Tiresias: The Ancient Mediterranean Religions Source Database

2301

Cicero, On Duties, 1.150-1.151
Iam de artificiis et quaestibus, qui liberales habendi, qui sordidi sint, haec fere accepimus. Primum improbantur ii quaestus, qui in odia hominum incurrunt, ut portitorum, ut faeneratorum. Illiberales autem et sordidi quaestus mercennariorum omnium, quorum operae, non quorum artes emuntur; est enim in illis ipsa merces auctoramentum servitutis. Sordidi etiam putandi, qui mercantur a mercatoribus, quod statim vendant; nihil enim proficiant, nisi admodum mentiantur; nec vero est quicquam turpius vanitate. Opificesque omnes in sordida arte versantur; nec enim quicquam ingenuum habere potest officina. Minimeque artes eae probandae, quae ministrae sunt voluptatum: Cetárii, lanií, coqui, fartóres, piscatóres, ut ait Terentius; adde hue, si placet, unguentarios, saltatores totumque ludum talarium. Now in regard to trades and other means of livelihood, which ones are to be considered becoming to a gentleman and which ones are vulgar, we have been taught, in general, as follows. First, those means of livelihood are rejected as undesirable which incur people's ill-will, as those of tax-gatherers and usurers. Unbecoming to a gentleman, too, and vulgar are the means of livelihood of all hired workmen whom we pay for mere manual labour, not for artistic skill; for in their case the very wage they receive is a pledge of their slavery. Vulgar we must consider those also who buy from wholesale merchants to retail immediately; for they would get no profits without a great deal of downright lying; and verily, there is no action that is meaner than misrepresentation. And all mechanics are engaged in vulgar trades; for no workshop can have anything liberal about it. Least respectable of all are those trades which cater for sensual pleasures: "Fishmongers, butchers, cooks, and poulterers, And fishermen," as Terence says. Add to these, if you please, the perfumers, dancers, and the whole corps de ballet. <
Quibus autem artibus aut prudentia maior inest aut non mediocris utilitas quaeritur, ut medicina, ut architectura, ut doctrina rerum honestarum, eae sunt iis, quorum ordini conveniunt, honestae. Mercatura autem, si tenuis est. sordida putanda est; sin magna et copiosa, multa undique apportans multisque sine vanitate impertiens, non est admodum vituperanda, atque etiam, si satiata quaestu vel contenta potius, ut saepe ex alto in portum, ex ipso portu se in agros possessionesque contulit, videtur iure optimo posse laudari. Omnium autem rerum, ex quibus aliquid acquiritur, nihil est agri cultura melius, nihil uberius, nihil dulcius, nihil homine libero dignius; de qua quoniam in Catone Maiore satis multa diximus, illim assumes, quae ad hunc locum pertinebunt. But the professions in which either a higher degree of intelligence is required or from which no small benefit to society is derived — medicine and architecture, for example, and teaching — these are proper for those whose social position they become. Trade, if it is on a small scale, is to be considered vulgar; but if wholesale and on a large scale, importing large quantities from all parts of the world and distributing to many without misrepresentation, it is not to be greatly disparaged. Nay, it even seems to deserve the highest respect, if those who are engaged in it, satiated, or rather, I should say, satisfied with the fortunes they have made, make their way from the port to a country estate, as they have often made it from the sea into port. But of all the occupations by which gain is secured, none is better than agriculture, none more profitable, none more delightful, none more becoming to a freeman. But since I have discussed this quite fully in my Cato Major, you will find there the material that applies to this point.

