1. Hebrew Bible, Deuteronomy, 21.23 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
| 21.23. לֹא־תָלִין נִבְלָתוֹ עַל־הָעֵץ כִּי־קָבוֹר תִּקְבְּרֶנּוּ בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא כִּי־קִלְלַת אֱלֹהִים תָּלוּי וְלֹא תְטַמֵּא אֶת־אַדְמָתְךָ אֲשֶׁר יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ נֹתֵן לְךָ נַחֲלָה׃ | 21.23. his body shall not remain all night upon the tree, but thou shalt surely bury him the same day; for he that is hanged is a reproach unto God; that thou defile not thy land which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance." |
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2. New Testament, Luke, 10.25-10.37 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
| 10.25. Behold, a certain lawyer stood up and tested him, saying, "Teacher, what shall I do to inherit eternal life? 10.26. He said to him, "What is written in the law? How do you read it? 10.27. He answered, "You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your strength, and with all your mind; and your neighbor as yourself. 10.28. He said to him, "You have answered correctly. Do this, and you will live. 10.29. But he, desiring to justify himself, asked Jesus, "Who is my neighbor? 10.30. Jesus answered, "A certain man was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and he fell among robbers, who both stripped him and beat him, and departed, leaving him half dead. 10.31. By chance a certain priest was going down that way. When he saw him, he passed by on the other side. 10.32. In the same way a Levite also, when he came to the place, and saw him, passed by on the other side. 10.33. But a certain Samaritan, as he journeyed, came where he was. When he saw him, he was moved with compassion 10.34. came to him, and bound up his wounds, pouring on oil and wine. He set him on his own animal, and brought him to an inn, and took care of him. 10.35. On the next day, when he departed, he took out two denarii, and gave them to the host, and said to him, 'Take care of him. Whatever you spend beyond that, I will repay you when I return.' 10.36. Now which of these three do you think seemed to be a neighbor to him who fell among the robbers? 10.37. He said, "He who showed mercy on him."Then Jesus said to him, "Go and do likewise. |
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3. Cassius Dio, Roman History, 65.7.2 (2nd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
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4. Palestinian Talmud, Moed Qatan, 3.5 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
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5. Palestinian Talmud, Sanhedrin, 2.1 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
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6. Palestinian Talmud, Sotah, 7.1 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
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7. Palestinian Talmud, Kilayim, 9.4 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
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8. Palestinian Talmud, Peah, 1.1, 8.8 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
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9. Babylonian Talmud, Arakhin, 6b (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 6b. איני והא רבי ינאי יזיף ופרע שאני רבי ינאי דניחא להו לעניים דכמה דמשהי מעשי ומייתי להו,ת"ר ישראל שהתנדב מנורה או נר לבית הכנסת אסור לשנותה סבר רבי חייא בר אבא למימר לא שנא לדבר הרשות ולא שנא לדבר מצוה אמר ליה רב אמי הכי אמר רבי יוחנן לא שנו אלא לדבר הרשות אבל לדבר מצוה מותר לשנותה,מדאמר ר' אסי אמר ר' יוחנן בעובד כוכבים שהתנדב מנורה או נר לבית הכנסת עד שלא נשתקע שם בעליה אסור לשנותה משנשתקע שם בעליה מותר לשנותה,למאי אילימא לדבר הרשות מאי איריא עובד כוכבים אפילו ישראל נמי,אלא לדבר מצוה וטעמא דעובד כוכבים הוא דפעי אבל ישראל דלא פעי שפיר דמי,שעזרק טייעא אינדב שרגא לבי כנישתא דרב יהודה שנייה רחבא ואיקפד רבא איכא דאמרי שנייה רבא ואיקפד רחבא וא"ד שנייה חזני דפומבדיתא ואיקפד רחבא ואיקפד רבה,מאן דשנייה סבר דלא שכיח ומאן דאיקפד סבר זמנין דמקרי ואתי:, big strongמתני׳ /strong /big הגוסס והיוצא ליהרג לא נידר ולא נערך ר' חנינא בן עקביא אומר נערך מפני שדמיו קצובין רבי יוסי אומר דנודר ומעריך ומקדיש ואם הזיק חייב:, big strongגמ׳ /strong /big בשלמא גוסס לא נידר דלאו בר דמים הוא ולא נערך דלאו בר העמדה והערכה הוא אלא יוצא ליהרג בשלמא לא נידר דלאו בר דמים הוא אלא לא נערך אמאי לא,דתניא מנין היוצא ליהרג ואמר ערכי עלי שלא אמר כלום ת"ל (ויקרא כז, כח) כל חרם לא יפדה יכול אפילו קודם שנגמר דינו תלמוד לומר (ויקרא כז, כט) מן האדם ולא כל האדם,ולרבי חנינא בן עקביא דאמר נערך מפני שדמיו קצובין האי כל חרם מאי עביד ליה,לכדתניא רבי ישמעאל בנו של רבי יוחנן בן ברוקה אומר לפי שמצינו למומתים בידי שמים שנותנין ממון ומתכפר להם שנאמר (שמות כא, ל) אם כופר יושת עליו יכול אף בידי אדם כן תלמוד לומר כל חרם לא יפדה,אין לי אלא מיתות חמורות שלא ניתנה שגגתן לכפרה מיתות קלות שניתנה שגגתן לכפרה מנין תלמוד לומר כל חרם:,רבי יוסי אומר נודר ומעריך כו': ותנא קמא מי קאמר דלא,אלא בנודר ומעריך ומקדיש כ"ע לא פליגי כי פליגי באם הזיק תנא קמא סבר אם הזיק אינו חייב בתשלומין ורבי יוסי סבר אם הזיק חייב בתשלומין,במאי קמיפלגי אמר רב יוסף במלוה על פה גובה מן היורשין קמיפלגי תנא קמא סבר מלוה על פה אינו גובה מן היורשין ורבי יוסי סבר המלוה על פה גובה מן היורשין,רבא אמר דכ"ע מלוה על פה אינו גובה מן היורשין והכא במלוה כתובה בתורה קמיפלגי תנא קמא סבר מלוה כתובה בתורה לאו ככתובה בשטר דמיא ורבי יוסי סבר ככתובה בשטר דמיא,ואיכא דמתני לה אהא היוצא ליהרג הוא שחבל באחרים חייב אחרים שחבלו בו פטורין רבי שמעון בן אלעזר אומר אף הוא אם חבל באחרים פטור שלא ניתן לחזרת עמידת בית דין | 6b. The Gemara asks: bIs that so? But Rabbi Yannai,who was a charity collector, bborrowedmoney belonging to charity band repaid.The Gemara answers: The case of bRabbi Yannai is different;it is bbeneficial to the poorthat he be allowed to borrow and repay, bas the longer he leavesthe charity fund empty, the more he bimpelspeople to give charity, bandhe thereby bbringsmore money btothe poor., bThe Sages taughta ibaraitathat deals with a similar matter: In the case of ba Jew who donated a candelabrum or a lamp to the synagogue,it is bprohibited to change itand use it for another purpose. bRabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba thought to saythat there bis no differencewhether he wishes to change bfor a voluntary matter or for a matterinvolving ba mitzva,as in both cases it is prohibited. bRav Ami said toRabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba: bThisis what bRabbi Yoḥa says:When the Sages taught the ibaraita /i, they btaught onlythat it is prohibited when he changes it bfor a voluntary matter, butit is bpermitted to change it for a matterinvolving ba mitzva. /b,This ihalakhais derived bfromthe fact bthat Rabbi Asi saysthat bRabbi Yoḥa says:With regard to ba gentile who donated a candelabrum or a lamp to the synagogue, ifit is bbefore its owner’s namehas been bforgotten,i.e., people still remember that he donated the item, it is bprohibited to change itand use it for another purpose. bOnce its owner’s namehas been bforgotten,it is bpermitted to change it. /b,The Gemara clarifies: bWith regard to whatpurpose is it stated that one may not change it before the owner’s name was forgotten? bIf we saythat it is prohibited to change it bfor a voluntary matter, whydoes the ibaraita bspecificallymention ba gentile?It is prohibited to change it in this manner bevenif it was donated by ba Jew. /b, bRather,the ibaraitamust be dealing with a change bfor a matterinvolving ba mitzva,and therefore it is prohibited only if the donor is a gentile and his name has not yet been forgotten. bAnd the reasonfor this ihalakhais bthat it isspecifically ba gentile whowould protest and bscream:Where is the candelabrum that I donated? bButin the case of ba Jew, whowould bnotprotest and bscreamif they used his donation for a different mitzva, one may bwellchange it.,The Gemara relates that bSha’azrak, an Arab [ itayya’a /i]merchant, bdonated a candelabrum to Rav Yehuda’s synagogue. Raḥava changed itspurpose before Sha’azrak’s name was forgotten as the donor, and bRava became angryat Raḥava for not waiting. bSome saythe opposite: bRava changed itspurpose, and bRaḥava became angryat Rava. bAnd some saythat the battendants of Pumbedita,the charity collectors, bchangedits purpose, and bRaḥava became angryat them, band Rabba became angryat them as well.,The Gemara explains: The bone who changedits purpose bholds thatit was permitted to change it, basit was bnot commonfor Sha’azrak to be in the city and it was unlikely that he would protest the change. bAndthe bone who became angry holdsthat even so, they should not have changed it, as bsometimes he happens to comethere., strongMISHNA: /strong bOne who is moribund and one who is taken to be executedafter being sentenced by the court bis neitherthe object of ba vow nor valuated. Rabbi Ḥanina ben Akavya says:He is not the object of a vow, because he has no market value; but bhe is valuated, due tothe fact bthat one’s value is fixedby the Torah based on age and sex. bRabbi Yosei says:One with that status bvowsto donate the assessment of another person to the Temple treasury, band takesvows of bvaluation, and consecrateshis property; band if he damagesthe property of others, he is bliableto pay compensation., strongGEMARA: /strong The Gemara asks: bGranted,it makes sense that bone who is moribund is notthe object of ba vow, as he has no monetaryvalue. bAndit also stands to reason that he bis not valuated,as bhe is not subject to setting,i.e., standing, bandtherefore is not subject to bvaluation.The verse states: “Then he shall be set before the priest, and the priest shall value him” (Leviticus 27:8). This teaches that anyone who cannot stand, such as one who is dying, is not included in the ihalakhaof valuation. bButwith regard to bone who is taken to be executed, granted,he bis notthe object of ba vow, as he has no monetaryvalue, since no one would purchase him. bButwith regard to the mishna’s statement that he is bnot valuated, why not? /b,The Gemara answers that the reason is bas it is taughtin a ibaraita /i: bFrom whereis it derived that in the case of bone whois being btaken to be executed andwho bsaid: My valuation is upon meto donate to the Temple, bthat he did not say anything,and the valuation is not collected from his estate? bThe verse states: “Anything dedicated [ iḥerem /i],that may be dedicated of men, bshall not be redeemed”(Leviticus 27:29). This teaches that with regard to one who is worthy of excommunication [ iḥerem /i], i.e., condemned to death, one cannot redeem him, i.e., pay his valuation. One bmighthave thought that this applies beven before his verdict is issued,i.e., that this ihalakhaapplies even if one issued this statement before being sentenced to death. Therefore, bthe verse states: “of men,” and not all men,i.e., only some men destined to be executed have no valuation, and not all of them.,The Gemara asks: bAnd with regard to Rabbi Ḥanina ben Akavya, who saysin the mishna that even a person taken to be executed bis valuated, due tothe fact bthat one’s value is fixed, what does he dowith the phrase b“anything dedicated”? /b,The Gemara answers that he requires it bfor that which is taughtin a ibaraita /i: bRabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yoḥa ben Beroka, says: Since we found with regard to those executed at the hand of Heaven that they give money and theirsins bare atoned, as it is statedin the case of the owner of a forewarned ox that killed a person: “The ox shall be stoned, and its owner shall also be put to death. bIf there be laid upon him a ransom,then he shall give for the redemption of his life whatsoever is laid upon him” (Exodus 21:29–30), one bmighthave thought that bevenwith regard to those liable to receive the death penalty bat the hands of manit is bso,that one can pay in lieu of execution. Therefore, bthe verse states: “Anything dedicatedthat may be dedicated of men, bshall not be redeemed”(Leviticus 27:29)., bI havederived bonlythat one cannot give payment in lieu of execution with regard to bsevereprohibitions punishable by the bdeathpenalty, e.g., blasphemy or cursing one’s father, bfor which no atonement is designatedin the Torah bfor their unwittingviolation. bFrom whereis it derived that the same applies to bless severeprohibitions punishable by the bdeathpenalty, e.g., violating Shabbat or killing, bfor which atonementof an offering or exile bis designatedin the Torah bfor their unwittingviolation? bThe verse states: “Anything dedicated,”to include all prohibitions punishable by court-administered execution.,§ The mishna teaches, with regard to one who is taken to be executed, that bRabbi Yosei says:Such a person bvowsto donate the assessment of another person to the Temple treasury, band takesvows of bvaluation,and consecrates his property; and if he damages the property of others, he is liable to pay compensation. The Gemara asks: bAnd does the first itannasaythat such a person does bnotvow to donate the assessment of another person to the Temple treasury and take vows of valuation, such that Rabbi Yosei could be understood as disputing his opinion? The first itannamerely said that such an individual is not subject to vows and valuations. What is the difference between their opinions?, bRather, with regard towhether or not one who is taken to be executed can bvowto donate the assessment of another person to the Temple treasury, band takevows of bvaluation, and consecratehis property, beveryone,including the first itanna /i, bagreesthat he can. bWhen they disagree,it is bina case bwherehe bcauses damage. The first itannaholdsthat bifhe bcauses damagehe is bnot liable for payment, and Rabbi Yosei holdsthat bifhe bcauses damagehe is bliable to paycompensation.,The Gemara asks: bWith regard to whatprinciple bdothese itanna’im bdisagree,as it is an accepted principle that one who causes damage must pay? bRav Yosef said:They bdisagreeas to whether the payment can be collected from his estate. This depends on the question of whether or not one who is owed money from ba loan by oralagreement, i.e., a loan given without a document that places a lien on the land, can bcollect from the heirs. The first itannaholdsthat one who is owed money from ba loan by oralagreement bcannot collect from the heirs, and Rabbi Yosei holdsthat one who is owed money from ba loan by oralagreement can bcollect from the heirs. /b, bRava says:In fact, beveryoneagrees that one who is owed money from ba loan by oralagreement bcannot collect from the heirs; and herethe itanna’im bdisagree with regard tothe status of ba loan that is written in the Torah,i.e., a ficial obligation decreed by Torah law, such as paying damages. bThe first itannaholdsthat ba loan that is written in the Torah is notconsidered bas though it is written in a document,and may not be collected from the heirs. bRabbi Yosei holdsthat such a loan bisconsidered bas though it is written in a document,and therefore it may be collected from the heirs., bAnd there are those who teachthe dispute between Rava and Rav Yosef bwith regard to this ibaraita /i: In the case of bone who is taken to be executedafter being sentenced by the court, if bhe injured anotherhe is bliablefor payment. But if bothers injured himthey are bexempt,as they would be if they injured a dead person. bRabbi Shimon ben Elazar says: Even ifit was bhewho binjured others,he is bexempt, ashe bcannot be brought back to standbefore bthe courtfor judgment, since he must be executed without delay. |
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10. Babylonian Talmud, Bava Batra, 8a, 172b (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 172b. אמר רב הונא ממך אפילו מריש גלותא ואפילו משבור מלכא,אמר ליה רב חסדא לרבה פוק עיין בה דלאורתא בעי לה רב הונא מינך,נפק דק ואשכח דתניא גט שיש עליו עדים ואין בו זמן אבא שאול אומר אם כתוב בו גרשתיה היום כשר,אלמא היום ההוא יומא דנפיק ביה משמע הכא נמי ממך מההוא גברא דנפיק מתותי ידיה משמע,אמר ליה אביי ודלמא אבא שאול כרבי אליעזר סבירא ליה דאמר עדי מסירה כרתי אבל הכא ליחוש לנפילה,אמר ליה לנפילה לא חיישינן ומנא תימרא דלא חיישינן לנפילה,דתנן שנים שהיו בעיר אחת שם אחד יוסף בן שמעון ושם אחר יוסף בן שמעון אינן יכולין להוציא שטר חוב זה על זה ולא אחר יכול להוציא עליהן שטר חוב הא הם על אחרים יכולין ואמאי ליחוש לנפילה אלא לאו שמע מינה לנפילה לא חיישינן,ואביי לנפילה דחד לא חיישינן לנפילה דרבים חיישינן | 172b. bRav Huna said:The term: bFrom you,in the document do not identify anyone in particular, and can mean beven: From the Exilarch, or even: From King Shapur. /b, bRav Ḥisda said to Rabba: Go outand binvestigatethis matter, bas tonight Rav Huna will ask thisquestion bof you. /b,Rabba bwent out, examinedthe matter, band discovereda relevant source. bAs it is taughtin a ibaraita /i: Concerning ba bill of divorce in which there arethe signatures of bwitnesses onthe document bbut there is no datewritten bon it, Abba Shaul saysthat bifit bis written in it: I divorced her today,it is bvalid. /b,Rabba concludes: bApparently,the term: bToday, indicates that day on whichthe bill of divorce bemergesin the presence of the court. bHere too,the term: bFrom you,in a promissory note bindicates that man from whose possession it emerges. /b, bAbaye said to him: Butthis is not a valid proof, as bperhaps Abba Shaul holds in accordance withthe opinion of bRabbi Eliezer, who saysthat bwitnesses of the transmissionof the bill of divorce beffectthe divorce. bBut here, letthere be ba concern forthe possibility of the promissory note bfallingfrom its rightful owner and being found by the present holder of the document.,Rabba bsaid toAbaye: bWe are not concerned forthe possibility of a promissory note bfallingfrom its rightful owner and being found by another. bAnd from where do you say,i.e., from where can it be proven, bthat we are not concerned forthe possibility of a promissory note bfallingand being found by another?, bAs we learnedin the mishna: If there are btwopeople bwho wereliving bin one city, one named Yosef ben Shimon and the otheralso bnamed Yosef ben Shimon, one cannot present a promissory note against the other,as the purported debtor can claim: On the contrary, it is you who owed me money; you repaid me and I returned this note to you upon payment. bNor can another,third person, bpresent a promissory note againsteither of bthem. Thisindicates that one of bthem canpresent a promissory note bagainst others. But whycan they do so? bLetthere be ba concern forthe possibility of the promissory note bfallingfrom one Yosef ben Shimon and being found by the other. bRather,must one bnot conclude from thismishna that bwe are not concerned forthe possibility of the promissory note bfallingfrom one Yosef ben Shimon and being found by the other?,The Gemara asks: bAndwhy did bAbaye,who is concerned for this possibility, not see a proof to the contrary from the mishna? He would counter: bWe are not concerned forthe possibility of a promissory note bfalling from oneparticular person and being found by the other person with the same name, which is the case in the mishna, as that is extremely unlikely. bWe are concerned forthe possibility of a promissory note bfalling fromone of the general bpublicand being found by someone else. |
