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Tiresias: The Ancient Mediterranean Religions Source Database



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1. Cicero, Republic, 1.42-1.69 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)

1.42. Deinde aut uni tribuendum est aut delectis quibusdam aut suscipiendum est multitudini atque omnibus. Quare cum penes unum est omnium summa rerum, regem illum unum vocamus et regnum eius rei publicae statum. Cum autem est penes delectos, tum illa civitas optimatium arbitrio regi dicitur. Illa autem est civitas popularis (sic enim appellant), in qua in populo sunt omnia. Atque horum trium generum quodvis, si teneat illud vinclum, quod primum homines inter se rei publicae societate devinxit, non perfectum illud quidem neque mea sententia optimum est, sed tolerabile tamen, ut aliud alio possit esse praestantius. Nam vel rex aequus ac sapiens vel delecti ac principes cives vel ipse populus, quamquam id est minime probandum, tamen nullis interiectis iniquitatibus aut cupiditatibus posse videtur aliquo esse non incerto statu. 1.43. Sed et in regnis nimis expertes sunt ceteri communis iuris et consilii, et in optimatium dominatu vix particeps libertatis potest esse multitudo, cum omni consilio communi ac potestate careat, et cum omnia per populum geruntur quamvis iustum atque moderatum, tamen ipsa aequabilitas est iniqua, cum habet nullos gradus dignitatis. Itaque si Cyrus ille Perses iustissimus fuit sapientissimusque rex, tamen mihi populi res (ea enim est, ut dixi antea, publica) non maxime expetenda fuisse illa videtur, cum regeretur unius nutu ac modo; si Massilienses, nostri clientes, per delectos et principes cives summa iustitia reguntur, inest tamen in ea condicione populi similitudo quaedam servitutis; si Athenienses quibusdam temporibus sublato Areopago nihil nisi populi scitis ac decretis agebant, quoniam distinctos dignitatis gradus non habebant, non tenebat ornatum suum civitas. 1.44. Atque hoc loquor de tribus his generibus rerum publicarum non turbatis atque permixtis, sed suum statum tenentibus. Quae genera primum sunt in iis singula vitiis, quae ante dixi, deinde habent perniciosa alia vitia; nullum est enim genus illarum rerum publicarum, quod non habeat iter ad finitimum quoddam malum praeceps ac lubricum. Nam illi regi, ut eum potissimum nominem, tolerabili aut, si voltis, etiam amabili, Cyro, subest ad inmutandi animi licentiam crudelissimus ille Phalaris, cuius in similitudinem dominatus unius proclivi cursu et facile delabitur. Illi autem Massiliensium paucorum et principum administrationi civitatis finitimus est, qui fuit quodam tempore apud Athenienses triginta virorum consensus et factio. Iam Atheniensium populi potestatem omnium rerum ipsi, ne alios requiramus, ad furorem multitudinis licentiamque conversam pesti 1.45. deterrimus et ex hac vel optimatium vel factiosa tyrannica illa vel regia vel etiam persaepe popularis, itemque ex ea genus aliquod ecflorescere ex illis, quae ante dixi, solet, mirique sunt orbes et quasi circumitus in rebus publicis commutationum et vicissitudinum; quos cum cognosse sapientis est, tum vero prospicere inpendentis in guberda re publica moderantem cursum atque in sua potestate retinentem magni cuiusdam civis et divini paene est viri. Itaque quartum quoddam genus rei publicae maxime probandum esse sentio, quod est ex his, quae prima dixi, moderatum et permixtum tribus. 1.46. Hic Laelius: Scio tibi ita placere, Africane; saepe enim ex te audivi; sed tamen, nisi molestum est, ex tribus istis modis rerum publicarum velim scire quod optimum iudices. Nam vel profuerit aliquod ad cog 1.47. et talis est quaeque res publica, qualis eius aut natura aut voluntas, qui illam regit. Itaque nulla alia in civitate, nisi in qua populi potestas summa est, ullum domicilium libertas habet; qua quidem certe nihil potest esse dulcius, et quae, si aequa non est, ne libertas quidem est. Qui autem aequa potest esse, omitto dicere in regno, ubi ne obscura quidem est aut dubia servitus, sed in istis civitatibus, in quibus verbo sunt liberi omnes? ferunt enim suffragia, mandant inperia, magistratus, ambiuntur, rogantur, sed ea dant, quae, etiamsi nolint, danda sint, et quae ipsi non habent, unde alii petunt; sunt enim expertes imperii, consilii publici, iudicii delectorum iudicum, quae familiarum vetustatibus aut pecuniis ponderantur. In libero autem populo, ut Rhodi, ut Athenis, nemo est civium, qui 1.48. po pulo aliquis unus pluresve divitiores opulentioresque extitissent, tum ex eorum fastidio et superbia nata esse commemorant cedentibus ignavis et inbecillis et adrogantiae divitum succumbentibus. Si vero ius suum populi teneant, negant quicquam esse praestantius, liberius, beatius, quippe qui domini sint legum, iudiciorum, belli, pacis, foederum, capitis unius cuiusque, pecuniae. Hanc unam rite rem publicam, id est rem populi, appellari putant. Itaque et a regum et a patrum dominatione solere in libertatem rem populi vindicari, non ex liberis populis reges requiri aut potestatem atque opes optimatium. 1.49. Et vero negant oportere indomiti populi vitio genus hoc totum liberi populi repudiari, concordi populo et omnia referente ad incolumitatem et ad libertatem suam nihil esse inmutabilius, nihil firmius; facillimam autem in ea re publica esse concordiam, in qua idem conducat omnibus; ex utilitatis varietatibus, cum aliis aliud expediat, nasci discordias; itaque, cum patres rerum potirentur, numquam constitisse civitatis statum; multo iam id in regnis minus, quorum, ut ait Ennius, 'nulla regni sancta societas nec fides est.' Quare cum lex sit civilis societatis vinculum, ius autem legis aequale, quo iure societas civium teneri potest, cum par non sit condicio civium? Si enim pecunias aequari non placet, si ingenia omnium paria esse non possunt, iura certe paria debent esse eorum inter se, qui sunt cives in eadem re publica. Quid est enim civitas nisi iuris societas? 