They will give gifts to one another, because these two prophets tormented those who dwell on the earth. 13.8. All who dwell on the earth will worship him, everyone whose name has not been written from the foundation of the world in the book of life of the Lamb who has been killed. 13.12. He exercises all the authority of the first beast in his presence. He makes the earth and those who dwell in it to worship the first beast, whose fatal wound was healed. 13.14. He deceives my own people who dwell on the earth because of the signs which it was given to him to do in front of the beast; saying to those who dwell on the earth, that they should make an image to the beast who had the sword wound and lived. 14.6. I saw an angel flying in mid heaven, having an eternal gospel to proclaim to those who dwell on the earth, and to every nation, tribe, language, and people. 17.2. with whom the kings of the earth committed sexual immorality, and those who dwell in the earth were made drunken with the wine of her sexual immorality. 17.8. The beast that you saw was, and is not; and is about to come up out of the abyss, and to go into destruction. Those who dwell on the earth will wonder, whose name has not been written in the book of life from the foundation of the world, when they see that the beast was, and is not, and will pe present.
13. New Testament, Luke, 10.25-10.28 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) 10.25. Behold, a certain lawyer stood up and tested him, saying, "Teacher, what shall I do to inherit eternal life? 10.26. He said to him, "What is written in the law? How do you read it? 10.27. He answered, "You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your strength, and with all your mind; and your neighbor as yourself. 10.28. He said to him, "You have answered correctly. Do this, and you will live.
14. New Testament, Mark, 12.28-12.34 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) 12.28. One of the scribes came, and heard them questioning together. Knowing that he had answered them well, asked him, "Which commandment is the greatest of all? 12.29. Jesus answered, "The greatest is, 'Hear, Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is one: 12.30. you shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind, and with all your strength.' This is the first commandment. 12.31. The second is like this, 'You shall love your neighbor as yourself.' There is no other commandment greater than these. 12.32. The scribe said to him, "Truly, teacher, you have said well that he is one, and there is none other but he 12.33. and to love him with all the heart, and with all the understanding, with all the soul, and with all the strength, and to love his neighbor as himself, is more important than all whole burnt offerings and sacrifices. 12.34. When Jesus saw that he answered wisely, he said to him, "You are not far from the Kingdom of God."No one dared ask him any question after that.
15. New Testament, Matthew, 22.34-22.40 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) 22.34. But the Pharisees, when they heard that he had put the Sadducees to silence, gathered themselves together. 22.35. One of them, a lawyer, asked him a question, testing him. 22.36. Teacher, which is the greatest commandment in the law? 22.37. Jesus said to him, "'You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind.' 22.38. This is the first and great commandment. 22.39. A second likewise is this, 'You shall love your neighbor as yourself.' 22.40. The whole law and the prophets depend on these two commandments.
16. Anon., Letter of Aristeas, 145-152, 144 144. points and explain them to you. For you must not fall into the degrading idea that it was out of regard to mice and weasels and other such things that Moses drew up his laws with such exceeding care. All these ordices were made for the sake of righteousness to aid the quest for virtue and

Subjects of this text:

subject	book bibliographic info
adultery/fornication	Ruzer, Early Jewish Messianism in the New Testament: Reflections in the Dim Mirror (2020) 114
agency	Rüpke, The individual in the religions of the ancient Mediterranean (2014) 301
animals	Wilson, Philo of Alexandria: On Virtues: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary (2010) 302
antitheses	Ruzer, Early Jewish Messianism in the New Testament: Reflections in the Dim Mirror (2020) 114
baba qamma	Neusner, The Perfect Torah (2003) 8
baḥye b. asher (r.)	Fishbane, Biblical Myth and Rabbinic Mythmaking (2003) 274
civil law code, baba qamma and scripture	Neusner, The Perfect Torah (2003) 8
claudius, roman emperor, expulsion of jews from rome by	Feldman, Judaism and Hellenism Reconsidered (2006) 406
converts/proselytes, deemed as being without heirs	Cohen, The Significance of Yavneh and other Essays in Jewish Hellenism (2010) 367
covenant, renewed	Brooke et al., Past Renewals: Interpretative Authority, Renewed Revelation, and the Quest for Perfection in Jewish Antiquity (2008) 122