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11. Babylonian Talmud, Bava Metzia, 85a (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 85a. ובני בתירה ויונתן בן שאול רבן שמעון בן גמליאל הא דאמרן בני בתירה דאמר מר הושיבוהו בראש ומינוהו לנשיא עליהן יונתן בן שאול דקא"ל לדוד (שמואל א כג, יז) ואתה תמלוך על ישראל ואני אהיה לך למשנה,ממאי דלמא יונתן בן שאול דחזא דגריר עלמא בתר דוד בני בתירה נמי דחזו להלל דעדיף מינייהו אלא רבן שמעון בן גמליאל ודאי ענוותן הוה,אמר רבי חביבין יסורין קבל עליה תליסר שני שית בצמירתא ושבע בצפרנא ואמרי לה שבעה בצמירתא ושית בצפרנא,אהורייריה דבי רבי הוה עתיר משבור מלכא כד הוה רמי כיסתא לחיותא הוה אזיל קלא בתלתא מילי הוה מכוין דרמי בההיא שעתא דעייל רבי לבית הכסא ואפי' הכי מעבר ליה קליה לקלייהו ושמעו ליה נחותי ימא,ואפ"ה יסורי דר' אלעזר בר' שמעון עדיפי מדרבי דאילו ר"א בר"ש מאהבה באו ומאהבה הלכו דרבי ע"י מעשה באו וע"י מעשה הלכו,ע"י מעשה באו מאי היא דההוא עגלא דהוו קא ממטו ליה לשחיטה אזל תליא לרישיה בכנפיה דרבי וקא בכי אמר ליה זיל לכך נוצרת אמרי הואיל ולא קא מרחם ליתו עליה יסורין,וע"י מעשה הלכו יומא חד הוה קא כנשא אמתיה דרבי ביתא הוה שדיא בני כרכושתא וקא כנשא להו אמר לה שבקינהו כתיב (תהלים קמה, ט) ורחמיו על כל מעשיו אמרי הואיל ומרחם נרחם עליה,כולהו שני יסורי דר' אלעזר לא שכיב איניש בלא זמניה כולהו שני יסורי דרבי לא איצטריך עלמא למיטרא דאמר רבה בר רב שילא קשי יומא דמיטרא כיומא דדינא ואמר אמימר אי לאו צריך לעלמא בעו רבנן רחמי עליה ומבטלי ליה אפי' הכי כי הוו עקרי פוגלא ממשרא הוה קיימא בירא מליא מיא,איקלע רבי לאתריה דר' אלעזר בר' שמעון א"ל יש לו בן לאותו צדיק אמרו לו יש לו בן וכל זונה שנשכרת בשנים שוכרתו בשמנה אתייה אסמכיה ברבי ואשלמיה לר' שמעון בן איסי בן לקוניא אחות דאמיה,כל יומא הוה אמר לקרייתי אנא איזיל אמר ליה חכים עבדו יתך וגולתא דדהבא פרסו עלך ורבי קרו לך ואת אמרת לקרייתי אנא איזיל אמר ליה מומי עזובה דא כי גדל אתא יתיב במתיבתא דרבי שמעיה לקליה אמר הא קלא דמי לקליה דר' אלעזר בר' שמעון אמרו ליה בריה הוא,קרי עליה (משלי יא, ל) פרי צדיק עץ חיים ולוקח נפשות חכם פרי צדיק עץ חיים זה ר' יוסי בר' אלעזר בר' שמעון ולוקח נפשות חכם זה ר' שמעון בן איסי בן לקוניא,כי נח נפשיה אמטוהו למערתא דאבוה הוה הדרא לה עכנא למערתא אמר ליה עכנא עכנא פתח פיך ויכנס בן אצל אביו לא פתחא להו כסבורים העם לומר שזה גדול מזה,יצתה בת קול ואמרה לא מפני שזה גדול מזה אלא זה היה בצער מערה וזה לא היה בצער מערה,איקלע רבי לאתריה דר' טרפון אמר להו יש לו בן לאותו צדיק שהיה מקפח את בניו אמרו לו בן אין לו בן בת יש לו וכל זונה שנשכרת בשנים שוכרתו בשמנה,אתיוהו לקמיה אמר ליה אי הדרת בך יהיבנא לך ברתאי הדר ביה איכא דאמרי נסבה וגירשה איכא דאמרי לא נסבה כלל כדי שלא יאמרו בשביל זו חזר זה,ולמה ליה כולי האי דאמר רב יהודה אמר רב ואמרי לה אמר ר' חייא בר אבא אמר ר' יוחנן ואמרי לה אמר ר' שמואל בר נחמני אמר ר' יונתן כל המלמד את בן חבירו תורה זוכה ויושב בישיבה של מעלה שנאמר (ירמיהו טו, יט) אם תשוב ואשיבך לפני תעמוד,וכל המלמד את בן עם הארץ תורה אפילו הקב"ה גוזר גזירה מבטלה בשבילו שנאמר (ירמיהו טו, יט) ואם תוציא יקר מזולל כפי תהיה,אמר ר' פרנך אמר ר' יוחנן כל שהוא תלמיד חכם ובנו תלמיד חכם ובן בנו תלמיד חכם שוב אין תורה פוסקת מזרעו לעולם שנאמר (ישעיהו נט, כא) ואני זאת בריתי וגו' לא ימושו מפיך ומפי זרעך ומפי זרע זרעך אמר ה' מעתה ועד עולם,מאי אמר ה' אמר הקב"ה אני ערב לך בדבר זה מאי מעתה ועד עולם אמר ר' ירמיה מכאן ואילך תורה מחזרת על אכסניא שלה,רב יוסף יתיב ארבעין תעניתא ואקריוהו לא ימושו מפיך יתיב ארבעים תעניתא אחריני ואקריוהו לא ימושו מפיך ומפי זרעך יתיב מאה תעניתא אחריני אתא ואקריוהו לא ימושו מפיך ומפי זרעך ומפי זרע זרעך אמר מכאן ואילך לא צריכנא תורה מחזרת על אכסניא שלה,ר' זירא כי סליק לארעא דישראל יתיב מאה תעניתא דלשתכח גמרא בבלאה מיניה כי היכי דלא נטרדיה יתיב מאה אחרניתא דלא לשכוב ר' אלעזר בשניה ונפלין עילויה מילי דצבורא ויתיב מאה אחריני דלא נשלוט ביה נורא דגיהנם,כל תלתין יומי הוה בדיק נפשיה שגר תנורא סליק ויתיב בגויה ולא הוה שלטא ביה נורא יומא חד יהבו ביה רבנן עינא ואיחרכו שקיה וקרו ליה קטין חריך שקיה,אמר רב יהודה אמר רב מאי דכתיב (ירמיהו ט, יא) מי האיש החכם ויבן את זאת ואשר דבר פי ה' אליו ויגידה על מה אבדה הארץ דבר זה | 85a. bthe sons of Beteira; and Jonathan, son of Saul.The Gemara discusses each case: The incident revealing the modesty of bRabban Shimon ben Gamliel is thatwhich bwejust bsaid,as he referred to himself modestly as a fox. bThe sons of Beteirawere exceptionally modest, as they served in the position of iNasiand yet abdicated their positions in favor of Hillel when he emigrated from Babylonia to Eretz Yisrael. bAs the Master said:The sons of Beteira, upon recognizing that Hillel was a superior expert in ihalakha /i, bseated him at the head and appointed him iNasiover them(see iPesaḥim66a). bJonathan, son of Saul,was extremely modest, bas he said to David: “And you shall be king over Israel, and I shall be second to you”(I Samuel 23:17), despite the fact that his father, Saul, was the current king.,The Gemara asks: bFrom wheredo we know that the aforementioned men were truly modest? bPerhaps Jonathan, son of Saul,relinquished his rights to the kingship not due to modesty, but bbecause he saw that the world,i.e., the masses, were bdrawn after David,and he felt he had no other recourse. With regard to the bsons of Beteira also,perhaps they abdicated only because they bsaw that Hillel was greater than they,as he was able to answer questions that they could not resolve. The Gemara adds: bBut Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel certainly wasa truly bmodestindividual.,§ The Gemara returns to the previous incident. When he heard that the greatness of Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon, was due to his suffering, bRabbiYehuda HaNasi bsaidto himself: bAfflictions areevidently bprecious. He accepted thirteen yearsof afflictions bupon himself; sixyears bof stones in the kidneys and sevenyears bof scurvy [ ibitzfarna /i]. And some sayit was bsevenyears bof stones in the kidneys and sixyears bof scurvy. /b,The Gemara relates: bThe stableman [ iahuriyareih /i] of the house of RabbiYehuda HaNasi bwas wealthier than King Shapurof Persia, due to Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi’s abundant livestock. bWhenthe stableman bwould place fodder before the livestock, the soundof their lowing bwould travelthe distance bof three imil /i. He would calculatethe right moment so bthathe would bplacethe fodder before the animals batprecisely bthat time when RabbiYehuda HaNasi bentered the latrine,so that the lowing of the animals would drown out Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi’s screams of pain. bBut even so,Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi’s bvoicewas so loud that it bovercame the sound ofthe livestock, bandeven bsailors heard itout at sea.,The Gemara says: bBut even so, the afflictions of Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon,were bgreater thanthose bof RabbiYehuda HaNasi. The reason is bthat whereasthe afflictions of bRabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon, cameupon him bout of love, and lefthim bout of love,i.e., they were solely the result of his own request, not because he deserved them, those bof RabbiYehuda HaNasi bcameupon him bdue to an incident and lefthim bdue toanother bincident. /b,The Gemara stated that Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi’s suffering bcameupon him bdue to an incident. What was thatincident that led to his suffering? The Gemara answers bthatthere was ba certain calf that was being led to slaughter.The calf bwent and hung its head on the corner of RabbiYehuda HaNasi’s garment band was weeping.Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi bsaid to it: Go,as byou were created for thispurpose. It was bsaidin Heaven: bSince he was not compassionatetoward the calf, blet afflictions come upon him. /b,The Gemara explains the statement: bAnd lefthim bdue toanother bincident. One day, the maidservant of RabbiYehuda HaNasi bwas sweepinghis bhouse. There were young weasels [ ikarkushta /i] lyingabout, band she wasin the process of bsweeping themout. Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi bsaid to her: Let them be,as bit is written:“The Lord is good to all; band His mercies are over all His works”(Psalms 145:9). bThey saidin Heaven: bSince he was compassionate, we shall be compassionate on him,and he was relieved of his suffering.,The Gemara relates: During ball the years of the suffering of Rabbi Elazar,son of Rabbi Shimon, bno one died prematurely,as his afflictions atoned for the entire generation. During ball the years of the suffering of RabbiYehuda HaNasi, bthe world did not requireany brain,as the moisture of the dew was sufficient. bAs Rabba bar Rav Sheila said: A day of rain is as difficult as a day of judgment,due to the damage that storms and flooding can cause. bAnd Ameimar said: Wereit bnotfor the fact bthatrain is bneeded by people, the Sages would pray for mercy and annul it,due to the nuisances of rain. And beven so,despite the fact that there was no rain all those years, bwhen a radish was uprooted from its rowin the field, bthere remainedin its place ba hole filled with water,due to the moisture in the earth.,The Gemara continues discussing Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi’s relationship with Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon. Once bRabbiYehuda HaNasi barrived at the place of Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon. He said tothe locals: bDoes that righteous person have a son? They said to him: He has a sonwho is wayward, band any prostitute who hires herselfout to others bfor twocoins bhires him for eight,due to his handsomeness. Upon hearing this report, Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi resolved to extricate Rabbi Elazar’s son from his plight. bHe brought himback with him, bordained him as a rabbi, and gave him over to Rabbi Shimon ben Isi ben Lakonya,the bbrother ofthe boy’s bmother,to teach him Torah., bEach day,the boy bwould say: I am going back to my town,because it was difficult for him to study. Rabbi Shimon ben Isi ben Lakonya bsaid to him: You have been made wise, and a golden cloak has been spread over youwhen you were ordained, band you are calledby the title bRabbi, andyet byou say: I am going back to my town?The boy bsaid to him: I vow [ imomei /i]that bthisthought of leaving is now babandoned,i.e., I will stay and improve my ways. bWhenthe boy bmaturedand became a Torah scholar, bhe came and sat in the academy of RabbiYehuda HaNasi. Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi bheard his voice and said: This voice is similar to the voice of Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon.Those who were present bsaid to him: It is his son. /b,Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi breadthe verse babout him: “The fruit of the righteous is a tree of life; and he that is wise wins souls”(Proverbs 11:30). The Gemara explains, with regard to the phrase b“the fruit of the righteous,”that bthisis referring to bRabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon,who was the son of a righteous individual and became a great scholar in his own right. When the verse states: b“And he that is wise wins souls,” thisis referring to bRabbi Shimon ben Isi ben Lakonya,who successfully helped Rabbi Yosei reach his potential., bWhenthis Rabbi Yosei bdied, he was brought to his father’s cavefor burial. bA serpent encircled theentrance of the bcave,denying any access. Those present bsaid to it: Serpent, serpent! Open your mouth, so that a son may enter next to his father.The serpent bdid not openits mouth bfor them. The peoplethere bthought thatRabbi Yosei was denied burial alongside his father because bthisone, Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon, was bgreater than thatone, Rabbi Yosei., bA Divine Voice emerged and said:It is bnot because this one is greater than that one; rather,it is because bthis one,Rabbi Elazar, bexperienced the suffering of the cave, while that one,i.e., Rabbi Yosei, bdid not experience suffering of the cave.Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon, suffered with his father for thirteen years in a cave while hiding from the Romans (see iShabbat33b).,The Gemara relates a similar incident: Once bRabbiYehuda HaNasi barrived at the place of Rabbi Tarfon. He said tothe townspeople: bDoes that righteous person,Rabbi Tarfon, bwho would take an oath by the life of his children, have a son?Rabbi Tarfon was wont to take oaths by the lives of his children (see iOholot16:1). bThey said to him: He does not have a son,but bhe hasa grandson, ba sonfrom bhis daughter, and every prostitutewho is bhired for twocoins bhires him for eight. /b,The townspeople bbroughtRabbi Tarfon’s grandson bbeforeRabbi Yehuda HaNasi, who bsaid to him: If you repentfrom your evil ways, bI will give you my daughterin marriage. bHe repentedand became a righteous individual. bThere arethose bwho saythat bhe marriedRabbi Yehuda HaNasi’s daughter bandsubsequently bdivorced her. There arethose bwho saythat bhe did not marry her at all, so that it would not be saidabout him: It was bfor the sake of thatwoman that bthisman brepented. /b,§ The Gemara asks: bAnd whydid Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi exert himself bso muchto save these wayward sons? The Gemara answers: It is because of bthatwhich bRav Yehuda saysthat bRav says, and some saythat which bRabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba saysthat bRabbi Yoḥa says, and some saythat which bRabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani saysthat bRabbi Yonatan says: Anyone who teaches Torah to the son of another merits to sitand study bin the heavenly academy, as it is stated:“Therefore so says the Lord: bIf you return, and I bring you back, you shall stand before Me”(Jeremiah 15:19). This verse, which is addressed to Jeremiah, indicates that if he is able to cause the Jewish people to return to God, he himself will be brought to stand before God., bAnd anyone who teaches Torah to the son of an ignoramusachieves such an exalted status that beven if the Holy One, Blessed be He,were to bissuea harsh bdecree, Hemay bnullify it for his sake, as it is statedin the continuation of the verse: b“And if you bring forth the precious out of the worthless, you shall be as My mouth,”i.e., you will be like the mouth of God that can rescind a decree.,The Gemara relates other statements pertaining to Torah scholars and their descendants. bRabbi Parnakh saysthat bRabbi Yoḥa says:With regard to banyone who is a Torah scholar, and whose sonis ba Torah scholar, and whose grandsonis ba Torah scholar, the Torah will never again cease from his descendants, as it is stated: “And as for Me, this is My covet… /bMy spirit that is upon you, and My words which I have put in your mouth, bshall not depart out of your mouth, nor out of the mouth of your seed, nor out of the mouth of your seed’s seed, says the Lord, from now and forever”(Isaiah 59:21).,The Gemara asks: bWhatis the significance of the phrase b“says the Lord”?The Gemara answers that bthe Holy One, Blessed be He, said: I am your guarantor in this matter.The Gemara asks: bWhatis the meaning of the phrase b“from now and forever”?The verse mentioned only three generations. bRabbi Yirmeya says:The verse means that bfrom thispoint bforward,after three generations, bthe Torah returns to its lodging,i.e., the Torah is now ingrained in the family.,The Gemara relates that bRav Yosef fasted forty fastsso that the Torah would become ingrained in his family, band he was readthe verse in a dream: “My words… bshall not depart out of your mouth.” He fasted an additional forty fasts and he was read: “Shall not depart out of your mouth, nor out of the mouth of your seed.” He fasted an additional one hundred fasts.In a dream, bhe came and was readthe conclusion of the verse: b“Shall not depart out of your mouth, nor out of the mouth of your seed, nor out of the mouth of your seed’s seed.” He said: From thispoint bforward I do not needto fast anymore, as I am now assured that the bTorahwill breturn to its lodging. /b,The Gemara relates a similar occurrence: bWhen Rabbi Zeira ascendedfrom Babylonia bto Eretz Yisrael, he fasted one hundred fasts so that hewould bforget the Babylonianmethod of studying bGemara, so that it would not hinder himfrom adapting to the unique style of study prevalent in Eretz Yisrael. bHe fasted an additional one hundredfasts so bthat Rabbi Elazar,son of Rabbi Shimon, would bnot die during his lifetime,which would have caused the burden of bcommunal mattersto fall bupon him.As dean of the Torah academy, Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon, was in charge of all public affairs, leaving Rabbi Zeira unencumbered to study Torah. Rabbi Zeira bfasted an additional one hundredfasts bso that the fire of Gehennashould bnot affect him. /b,The Gemara relates with regard to Rabbi Zeira: bEvery thirty days, he would examine himselfto ascertain if he remained on his exalted level. He would bignite an oven, climb in, and sit inside it, and the fire would not affect him. One day, the Sages gave him theevil beye,i.e., they were envious of him, band his legs became singedin the fire. bAndfrom then on bthey referred to himas: The bshort one with singed legs. /b,§ The Gemara discusses the topic of the acquisition of Torah knowledge. bRav Yehuda saysthat bRav says: Whatis the meaning of that bwhich is written: “Who is the wise man, that he may understand this? And who is he to whom the mouth of the Lord has spoken, that he may declare it? Why has the land been lostand laid waste like a wilderness, so that none passes through?” (Jeremiah 9:11). bThis matter,i.e., the question: Why has the land been lost |
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12. Babylonian Talmud, Bava Qamma, 96b (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 96b. מאי לאו הוא הדין לנחלקה לא ניטלה שאני דהא חסר לה,איכא דאמרי ת"ש דא"ר מתון א"ר יהושע בן לוי נחלקה התיומת נעשה כמי שנטלה ופסול ש"מ,אמר רב פפא האי מאן דגזל עפרא מחבריה ועבדיה לבינתא לא קני מאי טעמא דהדר משוי ליה עפרא לבינתא ועבדיה עפרא קני מאי אמרת דלמא הדר ועביד ליה לבינתא האי לבינתא אחריתי הוא ופנים חדשות באו לכאן,ואמר רב פפא האי מאן דגזל נסכא מחבריה ועביד זוזי לא קני מאי טעמא הדר עביד להו נסכא זוזי ועבדינהו נסכא קני מאי אמרת הדר עביד להו זוזי פנים חדשות באו לכאן,שחימי ועבדינהו חדתי לא קני חדתי ועבדינהו שחימי קני מאי אמרת הדר עביד להו חדתי מידע ידיע שיחמייהו:,זה הכלל כל הגזלנין משלמין כשעת הגזלה: (זה הכלל) לאתויי מאי לאתויי הא דאמר ר' אלעא גנב טלה ונעשה איל עגל ונעשה שור נעשה שינוי בידו וקנאו טבח ומכר שלו הוא טובח שלו הוא מוכר,ההוא גברא דגזל פדנא דתורי מחבריה אזל כרב בהו כרבא זרע בהו זרעא לסוף אהדרינהו למריה אתא לקמיה דרב נחמן אמר להו זילו שומו שבחא דאשבח,אמר ליה רבא תורי אשבח ארעא לא אשבח אמר מי קאמינא נשיימו כוליה פלגא קאמינא א"ל סוף סוף גזילה הוא וקא הדרה בעינא דתנן כל הגזלנין משלמין כשעת הגזלה,אמר ליה לא אמינא לך כי יתיבנא בדינא לא תימא לי מידי דאמר הונא חברין עלאי אנא ושבור מלכא אחי בדינא האי אינש גזלנא עתיקא הוא ובעינא דאיקנסיה:, big strongמתני׳ /strong /big גזל בהמה והזקינה עבדים והזקינו משלם כשעת הגזלה רבי מאיר אומר בעבדים אומר לו הרי שלך לפניך,גזל מטבע ונסדק פירות והרקיבו יין והחמיץ משלם כשעת הגזלה,מטבע ונפסל תרומה ונטמאת חמץ ועבר עליו הפסח בהמה ונתעבדה בה עבירה או שנפסלה מעל גבי המזבח או שהיתה יוצאה ליסקל אומר לו הרי שלך לפניך:, big strongגמ׳ /strong /big אמר רב פפא לא הזקינה הזקינה ממש אלא אפי' כחשה והא אנן הזקינה תנן כחשה כגון הזקינה דלא הדר בריא,אמר ליה מר קשישא בריה דרב חסדא לרב אשי הכי קאמרי משמיה דרבי יוחנן אפילו גנב טלה ונעשה איל עגל ונעשה שור נעשה שינוי בידו וקנאו טבח ומכר שלו הוא טובח שלו הוא מוכר אמר ליה לאו אמינא לך לא תחליף גברי ההוא משמיה דרבי אלעא איתמר:,רבי מאיר אומר בעבדים אומר לו הרי שלך לפניך: אמר רב חנינא בר אבדימי אמר רב הלכה כרבי מאיר ורב שביק רבנן ועביד כרבי מאיר אמרי משום דברייתא איפכא תניא ורב שביק מתניתין ועביד כברייתא רב מתניתין נמי איפכא תני,ומאי טעמיה דרב דאפיך מתני' מקמי דברייתא אדרבה ניפוך לברייתא מקמי מתניתין אמרי רב נמי מתניתין איפכא אתניה,ואי בעית אימא כי לא אפיך חדא מקמי חדא חדא מקמי תרתי אפיך,דתניא המחליף פרה בחמור וילדה וכן המוכר שפחתו וילדה זה אומר ברשותי ילדה והלה שותק זכה בה זה אומר איני יודע וזה אומר איני יודע יחלוקו,זה אומר ברשותי וזה אומר ברשותי ישבע המוכר שברשותו ילדה לפי שכל הנשבעין שבתורה נשבעין ולא משלמין דברי ר' מאיר,וחכמים אומרים אין נשבעין לא על העבדים ולא על הקרקעות,האי הלכה כר' מאיר הלכה כרבנן מיבעי ליה הכי קאמר למאי דאפכיתו ותניתו הלכה כרבי מאיר | 96b. bWhat, is it notthat bthe same is true fora case where the central twin-leaf bbecame split,i.e., that this ilulavhas been rendered unfit to be used for the mitzva, and the robber has acquired the ilulavas a result of this change? The Gemara answers: bNo,the case where it bwas removed is different, asthe result is that bit is lacking,and an incomplete ilulavis certainly unfit. But if the leaf remains in place, albeit