1.50. Ceteras vero res publicas ne appellandas quidem putant iis nominibus, quibus illae sese appellari velint. Cur enim regem appellem Iovis optimi nomine hominem domidi cupidum aut imperii singularis, populo oppresso domitem, non tyrannum potius? tam enim esse clemens tyrannus quam rex inportunus potest; ut hoc populorum intersit, utrum comi domino an aspero serviant; quin serviant quidem, fieri non potest. Quo autem modo adsequi poterat Lacedaemo illa tum, cum praestare putabatur disciplina rei publicae, ut bonis uteretur iustisque regibus, cum esset habendus rex, quicumque genere regio natus esset? Nam optimatis quidem quis ferat, qui non populi concessu, sed suis comitiis hoc sibi nomen adrogaverunt? Qui enim iudicatur iste optimus? doctrina, artibus, studiis 1.51. si fortuito id faciet, tam cito evertetur quam navis, si e vectoribus sorte ductus ad gubernacula accesserit. Quodsi liber populus deliget, quibus se committat, deligetque, si modo salvus esse vult, optimum quemque, certe in optimorum consiliis posita est civitatium salus, praesertim cum hoc natura tulerit, non solum ut summi virtute et animo praeessent inbecillioribus, sed ut hi etiam parere summis velint. Verum hunc optimum statum pravis hominum opinionibus eversum esse dicunt, qui ignoratione virtutis, quae cum in paucis est, tum a paucis iudicatur et cernitur, opulentos homines et copiosos, tum genere nobili natos esse optimos putant. Hoc errore vulgi cum rem publicam opes paucorum, non virtutes tenere coeperunt, nomen illi principes optimatium mordicus tenent, re autem carent eo nomine . Nam divitiae, nomen, opes vacuae consilio et vivendi atque aliis imperandi modo dedecoris plenae sunt et insolentis superbiae, nec ulla deformior species est civitatis quam illa, in qua opulentissimi optimi putantur. 1.52. Virtute vero guberte rem publicam quid potest esse praeclarius? cum is, qui inperat aliis, servit ipse nulli cupiditati, cum, quas ad res civis instituit et vocat, eas omnis conplexus est ipse nec leges inponit populo, quibus ipse non pareat, sed suam vitam ut legem praefert suis civibus. Qui si unus satis omnia consequi posset, nihil opus esset pluribus; si universi videre optimum et in eo consentire possent, nemo delectos principes quaereret. Difficultas ineundi consilii rem a rege ad plures, error et temeritas populorum a multitudine ad paucos transtulit. Sic inter infirmitatem unius temeritatemque multorum medium optimates possederunt locum, quo nihil potest esse moderatius; quibus rem publicam tuentibus beatissimos esse populos necesse est vacuos omni cura et cogitatione aliis permisso otio suo, quibus id tuendum est neque committendum, ut sua commoda populus neglegi a principibus putet. 1.53. Nam aequabilitas quidem iuris, quam amplexantur liberi populi, neque servari potest (ipsi enim populi, quamvis soluti ecfrenatique sint, praecipue multis multa tribuunt, et est in ipsis magnus dilectus hominum et dignitatum), eaque, quae appellatur aequabilitas, iniquissima est. Cum enim par habetur honos summis et infimis, qui sint in omni populo necesse est, ipsa aequitas iniquissima est; quod in iis civitatibus, quae ab optimis reguntur, accidere non potest. Haec fere, Laeli, et quaedam eiusdem generis ab iis, qui eam formam rei publicae maxime laudant, disputari solent. 1.54. Tum Laelius: Quid tu, inquit, Scipio? e tribus istis quod maxime probas? S. Recte quaeris, quod maxime e tribus, quoniam eorum nullum ipsum per se separatim probo anteponoque singulis illud, quod conflatum fuerit ex omnibus. Sed si unum ac simplex pro bandum sit, regium pro bem....... pri........ in .................... hoc loco appellatur, occurrit nomen quasi patrium regis, ut ex se natis, ita consulentis suis civibus et eos conservantis stu dios ius quam .....entis.......tem.........is.........tibus ...........uos sustentari unius optimi et summi viri diligentia. 1.55. Adsunt optimates, qui se melius hoc idem facere profiteantur plusque fore dicant in pluribus consilii quam in uno et eandem tamen aequitatem et fidem. Ecce autem maxima voce clamat populus neque se uni neque paucis velle parere; libertate ne feris quidem quicquam esse dulcius; hac omnes carere, sive regi sive optimatibus serviant. Ita caritate nos capiunt reges, consilio optimates, libertate populi, ut in comparando difficile ad eligendum sit, quid maxime velis. L. Credo, inquit, sed expediri, quae restant, vix poterunt, si hoc incohatum reliqueris. 1.56. S. Imitemur ergo Aratum, qui magnis de rebus dicere exordiens a Iove incipiendum putat. L. Quo Iove? aut quid habet illius carminis simile haec oratio? S. Tantum, inquit, ut rite ab eo dicendi principia capiamus, quem unum omnium deorum et hominum regem esse omnes docti indoctique † expoliri consentiunt. Quid? inquit Laelius. Et ille: Quid censes, nisi quod est ante oculos? Sive haec ad utilitatem vitae constituta sunt a principibus rerum publicarum, ut rex putaretur unus esse in caelo, qui nutu, ut ait Homerus, totum Olympum converteret idemque et rex et pater haberetur omnium, magna auctoritas est multique testes, siquidem omnis multos appellari placet, ita consensisse gentes decretis videlicet principum, nihil esse rege melius, quoniam deos omnis censent unius regi numine; sive haec in errore inperitorum posita esse et fabularum similia didicimus, audiamus