Intertexts (texts cited often on the same page as the searched text):

23 results
1. Hebrew Bible, Jonah, 1.5, 1.7-1.10, 1.14-1.16 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) 1.5. וַיִּירְאוּ הַמַּלָּחִים וַיִּזְעֲקוּ אִישׁ אֶל־אֱלֹהָיו וַיָּטִלוּ אֶת־הַכֵּלִים אֲשֶׁר בָּאֳנִיָּה אֶל־הַיָּם לְהָקֵל מֵעֲלֵיהֶם וְיוֹנָה יָרַד אֶל־יַרְכְּתֵי הַסְּפִינָה וַיִּשְׁכַּב וַיֵּרָדַם׃ 1.7. וַיֹּאמְרוּ אִישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵהוּ לְכוּ וְנַפִּילָה גוֹרָלוֹת וְנֵדְעָה בְּשֶׁלְּמִי הָרָעָה הַזֹּאת לָנוּ וַיַּפִּלוּ גּוֹרָלוֹת וַיִּפֹּל הַגּוֹרָל עַל־יוֹנָה׃ 1.8. וַיֹּאמְרוּ אֵלָיו הַגִּידָה־נָּא לָנוּ בַּאֲשֶׁר לְמִי־הָרָעָה הַזֹּאת לָנוּ מַה־מְּלַאכְתְּךָ וּמֵאַיִן תָּבוֹא מָה אַרְצֶךָ וְאֵי־מִזֶּה עַם אָתָּה׃ 1.9. וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵיהֶם עִבְרִי אָנֹכִי וְאֶת־יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵי הַשָּׁמַיִם אֲנִי יָרֵא אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂה אֶת־הַיָּם וְאֶת־הַיַּבָּשָׁה׃ 1.14. וַיִּקְרְאוּ אֶל־יְהוָה וַיֹּאמְרוּ אָנָּה יְהוָה אַל־נָא נֹאבְדָה בְּנֶפֶשׁ הָאִישׁ הַזֶּה וְאַל־תִּתֵּן עָלֵינוּ דָּם נָקִיא כִּי־אַתָּה יְהוָה כַּאֲשֶׁר חָפַצְתָּ עָשִׂיתָ׃ 1.15. וַיִּשְׂאוּ אֶת־יוֹנָה וַיְטִלֻהוּ אֶל־הַיָּם וַיַּעֲמֹד הַיָּם מִזַּעְפּוֹ׃ 1.16. וַיִּירְאוּ הָאֲנָשִׁים יִרְאָה גְדוֹלָה אֶת־יְהוָה וַיִּזְבְּחוּ־זֶבַח לַיהוָה וַיִּדְּרוּ נְדָרִים׃ 1.5. And the mariners were afraid, and cried every man unto his god; and they cast forth the wares that were in the ship into the sea, to lighten it unto them. But Jonah was gone down into the innermost parts of the ship; and he lay, and was fast asleep." 1.7. And they said every one to his fellow: ‘Come, and let us cast lots, that we may know for whose cause this evil is upon us.’ So they cast lots, and the lot fell upon Jonah." 1.8. Then said they unto him: ‘Tell us, we pray thee, for whose cause this evil is upon us: what is thine occupation? and whence comest thou? what is thy country? and of what people art thou?’" 1.9. And he said unto them: ‘I am an Hebrew; and I fear the LORD, the God of heaven, who hath made the sea and the dry land.’" 1.10. Then were the men exceedingly afraid, and said unto him: ‘What is this that thou hast done?’ For the men knew that he fled from the presence of the LORD, because he had told them." 1.14. Wherefore they cried unto the LORD, and said: ‘We beseech Thee, O LORD, we beseech Thee, let us not perish for this man’s life, and lay not upon us innocent blood; for Thou, O LORD, hast done as it pleased Thee.’" 1.15. So they took up Jonah, and cast him forth into the sea; and the sea ceased from its raging." 1.16. Then the men feared the LORD exceedingly; and they offered a sacrifice unto the LORD, and made vows."
2. Hebrew Bible, Proverbs, 23.34 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) 23.34. וְהָיִיתָ כְּשֹׁכֵב בְּלֶב־יָם וּכְשֹׁכֵב בְּרֹאשׁ חִבֵּל׃ 23.34. Yea, thou shalt be as he that lieth down in the midst of the sea, or as he that lieth upon the top of a mast."