split, it does not necessarily render the ilulavunfit. The ilulavhas not been changed and therefore the robber does not acquire it., bThere arethose bwho saythat the question was resolved as follows: bComeand bhear thatwhich bRabbi Matun saysthat bRabbi Yehoshua ben Levi says:If bthecentral btwin-leaf became split, it becomes likea ilulavwhose central btwin-leaf wascompletely bremoved, andit is bunfit.If so, blearn fromhis statement that if the central twin-leaf became split, the robber has acquired the ilulavas a result of the change.,§ bRav Pappa said: This one who robbed anotherof bearth and fashioned itinto ba brick has not acquiredit due to the change. bWhat is the reasonfor this? It is bthat hecan breturnit band convert itback into bearth.By contrast, if he robbed another of ba brick, andby crushing it bturned itinto bearth, he has acquired itdue to the change. bIf you say: Perhapshe will breturnit band fashion itinto ba brick? This is a different brick, and a new entity has arrived,i.e., entered into existence, bhere. /b, bAnd Rav Pappaalso bsaid: This one who robbed anotherof ba bar of silver [ inaskha /i] and fashionedit into bcoins has not acquired itdue to the change. bWhat is the reasonfor this? He can breturnit and by melting the coins bturn theminto ba bar of silver.By contrast, if he robbed another of bcoins and fashioned theminto ba bar of silver, he has acquired themdue to the change. bWhat do you sayin response to this, that perhaps he will breturn and fashion theminto bcoins?These are new coins, and ba new entity has arrived here. /b,Rav Pappa continues: If the stolen coins were bblack [ isheḥimei /i],i.e., old and used, band he made themas bnewby cleaning them thoroughly, bhe has not acquiredthem. By contrast, if however, they were bnew, and he made them black, he has acquiredthem. bWhat do you sayin response to this, that perhaps he will breturnand bmake them newby cleaning them? bTheir blackness is already known,and therefore the coins have been changed irreversibly.,§ The mishna teaches: bThis is the principle: All robbers pay according tothe value of the stolen item at bthe time of the robbery.The Gemara asks: bWhat is addedby the phrase: bThis is the principle?The Gemara replies: It serves bto add that which Rabbi Ela says:If one bstole a lamb andduring the time that it was in the thief’s possession it bbecame a ram,or if one stole ba calf andit bbecame an ox,then ba change occurredwhile the animal was bin his possession, and he has acquired itdue to the change. If he then bslaughtered or soldthe animal, bhe slaughters his ownanimal band he sells his ownanimal, and he does not become liable to pay the penalty of four or five times the value of the animal.,The Gemara relates: There was ba certain man who robbed anotherof ba pair [ ipadna /i] of oxen.He then bwentand bplowedhis field bwith them,and bsowed seeds with them, and eventually returned them to their owner.The robbery victim bcame before Rav Naḥmanto claim payment from the robber. Rav Naḥman bsaid tothe robbery victim and the robber: bGo estimatethe amount by bwhichthe value of the land bwas enhancedduring the time that the pair of oxen was in the possession of the robber, and the robber must pay that amount., bRava said toRav Naḥman: Did bthe oxenalone benhancethe value of the land? bDid the land notbecome benhancedin and of itself? Perhaps not all of the enhanced value of the land was due to the labor performed by the oxen. Rav Naḥman bsaid: Did I saythat bthey should estimateand give him ball ofthe enhanced value? bI saidonly bhalf.Rava bsaid to him: Ultimately, it is a stolen item and is returned as it wasat the time of the robbery, bas we learnedin a mishna: bAll robbers pay according tothe value of the stolen item at bthe time of the robbery.Why should the robber also pay the owner half the value of the enhancement?,Rav Naḥman bsaid toRava: bDidn’t I tell youthat bwhen I am sitting in judgment, do not say anything to me,i.e., do not question or comment upon my rulings. An indication that my rulings should not be questioned is bas our friend Huna has said about me,that bKing Shapur and I are brothers with regard tomonetary blaws,i.e., with regard to monetary laws, my opinion is equal to that of Shmuel. bThis man is an experienced robber, and I wish to penalize him.Therefore, I compelled him to pay the enhanced value, although by right he is not obligated to do so., strongMISHNA: /strong If one brobbedanother of ban animal and it agedwhile in his possession, consequently diminishing its value, or if one robbed another of Canaanite bslaves and they agedwhile in his possession, they have been changed. The robber therefore bpays according tothe value of the stolen item at bthe time of the robbery. Rabbi Meir says: With regard toCanaanite bslaves, he says tothe robbery victim: bThat which is yours is before you. /b,If one brobbedanother of ba coin and it cracked,thereby reducing its value; or if one robbed another of bproduce and it rotted;or if one robbed another of bwine and it fermented,then bhe pays according tothe value of the stolen item at bthe time of the robbery. /b,If he robbed another of ba coin and it was invalidatedby the government; or if he robbed another of iterumaand it became ritually impure;or if he robbed another of bleavened bread and Passover elapsed over it,and therefore it is prohibited to derive benefit from it; or if he robbed another of ban animal and a sin was performed with it,thereby disqualifying it for use as an offering; bor ifthe animal bwas disqualified frombeing sacrificed bupon the altarfor some other reason; borif the animal bwas going out to be stonedbecause it gored and killed a person at some point after the robbery, the robber bsays tothe robbery victim: bThat which is yours is before you.In all of these cases, although the value of the stolen item has been diminished or altogether lost, since the change is not externally discernible, the robber returns the item in its current state., strongGEMARA: /strong With regard to the mishna’s statement that one who robbed another of an animal that aged pays what its value was at the time of the robbery, bRav Pappa says:It is bnotso that bagedmeans that it bactually aged. But evenif the animal was bweakened,which is a less significant change, it is still considered changed, and the robber has acquired the animal. The Gemara asks: bBut didn’t we learnin the mishna that it baged,indicating that a lesser change, e.g., weakening, is not significant? The Gemara responds: Rav Pappa was speaking of bweakeningthat is blike aging,i.e., the animal became so weak bthatit bwill not returnto its former bhealth. /b, bMar Kashisha, son of Rav Ḥisda, said to Rav Ashi: This is what they say in the name of Rabbi Yoḥa: Even if one stole a lamb andit bbecame a ram,or ba calf andit bbecame an ox,it is considered that ba change occurredwhile the animal was binthe robber’s bpossession, and he has acquired itdue to this change. If he then bslaughtered or soldthe animal, bhe slaughters his ownanimal band he sells his ownanimal, and he does not become liable to pay the penalty of four or five times the value of the animal. Rav Ashi bsaid to him: Didn’t I say to you: Do not exchangethe names of the bmenin whose name you are transmitting words of Torah? bThatstatement bwas stated in the name of Rabbi Ela,not in the name of Rabbi Yoḥa.,§ The mishna teaches that bRabbi Meir says: With regard toCanaanite bslaves, he says tothe robbery victim: bThat which is yours is before you.The Gemara comments: bRav Ḥanina bar Avdimi saysthat bRav says:The ihalakha /iis bin accordance withthe opinion of bRabbi Meir.The Gemara asks: bAndwould bRav set asidethe opinion of bthe Rabbis,who are the majority, band practicethe ihalakha bin accordance withthe opinion of bRabbi Meir?The Sages bsay:It is bbecause it is taughtin ba ibaraita /iin the boppositemanner, i.e., with the opinions reversed, so that the Rabbis, rather than Rabbi Meir, hold that with regard to slaves the robber says: That which is yours is before you. The Gemara asks: bAndwould bRav set aside the mishna and practicethe ihalakha bin accordance withthe statement of bthe ibaraita /i?The Gemara responds: bRav also teaches the mishnain the boppositemanner., bAnd what is the reasoning of Rav, who reversedthe opinions in bthe mishna in light of the ibaraita /i? On the contrary, let him reversethe opinions in bthe ibaraitain light of the mishna.The Sages bsayin response: bRav also learned the mishnain the boppositemanner. Rav did not decide to reverse the opinions in the mishna. In the text of the mishna that he utilized, the opinions were the same as in the ibaraita /i., bAnd if you wish, sayinstead that Rav did in fact decide to reverse the opinions in the mishna, based upon the principle: bWhen he does not reversea mishna due to a ibaraita /i, it is when there is bonemishna that he will not reverse bin light of one ibaraita /i. But bhe would reverse onemishna bin light of two ibaraitot /i, and in this case there is a second ibaraitain which the opinions are the reverse of those found in the mishna.,The second ibaraitais bas it is taughtin the iTosefta( iBava Metzia8:23–24): In the case of bone who exchanges a cow for a donkey, andin the meantime the cow bgave birth; and similarly,in the case of bone who sells hisCanaanite bmaidservant, andin the meantime bshe gave birth,if in either of these cases the purchaser and seller have a dispute as to when the birth took place, where bthisone bsays: She gave birthat the time that she was bin my possessionand therefore the offspring is mine, band the other is silent,then the one who stated definitively that she gave birth while in his possession bhas acquiredthe offspring. If bthisone bsays: I do not know, and thatone bsays: I do not know,then bthey shall dividethe value of the offspring.,The ibaraitacontinues: If bthisone bsays:She gave birth while bin my possession, and thatone bsays:She gave birth while bin my possession,then bthe seller must take an oath that she gave birthwhile bin his possession, as anyone whois obligated to btake an oath that isenumerated bin the Torah takes an oath and does not pay;this is bthe statement of Rabbi Meir.In this case, since the seller initially had possession of the animal or the maidservant, he is considered the defendant, and therefore it is sufficient for him to take an oath to exempt himself from payment and maintain possession of the offspring.,The ibaraitacontinues: bAnd the Rabbis saythat bone does not take an oath concerning eitherCanaanite bslaves or concerning land.This indicates that according to the opinion of the Rabbis, Canaanite slaves have the legal status of land, whereas according to the opinion of Rabbi Meir, they do not. It follows, then, that in the mishna here as well, it is the Rabbis, and not Rabbi Meir, who maintain that, with regard to slaves, one says: That which is yours is before you, as one does with regard to land.,The Gemara asks: If it is true that the opinion that the mishna attributed to Rabbi Meir was attributed by Rav to the Rabbis, then bthisphrase: The ihalakha /iis bin accordance withthe opinion of bRabbi Meir,is imprecise. Rav bshould havesaid that the ihalakha /iis bin accordance withthe opinion of bthe Rabbis.The Gemara responds: bThis iswhat Rav bis saying: According tothe way bthat you have reversedthe opinions in the mishna, band you taughtthat Rabbi Meir says that the robber says to the robbery victim: That which is yours is before you, then the ihalakha /iis bin accordance withthe opinion of bRabbi Meir,despite the fact that according to Rav, this is the opinion of the Rabbis. |
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13. Babylonian Talmud, Berachot, 56a (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 56a. אמר ליה קיסר לר' יהושע בר' (חנינא) אמריתו דחכמיתו טובא אימא לי מאי חזינא בחלמאי אמר ליה חזית דמשחרי לך פרסאי וגרבי בך ורעיי בך שקצי בחוטרא דדהבא הרהר כוליה יומא ולאורתא חזא אמר ליה שבור מלכא לשמואל אמריתו דחכמיתו טובא אימא לי מאי חזינא בחלמאי אמר ליה חזית דאתו רומאי ושבו לך וטחני בך קשייתא ברחייא דדהבא הרהר כוליה יומא ולאורתא חזא,בר הדיא מפשר חלמי הוה מאן דיהיב ליה אגרא מפשר ליה למעליותא ומאן דלא יהיב ליה אגרא מפשר ליה לגריעותא אביי ורבא חזו חלמא אביי יהיב ליה זוזא ורבא לא יהיב ליה אמרי ליה אקרינן בחלמין (דברים כח, לא) שורך טבוח לעיניך וגו' לרבא אמר ליה פסיד עסקך ולא אהני לך למיכל מעוצבא דלבך לאביי א"ל מרווח עסקך ולא אהני לך למיכל מחדוא דלבך,אמרי ליה אקרינן (דברים כח, מא) בנים ובנות תוליד וגו' לרבא אמר ליה כבישותיה לאביי א"ל בנך ובנתך נפישי ומינסבן בנתך לעלמא ומדמיין באפך כדקא אזלן בשביה,אקריין (דברים כח, לב) בניך ובנותיך נתונים לעם אחר לאביי א"ל בנך ובנתך נפישין את אמרת לקריבך והיא אמרה לקריבה ואכפה לך ויהבת להון לקריבה דהוי כעם אחר לרבא א"ל דביתהו שכיבא ואתו בניה ובנתיה לידי איתתא אחריתי דאמר רבא אמר ר' ירמיה בר אבא אמר רב מאי דכתיב בניך ובנותיך נתונים לעם אחר זו אשת האב,אקרינן בחלמין (קהלת ט, ז) לך אכול בשמחה לחמך לאביי אמר ליה מרווח עסקך ואכלת ושתית וקרית פסוקא מחדוא דלבך לרבא אמר ליה פסיד עסקך טבחת ולא אכלת ושתית וקרית לפכוחי פחדך,אקרינן (דברים כח, לח) זרע רב תוציא השדה לאביי א"ל מרישיה לרבא א"ל מסיפיה,אקרינן (דברים כח, מ) זיתים יהיו לך בכל גבולך וגו' לאביי א"ל מרישיה לרבא א"ל מסיפיה,אקרינן (דברים כח, י) וראו כל עמי הארץ וגו' לאביי א"ל נפק לך שמא דריש מתיבתא הוית אימתך נפלת בעלמא לרבא אמר ליה בדיינא דמלכא אתבר ומתפסת בגנבי ודייני כולי עלמא קל וחומר מינך למחר אתבר בדיינא דמלכא ואתו ותפשי ליה לרבא.,אמרי ליה חזן חסא על פום דני לאביי א"ל עיף עסקך כחסא לרבא א"ל מריר עסקך כי חסא,אמרי ליה חזן בשרא על פום דני לאביי אמר ליה בסים חמרך ואתו כולי עלמא למזבן בשרא וחמרא מינך לרבא אמר ליה תקיף חמרך ואתו כולי עלמא למזבן בשרא למיכל ביה,אמרי ליה חזן חביתא דתלי בדיקלא לאביי אמר ליה מדלי עסקך כדיקלא לרבא אמר ליה חלי עסקך כתמרי,אמרי ליה חזן רומנא דקדחי אפום דני לאביי אמר ליה עשיק עסקך כרומנא לרבא אמר ליה קאוי עסקך כרומנא,אמרי ליה חזן חביתא דנפל לבירא לאביי א"ל מתבעי עסקך כדאמר נפל פתא בבירא ולא אשתכח לרבא א"ל פסיד עסקך ושדי' ליה לבירא,אמרי ליה חזינן בר חמרא דקאי אאיסדן ונוער לאביי אמר ליה מלכא הוית וקאי אמורא עלך לרבא א"ל פטר חמור גהיט מתפילך א"ל לדידי חזי לי ואיתיה אמר ליה וא"ו דפטר חמור ודאי גהיט מתפילך,לסוף אזל רבא לחודיה לגביה אמר ליה חזאי דשא ברייתא דנפל אמר ליה אשתך שכבא אמר ליה חזיא ככי ושני דנתור א"ל בנך ובנתך שכבן אמר ליה חזאי תרתי יוני דפרחן א"ל תרי נשי מגרשת אמר ליה חזאי תרי גרגלידי דלפתא אמר ליה תרין קולפי בלעת אזל רבא ההוא יומא ויתיב בי מדרשא כוליה יומא אשכח הנהו תרי סגי נהורי דהוו קמנצו בהדי הדדי אזל רבא לפרוקינהו ומחוהו לרבא תרי דלו למחוייה אחריתי אמר מסתיי תרין חזאי,לסוף אתא רבא ויהיב ליה אגרא א"ל חזאי אשיתא דנפל א"ל נכסים בלא מצרים קנית א"ל חזאי אפדנא דאביי דנפל וכסיין אבקיה א"ל אביי שכיב ומתיבתיה אתיא לגבך א"ל חזאי אפדנא דידי דנפיל ואתו כולי עלמא שקיל לבינתא לבינתא א"ל שמעתתך מבדרן בעלמא א"ל חזאי דאבקע רישי ונתר מוקרי א"ל אודרא מבי סדיא נפיק א"ל אקריון הללא מצראה בחלמא א"ל ניסא מתרחשי לך,הוה קא אזיל בהדיה בארבא אמר בהדי גברא דמתרחיש ליה ניסא למה לי בהדי דקא סליק נפל סיפרא מיניה אשכחיה רבא וחזא דהוה כתיב ביה כל החלומות הולכין אחר הפה רשע בדידך קיימא וצערתן כולי האי כולהו מחילנא לך בר מברתיה דרב חסדא יהא רעוא דלמסר ההוא גברא לידי דמלכותא דלא מרחמו עליה,אמר מאי אעביד גמירי דקללת חכם אפילו בחנם היא באה וכ"ש רבא דבדינא קא לייט אמר איקום ואגלי דאמר מר גלות מכפרת עון,קם גלי לבי רומאי אזל יתיב אפתחא דריש טורזינא דמלכא ריש טורזינא חזא חלמא א"ל חזאי חלמא דעייל מחטא באצבעתי א"ל הב לי זוזא ולא יהב ליה לא א"ל ולא מידי א"ל חזאי דנפל תכלא בתרתין אצבעתי א"ל הב לי זוזא ולא יהב ליה ולא א"ל א"ל חזאי דנפל תכלא בכולה ידא א"ל נפל תכלא בכולהו שיראי שמעי בי מלכא ואתיוה לריש טורזינא קא קטלי ליה א"ל אנא אמאי אייתו להאי דהוה ידע ולא אמר אייתוהו לבר הדיא אמרי ליה אמטו זוזא דידך חרבו | 56a. On a similar note, the Gemara relates that the Roman bemperor said to Rabbi Yehoshua, son of Rabbi Ḥaya: YouJews bsay that you are extremely wise.If that is so, btell me what I will see in my dream.Rabbi Yehoshua bsaid to him: You will see the Persians capture you, and enslave you, and force you to herd unclean animals with a golden staff. He thought the entire dayabout the images described to him by Rabbi Yehoshua band that night he sawit in his dream. bKing Shapurof Persia bsaid to Shmuel: YouJews bsay that you are extremely wise.If that is so, btell me what I will see in my dream. Shmuel said to him: You will see the Romans come and take you into captivityand force you bto grind date pits in mills of gold. He thought the entire dayabout the images described to him by Shmuel, band that night he sawit in his dream.,The Gemara relates: bBar Haddaya was an interpreter of dreams.For bone who gave him a fee, he would interpretthe dream bfavorably, andfor bone who did not give him a fee, he would interpretthe dream bunfavorably.The Gemara relates: There was an incident in which both bAbaye and Rava saw anidentical bdreamand they asked bar Haddaya to interpret it. bAbaye gave him moneyand paid his fee, bwhile Rava did not give himmoney. bThey said to him:The verse: b“Your ox shall be slain before your eyesand you shall not eat thereof” (Deuteronomy 28:31) bwas read to us in our dream. Heinterpreted their dream and bto Rava he said: Your business will be lost and you will derive no pleasure from eating because of theextreme bsadness of your heart. To Abaye he said: Your business will profit and you will be unable to eat due to the joy in your heart. /b, bThey said to him:The verse, b“You shall beget sons and daughters, but they shall not be yours; for they shall go into captivity”(Deuteronomy 28:41), bwas read to usin our dream. He interpreted their dreams, and bto Rava he said itsliteral, badversesense. bTo Abaye he said: Your sons and daughters will be numerous, and your daughters will be married to outsiders and it will seem to you as if they were taken in captivity. /b,They said to him: bThe verse: “Your sons and your daughters shall be given unto another people”(Deuteronomy 28:32), bwas read to usin our dream. bTo Abaye he said: Your sons and daughters will be numerous. You say,that they should marry byour relatives andyour wife bsaysthat they should marry bher relatives and she will imposeher will bupon you and they will be givenin marriage bto her relatives, which is like another nationas far as you are concerned. bTo Rava he said: Your wife will die and your sons and daughters will come into the hands of another woman. As Rava saidthat bRabbi Yirmeya bar Abba saidthat bRav said: What isthe meaning of bthat which is writtenin the verse: b“Your sons and your daughters shall be given unto another people”? Thisrefers to bthe father’s wife,the stepmother.,They said to him: The verse: b“Go your way, eat your bread with joy,and drink your wine with a merry heart” (Ecclesiastes 9:7) bwas read to us in our dream. To Abaye he said: Your business will profit and you will eat and drink and read the verse out of the joy of your heart. To Rava he said: Your business will be lost, you will slaughter but not eat, you will drinkwine and breadpassages from the Bible in order bto allay your fears. /b,They said to him: The verse: b“You shall carry much seed out into the field,and shall gather little in; for the locust shall consume it” (Deuteronomy 28:38), bwas read to usin our dream. bTo Abaye he said from the beginningof the verse, that he will enjoy an abundant harvest. bTo Rava he said from the endof the verse, that his harvest will be destroyed.,They said to him: The verse: b“You shall have olive-trees throughout all your borders,but you shall not anoint yourself with the oil; for your olives shall drop off” (Deuteronomy 28:40), bwas read to usin our dream. And again, bto Abaye he said from the beginningof the verse. bTo Rava he said from the endof the verse.,They said to him: The verse: b“All the peoples of the earth shall seethat the name of the Lord is called upon you; and they shall be afraid of you” (Deuteronomy 28:10), bwas read to usin our dream. bTo Abaye he said: Your name will become well-known as head of the