communis quasi doctores eruditorum hominum, qui tamquam oculis illa viderunt, quae nos vix audiendo cognoscimus. Quinam, inquit Laelius, isti sunt? Et ille: Qui natura omnium rerum pervestiganda senserunt omnem hunc mundum mente 1.58. Sed, si vis, Laeli, dabo tibi testes nec nimis antiquos nec ullo modo barbaros. L. Istos, inquit, volo. S. Videsne igitur minus quadringentorum annorum esse hanc urbem, ut sine regibus sit? L. Vero minus. S. Quid ergo? haec quadringentorum annorum aetas ut urbis et civitatis num valde longa est? L. Ista vero, inquit, adulta vix. S. Ergo his annis quadringentis Romae rex erat? L. Et superbus quidem. S. Quid supra? L. Iustissimus, et deinceps retro usque ad Romulum, qui ab hoc tempore anno sescentesimo rex erat. S. Ergo ne iste quidem pervetus? L. Minime ac prope senescente iam Graecia. S. Cedo, num, Scipio, barbarorum Romulus rex fuit? L. Si, ut Graeci dicunt omnis aut Graios esse aut barbaros, vereor, ne barbarorum rex fuerit; sin id nomen moribus dandum est, non linguis, non Graecos minus barbaros quam Romanos puto. Et Scipio: Atqui ad hoc, de quo agitur, non quaerimus gentem, ingenia quaerimus. Si enim et prudentes homines et non veteres reges habere voluerunt, utor neque perantiquis neque inhumanis ac feris testibus. 1.59. Tum Laelius: Video te, Scipio, testimoniis satis instructum, sed apud me, ut apud bonum iudicem, argumenta plus quam testes valent. Tum Scipio: Utere igitur argumento, Laeli, tute ipse sensus tui. Cuius, inquit ille, sensus? S. Si quando, si forte, tibi visus es irasci alicui. L. Ego vero saepius, quam vellem. S. Quid? tum, cum tu es iratus, permittis illi iracundiae dominatum animi tui? L. Non mehercule, inquit, sed imitor Archytam illum Tarentinum, qui cum ad villam venisset et omnia aliter offendisset ac iusserat, 'A te infelicem', inquit vilico, 'quem necassem iam verberibus, nisi iratus essem.' Optime, inquit Scipio. 1.60. Ergo Archytas iracundiam videlicet dissidentem a ratione seditionem quandam animi vere ducebat eam que consilio sedari volebat; adde avaritiam, adde imperii, adde gloriae cupiditatem, adde libidines; et illud vides, si in animis hominum regale imperium sit, unius fore dominatum, consilii scilicet (ea est enim animi pars optima), consilio autem domite nullum esse libidinibus, nullum irae, nullum temeritati locum. L. Sic, inquit, est. S. Probas igitur animum ita adfectum? L. Nihil vero, inquit, magis. S. Ergo non probares, si consilio pulso libidines, quae sunt innumerabiles, iracundiaeve tenerent omnia? L. Ego vero nihil isto animo, nihil ita animato homine miserius ducerem. S. Sub regno igitur tibi esse placet omnis animi partes, et eas regi consilio? L. Mihi vero sic placet. S. Cur igitur dubitas, quid de re publica sentias? in qua, si in plures translata res sit, intellegi iam licet nullum fore, quod praesit, inperium, quod quidem, nisi unum sit, esse nullum potest. 1.61. Tum Laelius: Quid, quaeso, interest inter unum et plures, si iustitia est in pluribus? Et Scipio: Quoniam testibus meis intellexi, Laeli, te non valde moveri, non desinam te uti teste, ut hoc, quod dico, probem. Me, inquit ille, quonam modo? S. Quia animum adverti nuper, cum essemus in Formiano, te familiae valde interdicere, ut uni dicto audiens esset. L. Quippe vilico. S. Quid? domi pluresne praesunt negotiis tuis? L. Immo vero unus, inquit. S. Quid? totam domum num quis alter praeter te regit? L. Minime vero. S. Quin tu igitur concedis idem in re publica, singulorum dominatus, si modo iusti sint, esse optimos? L. Adducor, inquit, ut prope modum adsentiar. 1.62. Et Scipio: Tum magis adsentiare, Laeli, si, ut omittam similitudines, uni gubernatori, uni medico, si digni modo sint iis artibus, rectius esse alteri navem committere, aegrum alteri quam multis, ad maiora pervenero. L. Quaenam ista sunt? S. Quid? tu non vides unius inportunitate et superbia Tarquinii nomen huic populo in odium venisse regium? L. Video vero, inquit. S. Ergo etiam illud vides, de quo progrediente oratione plura me dicturum puto, Tarquinio exacto mira quadam exultasse populum insolentia libertatis; tum exacti in exilium innocentes, tum bona direpta multorum, tum annui consules, tum demissi populo fasces, tum provocationes omnium rerum, tum secessiones plebei, tum prorsus ita acta pleraque, ut in populo essent omnia. L. Est, inquit, ut dicis. 1.63. Est vero, inquit Scipio, in pace et otio; licet enim lascivire, dum nihil metuas, ut in navi ac saepe etiam in morbo levi. Sed ut ille, qui navigat, cum subito mare coepit horrescere, et ille aeger ingravescente morbo unius opem inplorat, sic noster populus in pace et domi imperat et ipsis magistratibus minatur, recusat, appellat, provocat, in bello sic paret ut regi; valet enim salus plus quam libido. Gravioribus vero bellis etiam sine collega omne imperium nostri penes singulos esse voluerunt, quorum ipsum nomen vim suae potestatis indicat. Nam dictator quidem ab eo appellatur, quia dicitur, sed in nostris libris vides eum, Laeli, magistrum populi appellari. L. Video, inquit. Et Scipio: Sapienter igitur illi vete res 1.64. iusto quidem rege cum est populus orbatus, 'pectora diu tenet desiderium', sicut ait Ennius, 'post optimi regis obitum'; simul inter Sese sic memorant: 'o Romule, Romule die, Qualem te patriae custodem di genuerunt! O pater, o genitor, o sanguen dis oriundum!' Non eros nec dominos appellabant eos, quibus iuste paruerunt, denique ne reges quidem, sed patriae custodes, sed patres, sed deos; nec sine causa; quid enim adiungunt? Tu produxisti nos intra luminis oras. Vitam, honorem, decus sibi datum esse iustitia regis existimabant. Mansisset eadem voluntas in eorum posteris, si regum similitudo permansisset, sed vides unius iniustitia concidisse genus illud totum rei publicae. L. Video vero, inquit, et studeo cursus istos mutationum non magis in nostra quam in omni re publica noscere. 