1. Cicero, On The Ends of Good And Evil, 3.16, 5.43 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
| 3.16. Bene facis, inquit, quod me adiuvas, et istis quidem, quae modo dixisti, utar potius Latinis, in ceteris subvenies, si me haerentem videbis. Sedulo, inquam, faciam. sed 'fortuna fortis'; quare conare, quaeso. quid enim possumus hoc agere divinius? Placet his, inquit, quorum ratio mihi probatur, simulatque natum sit animal—hinc hinc RN hin A huic BEV enim est ordiendum ordiendum est BER —, ipsum sibi conciliari et commendari ad se conservandum et ad suum statum eaque, eaque Gz. eque ABERN et ad ea V quae conservantia sint sint Iw. Mue. II p. 19; sunt eius status, diligenda, alienari autem ab interitu iisque rebus, quae interitum videantur adferre. id ita esse sic probant, quod ante, quam voluptas aut dolor attigerit, salutaria appetant parvi aspernenturque contraria, quod non fieret, nisi statum suum diligerent, interitum timerent. fieri autem non posset ut appeterent aliquid, nisi sensum haberent sui eoque se diligerent. ex quo intellegi debet principium ductum esse a se diligendo. 5.43. est enim natura sic generata vis hominis, ut ad omnem virtutem percipiendam facta videatur, ob eamque causam parvi virtutum simulacris, quarum in se habent semina, sine doctrina moventur; sunt enim prima elementa naturae, quibus auctis auctis actis R virtutis quasi germen germen I. F. Gronov. carmen efficitur. nam cum ita nati factique simus, ut et agendi aliquid et diligendi aliquos et liberalitatis et referendae gratiae principia in nobis contineremus atque ad scientiam, prudentiam, fortitudinem aptos animos haberemus a contrariisque rebus alienos, non sine causa eas, quas dixi, in pueris virtutum quasi scintillas videmus, e quibus accendi philosophi ratio debet, ut eam quasi deum ducem subsequens ad naturae perveniat extremum. nam, ut saepe iam dixi, in infirma aetate inbecillaque mente vis naturae quasi per caliginem cernitur; cum autem progrediens confirmatur animus, agnoscit ille quidem ille quidem Mdv. quid ille BE quidem ille RNV naturae vim, sed ita, ut progredi possit longius, per se sit tantum tantum Mdv. tamen inchoata. | 3.16. "Thanks for your assistance," he said. "I certainly shall use for choice the Latin equivalents you have just given; and in other cases you shall come to my aid if you see me in difficulties." "I'll do my best," I replied; "but fortune favours the bold, so pray make the venture. What sublimer occupation could we find?" He began: "It is the view of those whose system I adopt, that immediately upon birth (for that is the proper point to start from) a living creature feels an attachment for itself, and an impulse to preserve itself and to feel affection for its own constitution and for those things which tend to preserve that constitution; while on the other hand it conceives an antipathy to destruction and to those things which appear to threaten destruction. In proof of this opinion they urge that infants desire things conducive to their health and reject things that are the opposite before they have ever felt pleasure or pain; this would not be the case, unless they felt an affection for their own constitution and were afraid of destruction. But it would be impossible that they should feel desire at all unless they possessed self-consciousness, and consequently felt affection for themselves. This leads to the conclusion that it is love of self which supplies the primary impulse to action. 5.43. It is that human capacity is so constituted by nature that it appears designed to achieve every kind of virtue; hence children, without instruction, are actuated by semblances of the virtues, of which they possess in themselves the seeds, for these are primary elements of our nature, and they sprout and blossom into virtue. For we are so constituted from birth as to contain within us the primary instincts of action, of affection, of liberality and of gratitude; we are also gifted with minds that are adapted to knowledge, prudence and courage, and averse from their opposites; hence there is a reason why we observe in children those sparks of virtue I have mentioned, from which the philosopher's torch of reason must be kindled, that he may follow reason as his divine guide and so arrive at nature's goal. For as I have repeatedly said already, in the years of immaturity when the intellect is weak the powers of our nature are discerned as through a mist; but as the mind grows older and stronger it learns to know the capacity of our nature, while recognizing that this nature is susceptible of further development and has by itself only reached an incomplete condition. |
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2. Cicero, Tusculan Disputations, 4.15 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
| 4.15. sed quae iudicia quasque opiniones perturbationum esse dixi, non in eis perturbationes solum positas esse dicunt, verum illa etiam etiam ilia H quae efficiuntur perturbationibus, ut aegritudo quasi morsum aliquem doloris efficiat, metus recessum quendam animi et fugam, laetitia profusam hilaritatem, libido lubido K x li bido R effrenatam effrenata X corr. K 2 R c adpetentiam. opinationem autem, quam in omnis definitiones superiores inclusimus, volunt esse inbecillam adsensionem. | |