yeshiva, and you will be feared by all. To Rava he said: The king’s treasury was brokeninto band you will be apprehended as a thief, and everyone will draw an ia fortioriinference from you:If Rava who is wealthy and of distinguished lineage can be arrested on charges of theft, what will become of the rest of us? Indeed, bthe next day, the king’s treasury was burglarized, and they came and apprehended Rava. /b,Abaye and Rava bsaid to him: We saw lettuce on the mouth of the barrels. To Abaye he said: Your business will double like lettucewhose leaves are wide and wrinkled. bTo Rava he said: Your work will be bitter likea blettucestalk., bThey said to him: We saw meat on the mouth of barrels. To Abaye he said: Your wine will be sweet and everyone will come to buy meat and wine from you. To Rava he said: Your wine will spoil, and everyone will go to buy meat in order to eat with it,to dip the meat in your vinegar., bThey said to him: We saw a barrel hanging from a palm tree. To Abaye he said: Your business will rise like a palm tree. To Rava he said: Your work will be sweet like dateswhich are very cheap in Babylonia, indicating that you will be compelled to sell your merchandise at a cheap price., bThey said to him: We saw a pomegranate taking root on the mouth of barrels. To Abaye he said: Your business will increase in value like a pomegranate. To Rava he said: Your work will go sour like a pomegranate. /b, bThey said to him: We saw a barrel fall into a pit. To Abaye he said: Your merchandise will be in demand asthe adage bsays: Bread falls in a pit and is not found.In other words, everyone will seek your wares and they will not find them due to increased demand. bTo Rava he said: Your merchandise will be ruined and you will throw itaway binto a pit. /b, bThey said to him: We saw a donkey-foal standing near our heads, braying. To Abaye he said: You will be a king,that is to say, bhead of the yeshiva, and an interpreter will stand near youto repeat your teachings to the masses out loud. bTo Rava he said:I see the words ipeter ḥamor /i, first-born donkey, erased from your phylacteries.Rava bsaid to him: I myself saw it and it is there.Bar Haddaya bsaid to him:The letter ivavofthe word ipeter ḥamoris certainly erased from your phylacteries. /b, bUltimately, Rava went tobar Haddaya balone.Rava bsaid to him: I saw the outer door of my house fall.Bar Haddaya bsaid to him: Your wife will die,as she is the one who protects the house. Rava bsaid to him: I saw my front and back teeth fall out. He said to him: Your sons and daughters will die.Rava bsaid to him: I saw two doves that were flying. He said to him: You will divorce two women.Rava bsaid to him: I saw two turnip-heads [ igargelidei /i]. He said to him: You will receive two blows with a clubshaped like a turnip. bThat same day Rava went and sat in the study hall the entire day. He discovered these two blind people who were fighting with each other. Rava went to separate them and they struck Rava twoblows. When bthey raisedtheir staffs bto strike him an additional blow, he said:That is benough for me, Ionly bsaw two. /b, bUltimately, Rava came and gave him,bar Haddaya, ba fee. Andthen Rava, bsaid to him: I saw my wall fall.Bar Haddaya bsaid to him: You will acquire property without limits.Rava bsaid to him: I saw Abaye’s house [ iappadna /i] fall and its dust covered me.Bar Haddaya bsaid to him: Abaye will die and his yeshiva will come to you.Rava bsaid to him: I saw my house fall, and everyone came and took the bricks. He said to him: Your teachings will be disseminated throughout the world.Rava bsaid to him: I saw that my head split and my brain fell out. He said to him: A feather will fall out of the pillownear your head. Rava bsaid to him: The Egyptian ihallel /i,the ihallelthat celebrates the Exodus, bwas read to me in a dream. He said to him: Miracles will be performed for you. /b,Bar Haddaya bwas going withRava bon a ship;bar Haddaya bsaid: Why am Igoing bwith a person for whom miracles will be performed,lest the miracle will be that the ship will sink and he alone will be saved. bAsbar Haddaya bwas climbingonto the ship ba book fell from him. Rava foundit band saw: All dreams follow the mouth, written therein. He saidto bar Haddaya: bScoundrel. It wasdependent bon you, and you caused me so much suffering. I forgive you for everything except for the daughterof bRav Ḥisda,Rava’s wife, whom bar Haddaya predicted would die. bMay it beYour bwill that this man be delivered into the hands of a kingdom that has no compassion on him. /b,Bar Haddaya bsaidto himself: bWhat will I do? We learnedthrough tradition bthat the curse of a Sage,even if bbaseless, comestrue? bAnd all the more soin the case of bRava, as he cursedme bjustifiably. He saidto himself: bI will get up and go into exile,as bthe Master said: Exile atones for transgression. /b, bHe arose and exiled himself to the seat of the Romangovernment. bHe went and sat by the entrance,where bthe keeper of the king’s wardrobestood. bThe wardrobe guard dreamed a dream.He bsaid tobar Haddaya: bI saw in the dream that a needle pierced my finger.Bar Haddaya bsaid to him: Give me a izuz /i. He did not give himthe coin bsobar Haddaya bsaid nothing to him.Again, the guard bsaid to him: I saw a worm that fellbetween bmy two fingers,eating them. Bar Haddaya bsaid to him: Give me a izuz /i. He did not give himthe coin, bsobar Haddaya bsaid nothing to him.Again, the guard bsaid to him: I saw that a worm fellupon bmy entire hand,eating it. Bar Haddaya bsaid to him: A worm fellupon and ate ball the silkgarments. bThey heardof this bin the king’s palace and they brought the wardrobe keeper and werein the process of bexecuting him. He said to them: Why me? Bring the one who knew and did not saythe information that he knew. bThey broughtbar Haddaya band said to him: Because of your izuz /i, ruincame upon |
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14. Babylonian Talmud, Gittin, 80a, 56a (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 56a. אמר ליה לא אמר ליה יהיבנא לך דמי פלגא דסעודתיך אמר ליה לא אמר ליה יהיבנא לך דמי כולה סעודתיך א"ל לא נקטיה בידיה ואוקמיה ואפקיה,אמר הואיל והוו יתבי רבנן ולא מחו ביה ש"מ קא ניחא להו איזיל איכול בהו קורצא בי מלכא אזל אמר ליה לקיסר מרדו בך יהודאי א"ל מי יימר א"ל שדר להו קורבנא חזית אי מקרבין ליה,אזל שדר בידיה עגלא תלתא בהדי דקאתי שדא ביה מומא בניב שפתים ואמרי לה בדוקין שבעין דוכתא דלדידן הוה מומא ולדידהו לאו מומא הוא,סבור רבנן לקרוביה משום שלום מלכות אמר להו רבי זכריה בן אבקולס יאמרו בעלי מומין קריבין לגבי מזבח סבור למיקטליה דלא ליזיל ולימא אמר להו רבי זכריה יאמרו מטיל מום בקדשים יהרג,אמר רבי יוחנן ענוותנותו של רבי זכריה בן אבקולס החריבה את ביתנו ושרפה את היכלנו והגליתנו מארצנו,שדר עלוייהו לנירון קיסר כי קאתי שדא גירא למזרח אתא נפל בירושלים למערב אתא נפל בירושלים לארבע רוחות השמים אתא נפל בירושלים,א"ל לינוקא פסוק לי פסוקיך אמר ליה (יחזקאל כה, יד) ונתתי את נקמתי באדום ביד עמי ישראל וגו' אמר קודשא בריך הוא בעי לחרובי ביתיה ובעי לכפורי ידיה בההוא גברא ערק ואזל ואיגייר ונפק מיניה ר"מ,שדריה עילוייהו לאספסיינוס קיסר אתא צר עלה תלת שני הוו בה הנהו תלתא עתירי נקדימון בן גוריון ובן כלבא שבוע ובן ציצית הכסת נקדימון בן גוריון שנקדה לו חמה בעבורו בן כלבא שבוע שכל הנכנס לביתו כשהוא רעב ככלב יוצא כשהוא שבע בן ציצית הכסת שהיתה ציצתו נגררת על גבי כסתות איכא דאמרי שהיתה כסתו מוטלת בין גדולי רומי,חד אמר להו אנא זיינא להו בחיטי ושערי וחד אמר להו בדחמרא ובדמלחא ומשחא וחד אמר להו בדציבי ושבחו רבנן לדציבי דרב חסדא כל אקלידי הוה מסר לשמעיה בר מדציבי דאמר רב חסדא אכלבא דחיטי בעי שיתין אכלבי דציבי הוה להו למיזן עשרים וחד שתא,הוו בהו הנהו בריוני אמרו להו רבנן ניפוק ונעביד שלמא בהדייהו לא שבקינהו אמרו להו ניפוק ונעביד קרבא בהדייהו אמרו להו רבנן לא מסתייעא מילתא קמו קלנהו להנהו אמברי דחיטי ושערי והוה כפנא,מרתא בת בייתוס עתירתא דירושלים הויא שדרתה לשלוחה ואמרה ליה זיל אייתי לי סמידא אדאזל איזדבן אתא אמר לה סמידא ליכא חיורתא איכא אמרה ליה זיל אייתי לי אדאזל איזדבן אתא ואמר לה חיורתא ליכא גושקרא איכא א"ל זיל אייתי לי אדאזל אזדבן אתא ואמר לה גושקרא ליכא קימחא דשערי איכא אמרה ליה זיל אייתי לי אדאזל איזדבן,הוה שליפא מסאנא אמרה איפוק ואחזי אי משכחנא מידי למיכל איתיב לה פרתא בכרעא ומתה,קרי עלה רבן יוחנן בן זכאי (דברים כח, נו) הרכה בך והענוגה אשר לא נסתה כף רגלה איכא דאמרי גרוגרות דר' צדוק אכלה ואיתניסא ומתה דר' צדוק יתיב ארבעין שנין בתעניתא דלא ליחרב ירושלים כי הוה אכיל מידי הוה מיתחזי מאבראי וכי הוה בריא מייתי ליה גרוגרות מייץ מייהו ושדי להו,כי הוה קא ניחא נפשה אפיקתה לכל דהבא וכספא שדיתיה בשוקא אמרה האי למאי מיבעי לי והיינו דכתיב (יחזקאל ז, יט) כספם בחוצות ישליכו,אבא סקרא ריש בריוני דירושלים בר אחתיה דרבן יוחנן בן זכאי הוה שלח ליה תא בצינעא לגבאי אתא א"ל עד אימת עבדיתו הכי וקטליתו ליה לעלמא בכפנא א"ל מאי איעביד דאי אמינא להו מידי קטלו לי א"ל חזי לי תקנתא לדידי דאיפוק אפשר דהוי הצלה פורתא,א"ל נקוט נפשך בקצירי וליתי כולי עלמא ולישיילו בך ואייתי מידי סריא ואגני גבך ולימרו דנח נפשך וליעיילו בך תלמידך ולא ליעול בך איניש אחרינא דלא לרגשן בך דקליל את דאינהו ידעי דחייא קליל ממיתא,עביד הכי נכנס בו רבי אליעזר מצד אחד ורבי יהושע מצד אחר כי מטו לפיתחא בעו למדקריה אמר להו יאמרו רבן דקרו בעו למדחפיה אמר להו יאמרו רבן דחפו פתחו ליה בבא נפק,כי מטא להתם אמר שלמא עלך מלכא שלמא עלך מלכא א"ל מיחייבת תרי קטלא חדא דלאו מלכא אנא וקא קרית לי מלכא ותו אי מלכא אנא עד האידנא אמאי לא אתית לגבאי א"ל דקאמרת לאו מלכא אנא | 56a. The host bsaid to him: No,you must leave. Bar Kamtza bsaid to him: I will give you money for half of the feast;just do not send me away. The host bsaid to him: No,you must leave. Bar Kamtza then bsaid to him: I will give you money for the entire feast;just let me stay. The host bsaid to him: No,you must leave. Finally, the host btookbar Kamtza bby his hand, stood him up, and took him out. /b,After having been cast out from the feast, bar Kamtza bsaidto himself: bSince the Sages were sittingthere band did not protestthe actions of the host, although they saw how he humiliated me, blearn from it that they were contentwith what he did. bI willtherefore bgo and inform [ ieikhul kurtza /i] against them to the king. He wentand bsaid to the emperor: The Jews have rebelled against you.The emperor bsaid to him: Who saysthat this is the case? Bar Kamtza bsaid to him:Go and test them; bsend them an offeringto be brought in honor of the government, and bsee whether theywill bsacrifice it. /b,The emperor bwent and sent with hima choice bthree-year-old calf. Whilebar Kamtza bwas comingwith the calf to the Temple, bhe made a blemish onthe calf’s bupper lip. And some sayhe made the blemish bonits beyelids, a place where according to us,i.e., ihalakha /i, it bis a blemish, but according to them,gentile rules for their offerings, it bis not a blemish.Therefore, when bar Kamtza brought the animal to the Temple, the priests would not sacrifice it on the altar since it was blemished, but they also could not explain this satisfactorily to the gentile authorities, who did not consider it to be blemished.,The blemish notwithstanding, bthe Sages thought to sacrificethe animal as an offering bdue tothe imperative to maintain bpeacewith the bgovernment. Rabbi Zekharya ben Avkolas said to them:If the priests do that, people bwill saythat bblemishedanimals bmay be sacrificedas offerings bon the altar.The Sages said: If we do not sacrifice it, then we must prevent bar Kamtza from reporting this to the emperor. The Sages bthought to kill him so that he would not go and speakagainst them. bRabbi Zekharya said to them:If you kill him, people bwill saythat bone who makes a blemish on sacrificialanimals bis to be killed.As a result, they did nothing, bar Kamtza’s slander was accepted by the authorities, and consequently the war between the Jews and the Romans began., bRabbi Yoḥa says: Theexcessive bhumility of Rabbi Zekharya ben Avkolas destroyed our Temple, burned our Sanctuary, and exiled us from our land. /b,The Roman authorities then bsent Nero Caesar againstthe Jews. bWhen he cameto Jerusalem, he wished to test his fate. bHe shot an arrow to the eastand the arrow bcameand bfell in Jerusalem.He then shot another arrow bto the westand bitalso bfell in Jerusalem.He shot an arrow binall bfour directions of the heavens,and each time the arrow bfell in Jerusalem. /b,Nero then conducted another test: bHe said to a child: Tell me a versethat you learned today. bHe said to himas follows: b“And I will lay My vengeance upon Edom by the hand of My people Israel”(Ezekiel 25:14). Nero bsaid: The Holy One, Blessed be He, wishes to destroy His Temple, and He wishes to wipe his hands with that man,i.e., with me. The Romans are associated with Edom, the descendants of Esau. If I continue on this mission, I will eventually be punished for having served as God’s agent to bring about the destruction. So bhe fledand bbecame a convert, andultimately bRabbi Meir descended from him. /b,The Roman authorities then bsent Vespasian Caesar againstthe Jews. bHe cameand blaid siegeto Jerusalem for bthree years. There wereat that time binJerusalem bthese three wealthy people: Nakdimon ben Guryon, ben Kalba Savua, and ben Tzitzit HaKesat.The Gemara explains their names: bNakdimon ben Guryonwas called by that name bbecause the sun shined [ inakad /i] on his behalf,as it is related elsewhere (see iTa’anit19b) that the sun once continued to shine in order to prevent him from suffering a substantial loss. bBen Kalba Savuawas called this bbecause anyone who entered his house when he was hungry as a dog [ ikelev /i] would leave satiated [ isave’a /i]. Ben Tzitzit HaKesatwas referred to by that name because bhis ritual fringes [ itzitzit /i] draggedalong bon blankets [ ikeset /i],meaning that he would not walk in the street with his feet on the ground, but rather they would place blankets beneath him. bThere arethose bwho say that his seat [ ikiseh /i] was found among the nobles of Rome,meaning that he would sit among them.,These three wealthy people offered their assistance. bOneof them bsaid tothe leaders of the city: bI will feedthe residents bwith wheat and barley. And oneof them bsaid toleaders of the city: I will provide the residents bwith wine, salt, and oil. And oneof them bsaid tothe leaders of the city: I will supply the residents bwith wood.The Gemara comments: bAnd the Sages gavespecial bpraise to hewho gave the bwood,since this was an especially expensive gift. bAs Rav Ḥisda would give all of the keys [ iaklidei /i] to his servant, exceptfor the key btohis shed bforstoring bwood,which he deemed the most important of them all. bAs Rav Ḥisda said: One storehouse [ iakhleva /i] of wheat requires sixty storehouses of woodfor cooking and baking fuel. These three wealthy men bhadbetween them enough commodities bto sustainthe besieged bfor twenty-one years. /b, bThere were certain zealots amongthe people of Jerusalem. bThe Sages said to them: Let us go out and make peace withthe Romans. But the zealots bdid not allow themto do this. The zealots bsaid tothe Sages: bLet us go out and engage in battle againstthe Romans. But bthe Sages said to them: You will not be successful.It would be better for you to wait until the siege is broken. In order to force the residents of the city to engage in battle, the zealots barose and burneddown bthese storehouses [ iambarei /i] of wheat and barley, and there wasa general bfamine. /b,With regard to this famine it is related that bMarta bat Baitos wasone of the bwealthy women of Jerusalem. She sentout bher agent and said to him: Go bring me fine flour [ isemida /i]. By the time he went,the fine flour bwasalready bsold. He cameand bsaid to her: There is no fine flour,but bthere isordinary bflour. She said to him: Gothen and bbring meordinary flour. bBy the time he went,the ordinary flour bwasalso bsold. He came and said to her: There is noordinary bflour,but bthere is coarse flour [ igushkera /i]. She said to him: Gothen and bbring mecoarse flour. bBy the time he went,the coarse flour bwasalready bsold. He came and said to her: There is no coarse flour,but bthere is barley flour. She said to him: Gothen and bbring mebarley flour. But once again, bby the time he went,the barley flour bwasalso bsold. /b, bShe hadjust bremoved her shoes,but bshe said: I will go outmyself band see if I can find something to eat.She stepped on some bdung,which bstuck to her foot, and,overcome by disgust, bshe died. /b, bRabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai read concerning hera verse found in the section of the Torah listing the curses that will befall Israel: b“The tender and delicate woman among you who would not adventure to set the sole of her footupon the ground” (Deuteronomy 28:56). bThere arethose bwho saythat she did not step on dung, but rather bshe ate a fig of Rabbi Tzadok, and became disgusted and died.What are these figs? bRabbi Tzadok observed fastsfor bforty years,praying bthat Jerusalem would not be destroyed.He became so emaciated from fasting bthat when he would eat something it was visible from the outsideof his body. bAnd when he would eatafter a fast bthey would bring him figsand bhe would suck out their liquid and castthe rest baway.It was one such fig that Marta bat Baitos found and that caused her death.,It is further related that bas she was dying, she took out all ofher bgold and silverand bthrew it in the marketplace. She said: Why do I need this? And this is as it is written: “They shall cast their silver in the streetsand their gold shall be as an impure thing; their silver and their gold shall not be able to deliver them in the day of the wrath of the Lord; they shall not satisfy their souls, neither fill their bowels” (Ezekiel 7:19).,§ The Gemara relates: bAbba Sikkara was the leader of the zealots [ ibiryonei /i] of Jerusalemand bthe son of the sister of Rabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai.Rabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai bsenta message bto him: Come to me in secret. He came,and Rabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai bsaid to him: Until when will you do this and kill everyone through starvation?Abba Sikkara bsaid to him: What can I do, for if I say something to them they will kill me.Rabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai bsaid to him: Show me a methodso bthat I willbe able to bleavethe city, and it is bpossible thatthrough this bthere will besome bsmall salvation. /b,Abba Sikkara bsaid to him:This is what you should do: bPretend to be sick, and have everyone come and askabout your welfare, so that word will spread about your ailing condition. Afterward bbring something putrid and place it near you, so thatpeople bwill say that you have diedand are decomposing. bAndthen, bhave your students enterto bring you to burial, band let no one else come in so thatthe zealots bnot notice that you arestill blight. Asthe zealots bknow that a livingperson bis lighter than a deadperson.,Rabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai bdid this. Rabbi Eliezer entered from one side and Rabbi Yehoshua from the other sideto take him out. bWhen they arrived at the entranceof the city on the inside, the guards, who were of the faction of the zealots, bwanted to pierce himwith their swords in order to ascertain that he was actually dead, as was the common practice. Abba Sikkara bsaid to them:The Romans bwill saythat bthey pierceeven btheir teacher.The guards then bwantedat least bto push himto see whether he was still alive, in which case he would cry out on account of the pushing. Abba Sikkara bsaid to them: They will saythat bthey pusheven btheir teacher.The guards then bopened the gateand bhe was taken out. /b, bWhenRabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai breached there,i.e., the Roman camp, bhe said: Greetings to you, the king; greetings to you, the king.Vespasian bsaid to him: You are liable for two death penalties, onebecause bI am not a king andyet byou call me king, and furthermore, if I am a king, why didn’t you come to me until now?Rabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai bsaid to him:As for bwhat you saidabout yourself: bI am not a king, /b |