1.65. Et Scipio: Est omnino, cum de illo genere rei publicae, quod maxime probo, quae sentio, dixero, accuratius mihi dicendum de commutationibus rerum publicarum, etsi minime facile eas in ea re publica futuras puto. Sed huius regiae prima et certissima est illa mutatio: Cum rex iniustus esse coepit, perit illud ilico genus, et est idem ille tyrannus, deterrimum genus et finitimum optimo; quem si optimates oppresserunt, quod ferme evenit, habet statum res publica de tribus secundarium; est enim quasi regium, id est patrium consilium populo bene consulentium principum. Sin per se populus interfecit aut eiecit tyrannum, est moderatior, quoad sentit et sapit, et sua re gesta laetatur tuerique vult per se constitutam rem publicam. Si quando aut regi iusto vim populus attulit regnove eum spoliavit aut etiam, id quod evenit saepius, optimatium sanguinem gustavit ac totam rem publicam substravit libidini suae (cave putes autem mare ullum aut flammam esse tantam, quam non facilius sit sedare quam effrenatam insolentia multitudinem), tum fit illud, quod apud Platonem est luculente dictum, si modo id exprimere Latine potuero; difficile factu est, sed conabor tamen. 1.66. 'Cum' enim inquit 'inexplebiles populi fauces exaruerunt libertatis siti malisque usus ille ministris non modice temperatam, sed nimis meracam libertatem sitiens hausit, tum magistratus et principes, nisi valde lenes et remissi sint et large sibi libertatem ministrent, insequitur, insimulat, arguit, praepotentes, reges, tyrannos vocat.' Puto enim tibi haec esse nota. L. Vero mihi, inquit ille, notissima. 1.67. S. Ergo illa sequuntur: 'eos, qui pareant principibus, agitari ab eo populo et servos voluntarios appellari; eos autem, qui in magistratu privatorum similes esse velint, eosque privatos, qui efficiant, ne quid inter privatum et magistratum differat, ferunt laudibus et mactant honoribus, ut necesse sit in eius modi re publica plena libertatis esse omnia, ut et privata domus omnis vacet dominatione et hoc malum usque ad bestias perveniat, denique ut pater filium metuat, filius patrem neglegat, absit omnis pudor, ut plane liberi sint, nihil intersit, civis sit an peregrinus, magister ut discipulos metuat et iis blandiatur spertque discipuli magistros, adulescentes ut senum sibi pondus adsumant, senes autem ad ludum adulescentium descendant, ne sint iis odiosi et graves; ex quo fit, ut etiam servi se liberius gerant, uxores eodem iure sint, quo viri, inque tanta libertate canes etiam et equi, aselli denique liberi sic incurrant, ut iis de via decedendum sit. Ergo ex hac infinita,' inquit, 'licentia haec summa cogitur, ut ita fastidiosae mollesque mentes evadant civium, ut, si minima vis adhibeatur imperii, irascantur et perferre nequeant; ex quo leges quoque incipiunt neglegere, ut plane sine ullo domino sint.' 1.68. Tum Laelius: Prorsus, inquit, expressa sunt a te, quae dicta sunt ab illo. S. Atque, ut iam ad sermonis mei auctorem revertar, ex hac nimia licentia, quam illi solam libertatem putant, ait ille ut ex stirpe quadam existere et quasi nasci tyrannum. Nam ut ex nimia potentia principum oritur interitus principum, sic hunc nimis liberum populum libertas ipsa servitute adficit. Sic omnia nimia, cum vel in tempestate vel in agris vel in corporibus laetiora fuerunt, in contraria fere convertuntur, maximeque id in rebus publicis evenit, nimiaque illa libertas et populis et privatis in nimiam servitutem cadit. Itaque ex hac maxima libertate tyrannus gignitur et illa iniustissima et durissima servitus. Ex hoc enim populo indomito vel potius immani deligitur aliqui plerumque dux contra illos principes adflictos iam et depulsos loco audax, inpurus, consectans proterve bene saepe de re publica meritos, populo gratificans et aliena et sua; cui quia privato sunt oppositi timores, dantur imperia et ea continuantur, praesidiis etiam, ut Athenis Pisistratus, saepiuntur, postremo, a quibus producti sunt, existunt eorum ipsorum tyranni; quos si boni oppresserunt, ut saepe fit, recreatur civitas; sin audaces, fit illa factio, genus aliud tyrannorum, eademque oritur etiam ex illo saepe optimatium praeclaro statu, cum ipsos principes aliqua pravitas de via deflexit. Sic tamquam pilam rapiunt inter se rei publicae statum tyranni ab regibus, ab iis autem principes aut populi, a quibus aut factiones aut tyranni, nec diutius umquam tenetur idem rei publicae modus. 1.69. Quod ita cum sit, ex tribus primis generibus longe praestat mea sententia regium, regio autem ipsi praestabit id, quod erit aequatum et temperatum ex tribus optimis rerum publicarum modis. Placet enim esse quiddam in re publica praestans et regale, esse aliud auctoritati principum inpartitum ac tributum, esse quasdam res servatas iudicio voluntatique multitudinis. Haec constitutio primum habet aequabilitatem quandam magnam, qua carere diutius vix possunt liberi, deinde firmitudinem, quod et illa prima facile in contraria vitia convertuntur, ut existat ex rege dominus, ex optimatibus factio, ex populo turba et confusio, quodque ipsa genera generibus saepe conmutantur novis, hoc in hac iuncta moderateque permixta conformatione rei publicae non ferme sine magnis principum vitiis evenit. Non est enim causa conversionis, ubi in suo quisque est gradu firmiter collocatus et non subest, quo praecipitet ac decidat.
2. Augustus, Res Gestae Divi Augusti, 20 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE)