cult foundation, individual, initiative	Rüpke, The individual in the religions of the ancient Mediterranean (2014) 301
dead sea scrolls	Brooke et al., Past Renewals: Interpretative Authority, Renewed Revelation, and the Quest for Perfection in Jewish Antiquity (2008) 122
death, burial rituals	Rüpke, The individual in the religions of the ancient Mediterranean (2014) 301
deuteronomy, as ethical discourse	Brooke et al., Past Renewals: Interpretative Authority, Renewed Revelation, and the Quest for Perfection in Jewish Antiquity (2008) 122
divorce	Ruzer, Early Jewish Messianism in the New Testament: Reflections in the Dim Mirror (2020) 114
eros	Fishbane, Biblical Myth and Rabbinic Mythmaking (2003) 274
ethics	Brooke et al., Past Renewals: Interpretative Authority, Renewed Revelation, and the Quest for Perfection in Jewish Antiquity (2008) 122; Rüpke, The individual in the religions of the ancient Mediterranean (2014) 301
exegesis, exegetical, interpretation of scripture	Ruzer, Early Jewish Messianism in the New Testament: Reflections in the Dim Mirror (2020) 114
exegesis	Brooke et al., Past Renewals: Interpretative Authority, Renewed Revelation, and the Quest for Perfection in Jewish Antiquity (2008) 122
exodus	Brooke et al., Past Renewals: Interpretative Authority, Renewed Revelation, and the Quest for Perfection in Jewish Antiquity (2008) 122
exposure	Wilson, Philo of Alexandria: On Virtues: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary (2010) 302
eye-for-an-eye precept	Ruzer, Early Jewish Messianism in the New Testament: Reflections in the Dim Mirror (2020) 114
false witness	Rüpke, The individual in the religions of the ancient Mediterranean (2014) 301
fetus	Wilson, Philo of Alexandria: On Virtues: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary (2010) 302
food regulations	Rüpke, The individual in the religions of the ancient Mediterranean (2014) 301
gabriel	Fishbane, Biblical Myth and Rabbinic Mythmaking (2003) 274
godhead; see also attributes, negative gradations	Fishbane, Biblical Myth and Rabbinic Mythmaking (2003) 274
godhead; see also attributes, tif͗eret	Fishbane, Biblical Myth and Rabbinic Mythmaking (2003) 274
halakha, halakhic	Ruzer, Early Jewish Messianism in the New Testament: Reflections in the Dim Mirror (2020) 114
hellenistic judaism	Rüpke, The individual in the religions of the ancient Mediterranean (2014) 301
hellenistic period	Rüpke, The individual in the religions of the ancient Mediterranean (2014) 301
humanity	Wilson, Philo of Alexandria: On Virtues: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary (2010) 302
identity	Brooke et al., Past Renewals: Interpretative Authority, Renewed Revelation, and the Quest for Perfection in Jewish Antiquity (2008) 122; Sandnes and Hvalvik, Early Christian Prayer and Identity Formation (2014) 197
identity construction, along violent jew/merciful christian binary	Matthews, Perfect Martyr: The Stoning of Stephen and the Construction of Christian Identity (2010) 114
idolatry	Rüpke, The individual in the religions of the ancient Mediterranean (2014) 301
individual	Rüpke, The individual in the religions of the ancient Mediterranean (2014) 301
interpretation, biblical	Brooke et al., Past Renewals: Interpretative Authority, Renewed Revelation, and the Quest for Perfection in Jewish Antiquity (2008) 122
isaac ha-kohen (r.)	Fishbane, Biblical Myth and Rabbinic Mythmaking (2003) 274
jesus, divine status	Ruzer, Early Jewish Messianism in the New Testament: Reflections in the Dim Mirror (2020) 114
jesus	Ruzer, Early Jewish Messianism in the New Testament: Reflections in the Dim Mirror (2020) 114
josephus	Rüpke, The individual in the religions of the ancient Mediterranean (2014) 301
judaism	Rüpke, The individual in the religions of the ancient Mediterranean (2014) 301
knowledge, wisdom	Rüpke, The individual in the religions of the ancient Mediterranean (2014) 301
law, jewish legal discouse	Rüpke, The individual in the religions of the ancient Mediterranean (2014) 301
letters, epistolary genre	Rüpke, The individual in the religions of the ancient Mediterranean (2014) 301
leviathan, eros of	Fishbane, Biblical Myth and Rabbinic Mythmaking (2003) 274
love, double-love precept	Ruzer, Early Jewish Messianism in the New Testament: Reflections in the Dim Mirror (2020) 114
love	Ruzer, Early Jewish Messianism in the New Testament: Reflections in the Dim Mirror (2020) 114
marcionite thinking, on divine judgment'	Matthews, Perfect Martyr: The Stoning of Stephen and the Construction of Christian Identity (2010) 114
marcionite thinking, on jews and judaism	Matthews, Perfect Martyr: The Stoning of Stephen and the Construction of Christian Identity (2010) 114
marcionite thinking	Matthews, Perfect Martyr: The Stoning of Stephen and the Construction of Christian Identity (2010) 114
michael	Fishbane, Biblical Myth and Rabbinic Mythmaking (2003) 274