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15. Babylonian Talmud, Hagigah, 5b, 5a (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 5a. ומחריא תנורא שקלתא ואנחתא אגבה דכרעה קדחא ואיתרע מזלה ואייתיתה,א"ל רב ביבי בר אביי אית לכו רשותא למיעבד הכי אמר ליה ולא כתיב ויש נספה בלא משפט א"ל והכתיב (קהלת א, ד) דור הולך ודור בא,אמר דרעינא להו אנא עד דמלו להו לדרא והדר משלימנא ליה לדומה א"ל סוף סוף שניה מאי עבדת אמר אי איכא צורבא מרבנן דמעביר במיליה מוסיפנא להו ליה והויא חלופיה,רבי יוחנן כי מטי להאי קרא בכי (איוב ב, ג) ותסיתני בו לבלעו חנם עבד שרבו מסיתין לו וניסת תקנה יש לו רבי יוחנן כי מטי להאי קרא בכי (איוב טו, טו) הן בקדושיו לא יאמין אי בקדושיו לא יאמין במאן יאמין,יומא חד הוה קא אזיל באורחא חזייה לההוא גברא דהוה מנקיט תאני שביק הנך דמטו ושקיל הנך דלא מטו א"ל לאו הני מעלן טפי א"ל הני לאורחא בעינן להו הני נטרן והני לא נטרן אמר היינו דכתיב הן בקדושיו לא יאמין,איני והא ההוא תלמידא דהוה בשיבבותיה דרבי אלכסנדרי ושכיב אדזוטר ואמר אי בעי האי מרבנן הוה חיי ואם איתא דלמא מהן בקדושיו לא יאמין הוה ההוא מבעט ברבותיו הוה,רבי יוחנן כי מטי להאי קרא בכי (מלאכי ג, ה) וקרבתי אליכם למשפט והייתי עד ממהר במכשפים ובמנאפים ובנשבעים לשקר ובעושקי שכר שכיר עבד שרבו מקרבו לדונו וממהר להעידו תקנה יש לו,אמר רבי יוחנן בן זכאי אוי לנו ששקל עלינו הכתוב קלות כחמורות,אמר ריש לקיש כל המטה דינו של גר כאילו מטה דינו של מעלה שנאמר (מלאכי ג, ה) ומטי גר ומטי כתיב א"ר חנינא בר פפא כל העושה דבר ומתחרט בו מוחלין לו מיד שנאמר (מלאכי ג, ה) ולא יראוני הא יראוני מוחלין להם מיד,רבי יוחנן כי מטי להאי קרא בכי (קהלת יב, יד) כי את כל מעשה האלהים יביא במשפט על כל נעלם עבד שרבו שוקל לו שגגות כזדונות תקנה יש לו,מאי על כל נעלם אמר רב זה ההורג כינה בפני חברו ונמאס בה ושמואל אמר זה הרק בפני חבירו ונמאס,מאי אם טוב ואם רע אמרי דבי ר' ינאי זה הנותן צדקה לעני בפרהסיא כי הא דרבי ינאי חזייה לההוא גברא דקא יהיב זוזא לעני בפרהסיא אמר ליה מוטב דלא יהבת ליה מהשתא דיהבת ליה וכספתיה,דבי ר' שילא אמרי זה הנותן צדקה לאשה בסתר דקא מייתי לה לידי חשדא רבא אמר זה המשגר לאשתו בשר שאינו מחותך בערבי שבתות,והא רבא משגר שאני בת רב חסדא דקים ליה בגווה דבקיאה,רבי יוחנן כי מטי להאי קרא בכי (דברים לא, כא) והיה כי תמצאן אותו רעות רבות וצרות עבד שרבו ממציא לו רעות וצרות תקנה יש לו,מאי רעות וצרות אמר רב רעות שנעשות צרות זו לזו כגון זיבורא ועקרבא,ושמואל אמר זה הממציא לו מעות לעני בשעת דוחקו אמר רבא היינו דאמרי אינשי זוזא לעללא לא שכיחא לתליתא שכיח,(דברים לא, יז) וחרה אפי בו ביום ההוא ועזבתים והסתרתי פני מהם אמר רב ברדלא בר טביומי אמר רב כל שאינו בהסתר פנים אינו מהם כל שאינו בוהיה לאכול | 5a. band sweeping the oven. She tookthe fire band set it on her foot; she was scalded and her luck suffered,which gave me the opportunity, band I brought her. /b, bRav Beivai bar Abaye said tothe Angel of Death: Do byou have the right to act in thismanner, to take someone before his time? The Angel of Death bsaid to him: Andis it bnot written: “But there are those swept away without justice”(Proverbs 13:23)? Rav Beivai bsaid to him: And isn’t it written: “One generation passes away, and another generation comes”(Ecclesiastes 1:4), which indicates that there is a predetermined amount of time for the life of every generation., bHe saidto him: bI shepherd them,not releasing them buntilthe years of bthe generation are completed, and then I pass them on tothe angel bDumawho oversees the souls of the dead. Rav Beivai bsaid to him: Ultimately, what do you dowith bhisextra byears,those taken away from this individual? The Angel of Death bsaidto him: bIf there is a Torah scholar who disregards hispersonal bmatters,i.e., who overlooks the insults of those who wrong him, bI add thoseyears bto him and he becomesthe deceased’s breplacementfor that time.,§ The Gemara returns to the previous topic. bWhen Rabbi Yoḥa reached this verse, he cried,as God said to the Satan about Job: b“Although you did incite Me against him, to destroy him without cause”(Job 2:3). Rabbi Yoḥa said: With regard to ba slave whose masteris one whom others binciteto act harshly against the slave bandthe master bis incitedto do so, bis there a remedy forthe slave? Additionally, bwhen Rabbi Yoḥa reached this verse, he cried: “Behold He puts no trust in His sacred ones”(Job 15:15), saying: bIf He does not place trust in His sacred ones, in whomdoes bHe place trust? /b,The Gemara relates: bOne dayRabbi Yoḥa bwas walking along the road,and bhe saw a certain man who was picking figsin an unusual manner: bHe left the ones that had reachedthe stage of ripeness band took those that had notyet breachedthat state. Rabbi Yoḥa bsaid to him: Aren’t theseripe ones bmuch better? He said to him: I need thesedates bfor the road; thesethat are not yet ripe bwill be preserved, and thesethat are already ripe bwill not be preserved.Rabbi Yoḥa bsaid: This isthe same bas is written: “Behold He puts no trust in His sacred ones”;there are righteous people whom God takes from this world before their time, as He knows that in the future they will stumble.,The Gemara asks: bIs that so? But there was a certain student in the neighborhood of Rabbi Alexandri, and he died whilehe was still byoung. AndRabbi Alexandri bsaid: If thisyoung bSage had wanted, he would have lived,i.e., his actions caused him to die young. bAnd if it is so,as Rabbi Yoḥa suggested, bperhapsthis student was bfromthose concerning whom it is written: b“Behold he puts no trust in his sacred ones,”and it was not his sins that caused his death. The Gemara answers: bThatstudent bwasone who acted birreverently toward his teachers,and Rabbi Alexandri knew of his improper behavior., bWhen Rabbi Yoḥa reached this verse, he cried: “And I will come near to you to judgment; and I will be a swift witness against the sorcerers, and against the adulterers, and against false witnesses, and against those who oppress the hireling in his wages,the widow, and the fatherless, and who turn aside the convert from his right, and do not fear Me, says the Lord” (Malachi 3:5). He said: With regard to ba slave whose master comes near to him to judge him and is swift to testifyagainst bhim,is bthere a remedy for him? /b,With regard to that same verse, bRabbi Yoḥa ben Zakkai said: Woe to us, as the verse weighs lenientmitzvot bfor us likemore bstringentmitzvot, as it lists both those who violate sins punishable by death, e.g., sorcerers and adulterers, with those who violate apparently less severe sins, e.g., those who withhold payment from a hired worker., bReish Lakish said: Anyone who distorts the judgment of a convert, it isconsidered bas if he distorted the judgment ofthe One babove, as it is stated: “And who turn aside [ iumattei /i] the convert”(Malachi 3:5). This term bis writtenas: iUmatti /i,turn Me aside, i.e., one who distorts the judgment of a convert it considered as though he distorts the judgment of God, as it were. bRabbi Ḥanina bar Pappa said: Anyone who does somethingsinful band regrets it, he is forgiven immediately, as it is stated: “And do not fear Me”(Malachi 3:5), which indicates that if btheydo bfear Meand are embarrassed to sin before God, bthey are forgiven immediately. /b,Additionally, bwhen Rabbi Yoḥa reached this verse, he cried: “For God shall bring every work into the judgment concerning every hidden thing”(Ecclesiastes 12:14). He said: With regard to ba slave whose master weighs his unwittingsins blike intentionalones, i.e., God punishes him even for an action that was hidden from him, bis there a remedy for him? /b,The Gemara asks: bWhatsin is the verse referring to when it states: b“Concerning every hidden thing”? Rav said: Thisis referring to bone who kills a louse in the presence of another andhis friend bis disgusted by it.God judges him for the unintentional discomfort he caused. bAndsimilarly, bShmuel said: Thisis referring to bone who spits in the presence of anotherand his friend bis disgustedby his action.,The Gemara asks: bWhatis the meaning of the end of that verse: b“Whether it be good, or whether it be evil”(Ecclesiastes 12:14)? This verse indicates that God judges man harshly even for the good deeds he performs. The Sages bfrom the school of Rabbi Yannai say: Thisverse is referring to bone who gives charity to a poor person in public.Although he performed a good deed, he embarrassed the pauper, bas in thiscase bof Rabbi Yannai,who bsaw a certain man who was giving a dinar to a poor person in public. He said to him:It would have been bbetter had you not givenit bto him thanwhat you did, as bnow you gaveit to bhim and embarrassed him. /b,The Sages from bthe school of Rabbi Sheila say: Thisverse is referring to bone who gives charity to a woman in private, as he subjects her to suspicion,for people might think that he is engaging her services as a prostitute. bRava said: Thisis referring to bone who sends his wife meat that is not sliced,i.e., that has not yet had the prohibited sciatic nerve removed, bon Shabbat eve.Since she is in a hurry she might not notice and will perhaps cook the prohibited meat.,The Gemara asks: bButyet bRavahimself would bsendthis type of meat to his wife on Shabbat eve. The Gemara answers: bThe daughter of Rav Ḥisda,Rava’s wife, bis different, as he was certain about her that she was an expertin this matter. Rava trusted that his wife would realize the sciatic nerve had not been removed even when she was in a hurry on Shabbat eve.,Additionally, bwhen Rabbi Yoḥa reached this verse, he cried: “Then it shall come to pass, when many evils and troubles are come upon them”(Deuteronomy 31:21). He said: With regard to ba slave whose master brings upon him evils and troubles, is there a remedy for him? /b,The Gemara asks: bWhatis the verse referring to when it states: b“Evils and troubles”? Rav said: Evils that become troubles for one another,i.e., the remedy for one problem has a deleterious effect on the other. bFor example,one who is stung by a bhornet and a scorpion.The sting of a hornet must be treated only with a cold ointment, while that of a scorpion must be treated with a hot ointment. As these medicaments are mutually exclusive, one cannot treat both stings at the same time., bAnd Shmuel said: Thisverse is referring to bone who provides money to a poor personas a loan bduring his exigentficial bcircumstances,but immediately after the borrower is released from the initial pressure by receiving the loan, the lender begins to demand repayment, subjecting the recipient to further pressure. bRava saidthat bthisexplains the folk saying bthat people say: A dinar for produce is not found; for hangingit can be bfound.A poor person cannot find money to buy basic necessities; however, when the lenders hang on and pressure him he must come up with the money somehow.,On the same topic the Gemara states: b“Then My anger shall be kindled against them in that day, and I will forsake them, and I will hide My face from them,and they shall be devoured” (Deuteronomy 31:17). bRav Bardela bar Tavyumei saidthat bRav said: Anyone who is not subject toHis bhiding of the face,i.e., whose prayers are invariably answered, bis not fromthe Jewish people, as the verse states about the Jewish people that God will hide His face from them as a result of their sins. Similarly, banyonewho bis not subject to: “And they shall be devoured,”i.e., gentiles do not steal his money |
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16. Babylonian Talmud, Hulin, 77a, 59b (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 59b. להתיר חלבה והכי קאמר אלו הן סימני חיה שחלבה מותר כל שיש לה קרנים וטלפים,רבי דוסא אומר יש לה קרנים אי אתה צריך לחזור על טלפים יש לה טלפים צריך אתה לחזור על קרנים וקרש אע"פ שאין לו אלא קרן אחת מותר,כללא הוא והרי עז דיש לו קרנים וטלפים וחלבו אסור כרוכות בעינן והרי שור דכרוכות וחלבו אסור חרוקות בעינן,והרי עז דחרוקות וחלבו אסור מפוצלות בעינן והרי צבי דאין מפוצלות וחלבו מותר חדורות בעינן,הלכך היכא דמיפצלא לא דינא ולא דיינא היכא דלא מיפצלא בעינן כרוכות חדורות וחרוקות והוא דמיבלע חירקייהו,והיינו ספיקא דעיזא כרכוז ההיא עיזא כרכוז דהואי בי ריש גלותא דעקור מלא צנא דתרבא מינה רב אחאי אסר רב שמואל בריה דרבי אבהו אכל מיניה קרי אנפשיה (משלי יח, כ) מפרי פי איש תשבע בטנו,שלחו מתם הלכתא כוותיה דשמואל בריה דרבי אבהו והזהרו ברבינו אחאי שמאיר עיני גולה הוא:,וקרש אע"פ שאין לו אלא קרן אחת מותר: אמר רב יהודה קרש טביא דבי עילאי טגרס אריא דבי עילאי אמר רב כהנא תשע אמהתא הוי בין אונא לאונא דאריא דבי עילאי אמר רב יוסף שיתסר אמהתא הוי משכיה דטביא דבי עילאי,אמר ליה קיסר לר' יהושע בן חנניה אלהיכם כאריה מתיל דכתיב (עמוס ג, ח) אריה שאג מי לא יירא מאי רבותיה פרשא קטיל אריא אמר ליה לאו כהאי אריא מתיל כאריא דבי עילאי מתיל אמר ליה בעינא דמיחזית ליה ניהלי אמר ליה לא מצית חזית ליה אמר ליה איברא חזינא ליה בעא רחמי אתעקר מדוכתיה,כי הוה מרחיק ארבע מאה פרסי ניהם חד קלא אפילו כל מעברתא ושורא דרומי נפל אדמרחק תלת מאה פרסי ניהם קלא אחרינא נתור ככי ושיני דגברי ואף הוא נפל מכורסייא לארעא א"ל במטותא מינך בעי רחמי עליה דלהדר לדוכתיה בעא רחמי עליה ואהדר ליה לאתריה,אמר ליה קיסר לר' יהושע בן חנניה בעינא דאיחזי לאלהיכו א"ל לא מצית חזית ליה א"ל איברא | 59b. The signs are given bto permit itsforbidden bfat,i.e., to deem the animal undomesticated. Fat that is forbidden for consumption in domesticated animals is permitted in undomesticated animals. bAnd thisis what the itanna bis saying: These are the signs of akosher bundomesticated animal,so that one will know bthat its fat is permitted: Anyanimal bthat has horns andcloven bhoovesis an undomesticated animal., bRabbi Dosa says:If bit has horns,it is certainly a kosher undomesticated animal, and byou need not search forcloven bhooves.But if bit hascloven bhooves, you muststill bsearch for horns. Andwith regard to the animal called ba ikeresh /i, even though it has only one horn,its fat bis permittedfor consumption.,The Gemara asks: bIsthis an established bprinciple? Butisn’t there ba goat, which has horns andcloven bhooves, andstill bits fat is forbidden,as it is a domesticated animal? The Gemara responds: bWe requirehorns that are blayeredto designate a kosher animal as undomesticated; a goat’s horns are not layered. The Gemara asks: bButisn’t there ba bull, whichhas blayeredhorns, bandstill bits fat is forbiddensince it is domesticated? The Gemara responds: bWe require hornsthat are bgrooved;a bull’s horns are not grooved.,The Gemara persists: bButisn’t there ba goat, whichhas bgroovedhorns, bandstill bits fat is forbidden?The Gemara responds: bWe requirehorns that are bbranched;a goat’s horns are not branched. The Gemara asks: bButisn’t there ba gazelle [ itzevi /i],whose horns bare not branched, andstill bits fat is permitted?The Gemara responds: bWe requirehorns that are broundedand not broad like those of a sheep.,The Gemara concludes: bTherefore, wherean animal’s horns are bbranched, there is neither judgment nor judge,and the animal is without a doubt undomesticated. bWherethey are bnot branched, we requirethat they be blayered, rounded, and grooved. And itmust be grooved in a pattern such bthat its grooves are absorbedinto one another., bAnd this is the uncertaintythat arose concerning the ikarkozgoat,i.e., whether it is considered a domesticated animal. As there was ba certain ikarkozgoat that was in the house of the Exilarch, from whichthey bremoved a full basket of fatafter slaughtering it. bRav Aḥai deemedthe fat bforbidden,because he considered it a domesticated animal. But bRav Shmuel, son of Rabbi Abbahu, ate of it. He readthe verse babout himself: “A man’s belly shall be filled with the fruit of his mouth”(Proverbs 18:20). In other words, due to his learning, he knew it was permitted to eat the fat of the ikarkozgoat.,The Sages bsenta message bfrom there,Eretz Yisrael: bThe ihalakha /iis bin accordance withthe opinion bofRav bShmuel, son of Rabbi Abbahu,that a ikarkozgoat is an undomesticated animal and its fat is permitted; bbutnevertheless, bbe mindful ofthe honor of bour teacher Aḥaiwho deems it forbidden, and do not partake of the fat in his presence, bas he enlightens the eyes of the exile. /b,§ The ibaraitastates: bAndwith regard to the animal called ba ikeresh /i, even though it has only one horn,its fat bis permittedfor consumption. bRav Yehuda says:The ikeresh /iis the bgazellethat is native to the area bof Bei Ila’ei.The itagras /imentioned by the Sages is the blion of Bei Ila’ei. Rav Kahana says: There are nine cubits between the ears of the lion of Bei Ila’ei. Rav Yosef says: The length of the gazelle of Bei Ila’ei is sixteen cubits. /b,The Gemara recounts: The Roman bemperor said to Rabbi Yehoshua ben Ḥaya: Your God is compared to a lion, as it is written: “The lion has roared, who will not fear”(Amos 3:8). But if so, bwhat is His greatness? A cavalrymancan bkill a lion.Rabbi Yehoshua bsaid to him:God bis not compared to that lionwhich a cavalryman can kill. Rather, God is bcompared to the lion of Bei Ila’ei.The emperor bsaid to him: I ask that you show it to me.Rabbi Yehoshua bsaid to him: You cannot see it.The emperor bsaid to him: Truly, Iwish to bsee it.Rabbi Yehoshua bprayed for mercy,and the lion of Bei Ila’ei bset off from its placeof origin toward Rome., bWhen it was four hundred parasangs awayfrom Rome, bit roared once,and ball the pregt women miscarried, and the wall of Rome fell. When it was three hundred parasangs away, it roared anothertime, and all bthe men’s front and back teeth fell outfrom fear. bAnd even he,the emperor, bfell from his throne to the ground.The emperor bsaid toRabbi Yehoshua: bI beg you, pray for mercy with regard to it, that it should go back to the placefrom which bitcame. Rabbi Yehoshua bprayed for mercy with regard to it, and it returned to the placefrom which bitcame.,§ The Gemara recounts: bThe emperor said to Rabbi Yehoshua ben Ḥaya: I wish to see your God.Rabbi Yehoshua bsaid to him: You cannot see Him.The emperor bsaid to him: Truly, /b |