3. Catullus, Poems, 63 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)

4. Dionysius of Halycarnassus, Roman Antiquities, 2.19 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)

2.19. 1.  Indeed, there is no tradition among the Romans either of Caelus being castrated by his own sons or of Saturn destroying his own offspring to secure himself from their attempts or of Jupiter dethroning Saturn and confining his own father in the dungeon of Tartarus, or, indeed, of wars, wounds, or bonds of the gods, or of their servitude among men.,2.  And no festival is observed among them as a day of mourning or by the wearing of black garments and the beating of breasts and the lamentations of women because of the disappearance of deities, such as the Greeks perform in commemorating the rape of Persephonê and the adventures of Dionysus and all the other things of like nature. And one will see among them, even though their manners are now corrupted, no ecstatic transports, no Corybantic frenzies, no begging under the colour of religion, no bacchanals or secret mysteries, no all-night vigils of men and women together in the temples, nor any other mummery of this kind; but alike in all their words and actions with respect to the gods a reverence is shown such as is seen among neither Greeks nor barbarians.,3.  And, — the thing which I myself have marvelled at most, — notwithstanding the influx into Rome of innumerable nations which are under every necessity of worshipping their ancestral gods according to the customs of their respective countries, yet the city has never officially adopted any of those foreign practices, as has been the experience of many cities in the past; but, even though she has, in pursuance of oracles, introduced certain rites from abroad, she celebrates them in accordance with her own traditions, after banishing all fabulous clap-trap. The rites of the Idaean goddess are a case in point;,4.  for the praetors perform sacrifices and celebrated games in her honour every year according to the Roman customs, but the priest and priestess of the goddess are Phrygians, and it is they who carry her image in procession through the city, begging alms in her name according to their custom, and wearing figures upon their breasts and striking their timbrels while their followers play tunes upon their flutes in honour of the Mother of the Gods.,5.  But by a law and decree of the senate no native Roman walks in procession through the city arrayed in a parti-coloured robe, begging alms or escorted by flute-players, or worships the god with the Phrygian ceremonies. So cautious are they about admitting any foreign religious customs and so great is their aversion to all pompous display that is wanting in decorum.
5. Livy, History, 29.10.4-29.10.8, 29.11.8, 29.14.5-29.14.14, 39.8-39.19 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)