3. Aristophanes, Frogs, 2-4, 1 (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) 1. Εἴπω τι τῶν εἰωθότων ὦ δέσποτα
4. Anon., 1 Enoch, 101.5 (3rd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE) 101.5. in sore trouble And therefore do they fear because all their goodly possessions go upon the sea with them, and they have evil forebodings of heart that the sea will swallow them and they will
5. Cicero, On Duties, 1.13, 1.129, 1.151 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE) 1.13. In primisque hominis est propria veri inquisitio atque investigatio. Itaque cum sumus necessariis negotiis curisque vacui, tum avemus aliquid videre, audire, addiscere cognitionemque rerum aut occultarum aut admirabilium ad beate vivendum necessariam ducimus. Ex quo intellegitur, quod verum, simplex sincerumque sit, id esse naturae hominis aptissimum. Huic veri videndi cupiditati adiuncta est appetitio quaedam principatus, ut nemini parere animus bene informatus a natura velit nisi praecipienti aut docenti aut utilitatis causa iuste et legitime imperanti; ex quo magnitudo animi exsistit humanarumque rerum contemptio. 1.129. Quibus in rebus duo maxime sunt fugienda, ne quid effeminatum aut molle et ne quid durum aut rusticum sit. Nec vero histrionibus oratoribusque concedendum est, ut iis haec apta sint, nobis dissoluta. Scaenicorum quidem mos tantam habet vetere disciplina verecundiam, ut in scaenam sine subligaculo prodeat nemo; verentur enim, ne, si quo casn evenerit, ut corporis partes quaedam aperiantur, aspiciantur non decore. Nostro quidem more cum parentibus puberes filii, cum soceris generi non lavantur. Retinenda igitur est huius generis verecundia, praesertim natura ipsa magistra et duce. 1.151. Quibus autem artibus aut prudentia maior inest aut non mediocris utilitas quaeritur, ut medicina, ut architectura, ut doctrina rerum honestarum, eae sunt iis, quorum ordini conveniunt, honestae. Mercatura autem, si tenuis est. sordida putanda est; sin magna et copiosa, multa undique apportans multisque sine vanitate impertiens, non est admodum vituperanda, atque etiam, si satiata quaestu vel contenta potius, ut saepe ex alto in portum, ex ipso portu se in agros possessionesque contulit, videtur iure optimo posse laudari. Omnium autem rerum, ex quibus aliquid acquiritur, nihil est agri cultura melius, nihil uberius, nihil dulcius, nihil homine libero dignius; de qua quoniam in Catone Maiore satis multa diximus, illim assumes, quae ad hunc locum pertinebunt. 1.129.  In these matters we must avoid especially the two extremes — our conduct and speech should not be effeminate and over-nice, on the one hand, nor coarse and boorish, on the other. And we surely must not admit that, while this rule applies to actors and orators, it is not binding upon us. As for stage-people, their custom, because of its traditional discipline, carries modesty to such a point that an actor would never step out upon the stage without a breech-cloth on, for fear he might make an improper exhibition, if by some accident certain parts of his person should happen to become exposed. And in our own custom grown sons do not bathe with their fathers, nor sons-in‑law with their fathers-in‑law. We must, therefore, keep to the path of this sort of modesty, especially when Nature is our teacher and guide. 1.151.  But the professions in which either a higher degree of intelligence is required or from which no small benefit to society is derived — medicine and architecture, for example, and teaching — these are proper for those whose social position they become. Trade, if it is on a small scale, is to be considered vulgar; but if wholesale and on a large scale, importing large quantities from all parts of the world and distributing to many without misrepresentation, it is not to be greatly disparaged. Nay, it even seems to deserve the highest respect, if those who are engaged in it, satiated, or rather, I should say, satisfied with the fortunes they have made, make their way from the port to a country estate, as they have often made it from the sea into port. But of all the occupations by which gain is secured, none is better than agriculture, none more profitable, none more delightful, none more becoming to a freeman. But since I have discussed this quite fully in my Cato Major, you will find there the material that applies to this point.