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17. Babylonian Talmud, Ketuvot, 67b (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 67b. שבאו לינשא משיאין את היתומה ואחר כך משיאין את היתום מפני שבושתה של אשה מרובה משל איש:,ת"ר יתום שבא לישא שוכרין לו בית ומציעין לו מטה וכל כלי תשמישו ואחר כך משיאין לו אשה שנאמר (דברים טו, ח) די מחסורו אשר יחסר לו די מחסורו זה הבית אשר יחסר זה מטה ושלחן לו זו אשה וכן הוא אומר (בראשית ב, יח) אעשה לו עזר כנגדו:,תנו רבנן די מחסורו אתה מצווה עליו לפרנסו ואי אתה מצווה עליו לעשרו אשר יחסר לו אפילו סוס לרכוב עליו ועבד לרוץ לפניו אמרו עליו על הלל הזקן שלקח לעני בן טובים אחד סוס לרכוב עליו ועבד לרוץ לפניו פעם אחת לא מצא עבד לרוץ לפניו ורץ לפניו שלשה מילין:,תנו רבנן מעשה באנשי גליל העליון שלקחו לעני בן טובים אחד מציפורי ליטרא בשר בכל יום ליטרא בשר מאי רבותא אמר רב הונא ליטרא בשר משל עופות ואיבעית אימא בליטרא בשר ממש רב אשי אמר התם כפר קטן היה בכל יומא הוה מפסדי חיותא אמטולתיה:,ההוא דאתא לקמיה דרבי נחמיה אמר ליה במה אתה סועד א"ל בבשר שמן ויין ישן רצונך שתגלגל עמי בעדשים גלגל עמו בעדשים ומת אמר אוי לו לזה שהרגו נחמיה אדרבה אוי לו לנחמיה שהרגו לזה מיבעי ליה אלא איהו הוא דלא איבעי ליה לפנוקי נפשיה כולי האי,ההוא דאתא לקמיה דרבא אמר לו במה אתה סועד אמר לו בתרנגולת פטומה ויין ישן אמר ליה ולא חיישת לדוחקא דציבורא א"ל אטו מדידהו קאכילנא מדרחמנא קאכילנא דתנינא (תהלים קמה, טו) עיני כל אליך ישברו ואתה נותן להם את אכלם בעתו בעתם לא נאמר אלא בעתו מלמד שכל אחד ואחד נותן הקב"ה פרנסתו בעתו,אדהכי אתאי אחתיה דרבא דלא חזיא ליה תליסרי שני ואתיא ליה תרנגולת פטומה ויין ישן אמר מאי דקמא א"ל נענתי לך קום אכול,תנו רבנן אין לו ואינו רוצה להתפרנס נותנין לו לשום הלואה וחוזרין ונותנין לו לשום מתנה דברי רבי מאיר וחכמים אומרים נותנין לו לשום מתנה וחוזרין ונותנין לו לשום הלואה לשום מתנה הא לא שקיל אמר רבא לפתוח לו לשום מתנה,יש לו ואינו רוצה להתפרנס נותנין לו לשום מתנה וחוזרין ונפרעין ממנו חוזרין ונפרעין הימנו תו לא שקיל אמר רב פפא לאחר מיתה ר"ש אומר יש לו ואינו רוצה להתפרנס אין נזקקין לו אין לו ואינו רוצה להתפרנס אומרים לו הבא משכון וטול כדי שתזוח דעתו עליו,ת"ר (דברים טו, ח) העבט זה שאין לו ואינו רוצה להתפרנס שנותנים לו לשום הלואה וחוזרין ונותנין לו לשום מתנה תעביטנו זה שיש לו ואינו רוצה להתפרנס שנותנין לו לשום מתנה וחוזרין ונפרעין הימנו לאחר מיתה דברי ר' יהודה,וחכ"א יש לו ואינו רוצה להתפרנס אין נזקקין לו ואלא מה אני מקיים תעביטנו דברה תורה כלשון בני אדם,מר עוקבא הוה עניא בשיבבותיה דהוה רגיל כל יומא דשדי ליה ארבעה זוזי בצינורא דדשא יום אחד אמר איזיל איחזי מאן קעביד בי ההוא טיבותא ההוא יומא נגהא ליה למר עוקבא לבי מדרשא אתיא דביתהו בהדיה,כיון דחזיוה דקא מצלי ליה לדשא נפק בתרייהו רהוט מקמיה עיילי לההוא אתונא דהוה גרופה נורא הוה קא מיקליין כרעיה דמר עוקבא אמרה ליה דביתהו שקול כרעיך אותיב אכרעאי חלש דעתיה אמרה ליה אנא שכיחנא בגויה דביתא ומקרבא אהנייתי,ומאי כולי האי דאמר מר זוטרא בר טוביה אמר רב ואמרי לה אמר רב הונא בר ביזנא אמר ר"ש חסידא ואמרי לה א"ר יוחנן משום רבי שמעון בן יוחי נוח לו לאדם שימסור עצמו לתוך כבשן האש ואל ילבין פני חברו ברבים מנא לן מתמר דכתיב (בראשית לח, כה) היא מוצאת,מר עוקבא הוה עניא בשיבבותיה דהוה רגיל לשדורי ליה ארבע מאה זוזי כל מעלי יומא דכיפורא יומא חד שדרינהו ניהליה ביד בריה אתא אמר ליה לא צריך אמר מאי חזית חזאי דקא מזלפי ליה יין ישן אמר מפנק כולי האי עייפינהו ושדרינהו ניהליה,כי קא ניחא נפשיה אמר אייתו לי חושבנאי דצדקה אשכח דהוה כתיב ביה שבעת אלפי דינרי סיאנקי אמר זוודאי קלילי ואורחא רחיקתא קם בזבזיה לפלגיה ממוניה היכי עביד הכי והאמר ר' אילעאי באושא התקינו המבזבז אל יבזבז יותר מחומש הני מילי מחיים שמא ירד מנכסיו אבל לאחר מיתה לית לן בה:,רבי אבא הוה צייר זוזי בסודריה ושדי ליה לאחוריה וממצי נפשיה לבי עניי ומצלי עיניה מרמאי,רבי חנינא הוה ההוא עניא דהוה רגיל לשדורי ליה ארבעה זוזי כל מעלי שבתא יומא חד שדרינהו ניהליה ביד דביתהו אתאי אמרה ליה לא צריך מאי חזית שמעי דהוה קאמרי ליה במה אתה סועד | 67b. bwho have cometo appeal to the charity fund bto be marriedoff, the administrators bmarryoff bthe orphan girlfirst band afterwardthey bmarryoff bthe orphan boy, because the humiliation of a womanwho is not married bis greater than that ofan unmarried bman. /b, bThe Sages taught:Concerning ban orphanboy bwho has come to marry,the community tries its utmost to provide for all of his needs. The charities brent a house for him, arrange for him a bed and all his utensils, and thereafterthey bmarry him a wife, as it is stated:“But you shall surely open your hand to him, and shall surely lend him bsufficient for his deficiency in that which is deficient for him”(Deuteronomy 15:8). With regard to the phrase b“sufficient for his deficiency,” thisis referring to bthe house. “Which is deficient”; thisis referring to a bbed and table. “For him [ ilo /i]”; thisis referring to ba wife. And similarlythe verse bstates: “I will make him [ ilo /i] a helpmate for him”(Genesis 2:18), when God created a wife for Adam.,Concerning this issue, bthe Sages taught: “Sufficient for his deficiency”;this teaches that byou are commanded with respect tothe pauper bto support him, but you are not commanded with respect to him to make him wealthy,as the obligation encompasses only that which he lacks, as indicated by the word deficient. However, the verse also states: b“Which is deficient for him”;this includes beven a horse upon which to ride and a servant to run in front of himfor the sake of his stature, if necessary. For someone accustomed to these advantages, their absences constitute a true deficiency, not an extravagant indulgence. The Gemara relates: bThey said about Hillel the Elder that he obtained for a poor person of noble descent a horse upon which to ride and a servant to run in front of him. One time he did not find a servant to run in front of him, andHillel himself bran in front of himfor bthree imil /i,to fulfill the dictate “which is deficient for him.”, bThe Sages taught:There was ban incident involving the people of the Upper Galilee, who bought for a poor person of noble descent fromthe city of bTzippori a ilitraof meat every day.The Gemara asks: If they provided him with the reasonable ration of ba ilitraof meat, what is the noveltyin this incident? Why does it bear repeating? bRav Huna said:It was ba ilitraof meat of poultry,which is very expensive. bAnd if you wish, sayinstead that bforthe weight of ba ilitra /iof coins, they bought him bactualred bmeat.The price of ordinary meat was so expensive that they had to pay the exorbitant price of a ilitraof coins. bRav Ashi saidthey did not spend a ilitraof coins for him. Rather, bthere,in the Galilee, bit was a small village,and bevery day they would losean entire banimaljust bfor him.They would slaughter an animal daily, simply to provide him with fresh meat, although there was otherwise no market for such a plentiful supply of meat in the village.,The Gemara relates another incident concerning charity. bA certainperson bcame before Rabbi Neḥemyato request charity. bHe said to him: On what do younormally bdine? He said to him:I usually dine bon fatty meat and aged wine.Rabbi Neḥemya asked him: bIs it your wish to belittle yourselfand partake together bwith me ina meal of blentils,which is my regular food? bHe partook with him of lentils, and he died,since he was not accustomed to this food. Rabbi Neḥemya bsaid: Woe to this one who was killedby bNeḥemya.The Gemara wonders: bOn the contrary,Rabbi Neḥemya bshould have said: Woe to Neḥemya who killed this one.The Gemara responds: bRather,Rabbi Neḥemya meant that it was bhe,the pauper, bwho should not have pampered himself somuch. The poor man was to blame for his own death. His excessive indulgence rendered him incapable of digesting simple foods such as lentils.,The Gemara relates another story. bA certain person came before Ravato request charity. bHe said to him: On what do younormally bdine? He said to him: On a fattened hen and aged wine. He said to him: And were you not concerned forcausing ba burden to the communityby expecting such opulent foods? bHe said to him: Is that to saythat it is bfrom theirfunds that bI eat? I eat fromthe support of bthe Merciful One.This would seem to be a reasonable argument, bas wealready blearnedthat in the verse b“the eyes of all wait for You, and You give them their food in its time”(Psalms 145:15), the phrase: bAt their time, isnot bstated, rather “in its time.”This bteaches that the Holy One, Blessed be He, gives each and every one hispersonally appropriate bsustece at its proper time,and the community is merely His agent in discharging His will. Therefore, the man is justified in maintaining his standard., bIn the meantime,while they were talking, bRava’s sister, who had not seen him for thirteen years, came. Andas a gift, bshe brought him a fattened hen and aged wine. Rava saidto himself: bWhat is this thathappened bin front of methat suddenly I am brought food that I do not usually eat? He then understood that this was a providential response to what he had earlier said to the man. Rava bsaid to him: I have responded [ ina’aneti /i] to yourcontention. bAriseand beat. /b,§ bThe Sages taught:If an individual bdoes not havesufficient means of support band does not want to be supportedfrom charity funds, the charities bprovide himfunds bas a loanin a dignified manner, bandthen they bgo back and givethe funds bto him as a gift;this is bthe statement of Rabbi Meir. And the Rabbis say:They bgive himfunds bas a gift, andthen they bgo back and givethe funds bto him as a loan.The Gemara wonders about the Rabbis’ ruling: How can we give it bas a gift?After all, bhe does notwant to btake itas a gift. The Gemara answers that bRava said:The Rabbis’ instruction is bto begindiscussions bwith himby offering the assistance bas a gift.If he refuses, the charities give it to him as a loan, but they treat it as a gift and refrain from attempting to collect a debt.,If bhe hassufficient funds of his own bbut does not want to support himselfby his own funds without the assistance of charity, the charities bgive himaid bas a gift, and thenthey bgo back and collectthe debt bfrom him.The Gemara asks: How can the administrators of the fund bgo back and collect from him?Would their efforts not be in vain, as bsubsequently he would not taketheir support, knowing that he would still have to pay for it? bRav Pappa said:The charities collect the accrued debt from his estate only bafterhis bdeath.The ibaraitacontinues: bRabbi Shimon says,disputing the opinion of the Rabbis: If bhe hassufficient funds band does not want to be supportedby his own means, they bdo not get involved with him,as the community is not obligated to support him. If bhe does not have and does not want to be supportedfrom charity, the charities bsay to him: Bring collateral and takea loan, bso that his mindset should be raised for him,with the false impression that he is not receiving a handout.,The Gemara cites a dispute related to the previous discussions. bThe Sages taughtin a ibaraitawith regard to the double expression in the Torah: “You shall open your hand to him [ iha’avet ta’avitenu /i]” (Deuteronomy 15:8). b“ iHa’avet /i”; thisis referring to one bwho does not havefunds band does not want to be supportedby charity. The policy is bthatthe charities bprovide himfunds bas a loan and go back and givethe funds bto him as a gift. “ iTa’avitenu /i”; thisis referring to one bwho hasmeans band does not want to supporthimself. The policy is bthatthe charities bprovidemoney bas a gift, and thenthey bgo back and collect fromhis estate bafterhis bdeath.This is bthe statement of Rabbi Yehuda. /b,The ibaraitacontinues: bAnd the Rabbis say:If bhe hasmoney band does not want to supporthimself, they bdo not get involved with him.The ibaraitaasks: bHow then do I upholdthe double expression b“ iha’avet ta’avitenu /i”?The ibaraitaanswers: bThe Torah spoke in the language of men,and the double form does not have halakhic significance.,The Gemara recounts another incident related to charity. bMar Ukvahad ba pauper in his neighborhood,and Mar Ukva bwas accustomed every day to toss four dinars for him into theslot adjacent to the bhinge of the door. One daythe poor person bsaid: I will goand bsee who is doing this service for me. That day Mar Ukva was delayed in the study hall,and bhis wife came with himto distribute the charity., bWhenthe people in the poor man’s house bsaw thatsomeone bwas turning the door,the pauper bwent out after themto see who it was. Mar Ukva and his wife branaway bfrom before himso that he would not determine their identity, and bthey entered a certain furnace whose fire wasalready brakedover and tempered but was still burning. bMar Ukva’s legs were being singed,and bhis wife said to him: Raise your legs and set them on my legs,which are not burned. Understanding that only his wife was spared from burns, because she was more worthy, Mar Ukva bbecame distraught.By way of explanation, bshe said to him: I amnormally bfound inside the house, andwhen I give charity, bmy assistance is readyand immediate, insofar as I distribute actual food items. Since you distribute money, which is not as readily helpful, my aid is greater than yours.,The Gemara asks: bAnd whatis ball this?Why did they go to such extreme lengths to avoid being discovered? The Gemara answers: It is bas Mar Zutra bar Toviya saidthat bRav said, and some saythat bRav Huna bar Bizna saidthat bRabbi Shimon Ḥasida said, and some saythat bRabbi Yoḥa said in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai: It is preferable for a person to deliver himself into a fiery furnace so thathe bnot whitenthe bfaceof, i.e., embarrass, bhis friend in public. From where do wederive this? bFrom theconduct of bTamar, as it is written:“And Judah said: Bring her forth, and let her be burnt. When bshe was brought forth,she sent to her father-in-law, saying: By the man, whose these are, am I with child” (Genesis 38:24–25). Although Tamar was taken to be executed by burning, she privately and directly appealed to Judah, rather than publicly identifying him as the father of her unborn children and causing him embarrassment.,The Gemara relates another incident involving Mar Ukva. bMar Ukvahad another bpauper in his neighborhood,and Mar Ukva bwas accustomed to send to him four hundred dinars everyyear on the beve of Yom Kippur. One day he sentthe money bto him by the hand of his son.The son breturnedand bsaid to him:The poor individual bdoes not needthe charity. Mar Ukva bsaid: What did you seethat prompted you to say this? He said to him: bI saw them spilling old wineon the ground bfor him,to give the room a pleasant smell. Mar Ukva bsaid:If he is bpampered this muchand requires even this luxury, then he needs even more money. bHe doubledthe funds band sent them to him. /b, bWhenMar Ukva bwas dying, he said: Bring me my charity records. He found that it was written therethat he had given bseven thousandfine, isiankei /i,i.e., gold, bdinars,to charity. bHe said: My provisions are light, and the way is far.This meager sum is insufficient for me to merit the World-to-Come. bHe got upand bspent halfof bhisremaining bmoneyon charity. The Gemara asks: bHow did he do this? But didn’t Rabbi Ilai say: In Usha they instituted: One who spendsmoney on charity, bhe should not spend more than one-fifthof his money for this purpose. The Gemara answers: bThisrestriction on giving too much charity bappliesonly bwhile he is alive,because bperhaps he will descend from his holdingsand become destitute. Therefore, for his own ficial security, he should never distribute more than one-fifth. bBut after death, we have noproblem bwith it.One need not save money in his estate anymore.,The Gemara recounts more stories related to charity. bRabbi Abba would wrap coins in his scarf and tossthe money bbehind himover his shoulder. bAndhe bwould place himself at the homes of the poorwithout being seen, so the poor could receive the aid without being embarrassed. bAnd he would incline his eyesjust enough so he could safeguard the handouts bfrom swindlerswho might take the money dishonestly., bRabbi Ḥaninaknew ba certain pauperand bwas accustomed to send to him four dinarson bevery Shabbat eve. One day he sent it in the hand of his wife. She cameback home and bsaid to him:The man bdoes not needcharity. Rabbi Ḥanina asked her: bWhat did you seethat prompted you to say this? She said to him: bI heard them saying to himinside the house: bWith what do younormally bdine: /b |
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18. Babylonian Talmud, Menachot, 93b (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 93b. The Gemara answers: He holds that bone derivesthe ihalakhotof the offering of ban individual fromthe ihalakhotof another offering of ban individual,such as the burnt offering of appearance, band one does not derivethe ihalakhotof the offering of ban individual fromthe ihalakhotof ba communaloffering, e.g., the bull brought for a community-wide violation.,The Gemara asks: bAnd according to the one who saidthat the exclusion of a blind person is derived bfromthe placing of hands performed by the bElders ofthe bcongregation, what is the reasonthat bhe does not derivethis bfromthe bburnt offering of appearance?The Gemara answers: He holds that bone derivesthe ihalakhotof ba matterconcerning bwhichthe requirement of bplacing hands isexplicitly bwritten with regard tothat case bitself,as is the case in the passage detailing the general requirement of placing hands, bfromanother bmatterconcerning bwhich placing hands isalso explicitly bwritten with regard tothat case bitself,as is the case in the passage describing the bull brought for a community-wide violation of a sin. This serves bto excludethe possibility of deriving the ihalakhotfrom those of the bburnt offering of appearance, asthe requirement to place hands upon it is not explicitly written in the Torah with regard to it, but rather bit itself is derived fromthe requirement stated with regard to ba voluntary burnt offering. /b,This is bas a itannataughtin a ibaraita bin the presence of Rav Yitzḥak bar Abba:With regard to the obligatory offering brought by Aaron the High Priest on the eighth day of the inauguration of the Tabernacle, it is written: b“And the burnt offering was presented, and he sacrificed in accordance with the ordice”(Leviticus 9:16). This last phrase means: bIn accordance with the ordice of a voluntary burnt offering.Accordingly, this verse bteaches aboutevery bobligatory burnt offering,including the burnt offering of appearance, bthat it requires placing hands,just as a voluntary burnt offering does.,§ The mishna states: A Canaanite bslave, the agentof the owner of the offering who brings the offering on his behalf, band a womando not place hands on their offerings. Concerning these ihalakhot /i, bthe Sages taughtin a ibaraita /i: The term “his hand” is mentioned three times in Leviticus, chapter 3, which details the requirement of placing hands. Each mention is expounded to exclude a different case. b“His hand”(Leviticus 3:2), bbut not the hand of hisCanaanite bslave; “his hand”(Leviticus 3:8), bbut not the hand of his agent; “his hand”(Leviticus 3:13), bbut not the hand of his wife. /b,The Gemara asks: bWhy do Ineed ball thesethree exclusions? The Gemara explains that all three mentions bare necessary,as bhad the Merciful One writtenonly boneexclusion, bI would saythat it serves bto excludeonly a Canaanite bslave, assince bhe is not commanded in mitzvotit is reasonable that he cannot perform the rite of placing hands. bButwith regard to ban agent, since he is commanded in mitzvot, andthere is a principle that the halakhic status of ba person’s agent is likethat of bhimself,one might bsaythat he bcould placehis bhandson the offering of the owner on the owner’s behalf, and thereby fulfill the requirement. Therefore, it is necessary to have an independent source to exclude an agent., bAnd hadthe Merciful One btaught usonly bthese two ihalakhot /i, one would have excluded only a Canaanite slave and an agent, bas they are not considered like his own flesh. Butwith regard to bhis wife, who is considered like his own flesh,one might bsaythat bshe placesher bhandson her husband’s offering. Therefore, the third mention is bnecessaryto teach that even a wife cannot fulfill the requirement on behalf of her husband.,§ The mishna states: The requirement of bplacing hands is a non-essential mitzva. The Sages taughtin a ibaraita /i: b“And he shall place his handupon the head of the burnt offering, band it shall be accepted for himto effect atonement for him” (Leviticus 1:4). The ibaraitaasks: bBut doesthe rite of bplacing hands effect atonement? Isn’t atonementeffected bonly throughthe presentation of the bblood? As it is statedwith regard to blood: “For the soul of the flesh is in the blood, and I have given it to you upon the altar to effect atonement for your souls, bfor it is the blood of the soul that effects atonement”(Leviticus 17:11). bRather,the verse serves bto say to you that if one treated placing handsas though it were ba non-essential mitzvaand therefore neglected to perform it, then bthe verse ascribes himblame bas though he did not effect atonement; butnevertheless, in actuality, the offering batonesfor his sin and he does not need to bring another offering., bAnd it is taughtin a ibaraita bwith regard to waving in this way:“He shall take one male lamb as a guilt offering bto be waved to effect atonementfor him” (Leviticus 14:21). The ibaraitaasks: bDoes wavingthe offering beffect atonement? Isn’t atonementeffected bonly throughthe presentation of bthe blood? As it is stated: “For it is the blood of the soul that effects atonement”(Leviticus 17:11). bRather,the verse serves bto say to you that if one treated wavingas though it were ba non-essential mitzvaand therefore neglected to perform it, then bthe verse ascribes himblame bas though he did not effect atonement; butnevertheless, in actuality, the offering beffects atonementfor his sin and he does not need to bring another offering.,§ The mishna further states that that placing hands is performed by leaning bon the headof the offering. bThe Sages taughtin a ibaraita /i: The phrase “his hand upon the head” is mentioned three times in Leviticus, chapter 3. Each mention is expounded to exclude the possibility of performing the rite on a different part of