milk	Wilson, Philo of Alexandria: On Virtues: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary (2010) 302
misappropriation	Neusner, The Perfect Torah (2003) 8
moses, art	Brooke et al., Past Renewals: Interpretative Authority, Renewed Revelation, and the Quest for Perfection in Jewish Antiquity (2008) 122
murder	Ruzer, Early Jewish Messianism in the New Testament: Reflections in the Dim Mirror (2020) 114
nature	Wilson, Philo of Alexandria: On Virtues: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary (2010) 302
obedience	Sandnes and Hvalvik, Early Christian Prayer and Identity Formation (2014) 197
penner, todd	Matthews, Perfect Martyr: The Stoning of Stephen and the Construction of Christian Identity (2010) 114
pharaoh, identification with sea serpent	Fishbane, Biblical Myth and Rabbinic Mythmaking (2003) 274
pharisees, torah-sages, pharisaic	Ruzer, Early Jewish Messianism in the New Testament: Reflections in the Dim Mirror (2020) 114
philo	Rüpke, The individual in the religions of the ancient Mediterranean (2014) 301
phocylides, poet	Rüpke, The individual in the religions of the ancient Mediterranean (2014) 301
prophecy	Brooke et al., Past Renewals: Interpretative Authority, Renewed Revelation, and the Quest for Perfection in Jewish Antiquity (2008) 122; Rüpke, The individual in the religions of the ancient Mediterranean (2014) 301
qumran, ethics	Brooke et al., Past Renewals: Interpretative Authority, Renewed Revelation, and the Quest for Perfection in Jewish Antiquity (2008) 122
qumran, initiation	Brooke et al., Past Renewals: Interpretative Authority, Renewed Revelation, and the Quest for Perfection in Jewish Antiquity (2008) 122
qumran, qumranic, anti-qumranic	Ruzer, Early Jewish Messianism in the New Testament: Reflections in the Dim Mirror (2020) 114
raphael	Fishbane, Biblical Myth and Rabbinic Mythmaking (2003) 274
recanti, menaḥem (r.)	Fishbane, Biblical Myth and Rabbinic Mythmaking (2003) 274
revelation	Brooke et al., Past Renewals: Interpretative Authority, Renewed Revelation, and the Quest for Perfection in Jewish Antiquity (2008) 122
revelation of john	Sandnes and Hvalvik, Early Christian Prayer and Identity Formation (2014) 197
scripture, and baba qamma	Neusner, The Perfect Torah (2003) 8
sectarianism	Brooke et al., Past Renewals: Interpretative Authority, Renewed Revelation, and the Quest for Perfection in Jewish Antiquity (2008) 122
sermon on the mount/sermon on the plain and marcionite thinking	Matthews, Perfect Martyr: The Stoning of Stephen and the Construction of Christian Identity (2010) 114
sermon on the mount	Ruzer, Early Jewish Messianism in the New Testament: Reflections in the Dim Mirror (2020) 114
sexuality	Rüpke, The individual in the religions of the ancient Mediterranean (2014) 301
shekhina, exclusive	Brooke et al., Past Renewals: Interpretative Authority, Renewed Revelation, and the Quest for Perfection in Jewish Antiquity (2008) 122
shekhinah, eros	Fishbane, Biblical Myth and Rabbinic Mythmaking (2003) 274
sinai, covenant	Brooke et al., Past Renewals: Interpretative Authority, Renewed Revelation, and the Quest for Perfection in Jewish Antiquity (2008) 122
sinai, lawgiving	Brooke et al., Past Renewals: Interpretative Authority, Renewed Revelation, and the Quest for Perfection in Jewish Antiquity (2008) 122
sinai, qumran literature	Brooke et al., Past Renewals: Interpretative Authority, Renewed Revelation, and the Quest for Perfection in Jewish Antiquity (2008) 122
sinai	Brooke et al., Past Renewals: Interpretative Authority, Renewed Revelation, and the Quest for Perfection in Jewish Antiquity (2008) 122
supernal	Fishbane, Biblical Myth and Rabbinic Mythmaking (2003) 274
swallowing, primordial	Fishbane, Biblical Myth and Rabbinic Mythmaking (2003) 274
synoptic gospels, tradition, pre-synoptic v-vi	Ruzer, Early Jewish Messianism in the New Testament: Reflections in the Dim Mirror (2020) 114
tanninim	Fishbane, Biblical Myth and Rabbinic Mythmaking (2003) 274
tertullian	Matthews, Perfect Martyr: The Stoning of Stephen and the Construction of Christian Identity (2010) 114
theft	Neusner, The Perfect Torah (2003) 8
torah, giving of	Brooke et al., Past Renewals: Interpretative Authority, Renewed Revelation, and the Quest for Perfection in Jewish Antiquity (2008) 122
torah, hidden and revealed	Brooke et al., Past Renewals: Interpretative Authority, Renewed Revelation, and the Quest for Perfection in Jewish Antiquity (2008) 122
torah, sectarian identity	Brooke et al., Past Renewals: Interpretative Authority, Renewed Revelation, and the Quest for Perfection in Jewish Antiquity (2008) 122
torah	Rüpke, The individual in the religions of the ancient Mediterranean (2014) 301
torah and prophets, great principle of	Ruzer, Early Jewish Messianism in the New Testament: Reflections in the Dim Mirror (2020) 114
urbach, e. e., ͗uriel	Fishbane, Biblical Myth and Rabbinic Mythmaking (2003) 274
worship, false/improper worship	Sandnes and Hvalvik, Early Christian Prayer and Identity Formation (2014) 197