6. Cicero, De Oratore, 3.126-3.127, 3.132-3.136 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE) 3.126. Hic Catulus 'di immortales,' inquit 'quantam rerum varietatem, quantam vim, quantam copiam, Crasse, complexus es quantisque ex angustiis oratorem educere ausus es et in maiorum suorum regno conlocare! Namque illos veteres doctores auctoresque dicendi nullum genus disputationis a se alienum putasse accepimus semperque esse in omni orationis ratione versatos; 3.127. ex quibus Elius Hippias, cum Olympiam venisset maxima illa quinquennali celebritate ludorum, gloriatus est cuncta paene audiente Graecia nihil esse ulla in arte rerum omnium quod ipse nesciret; nec solum has artis, quibus liberales doctrinae atque ingenuae continerentur, geometriam, musicam, litterarum cognitionem et poetarum atque illa, quae de naturis rerum, quae de hominum moribus, quae de rebus publicis dicerentur, se tenere sed anulum, quem haberet, pallium, quo amictus, soccos, quibus indutus esset, se sua manu confecisse. 3.132. Tum Crassus 'non in hac' inquit 'una, Catule, re, sed in aliis etiam compluribus distributione partium ac separatione magnitudines sunt artium deminutae. An tu existimas, cum esset Hippocrates ille Cous, fuisse tum alios medicos, qui morbis, alios, qui vulneribus, alios, qui oculis mederentur? Num geometriam Euclide aut Archimede, num musicam Damone aut Aristoxeno, num ipsas litteras Aristophane aut Callimacho tractante tam discerptas fuisse, ut nemo genus universum complecteretur atque ut alius aliam sibi partem in qua elaboraret seponeret? 3.133. Equidem saepe hoc audivi de patre et de socero meo, nostros quoque homines, qui excellere sapientiae gloria vellent, omnia, quae quidem tum haec civitas nosset, solitos esse complecti. Meminerant illi Sex. Aelium; M'. vero Manilium nos etiam vidimus transverso ambulantem foro; quod erat insigne eum, qui id faceret, facere civibus suis omnibus consili sui copiam; ad quos olim et ita ambulantis et in solio sedentis domi sic adibatur, non solum ut de iure civili ad eos, verum etiam de filia conlocanda, de fundo emendo, de agro colendo, de omni denique aut officio aut negotio referretur. 3.134. Haec fuit P. Crassi illius veteris, haec Ti. Coruncani, haec proavi generi mei Scipionis prudentissimi hominis sapientia, qui omnes pontifices maximi fuerunt, ut ad eos de omnibus divinis atque humanis rebus referretur; eidemque in senatu et apud populum et in causis amicorum et domi et militiae consilium suum fidemque praestabant. 3.135. Quid enim M. Catoni praeter hanc politissimam doctrinam transmarinam atque adventiciam defuit? Num, quia ius civile didicerat, causas non dicebat? aut quia poterat dicere, iuris scientiam neglegebat? Utroque in genere et elaboravit et praestitit. Num propter hanc ex privatorum negotiis conlectam gratiam tardior in re publica capessenda fuit? Nemo apud populum fortior, nemo melior senator; et idem facile optimus imperator; denique nihil in hac civitate temporibus illis sciri discive potuit, quod ille non cum investigarit et scierit tum etiam conscripserit. 3.136. Nunc contra plerique ad honores adipiscendos et ad rem publicam gerendam nudi veniunt atque inermes, nulla cognitione rerum, nulla scientia ornati. Sin aliquis excellit unus e multis, effert se, si unum aliquid adfert, aut bellicam virtutem aut usum aliquem militarem; quae sane nunc quidem obsoleverunt; aut iuris scientiam, ne eius quidem universi; nam pontificium, quod est coniunctum, nemo discit; aut eloquentiam, quam in clamore et in verborum cursu positam putant; omnium vero bonarum artium, denique virtutum ipsarum societatem cognationemque non norunt.