the animal’s body. Placing hands is performed with b“his hand upon the head”(Leviticus 3:2), bbut notwith bhis hand on the neckof the animal; with b“his hand upon the head”(Leviticus 3:8), bbut notwith bhis hand on the backof the animal; with b“his hand upon the head”(Leviticus 3:13), bbut notwith bhis hand on the breastof the animal.,The Gemara asks: bWhy do Ineed ball thesethree exclusions? The Gemara explains that all three mentions bare necessary,as bhad the Merciful One writtenonly boneexclusion, bI would saythat it serves bto excludeonly the animal’s bneck, as it is not level with the head ofthe animal. bButwith regard to bits back, which is level with its head,one might bsaythat it is bnotprecluded and that one can fulfill the requirement by placing one’s hands there. Therefore, it is bnecessaryto have an independent source to exclude the animal’s back., bAnd hadthe Torah btaught usonly bthese two ihalakhot /i, one would have excluded only the neck and the back, basthose parts are bnot included inthe bwavingof the offering, i.e., they are not waved. bButwith regard to the animal’s bbreast, which is included in the wavingof the offering, one might say that it is bnotprecluded and that one can fulfill the requirement by placing one’s hands there. Therefore, the third mention is bnecessaryto teach that placing hands cannot be performed even on the animal’s breast., bA dilemma was raised beforethe Sages: If one placed bhis hand on the sidesof the animal’s head, bwhat isthe ihalakha /i; does one fulfill the requirement of placing hands by doing so? The Gemara answers: bComeand bhear, as it is taughtin a ibaraita /i: bAbba Bira’a, son of Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov, saysthat the verse: “And he shall place bhis hand upon the head ofthe burnt offering” (Leviticus 1:4), indicates that it must be done with his hand bonthe top of bits head and notwith bhis hand on the sidesof its head., bRabbi Yirmeya raises a dilemma:If one’s hands were wrapped in ba cloth, what isthe ihalakhaas btowhether the cloth is regarded as ban interpositionbetween his hands and the animal such that it invalidates the rite? The Gemara answers: bComeand bheara resolution from a ibaraita /i, which states: The rite is valid bprovided that there is no item that interposes between him and the offering. /b,§ The mishna adds that the placing of hands is performed bwith two hands.The Gemara asks: bFrom where are these mattersderived? bReish Lakish said: As the verse stateswith regard to the Yom Kippur service: b“And Aaron shall place both his hands [ iyadav /i]upon the head of the live goat” (Leviticus 16:21). The word iyadav /i, meaning: His hands, is written without a second iyod /i, and so if read without vowels it reads as: bHis hand. But it isalso bwritten “both,”which makes clear that the intention is that he must use both of his hands. bThis established a paradigmthat in bany place where it is statedin the Torah: bHis hand, there are here twohands, bunless the verseexplicitly bspecifiesthat there is only bone. /b,The Gemara relates: bRabbi Elazar went and stated this ihalakhain the study hall, but he did not say it in the name of Reish Lakish. Reish Lakish heardabout this band became angry.He bsaid toRabbi Elazar: bIf it enters your mindthat bwherever it is written: His hand,the meaning is that bthere areactually btwohands, then bwhy do Iever need the Torah bto write: His hands, his hands,i.e., iyadavin the plural, which it does on numerous occasions?,Reish Lakish braised objections against himfrom btwenty-fouroccasions where the Torah writes: bHis hands,for example: b“His own hands [ iyadav /i] shall bringthe offerings of the Lord” (Leviticus 7:30); b“his hands [ iyadav /i] shall contend for him,and You shall be a help against his adversaries” (Deuteronomy 33:7); b“Guiding his hands [ iyadav /i] wittingly,for Manasseh was the firstborn” (Genesis 48:14). Rabbi Elazar bwas silent,as he had no response., bAfterReish Lakish had bcalmed down, he said toRabbi Elazar: bWhat is the reasonthat byou did not say to methe following: When I established that paradigm, bI was speakingonly about the term: bHis hands [ iyadav /i], with regard to placing hands.But with regard to other ihalakhot /i, when the Torah says “his hand” the reference is to just one hand, and so when referring to two hands it must say “his hands.”,The Gemara asks: But balso with regard to placing hands it is written,concerning Moses’ ordination of Joshua: b“And he placed his hands [ iyadav /i] upon himand gave him a charge” (Numbers 27:23), using the plural “his hands” [ iyadav /i] instead of: His hand [ iyado /i]. The Gemara clarifies that Reish Lakish meant that one could say: When I established that paradigm, bI was speakingonly about the term: His hands [ iyadav /i], bwith regard to placing handson ban animaloffering. But in all other cases, if the intention is that there were two hands, the plural must be used.,§ The mishna teaches: bAnd in thesame blocationin the Temple bthat one places hands, one slaughtersthe animal. bAnd immediately followingthe rite of bplacing hands,the bslaughteris performed. The Gemara asks: bWhat isthe mishna bsaying?The mishna appears to state two distinct rulings. But if so, the first statement is superfluous, because if the slaughter immediately follows the placing of hands, then it is obvious that the animal is slaughtered without changing its location. The Gemara explains that bthisis what the mishna bis saying: In thesame blocationin the Temple bthat one places hands one slaughtersthe animal, bbecause immediately followingthe rite of bplacing hands,the bslaughteris performed. There are not two distinct rulings; rather, the second statement is the explanation of the first., strongMISHNA: /strong There is an aspect of greater bstringency with regard to placing hands thanthere is bwith regard to waving, andthere is an aspect of greater stringency bwith regard to waving thanthere is bwith regard to placing hands.The stringency with regard to placing hands is bthatif several people are partners in bringing an offering, boneof them bwavesthe offering bon behalf of all theother bpartners, but one cannotfulfill the requirement of placing hands if he alone bplaces hands on behalf of all theother bpartners;rather, each member must place hands himself. bThe stringency with regard to wavingis bthat waving is practiced inthe cases of both bofferings of an individual,e.g., peace offerings, where the breast and thigh and sacrificial portions are waved, band inthe cases of bcommunal offerings,e.g., the two lambs sacrificed on iShavuot /i, which are waved together with the two loaves; |
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19. Babylonian Talmud, Moed Qatan, 16b, 16a (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 16a. זו עשירית האיפה שלו דברי רבי יהודה,ר"ש אומר (יחזקאל מד, כז) בבאו יקריב בזמן שראוי לביאה ראוי להקרבה בזמן שאינו ראוי לביאה אינו ראוי להקרבה,אמר רבא מנלן דמשדרין שליחא דבי דינא ומזמנינן ליה לדינא דכתיב (במדבר טז, יב) וישלח משה לקרא לדתן ולאבירם בני אליאב ומנלן דמזמנינן לדינא דכתיב (במדבר טז, טז) ויאמר משה אל קרח אתה וכל עדתך,לקמי גברא רבה דכתיב (במדבר טז, טז) לפני ה' את ופלניא דכתיב אתה והם ואהרן דקבעינן זימנא דכתיב מחר זימנא בתר זימנא דכתיב (ירמיהו מו, יז) קראו שם פרעה מלך מצרים שאון העביר המועד,ומנלן דאי מתפקר בשליחא דבי דינא ואתי ואמר לא מיתחזי כלישנא בישא דכתיב (במדבר טז, יד) העיני האנשים ההם תנקר,ומנלן דמשמתינן דכתיב (שופטים ה, כג) אורו מרוז דהכי סברא דגברא רבה דכתיב (שופטים ה, כג) אמר מלאך ה' ומנלן דמחרמינן דכתיב אורו ארור,דאכיל ושתי בהדיה וקאי בארבע אמות דידיה דכתיב יושביה ומנלן דפרטינן חטאיה בציבורא דכתיב (שופטים ה, כג) כי לא באו לעזרת ה',ואמר עולא בד' מאה שיפורי שמתיה ברק למרוז איכא דאמרי גברא רבה הוה ואיכא דאמרי כוכבא הוה שנאמר (שופטים ה, כ) מן שמים נלחמו הכוכבים,ומנלן דמפקרינן נכסיה דכתיב (עזרא י, ח) וכל אשר לא יבא לשלשת הימים בעצת השרים והזקנים יחרם כל רכושו והוא יבדל מקהל הגולה,ומנלן דנצינן ולייטינן ומחינן ותלשינן שיער ומשבעינן דכתיב (נחמיה יג, כה) ואריב עמם ואקללם ואכה מהם אנשים ואמרטם ואשביעם,ומנלן דכפתינן ואסרינן ועבדינן הרדפה דכתיב (עזרא ז, כו) הן למות הן לשרושי הן לענש נכסין ולאסורין מאי לשרושי אמר אדא מרי אמר נחמיה בר ברוך אמר רב חייא בר אבין אמר רב יהודה הרדפה מאי הרדפה אמר רב יהודה בריה דרב שמואל בר שילת משמיה דרב מנדין לאלתר ושונין לאחר ל' ומחרימין לאחר ששים,א"ל רב הונא בר חיננא הכי אמר רב חסדא מתרין ביה שני וחמישי ושני ה"מ לממונא אבל לאפקירותא לאלתר,ההוא טבחא דאיתפקר ברב טובי בר מתנה אימנו עליה אביי ורבא ושמתוהו לסוף אזל פייסיה לבעל דיניה אמר אביי היכי ליעביד לישרי ליה לא חל שמתא עליה תלתין יומין לא לישרי ליה קא בעו רבנן למיעל,א"ל לרב אידי בר אבין מידי שמיע לך בהא א"ל הכי אמר רב תחליפא בר אבימי אמר שמואל טוט אסר וטוט שרי אמר ליה ה"מ לממונא אבל לאפקירותא עד דחיילא שמתא עליה תלתין יומין,אלמא קסבר אביי הני בי תלתא דשמיתו לא אתו תלתא אחריני ושרו ליה,דאיבעיא להו הני בי תלתא דשמיתו מהו למיתי תלתא אחריני ושרו ליה ת"ש מנודה לרב מנודה לתלמיד מנודה לתלמיד אינו מנודה לרב,מנודה לעירו מנודה לעיר אחרת מנודה לעיר אחרת אינו מנודה לעירו מנודה לנשיא מנודה לכל ישראל מנודה לכל ישראל אינו מנודה לנשיא רשב"ג אומר אחד מן התלמידים שנידה ומת חלקו אינו מופר,ש"מ תלת שמע מינה תלמיד שנידה לכבודו נידויו נידוי ושמע מינה כל אחד ואחד מיפר חלקו וש"מ הני בי תלתא דשמיתו לא אתו תלתא אחריני ושרו ליה,אמר אמימר הלכתא הני בי תלתא דשמיתו אתו בי תלתא אחריני ושרו ליה א"ל רב אשי לאמימר והא תניא רשב"ג אומר אחד מן התלמידים שנידה ומת חלקו אינו מופר מאי לאו אינו מופר כלל לא עד דאתו בי תלתא אחריני ושרו ליה,ת"ר אין נידוי פחות מל' יום ואין נזיפה פחות מז' ימים ואף על פי שאין ראיה לדבר זכר לדבר שנאמר (במדבר יב, יד) ואביה ירק ירק בפניה הלא תכלם שבעת ימים,אמר רב חסדא נידוי שלנו כנזיפה שלהן ונזיפה דידהו שבעה ותו לא והא ר"ש בר רבי ובר קפרא הוו יתבי וקא גרסי קשיא להו שמעתא א"ל ר"ש לבר קפרא דבר זה צריך רבי א"ל בר קפרא לר"ש ומה רבי אומר בדבר זה,אזל א"ל לאבוה איקפד אתא בר קפרא לאיתחזויי ליה א"ל בר קפרא איני מכירך מעולם ידע דנקט מילתא בדעתיה נהג נזיפותא בנפשיה תלתין יומין,שוב פעם אחד גזר רבי שלא ישנו לתלמידים בשוק מאי דרש (שיר השירים ז, ב) חמוקי ירכיך כמו חלאים מה ירך בסתר | 16a. bthis isthe meal-offering of ba tenth of an ephahof flour, which every priest would bring on the day he began serving in the Temple. But as long as he is ritually impure, whether because he had come into contact with a corpse or due to leprosy, he may not send his offerings to the Temple; this is bthe statement of Rabbi Yehuda. /b, bRabbi Shimon says:The verse states: “And on the day that bhe goes intothe Sanctuary, into the inner court, to minister in the Sanctuary bhe shall sacrificehis sin offering.” This teaches that bwhen he is fit to enterthe Sanctuary, bhe is fit to sacrificean offering. But bwhen he is not fit to go intothe Sanctuary, i.e., when he is ritually impure, bhe is not fit to sacrificean offering. This implies that a leper may not send his offerings to the Temple to be sacrificed on the altar, as he himself is not fit to enter the Temple.,§ Having discussed some of the restrictions applying to a person who was ostracized, the Gemara explains some of the basic principles relating to ostracism: bRava said: From where do wederive bthat a court agent is sent to summonthe defendant btoappear before the bcourtbefore he is ostracized? bAs it is written: “And Moses sent to call Dathan and Abiram, the sons of Eliab”(Numbers 16:12). bAnd from where do wederive bthat we summonthe defendant, that he himself must appear before the bcourt? As it is written: “And Moses said to Korah: Be you and all your congregationbefore the Lord, you and they, and Aaron, tomorrow” (Numbers 16:16).,From where is it derived that the defendant must be told that he is being summoned to appear bbefore a great man? As it is written:“And Moses said to Korah: Be you and all your congregation bbefore the Lord”(Numbers 16:16). From where is it derived that the summons must mention the names of both parties: bYou and so-and-so,the plaintiff? bAs it is written: “You, and they, and Aaron”(Numbers 16:16). From where is it derived bthat we set a datefor the court proceedings? bAs it is written: “Tomorrow”(Numbers 16:16). From where is it derived that a second bdatemust be set bafterthe first bdate,if the defendant did not heed the first summons? bAs it is written: “They did cry there, Pharaoh, king of Egypt is but a noise; he has passed the time appointed… /bSurely as Tabor is among the mountains, and as Carmel by the sea, so shall he come” (Jeremiah 46:17). Although a time had been appointed and it had passed, it was not canceled entirely but pushed off to a later date., bAnd from where do wederive bthat ifthe summoned person bbehaves disrespectfully toward the agent of the court, andthe agent bcomesback band reportshis conduct, that bthis is not considered slander? As it is written: “Will you put out the eyes of these men?”(Numbers 16:14). Dathan and Abiram spoke these words to the messenger that Moses had sent to them, and the messenger reported them back to Moses., bAnd from where do wederive bthat we ostracizeone who does not obey a court summons? bAs it is written: “Curse Meroz”(Judges 5:23), who was ostracized for not coming to battle after having been summoned. From where is it derived that the ostracized person must be told bthat itwas bthe decision of a great manto ostracized him? bAs it is written:“Curse Meroz, bsaid the messenger of the Lord”(Judges 5:23). bAnd from where do wederive bthat,if he fails to mend his ways, bwe excommunicatesuch a person more harshly, putting him under the most severe form of excommunication? bAs it is written:“Curse Meroz… bcurse bitterlyits inhabitants” (Judges 5:23), implying that one curse is followed by another, i.e., lesser ostracism is followed by harsh excommunication.,From where is it derived bthatthe curse applies to anyone who beats or drinks with, or stands within, four cubits ofthe ostracized person? bAs it is written:“Curse bitterly bits inhabitants”(Judges 5:23), in reference to all those sitting together with Meroz. bAnd from where do wederive bthat we detail his sin in public? As it is written:“Curse bitterly its inhabitants, bbecause they did not come to the help of the Lord”(Judges 5:23)., bAnd Ulla said: Barak ostracized Meroz withthe blowing of bfour hundred ishofarot /idue to his failure to come. As for the identification of Meroz, bsome saythat bhe was a great manand that he was ostracized because he did not join in the war effort. bAnd others saythat the reference is to ba starand not a human being, and that it did not aid the Jewish people in their battle, bas it is stated: “The stars fought from heaven;in their courses they fought against Sisera,” (Judges 5:20). This star, which did not help the Jewish people, was cursed., bAnd from where do wederive bthatthe court bmay declare the property ofone who does not obey its orders bas ownerless? As it is written: “And that whoever would not come within three days, according to the counsel of the princes and the Elders, all his substance shall be forfeited [ iyaḥoram /i] and himself separated from the congregation of the exiles”(Ezra 10:8). “Shall be forfeited” is referring to excommunication., bAnd from where do wederive bthat we may contend withsuch a person, band cursehim, band beathim, band pull outhis bhair, and makehim btake an oathin order to prevent him from sinning? bAs it is written: “And I contended with them, and cursed them, and beat some of them, and pulled out their hair, and made them take oathby God” (Nehemiah 13:25)., bAnd from where do wederive bthat we may shacklehis hands and feet, bchainhim, band apply pressure? As it is written: “Whether it be for death, or for banishment [ ilishroshi /i], or for confiscation of goods, or for imprisonment”(Ezra 7:26). The Gemara asks: bWhatis the meaning of the word b“ ilishroshi /i,”translated here as banishment? bAdda Mari saidthat bNeḥemya bar Baruch saidthat bRav Ḥiyya bar Avin saidthat bRav Yehuda said:This is bpressure.Since this expression is also unclear, the Gemara asks: bWhatis bpressure? Rav Yehuda, son of Rav Shmuel bar Sheilat, said in the name of Ravthat this term refers to the following series of actions: bThey ostracizehim bimmediately, andthen once bagain after thirtydays, and if he still does not repent, bthey excommunicate him after sixtydays., bRav Huna bar Ḥina said to him: Rav Ḥisda said as follows:Before excommunicating a person, the court bwarns himthree times, on bMonday, Thursday, andthe following bMonday.The Gemara notes: bThis appliesin a case where one ignores ba monetary judgmentthat was issued against him. He is warned three times that he must repay his debt. bButin a case where one bbehaves disrespectfullytoward a Torah scholar, he is bimmediatelyostracized.,§ The Gemara relates that ba certain butcher behaved disrespectfully toward Rav Tuvi bar Mattana. Abaye and Rava were appointedto the case band ostracized him. In the endthe butcher bwent and appeased his disputant,Rav Tuvi. bAbaye said: What should we doin this case? Shall bhe be releasedfrom his decree of ostracism? bHisdecree of bostracism has notyet bbeen in effect forthe usual bthirty days.On the other hand, bshall he not be releasedfrom ostracism? But bthe Sages wish to enterhis shop and purchase meat, and they are presently unable to do so. What, then, is the most appropriate course of action?, bHe said to Rav Idi bar Avin:Have byou heard anything with regard to sucha case? Rav Idi bar Avin bsaid toAbaye: bRav Taḥlifa bar Avimi saidthat bShmuel said as follows:A ishofar bblastat the time of the ostracism bmakesit bbinding, anda ishofar bblast releasesit. In other words, the ishofarshould be sounded now, as it had been sounded when the decree of ostracism was pronounced, and it should be canceled, although thirty days have not passed. Abaye bsaid to him: This appliesin a case where one ignores ba monetary judgmentthat was issued against him; bbutin a case where one bbehaves disrespectfully,there must be no release buntil thedecree of bostracism has been in effect for thirty days. /b,The Gemara comments: bApparently, Abaye maintainsthat if bthreepeople bostracizedone, bthree others may not come and release him.This is derived from the fact that Abaye was concerned about releasing the butcher from ostracism and did not delegate the task to someone else., bAs a dilemma was raised beforethe Sages: If bthreepeople bostracizedsomeone, bwhat isthe ihalakhawith regard to bthree others coming and releasing himfrom his decree of ostracism? The Gemara suggests: bComeand bheara proof from that which is taught in a ibaraita /i: bOne who was ostracized by the teacherof Torah for having acted disrespectfully toward him bisconsidered bostracized with regard to the student,and the latter must keep his distance from him. However, bone who was ostracized by the student is notconsidered bostracized with regard to the teacher. /b, bOne who was ostracized by hisown bcity isconsidered bostracized with regard to another city.However, bone who was ostracized by another city is notconsidered bostracized with regard to hisown bcity. One who was ostracized by the iNasi /iof the Sanhedrin bisconsidered bostracized with regard to all the Jewish people;but bone who was ostracized by all the Jewish people is notconsidered bostracized with regard to the iNasi /iof the Sanhedrin. bRabban Shimon ben Gamliel says:If bone of the studentssitting as a judge on the court bhad ostracizedsomeone, band he diedbefore releasing him from the decree of ostracism, bhis portionof the decree of ostracism bis not nullified. /b,The Gemara says: bLearn three ihalakhot bfrom this ibaraita /i. bLearn from thisthat in the case of ba student who ostracizessomeone bdue toan insult to bhis dignityand not because the ostracized person was guilty of some transgression, bhisdecree of bostracism is valid.Were the case one where one was ostracized due to sin, everyone is required to respect the decree of ostracism, even the student’s teacher. bAnd learn from thisthat beach and every onewho participated in the decree of ostracism bnullifies hisown bportionof the decree of ostracism, as the ibaraitaspeaks of: His portion. bAnd learn from thisthat if bthreepeople bostracizedanother person, bthree otherpeople bmay not come and nullifythe decree of ostracism. Were this not the case, it wouldn’t matter if a certain person’s portion was not nullified. His portion could be nullified by someone else., bAmeimar said: The ihalakhaisthat if bthreepeople bostracizeanother person, bthree others may come and nullifythe decree of ostracism. bRav Ashi said to Ameimar: But isn’t it taughtin a ibaraita /i: bRabban Shimon ben Gamliel says:If bone of the students had ostracizedanother person, band he diedbefore releasing him from the decree of ostracism, bhis portion is not nullified? What, is it notthat bit is not nullified at all,i.e., it cannot be nullified by another person? The Gemara rejects this argument: bNo,this means that the decree of ostracism remains in force buntil three other people come and nullifyit.,§ bThe Sages taughtthe following ibaraita /i: bOstracism does notapply bfor less thana period of bthirty days, and admonition,which is less severe than ostracism, bdoes notapply bfor less thana period of bseven days. And although there is no proof with regard to the matter,i.e., the standard duration of admonition, there is ban allusion to the matter, as it is stated: “If her father had but spit in her face, should she not be ashamed for seven days?”