6. Lucretius Carus, On The Nature of Things, 2.610-2.628 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)

7. Ovid, Fasti, 1.587-1.590, 4.193-4.244, 4.247-4.348 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE)

1.587. offers to the flames the entrails of a gelded ram: 1.588. All the provinces were returned to our people 1.589. And your grandfather was given the name Augustus. 1.590. Read the legends on wax images in noble halls 4.193. ‘Nurslings of Helicon, mindful of her orders, reveal 4.194. Why the Great Goddess delights in continual din.’ 4.195. So I spoke. And Erato replied (it fell to her to speak about 4.196. Venus’ month, because her name derives from tender love): 4.197. ‘Saturn was granted this prophecy: “Noblest of kings 4.198. You’ll be ousted by your own son’s sceptre.” 4.199. The god, fearful, devoured his children as soon a 4.200. Born, and then retained them deep in his guts. 4.201. often Rhea (Cybele) complained, at being so often pregt 4.202. Yet never a mother, and grieved at her own fruitfulness. 4.203. Then Jupiter was born (ancient testimony is credited 4.204. By most: so please don’t disturb the accepted belief): 4.205. A stone, concealed in clothing, went down Saturn’s throat 4.206. So the great progenitor was deceived by the fates. 4.207. Now steep Ida echoed to a jingling music 4.208. So the child might cry from its infant mouth, in safety. 4.209. Some beat shields with sticks, others empty helmets: 4.210. That was the Curetes’ and the Corybantes’ task. 4.211. The thing was hidden, and the ancient deed’s still acted out: 4.212. The goddess’s servants strike the bronze and sounding skins. 4.213. They beat cymbals for helmets, drums instead of shields: 4.214. The flute plays, as long ago, in the Phrygian mode.’ 4.215. The goddess ceased. I began: ‘Why do fierce lion 4.216. Yield untamed necks to the curving yoke for her?’ 4.217. I ceased. The goddess began: ‘It’s thought their ferocity 4.218. Was first tamed by her: the testament to it’s her chariot.’ 4.219. ‘But why is her head weighed down by a turreted crown? 4.220. Is it because she granted towers to the first cities?’ 4.221. She nodded. I said ‘Where did this urge to cut off 4.222. Their members come from?’ As I ended, the Muse spoke: 4.223. ‘In the woods, a Phrygian boy, Attis, of handsome face 4.224. Won the tower-bearing goddess with his chaste passion. 4.225. She desired him to serve her, and protect her temple 4.226. And said: “Wish, you might be a boy for ever.” 4.227. He promised to be true, and said: “If I’m lying 4.228. May the love I fail in be my last love.” 4.229. He did fail, and in meeting the nymph Sagaritis 4.230. Abandoned what he was: the goddess, angered, avenged it. 4.231. She destroyed the Naiad, by wounding a tree 4.232. Since the tree contained the Naiad’s fate. 4.233. Attis was maddened, and thinking his chamber’s roof 4.234. Was falling, fled for the summit of Mount Dindymus. 4.235. Now he cried: “Remove the torches”, now he cried: 4.236. “Take the whips away”: often swearing he saw the Furies. 4.237. He tore at his body too with a sharp stone 4.238. And dragged his long hair in the filthy dust 4.239. Shouting: “I deserved this! I pay the due penalty 4.240. In blood! Ah! Let the parts that harmed me, perish! 4.241. Let them perish!” cutting away the burden of his groin 4.242. And suddenly bereft of every mark of manhood. 4.243. His madness set a precedent, and his unmanly servant 4.244. Toss their hair, and cut off their members as if worthless.’ 4.247. ‘Guide of my work, I beg you, teach me also, where She 4.248. Was brought from. Was she always resident in our City? 4.249. ‘The Mother Goddess always loved Dindymus, Cybele 4.250. And Ida, with its pleasant streams, and the Trojan realm: 4.251. And when Aeneas brought Troy to Italian fields, the godde 4.252. Almost followed those ships that carried the sacred relics. 4.253. But she felt that fate didn’t require her powers in Latium 4.254. So she stayed behind in her long-accustomed place. 4.255. Later, when Rome was more than five centuries old 4.256. And had lifted its head above the conquered world 4.257. The priest consulted the fateful words of Euboean prophecy: 4.258. They say that what he found there was as follows: 4.259. ‘The Mother’s absent: Roman, I command you: seek the Mother. 4.260. When she arrives, she must be received in chaste hands.’ 4.261. The dark oracle’s ambiguity set the senators puzzling 4.262. As to who that parent might be, and where to seek her. 4.263. Apollo was consulted, and replied: ‘Fetch the Mother 4.264. of all the Gods, who you’ll find there on Mount Ida.’ 4.265. Noblemen were sent. Attalus at that time held 4.266. The Phrygian sceptre: he refused the Italian lords. 