7. Cicero, Philippicae, 2.20 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
8. Cicero, Pro Cluentio, 57 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
9. Septuagint, 1 Maccabees, 3.41 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE) 3.41. When the traders of the region heard what was said to them, they took silver and gold in immense amounts, and fetters, and went to the camp to get the sons of Israel for slaves. And forces from Syria and the land of the Philistines joined with them.
10. Septuagint, 2 Maccabees, 8.34 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE) 8.34. The thrice-accursed Nicanor, who had brought the thousand merchants to buy the Jews,'
11. Septuagint, Ecclesiasticus (Siracides), 26.29 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
12. Varro, On Agriculture, 1.2.23 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
13. Horace, Sermones, 2.6.3, 2.6.10-2.6.13 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
14. Vitruvius Pollio, On Architecture, 1.1.11-1.1.12 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
15. Juvenal, Satires, 6.419-6.425 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
16. Petronius Arbiter, Satyricon, 27-30, 34-35, 37-39, 45-46, 50-52, 54, 56-58, 60, 64, 71-78, 26 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
17. Petronius Arbiter, Satyricon, 27-30, 34-35, 37-39, 45-46, 50-52, 54, 56-58, 60, 64, 71-78, 26 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
18. Pliny The Elder, Natural History, 29.14, 29.20 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
19. Plutarch, Cato The Elder, 20.5 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
20. Clement of Alexandria, Christ The Educator, 3.5.32 (2nd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
21. Philostratus The Athenian, Life of Apollonius, 4.32 (2nd cent. CE - missingth cent. CE) 4.32. And about this time it happened that a certain youth of Lacedaemon was charged by his fellow citizens with violating the customs of his country. For though he was descended from Callicratidas who led the navy at the battle of Arginusae, yet he was devoted to seafaring and paid no attention to public affairs; but, instead of doing so, would sail off to Carthage or Sicily in the ships which he had had built. Apollonius then hearing that he was arraigned for this conduct, thought it a pity to desert the youth who had just fallen under the hand of justice, and said to him: My excellent fellow, why do you go about so full of anxiety and with such a gloomy air? A public prosecution, said the other, has been instituted against me, because I go in for seafaring and take no part in public affairs. And was your father or your grandfather a mariner? of course not, said the other; they were all of them chiefs of the gymnasium and Ephors and public guardians; Callicratidas, however, my ancestor, was a real admiral of the fleet. I suppose, said Apollonius, you hardly mean him of Arginusae fame? Yes, that fell in the naval action leading his fleet. Then, said Apollonius, your ancestor's mode of death has not given you any prejudice against a seafaring life? No, by Zeus, said the other, for it is not with a view to conducting battles by sea that I set sail. Well, and can you mention any rabble of people more wretched and ill-starred than merchants and skippers? In the first place they roam from sea to sea, looking for some market that is badly stocked; and then they sell and are sold, associating with factors and brokers, and they subject their own heads to the most unholy rate of interest in their hurry to get back to the principal; and if they do well, their ship has a lucky voyage, and they tell you a long story of how they never wrecked it either willingly or unwillingly; but if their gains do not balance their debts, they jump into their long boats and dash their ships on to the rocks, and make no bones as sailors of robbing others of their substance, pretending in the most blasphemous manner that it is an act of God. And even if the seafaring crowd who go on voyages be not so bad as I make them out to be; yet is there any shame worse than this, for a man who is a citizen of Sparta and the child of forbears who of old lived in the heart of Sparta, to secrete himself in the hold of a ship, oblivious of Lycurgus and Iphitus, thinking of nought but of cargoes and petty bills of lading? For if he thinks of nothing else, he might at least bear in mind that Sparta herself, so long as she stuck to the land, enjoyed a fame reaching to heaven; but when she began to covet the sea, she sank down and down, and was blotted out at last, not only on the sea but on the land as well. The young man was so overcome by these arguments, that he bowed his head to the earth and wept, because he heard he was so degenerate from his fathers; and he sold the ships by which he lived. And when Apollonius saw that he was restored to his senses and inclined to embrace a career on land, he led him before the Ephors and obtained his acquittal.