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3. Horace, Letters, 1.1.60 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
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4. Nicocles, Fragments, 41, 40 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
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5. Dio Chrysostom, Orations, 1.1-1.2, 1.11-1.36, 2.75, 3.2-3.3, 3.5, 3.25, 3.37, 3.83-3.84, 3.87-3.90, 3.93, 3.116, 7.66, 9.9 (1st cent. CE
| 2.75. In like manner do the gods act, and especially the great King of Kings, Zeus, who is the common protector and father of men and gods. If any man proves himself a violent, unjust and lawless ruler, visiting his strength, not upon the enemy, but upon his subjects and friends; if he is insatiate of pleasures, insatiate of wealth, quick to suspect, implacable in anger, keen for slander, deaf to reason, knavish, treacherous, degraded, wilful, exalting the wicked, envious of his superiors, too stupid for education, regarding no man as friend nor having one, as though such a possession were beneath him, â 3.5. when that man, I say, is at once a judge more observant of the law than an empanelled jury, a king of greater equity than the responsible magistrates in our cities, a general more courageous than the soldiers in the ranks, a man more assiduous in all his tasks than those who are forced to work, less covetous of luxury than those who have no means to indulge in luxury, kindlier to his subjects than a loving father to his children, more dreaded by his enemies than are the invincible and irresistible gods â how can one deny that such a man's fortune is a blessing, not to himself alone, but to all others as well? 3.25. Accordingly, that I may not be open to the charge of flattery by my wouldâbe detractors, and that you on your part may not be accused of a wanting to be praised to your very face, I shall speak of the ideal king, of what sort he should be, and how he differs from the man who pretends to be a ruler but is in reality far from true dominion and kingship. |
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6. Epictetus, Discourses, 1.1.9, 1.1.12, 1.1.28, 1.10.7-1.10.8, 1.10.10, 1.12.12-1.12.16, 1.16.15-1.16.21, 1.17.13-1.17.18, 1.21.2, 1.27.7, 1.27.9-1.27.10, 1.27.19, 1.28.28-1.28.33, 1.29.7-1.29.8, 1.29.29, 3.22.1-3.22.10, 3.22.13-3.22.20, 3.22.23, 3.22.25, 3.22.27-3.22.44, 3.22.47-3.22.51, 3.22.53-3.22.64, 3.22.67-3.22.85, 3.22.91, 3.22.93, 3.22.95-3.22.97, 3.22.99-3.22.107, 3.24.67-3.24.70, 3.24.107, 3.24.117, 3.26.29, 4.1.59, 4.1.81-4.1.83, 4.1.119, 4.3.7, 4.7.10 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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7. Epictetus, Enchiridion, 1 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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8. New Testament, 1 Corinthians, 6.12, 6.13, 6.14, 6.15, 6.16, 6.17, 6.18, 6.19, 6.20, 8, 8.1, 8.1-11.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 13 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
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9. New Testament, 2 Corinthians, 10.3-10.6 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
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10. New Testament, Romans, 14 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
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11. Plutarch, Against Colotes, 1122c (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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12. Plutarch, Agesilaus, 33.4 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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13. Plutarch, Comparison of Aemilius Paulus And Timoleon, 2.3 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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14. Plutarch, Comparison of Aristides And Cato, 1.3 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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15. Plutarch, Comparison of Lysander With Sulla, 5.5 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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16. Plutarch, Demetrius, 1.7, 3.3 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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17. Plutarch, Galba, 2.1 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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18. Plutarch, Moralia, 813e, 1043c (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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19. Seneca The Younger, De Constantia Sapientis, 3.4-3.5 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
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20. Seneca The Younger, Letters, 7.1, 50.9, 51.5-51.6, 59.6-59.8, 74.19, 92.11-92.13, 116.5, 121.9 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
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21. Stobaeus, Eclogues, 2.7.5c
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