4.267. Marvellous to tell, the earth shook with long murmurs 4.268. And the goddess, from her shrine, spoke as follows: 4.269. ‘I myself wished them to seek me: don’t delay: send me 4.270. Willingly. Rome is a worthy place for all divinities.’ 4.271. Quaking with fear at her words, Attalus, said: ‘Go 4.272. You’ll still be ours: Rome claims Phrygian ancestry.’ 4.273. Immediately countless axes felled the pine-tree 4.274. Those trees pious Aeneas employed for his flight: 4.275. A thousand hands work, and the heavenly Mother 4.276. Soon has a hollow ship, painted in fiery colours. 4.277. She’s carried in perfect safety over her son’s waves 4.278. And reaches the long strait named for Phrixus’ sister 4.279. Passes fierce Rhoetum and the Sigean shore 4.280. And Tenedos and Eetion’s ancient kingdom. 4.281. Leaving Lesbos behind she then steered for the Cyclades 4.282. And the waves that break on Euboea’s Carystian shoals. 4.283. She passed the Icarian Sea, as well, where Icarus shed 4.284. His melting wings, giving his name to a vast tract of water. 4.285. Then leaving Crete to larboard, and the Pelopian wave 4.286. To starboard, she headed for Cythera, sacred to Venus. 4.287. From there to the Sicilian Sea, where Brontes, Sterope 4.288. And Aemonides forge their red-hot iron 4.289. Then, skirting African waters, she saw the Sardinian 4.290. Realm behind to larboard, and reached our Italy. 4.291. She’d arrived at the mouth (ostia) where the Tiber divide 4.292. To meet the deep, and flows with a wider sweep: 4.293. All the Knights, grave Senators, and commoners 4.294. Came to meet her at the mouth of the Tuscan river. 4.295. With them walked mothers, daughters, and brides 4.296. And all those virgins who tend the sacred fires. 4.297. The men wearied their arms hauling hard on the ropes: 4.298. The foreign vessel barely made way against the stream. 4.299. For a long time there’d been a drought: the grass was dry 4.300. And scorched: the boat stuck fast in the muddy shallows. 4.301. Every man, hauling, laboured beyond his strength 4.302. And encouraged their toiling hands with his cries. 4.303. Yet the ship lodged there, like an island fixed in mid-ocean: 4.304. And astonished at the portent, men stood and quaked. 4.305. Claudia Quinta traced her descent from noble Clausus 4.306. And her beauty was in no way unequal to her nobility: 4.307. She was chaste, but not believed so: hostile rumour 4.308. Had wounded her, false charges were levelled at her: 4.309. Her elegance, promenading around in various hairstyles 4.310. And her ready tongue, with stiff old men, counted against her. 4.311. Conscious of virtue, she laughed at the rumoured lies 4.312. But we’re always ready to credit others with faults. 4.313. Now, when she’d stepped from the line of chaste women 4.314. Taking pure river water in her hands, she wetted her head 4.315. Three times, three times lifted her palms to the sky 4.316. (Everyone watching her thought she’d lost her mind) 4.317. Then, kneeling, fixed her eyes on the goddess’s statue 4.318. And, with loosened hair, uttered these words: 4.319. “ Kind and fruitful Mother of the Gods, accept 4.320. A suppliant’s prayers, on this one condition: 4.321. They deny I’m chaste: let me be guilty if you condemn me: 4.322. Convicted by a goddess I’ll pay for it with my life. 4.323. But if I’m free of guilt, grant a pledge of my innocence 4.324. By your action: and, chaste, give way to my chaste hands.” 4.325. She spoke: then gave a slight pull at the rope 4.326. (A wonder, but the sacred drama attests what I say): 4.327. The goddess stirred, followed, and, following, approved her: 4.328. Witness the sound of jubilation carried to the stars. 4.329. They came to a bend in the river (called of old 4.330. The Halls of Tiber): there the stream turns left, ascending. 4.331. Night fell: they tied the rope to an oak stump 4.332. And, having eaten, settled to a tranquil sleep. 4.333. Dawn rose: they loosed the rope from the oak stump 4.334. After first laying a fire and offering incense 4.335. And crowned the stern, and sacrificed a heifer 4.336. Free of blemish, that had never known yoke or bull. 4.337. There’s a place where smooth-flowing Almo joins the Tiber 4.338. And the lesser flow loses its name in the greater: 4.339. There, a white-headed priest in purple robe 4.340. Washed the Lady, and sacred relics, in Almo’s water. 4.341. The attendants howled, and the mad flutes blew 4.342. And soft hands beat at the bull’s-hide drums. 4.343. Claudia walked in front with a joyful face 4.344. Her chastity proven by the goddess’s testimony: 4.345. The goddess herself, sitting in a cart, entered the Capene Gate: 4.346. Fresh flowers were scattered over the yoked oxen. 4.347. Nasica received her. The name of her temple’s founder is lost: 4.348. Augustus has re-dedicated it, and, before him, Metellus.’
8. Juvenal, Satires, 6.512-6.516 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)