22. Strabo, Geography, 1.1.13 1.1.13. Every one who undertakes to give an accurate description of a place, should be particular to add its astronomical and geometrical relations, explaining carefully its extent, distance, degrees of latitude, and climate. Even a builder before constructing a house, or an architect before laying out a city, would take these things into consideration; much more should he who examines the whole earth: for such things in a peculiar manner belong to him. In small distances a little deviation north or south does not signify, but when it is the whole circle of the earth, the north extends to the furthest confines of Scythia, or Keltica, and the south to the extremities of Ethiopia: there is a wide difference here. The case is the same should we inhabit India or Spain, one in the east, the other far west, and, as we are aware, the antipodes to each other.
23. Valerius Maximus, Memorable Deeds And Sayings, 6.5.1

Subjects of this text:

subject	book bibliographic info
adultery,roman laws against	Pinheiro et al. (2012a), Narrating Desire: Eros, Sex, and Gender in the Ancient Novel, 206
archagathus	Walters (2020), Imagery of the Body Politic in Ciceronian Rome, 35
architect	Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 121, 122
architect / architecture,ancient	Green (2014), Carthage in Virgil's Aeneid: Staging the Enemy under Augustus, 111
architecture,and theory	Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 121, 122
architecture,elevated by vitruvius?	Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 121
architecture,embodied by ideal practitioner	Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 121, 122
architecture,status of discipline	Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 121, 122
atticus	Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 121, 122
auctoritas	Walters (2020), Imagery of the Body Politic in Ciceronian Rome, 35
baiiolus,baiiolare	Richlin (2018), Slave Theater in the Roman Republic: Plautus and Popular Comedy, 99
baths	McGinn (2004), The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman world: A study of Social History & The Brothel. 25
body	Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 121, 122
brothels,elite ownership	McGinn (2004), The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman world: A study of Social History & The Brothel. 31
carnifex / carnificina	Walters (2020), Imagery of the Body Politic in Ciceronian Rome, 35
census,upper	Richlin (2018), Slave Theater in the Roman Republic: Plautus and Popular Comedy, 99
cicero (m. tullius cicero)	Green (2014), Carthage in Virgil's Aeneid: Staging the Enemy under Augustus, 111
cicero (m. tullius cicero,author,politician)	McGinn (2004), The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman world: A study of Social History & The Brothel. 31
cicero (tullius cicero,m.)	Viglietti and Gildenhard (2020), Divination, Prediction and the End of the Roman Republic, 388
ciceromarcus tullius cicero	Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 121, 122
columbaria	Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 590; Tacoma (2016), Models from the Past in Roman Culture: A World of Exempla, 183
commerce	Mathews (2013), Riches, Poverty, and the Faithful: Perspectives on Wealth in the Second Temple Period and the Apocalypse of John, 205; Viglietti and Gildenhard (2020), Divination, Prediction and the End of the Roman Republic, 388
de architectura (vitruvius),purpose of	Green (2014), Carthage in Virgil's Aeneid: Staging the Enemy under Augustus, 111
de architectura (vitruvius)	Green (2014), Carthage in Virgil's Aeneid: Staging the Enemy under Augustus, 111
decline	Viglietti and Gildenhard (2020), Divination, Prediction and the End of the Roman Republic, 388
demoralisation	Viglietti and Gildenhard (2020), Divination, Prediction and the End of the Roman Republic, 388
deversorium/a	McGinn (2004), The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman world: A study of Social History & The Brothel. 31
doctors,as murders	Walters (2020), Imagery of the Body Politic in Ciceronian Rome, 35