9. Suetonius, Tiberius, 63.1 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)

10. Suetonius, Vespasianus, 8 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)

11. Valerius Maximus, Memorable Deeds And Sayings, 1.3.3 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)

12. Macrobius, Saturnalia, 1.16.34-1.16.35 (4th cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)

13. Macrobius, Saturnalia, 1.16.34-1.16.35 (4th cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)

14. Epigraphy, Cil, 6.930, 13.1668

15. Epigraphy, Ils, 140, 212, 244, 139

16. Epigraphy, Illrp, 511

17. Paulus Julius, Digesta, 5.21.3



Subjects of this text:

subject book bibliographic info
acta senatus, distribution of Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire (2013) 163
administration, roman Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 278
aemilius paullus, l., consul Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100
agrippa, marcus vipsanius Edmonds, Drawing Down the Moon: Magic in the Ancient Greco-Roman World (2019) 388
alcántara, lusitania Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100
antioch, pisidian Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire (2013) 99
antistius rusticus, lucius Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire (2013) 99
asia minor Price, Finkelberg and Shahar, Rome: An Empire of Many Nations: New Perspectives on Ethnic Diversity and Cultural Identity (2021) 172
astrology Edmonds, Drawing Down the Moon: Magic in the Ancient Greco-Roman World (2019) 388
augustine Edmonds, Drawing Down the Moon: Magic in the Ancient Greco-Roman World (2019) 388
augustus, emperor Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 278
augustus/a, epithet of a divinity Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 406
augustus Edmonds, Drawing Down the Moon: Magic in the Ancient Greco-Roman World (2019) 388
aurelian Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire (2013) 163
bacchus, cult of Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 406
bilingual inscriptions Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 160
boundary markers, termini Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 160
bronze tablets/plaques Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100, 160, 406
broughton, t. robert s. Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 278
businessmen, negotiatores Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 160
calendars, local, roman influence on Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire (2013) 163
calpurnius piso, cn., consul Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100, 306
cavalry Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 278
cil Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 160
cities, provincial, greek Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 278
claudius, emperor Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100
collegia Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 160
consular dates, fasti capitolini Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 278
consuls Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 278
contrebia belaisca, hispania citerior Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100
corsica, province Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 160
decrees, decurions Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 306
decrees Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100
dedications Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 160, 406
deditio, surrender Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100
delos, aegean island Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 160
delphi Price, Finkelberg and Shahar, Rome: An Empire of Many Nations: New Perspectives on Ethnic Diversity and Cultural Identity (2021) 172
dionysus Price, Finkelberg and Shahar, Rome: An Empire of Many Nations: New Perspectives on Ethnic Diversity and Cultural Identity (2021) 172
diplomas, military Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100, 278
divination Edmonds, Drawing Down the Moon: Magic in the Ancient Greco-Roman World (2019) 388
domus augusta Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 306
ebro river, rivus hiberiensis Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100, 306
etruscan inscriptions Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 160
fasti, of senatorial office-holders Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 278
funerary inscriptions/epitaphs Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 160
gaius caesar, grandson/adopted son of augustus Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 306
germanicus, adopted son of tiberius Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 306
hadrian, emperor Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 306
hannibal Price, Finkelberg and Shahar, Rome: An Empire of Many Nations: New Perspectives on Ethnic Diversity and Cultural Identity (2021) 172
haruspicy Edmonds, Drawing Down the Moon: Magic in the Ancient Greco-Roman World (2019) 388
hercules/herakles, cults of, herakles monoikos Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 406
hispanic provinces Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100, 160
honorific inscriptions Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100
imperial cult Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 406
inscriptions, typology of, in republic Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 160
inscriptions, typology of Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100
irrigation, regulations about Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100, 306
italians, overseas Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 160
judaism Edmonds, Drawing Down the Moon: Magic in the Ancient Greco-Roman World (2019) 388
judicial procedure Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 306
juridical epigraphy Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 306
latin inscriptions, number of, republic Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 160
latin language, archaic latin morphology/orthography Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 173
latin language Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 173
law, individual liability and Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire (2013) 99
law courts Edmonds, Drawing Down the Moon: Magic in the Ancient Greco-Roman World (2019) 388
lex coloniae iuliae genetivae Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100
lex flavia municipalis Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100
literacy Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire (2013) 104
lucius caesar, grandson/adopted son of augustus Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 306
macrobius Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire (2013) 99
magistrates, municipal Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 160
magistri vici Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 406
magna mater Price, Finkelberg and Shahar, Rome: An Empire of Many Nations: New Perspectives on Ethnic Diversity and Cultural Identity (2021) 172
milestones, miliaria Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 160
mithraism Edmonds, Drawing Down the Moon: Magic in the Ancient Greco-Roman World (2019) 388
municipal governance Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 160
north africa Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100
of the roman people Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 278
of the roman state Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 160
official inscriptions Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100
oscan inscriptions Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 160
ostia portus Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 278
pagi, rural districts Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 306
palatine hill Price, Finkelberg and Shahar, Rome: An Empire of Many Nations: New Perspectives on Ethnic Diversity and Cultural Identity (2021) 172
paulus Edmonds, Drawing Down the Moon: Magic in the Ancient Greco-Roman World (2019) 388
pisae, etruria Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 306
plebiscita Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100
polybius, greek historian Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 278
pompeii Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 278
praetors Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 306
professions, in inscriptions Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 160
public inscriptions Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100
regional variations in spread of inscriptions, during republic Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 160
republican inscriptions Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 160, 173
rome, capitol Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100
rome Edmonds, Drawing Down the Moon: Magic in the Ancient Greco-Roman World (2019) 388
sardinia, province Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 160
sc about honours for germanicus Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 306
sc de bacchanalibus Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100, 160, 173, 278, 306, 406
sc de cn. pisone patre Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100, 306
senate, at rome Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 278
senate of rome, as exemplar Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire (2013) 163
senate of rome, loyalty of Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire (2013) 163
senate of rome, publisher of documents' Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire (2013) 163
senatus consulta Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 160, 278, 306, 406
sherk, robert k. Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 278
sicily Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 160
so-called Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100
soldiers Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 160
speeches Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100
stata mater augusta, cult of Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 406
state magistrates Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100
tabula contrebiensis Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100, 306
tabula hebana Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100, 306
tabula siarensis Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100, 306
tabulae patronatus Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100
tax-collectors and collection, roman Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 278
tiberius Edmonds, Drawing Down the Moon: Magic in the Ancient Greco-Roman World (2019) 388
tibur, tivoli, latium Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 173
tituli sacri Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 406
treaties Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 306
tribuni plebis Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 278
triumphal Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 278
tullius cicero, m., consul, author Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 278
twelve tables Edmonds, Drawing Down the Moon: Magic in the Ancient Greco-Roman World (2019) 388
valerius flaccus, c., proconsul Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 306
vespasian, emperor Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 100
votive inscriptions, rome, italy Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 406
votive inscriptions Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 160
vulcan, cult of, volcanus quietus augustus Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 406
women of senatorial rank Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 278
zeus, cults of Bruun and Edmondson, The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy (2015) 406