doctors,attitudes towards	Walters (2020), Imagery of the Body Politic in Ciceronian Rome, 35
doctors,lack of auctoritas of	Walters (2020), Imagery of the Body Politic in Ciceronian Rome, 35
empire,roman	Mathews (2013), Riches, Poverty, and the Faithful: Perspectives on Wealth in the Second Temple Period and the Apocalypse of John, 205
exposure,as a source of slaves	Tacoma (2016), Models from the Past in Roman Culture: A World of Exempla, 183
friendship / amicitia	Maso (2022), CIcero's Philosophy, 79
funerals,funerary rituals	Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 590
funerary monuments	Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 590
gardner,j.	Pinheiro et al. (2012a), Narrating Desire: Eros, Sex, and Gender in the Ancient Novel, 206
greece	Viglietti and Gildenhard (2020), Divination, Prediction and the End of the Roman Republic, 388
greed	Mathews (2013), Riches, Poverty, and the Faithful: Perspectives on Wealth in the Second Temple Period and the Apocalypse of John, 205
hebrew bible	Mathews (2013), Riches, Poverty, and the Faithful: Perspectives on Wealth in the Second Temple Period and the Apocalypse of John, 205
hermeneutic multivalency	Bowditch (2001), Cicero on the Philosophy of Religion: On the Nature of the Gods and On Divination, 146
hotels,inns,restaurants,and taverns	McGinn (2004), The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman world: A study of Social History & The Brothel. 31
hume,david	Viglietti and Gildenhard (2020), Divination, Prediction and the End of the Roman Republic, 388
imperial cults	Mathews (2013), Riches, Poverty, and the Faithful: Perspectives on Wealth in the Second Temple Period and the Apocalypse of John, 205
irony	Mathews (2013), Riches, Poverty, and the Faithful: Perspectives on Wealth in the Second Temple Period and the Apocalypse of John, 205
jokes,about carrying burdens	Richlin (2018), Slave Theater in the Roman Republic: Plautus and Popular Comedy, 99
knowledge,greek	Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 121, 122
kraybill,j.	Mathews (2013), Riches, Poverty, and the Faithful: Perspectives on Wealth in the Second Temple Period and the Apocalypse of John, 205
labor,,hired	Bowditch (2001), Cicero on the Philosophy of Religion: On the Nature of the Gods and On Divination, 146
labor,banausic	Richlin (2018), Slave Theater in the Roman Republic: Plautus and Popular Comedy, 99
labor,for wages	Richlin (2018), Slave Theater in the Roman Republic: Plautus and Popular Comedy, 99
labor,meaning of,to upper class	Richlin (2018), Slave Theater in the Roman Republic: Plautus and Popular Comedy, 99
labour market	Tacoma (2016), Models from the Past in Roman Culture: A World of Exempla, 183
land,ownership	Bowditch (2001), Cicero on the Philosophy of Religion: On the Nature of the Gods and On Divination, 146
latrines	McGinn (2004), The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman world: A study of Social History & The Brothel. 25
liberalitas	Viglietti and Gildenhard (2020), Divination, Prediction and the End of the Roman Republic, 388
marriage	Pinheiro et al. (2012a), Narrating Desire: Eros, Sex, and Gender in the Ancient Novel, 206
medical imagery,and auctoritas	Walters (2020), Imagery of the Body Politic in Ciceronian Rome, 35
medical imagery,in roman oratory	Walters (2020), Imagery of the Body Politic in Ciceronian Rome, 35
mercenary,farmer	Bowditch (2001), Cicero on the Philosophy of Religion: On the Nature of the Gods and On Divination, 146
mercennarius	Richlin (2018), Slave Theater in the Roman Republic: Plautus and Popular Comedy, 99
merchants	Mathews (2013), Riches, Poverty, and the Faithful: Perspectives on Wealth in the Second Temple Period and the Apocalypse of John, 205
monumentum liviae	Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 590
monumentum statiliorum	Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 590
moral legislation against adultery,augustan	Pinheiro et al. (2012a), Narrating Desire: Eros, Sex, and Gender in the Ancient Novel, 206
nurses	Tacoma (2016), Models from the Past in Roman Culture: A World of Exempla, 183
nutrices,wet-nurses	Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 590
omniscience and omnicompetence	Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 121, 122
operae	Richlin (2018), Slave Theater in the Roman Republic: Plautus and Popular Comedy, 99
opifex	Richlin (2018), Slave Theater in the Roman Republic: Plautus and Popular Comedy, 99
oratory,c	Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 121, 122
paedagogi/ae	Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 590
panaetius	Maso (2022), CIcero's Philosophy, 79
politics	Maso (2022), CIcero's Philosophy, 79
popina/ae	McGinn (2004), The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman world: A study of Social History & The Brothel. 25
porcius cato,m. (cato the elder),attacks on tribune caelius	Walters (2020), Imagery of the Body Politic in Ciceronian Rome, 35
porcius cato,m. (cato the elder),medical imagery of	Walters (2020), Imagery of the Body Politic in Ciceronian Rome, 35
posidonius	Maso (2022), CIcero's Philosophy, 79
puteoli	McGinn (2004), The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman world: A study of Social History & The Brothel. 31
rhetoric	Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 121, 122
sailors	Mathews (2013), Riches, Poverty, and the Faithful: Perspectives on Wealth in the Second Temple Period and the Apocalypse of John, 205
seafarers	Mathews (2013), Riches, Poverty, and the Faithful: Perspectives on Wealth in the Second Temple Period and the Apocalypse of John, 205
ship captain	Mathews (2013), Riches, Poverty, and the Faithful: Perspectives on Wealth in the Second Temple Period and the Apocalypse of John, 205
sight gags	Richlin (2018), Slave Theater in the Roman Republic: Plautus and Popular Comedy, 99
slave and free labour	Tacoma (2016), Models from the Past in Roman Culture: A World of Exempla, 183
slaves,onstage,beaten	Richlin (2018), Slave Theater in the Roman Republic: Plautus and Popular Comedy, 99
slaves,onstage,mute'	Richlin (2018), Slave Theater in the Roman Republic: Plautus and Popular Comedy, 99
smith,adam	Viglietti and Gildenhard (2020), Divination, Prediction and the End of the Roman Republic, 388
society / societas	Maso (2022), CIcero's Philosophy, 79
stoicism	Viglietti and Gildenhard (2020), Divination, Prediction and the End of the Roman Republic, 388
surgery	Walters (2020), Imagery of the Body Politic in Ciceronian Rome, 35
symbolic capital,and land ownership	Bowditch (2001), Cicero on the Philosophy of Religion: On the Nature of the Gods and On Divination, 146
symbolic capital,and status	Bowditch (2001), Cicero on the Philosophy of Religion: On the Nature of the Gods and On Divination, 146
taberna/ae	McGinn (2004), The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman world: A study of Social History & The Brothel. 31
teachers	Tacoma (2016), Models from the Past in Roman Culture: A World of Exempla, 183
theophrastus	Maso (2022), CIcero's Philosophy, 79
trade	Mathews (2013), Riches, Poverty, and the Faithful: Perspectives on Wealth in the Second Temple Period and the Apocalypse of John, 205
trade guilds	Mathews (2013), Riches, Poverty, and the Faithful: Perspectives on Wealth in the Second Temple Period and the Apocalypse of John, 205
tyre,destruction of	Mathews (2013), Riches, Poverty, and the Faithful: Perspectives on Wealth in the Second Temple Period and the Apocalypse of John, 205
vitruvius,inferiority complex	Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 121
vitruvius,knowledge and education	Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 121, 122
vitruvius (m. vitruvius pollio),status as architect	Green (2014), Carthage in Virgil's Aeneid: Staging the Enemy under Augustus, 111
voluntary slavery	Tacoma (2016), Models from the Past in Roman Culture: A World of Exempla, 183
wealth,critique of	Mathews (2013), Riches, Poverty, and the Faithful: Perspectives on Wealth in the Second Temple Period and the Apocalypse of John, 205
women,economic and professional activities	Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 590
women,lower status	Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 590
work,manual	Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 121