(Numbers 12:14). This implies that admonition lasts for seven days., bRav Ḥisda said: Ourdecree of bostracismin Babylonia has the power bof their admonitionin Eretz Yisrael. Since the authorities in Eretz Yisrael are ordained with the title Rabbi, their admonition carries more weight than a decree of ostracism issued in Babylonia. The Gemara asks: Is btheir admonitionin Eretz Yisrael only bsevendays band no more? But isn’tit related that bRabbi Shimon, son of RabbiYehuda HaNasi, band bar Kappara were sitting and studying,and they posed ba difficulty witha certain ihalakha /i. Rabbi Shimon said to bar Kappara: This issue requiresmy father, bRabbiYehuda HaNasi, to explain it. bBar Kappara said to Rabbi Shimon,somewhat mockingly: bAnd what canyour father, bRabbiYehuda HaNasi, bsay about thisissue? What can he add and teach us about it?,Rabbi Shimon bwent and told his father,Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, what bar Kappara had said, and Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi bbecame angrywith him. When bbar Kappara cameat some later point bto visit,Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi bsaid to him: Bar Kappara, I do not know you at all.Bar Kappara bunderstood thatRabbi Yehuda HaNasi bhad takenhis bstatement to heart,i.e., was insulted. He subsequently bbehavedas if he had been badmonished,as a self-imposed punishment, bfor thirty days. /b, bOnce again, on another occasion, RabbiYehuda HaNasi bdecreed that students not be taught in the marketplacebut only in a study hall. bWhatverse did he bexpoundto serve as the basis for this decree? The verse states: b“Your rounded thighs are like jewels,the work of the hands of an artist” (Song of Songs 7:2). bJustas ba thigh isordinarily bhiddenand kept covered with clothes |
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20. Babylonian Talmud, Nedarim, 50b, 22b (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 22b. לא עברינן ירדנא,אמר רבה בר רב הונא כל הכועס אפילו שכינה אינה חשובה כנגדו שנאמר רשע כגובה אפו בל ידרוש אין אלהים כל מזמותיו רבי ירמיה מדיפתי אמר משכח תלמודו ומוסיף טיפשות שנאמר כי כעס בחיק כסילים ינוח וכתיב וכסיל יפרוש אולת רב נחמן בר יצחק אמר בידוע שעוונותיו מרובין מזכיותיו שנאמר ובעל חימה רב פשע,אמר רב אדא ברבי חנינא אלמלא (לא) חטאו ישראל לא ניתן להם אלא חמישה חומשי תורה וספר יהושע בלבד [מפני] שערכה של ארץ ישראל הוא מאי טעמא כי ברוב חכמה רב כעס,אמר רבי אסי אין נזקקין לאלהי ישראל חוץ מקונם אשתי נהנית לי שגנבה את כיסי ושהכתה את בני ונודע שלא גנבה ושלא הכתו,ההיא דאתאי לקמיה דרב אסי אמר לה במאי נדרת באלהי ישראל אמר לה אי נדרת במוהי שהיא כינוי בעלמא מזדקיקנא לך השתא דלא נדרת במוהי אלא באלהי ישראל לא מזדקיקנא לך,רב כהנא איקלע לבי רב יוסף אמר ליה לטעום מר מידי אמר ליה לא מרי כולא לא טעימנא ליה אמר ליה לא מרי כולא לא טעימת ליה הניחא לרב כהנא דאמר לא מרי כולא אלא לרב יוסף אמאי אמר לא מרי כולא הכי הוא דקאמר ליה לא מרי כולא הוא דקאמרת הלכך לא טעימת ליה,אמר רבא אמר רב נחמן הלכתא פותחין בחרטה ונזקקין לאלהי ישראל,משתבח ליה רבא לרב נחמן ברב סחורה דאדם גדול הוא אמר לו כשיבא לידך הביאהו לידי הוה ליה נדרא למישרא אתא לקמיה דרב נחמן,אמר ליה נדרת אדעתא דהכי אמר ליה אין אדעתא דהכי אין כמה זימנין איקפד רב נחמן אמר ליה זיל לקילעך,נפק רב סחורה ופתח פיתחא לנפשיה רבי אומר איזו היא דרך ישרה שיבור לו האדם כל שהיא תפארת לעושיה ותפארת לו מן האדם והשתא דאיקפד רב נחמן אדעתא דהכי לא נדרי ושרא לנפשיה,רבי שמעון ברבי הוה ליה נדרא למישרא אתא לקמייהו דרבנן אמרי ליה נדרת אדעתא דהכי אמר אין אדעתא דהכי אין כמה זימנין | 22b. bwe had notyet bcrossed the Jordan River,and we were still outside of Eretz Yisrael. Therefore, the curse of a heart of anger was relevant., bRabba bar Rav Huna said: Anyone who gets angry,at that moment beven the Divine Presence is not important to him, as it is stated: “The wicked, in the height of his anger says: He will not require; all his thoughts are: There is no God”(Psalms 10:4). bRabbi Yirmeya of Difti said:Anyone who gets angry bforgets his learning and increases foolishness, as it is stated: “For anger rests in the bosom of fools”(Ecclesiastes 7:9), band it is written: “But a fool unfolds folly”(Proverbs 13:16). bRav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said:With regard to one who gets angry, bit is acknowledged that his sins are more numerous than his merits, as it is stated: “And a wrathful man abounds in transgression”(Proverbs 29:22)., bRav Adda, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, said: Had Israel not sinnedin earlier times bthey would have been given the five books of the Torah and the book of Joshua alone.They needed the book of Joshua bbecause itincludes bthe arrangement of Eretz Yisrael.Since it contains the division of Eretz Yisrael among the tribes, it was required for all generations, but the other books of the prophets primarily detail the history of how Israel angered God and He sent prophets to admonish them. bWhat is the reason,i.e., what is the allusion to this idea? It is stated: b“For in much wisdom is much vexation”(Ecclesiastes 1:18). All the wisdom that the Jews possess from the books of the Bible is the result of their angering God.,§ bRabbi Asi said: One does not attend toa request to dissolve a vow in which the name of bthe God of Israelis invoked because such a declaration is especially stringent, bexcept fora case where one swears by the God of Israel and adds: bBenefiting from me is ikonamfor my wife because she stole my purse or she hit my son, andthen bit became known that she did not steal or did not hithis son. In such a case, the vow can be dissolved because the vow was made in error, but in other cases such a vow is not dissolved.,The Gemara relates: There was ba certainwoman bwho came before Rav Asi. He said to her: With whatlanguage bdid you vow?She said to him: bBy the God of Israel. He said to her: If you would have vowedand said: bBy imohi /i, which is merely a substitute name, I would have attended to yourrequest and dissolved the vow, but bnow that you did not vow by imohibut rather, by the God of Israel, I will not attend to yourrequest and dissolve the vow.,The Gemara relates another incident: bRav Kahana happenedto come bto the home of Rav Yosef.Rav Yosef bsaid to him: Let the Master eat something. He said to him: No,by bthe Master of all I will not eat it.Rav Yosef bsaid to him: No,by bthe Master of all you will not eat it.The Gemara comments: bRav Kahana’sstatement: bNo,by bthe Master of allI will not eat it, is bwellunderstood. bBut for Rav Yosef, why did he say: No,by bthe Master of allyou will not eat it? What was the purpose of his vow? The Gemara answers: bThis is what he said to him: No,by bthe Master of allyou will not eat it bis what you said; therefore, you may not eat it,since a vow taken in such solemn fashion may not be dissolved., bRava saidthat bRav Naḥman said:The ihalakha /iis that it is permitted for a halakhic authority to bbroachdissolution based on bregret, andthat bonealso battends toa request to dissolve a vow in which the name of bthe God of Israelis invoked.,§ bRava praisedhis student bRav Seḥora to Rav Naḥmanby saying bthat he is a great man.Rav Naḥman bsaid to him: WhenRav Seḥora bcomes to you, bring him to me.Rav Seḥora bhad a vowthat he wanted bto dissolve,so Rava sent Rav Seḥora to Rav Naḥman. bHe came before Rav Naḥman. /b,Rav Naḥman, who wanted to dissolve the vow, bsaid to him: Did you vow with sucha matter bin mind? He said to him: Yes,so Rav Naḥman did not dissolve the vow. He then asked again: Did you vow bwith such a matter in mind,and suggested another possibility. He said to him: bYes.This happened bseveral times,and every time Rav Naḥman attempted to broach an opening, Rav Seḥora replied that he had that in mind when he made the vow. bRav Naḥman became upsetwith him because it appeared that Rav Seḥora was making it unnecessarily difficult for him to dissolve the vow. Rav Naḥman bsaid to him: Go to your tent [ ikilakh /i]because I do not want to talk to you., bRav Seḥora went out and madethe following bopening for himselfthat would enable the dissolution of his vow, based on a mishna in tractate iAvot(2:1): bRabbiYehuda HaNasi bsays: What is the proper path that a person should choose?He should choose banypath bthatis considered ba glory to the one who does it and a glory from his fellow men.Rav Seḥora then reasoned that bnow that Rav Naḥman became upsetat him, bhe would not have made the vow with knowledge of thisfact, since he would not receive glory from his fellow men, bandbased on this bhe dissolvedthe vow bfor himself. /b,The Gemara relates a similar incident: bRabbi Shimon, son of RabbiYehuda HaNasi, bhad a vow to dissolve. He came before the Sagesfor dissolution. bThey said to him: Did you vow with the knowledge of thisparticular fact? bHe said: Yes.They proposed another possibility: Did you vow bwith the knowledge of thisother particular fact? He said to them: bYes.This happened bseveral times, /b |
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21. Babylonian Talmud, Qiddushin, 33a, 31b (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 31b. ומביאו לחיי העולם הבא,אמר רבי אבהו כגון אבימי ברי קיים מצות כיבוד חמשה בני סמכי הוה ליה לאבימי בחיי אביו וכי הוה אתא רבי אבהו קרי אבבא רהיט ואזיל ופתח ליה ואמר אין אין עד דמטאי התם,יומא חד אמר ליה אשקיין מיא אדאייתי ליה נמנם גחין קאי עליה עד דאיתער איסתייעא מילתיה ודרש אבימי (תהלים עט, א) מזמור לאסף,אמר ליה רב יעקב בר אבוה לאביי כגון אנא דעד דאתינא מבי רב אבא מדלי לי כסא ואמא מזגה לי היכי איעביד א"ל מאמך קביל ומאבוך לא תקבל דכיון דבר תורה הוא חלשה דעתיה,רבי טרפון הוה ליה ההיא אמא דכל אימת דהות בעיא למיסק לפוריא גחין וסליק לה וכל אימת דהות נחית נחתת עלויה אתא וקא משתבח בי מדרשא אמרי ליה עדיין לא הגעת לחצי כיבוד כלום זרקה ארנקי בפניך לים ולא הכלמתה,רב יוסף כי הוה שמע קל כרעא דאמיה אמר איקום מקמי שכינה דאתיא אמר רבי יוחנן אשרי מי שלא חמאן רבי יוחנן כי עברתו אמו מת אביו ילדתו מתה אמו וכן אביי איני והאמר אביי אמרה לי אם ההיא מרבינתיה הואי,רב אסי הוה ליה ההיא אמא זקינה אמרה לי' בעינא תכשיטין עבד לה בעינא גברא נייעין לך בעינא גברא דשפיר כותך שבקה ואזל לארעא דישראל,שמע דקא אזלה אבתריה אתא לקמיה דרבי יוחנן אמר לי' מהו לצאת מארץ לחוצה לארץ א"ל אסור לקראת אמא מהו א"ל איני יודע [אתרח] פורתא הדר אתא אמר ליה אסי נתרצית לצאת המקום יחזירך לשלום,אתא לקמיה דרבי אלעזר א"ל חס ושלום דלמא מירתח רתח א"ל מאי אמר לך אמר ליה המקום יחזירך לשלום אמר ליה ואם איתא דרתח לא הוה מברך לך אדהכי והכי שמע לארונא דקאתי אמר אי ידעי לא נפקי,ת"ר מכבדו בחייו ומכבדו במותו בחייו כיצד הנשמע בדבר אביו למקום לא יאמר שלחוני בשביל עצמי מהרוני בשביל עצמי פטרוני בשביל עצמי אלא כולהו בשביל אבא,במותו כיצד היה אומר דבר שמועה מפיו לא יאמר כך אמר אבא אלא כך אמר אבא מרי הריני כפרת משכבו והני מילי תוך שנים עשר חדש מכאן ואילך אומר זכרונו לברכה לחיי העולם הבא,תנו רבנן חכם משנה שם אביו ושם רבו תורגמן אינו משנה לא שם אביו ולא שם רבו אבוה דמאן אילימא אבוה דמתורגמן אטו תורגמן לאו בר חיובא הוא,אלא אמר רבא שם אביו של חכם ושם רבו של חכם כי הא דמר בר רב אשי כי הוה דריש בפירקא איהו אמר אבא מרי ואמוריה אמר הכי אמר רב אשי,ת"ר איזהו מורא ואיזהו כיבוד מורא לא עומד במקומו ולא יושב במקומו ולא סותר את דבריו ולא מכריעו כיבוד מאכיל ומשקה מלביש ומכסה מכניס ומוציא,איבעיא להו | 31b. and this action bbrings him to the life of the World-to-Come. /b, bRabbi Abbahu said:One bsuch as Avimi, my son,properly bfulfilled the mitzva of honoringhis parents. The Gemara relates: bAvimi had five sons during his father’s lifetimewho were bordainedto issue halakhic rulings, and he too was ordained. bAndyet bwhen Rabbi Abbahu,his father, bcame and called at the gateto enter, Avimi bwouldhimself brun and go to openthe door bfor him. And before he arrived there, hewould already bsay: Yes, yes,so that his father would not think that he was being ignored., bOne dayRabbi Abbahu bsaid toAvimi his son: bGive me water to drink. Before he brought himthe water, Rabbi Abbahu bdozed off.Avimi bbent overand bstood over him untilhis father bawoke.The performance of this mitzva baided him,i.e., as a reward God helped him in his studies, bandAvimi succeeded in homiletically binterpretingthe psalm: b“A song to Asaph”(Psalms 79)., bRav Ya’akov bar Avuh said to Abaye:With regard to one bsuch as I,so beloved by my parents that bbefore I return from the study hall my father brings me a cup and my mother pours for me, how should I act?Is it disrespectful to accept this honor from them? Abaye bsaid to him: Acceptit bfrom your mother, but do not accept it from your father, as, since he is a Torah scholar he will be disheartenedif his son does not show him the proper level of respect.,The Gemara relates: bRabbi Tarfon had a certainmanner of treating his bmother, that whenever she wished to ascend intoher bbed he would bend over andhelp bher to ascend, and whenever she wished to descendfrom the bed, bshe would descend onto him. He came and praisedhimself in the bstudy hallfor performing the mitzva of honoring one’s father and mother so thoroughly. bThey said to him: You still have not reached even half ofthe bhonordue to her. bHasit ever happened that bshe threw a purse into the sea in front of you, and you did not embarrass her? /b, bWhen Rav Yosef heard his mother’s footsteps, hewould bsay: I will stand before the arriving Divine Presence. Rabbi Yoḥa said: Fortunate is one who never sawhis father and mother, as it is so difficult to honor them appropriately. The Gemara relates that bRabbi Yoḥahimself never saw his parents. bWhen his mother was pregt with him, his father died;and when bshe gave birth to him, his mother died. And the sameis true of bAbaye.The Gemara asks: bIs that so,that Abaye never saw his mother? bBut didn’t Abaye sayon many occasions: bMy mother told me?The Gemara answers: bThatmother bwasactually bhis foster mother,not his birth mother., bRav Asi had an elderly mother. She said to him: I want jewelry,and bhe madejewelry bfor her.She said to him: bI want a manwhom I can marry, and he said to her: bI will seekone bfor you.She said to him: bI want a husband who is as handsome as you.At this point, he realized that she was senile, and that he would be unable to fulfill all her requests. Therefore, bhe left her and went to Eretz Yisrael. /b,Rav Asi bheard that she was following himto Eretz Yisrael. bHe came before Rabbi Yoḥaand bsaid to him: What isthe ihalakhawith regard to bleaving EretzYisrael to go boutside of EretzYisrael? Rabbi Yoḥa bsaid to him:It is bprohibited.Rav Asi further asked: If one is going bto greethis bmother, what isthe ihalakha /i? Rabbi Yoḥa bsaid to him: I do not know.Rav Asi bwaited a littlewhile, and bthen cameback to him. Rabbi Yoḥa bsaid to him: Asi, you areevidently bdetermined to leave.May bthe Omnipresent return you in peace,and he said no more.,Rav Asi bcame before Rabbi Elazar,because he did not know how to interpret Rabbi Yoḥa’s statement. bHe said toRabbi Elazar: bGod forbid, perhapshe bis angrywith me that I wished to leave? Rabbi Elazar bsaid to him: Whatexactly bdid he say to you?Rav Asi bsaid to him:May bthe Omnipresent return you in peace.Rabbi Elazar bsaid to him: If it is so that he was angry, he would not have blessed you.Rabbi Yoḥa certainly gave you permission to leave. bIn the meantime,while he was traveling to meet her, Rav Asi bheard that her coffin was coming,i.e., his mother had died and her coffin was being brought to Eretz Yisrael. bHe said: Had I known I would not have left,as after his mother’s death he was not obligated to leave Eretz Yisrael to honor her., bThe Sages taught: One honorshis father bin his life and honors him in his death. Howdoes he honor him bin his life? One who goes to a place on the command of his father should not sayto the people to whom he has been sent, to hurry them along: bSend meon my journey bon my own behalf,or: bHurry up on my own behalf,or: bAllow meto btake leaveof this business bon my own behalf. Rather,he should say ballof the above in the following manner: Act in this manner bon Father’s behalf,as a mark of respect for his father., bHowdoes he honor him bin his death?If bhe says a matter he heard from hisfather’s bmouth, he should not say: So said Father. Rather,he should say: bSo said Father, my teacher, may I be an atonement for his restingsoul. bAnd this ihalakha bapplies within twelve monthsof his death. bFrom thistime bonward he says: May his memory be for a blessing, for the life of the World-to-Come. /b, bThe Sages taught: A Sagewho lectures in public must bchange the name of his father,i.e., when he quotes his father he should not mention him by name. bAndsimilarly, he changes the bname of his teacher. The disseminator,who explains the statements of a Sage to the audience, bchanges neither the name of his father nor the name of his teacher.The Gemara asks: To bwhose fatheris this referring? bIf we sayit is referring to bthe father of the disseminator,whom the Sage mentioned in his lecture, bis that to saythat bthe disseminator is not obligatedto observe the mitzva of honoring one’s father? How can a disseminator mention his own father by name?, bRather, Rava said:This is referring to the bname of the Sage’s father and the name of the Sage’s teacher.This is blike that which Mar bar Rav Ashiwould do, as bwhen he would teachTorah bat his regular lectureand would mention a ihalakhain the name of his father, Rav Ashi, bhe would say:So said bmy father, my teacher; and his disseminatorwould bsay: So said Rav Ashi.Although a son may not mention his father’s name, the disseminator of his lecture may do so., bThe Sages taught: What is fear and what is honor? Fearof one’s father includes the following: bOne may not stand in hisfather’s fixed bplace, and may not sit in his place, and may not contradict his statementsby expressing an opinion contrary to that of his father, band he may not choose sideswhen his father argues with someone else. What is considered bhonor? He giveshis father bfood and drink, dresses and covershim, and bbringshim bin and takeshim boutfor all his household needs., bA dilemma was raised beforethe Sages: |
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22. Babylonian Talmud, Sanhedrin, 90b (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 90b. וכתיב (מלכים ב ז, כ) ויהי לו כן וירמסו אותו העם בשער וימות ודילמא קללת אלישע גרמה ליה דאמר רב יהודה אמר רב קללת חכם אפי' על חנם היא באה אם כן לכתוב קרא וירמסוהו וימות מאי בשער על עסקי שער,(אמר ר' יוחנן) מניין לתחיית המתים מן התורה שנאמר (במדבר יח, כח) ונתתם ממנו [את] תרומת ה' לאהרן הכהן וכי אהרן לעולם קיים והלא לא נכנס לארץ ישראל שנותנין לו תרומה אלא מלמד שעתיד לחיות וישראל נותנין לו תרומה מכאן לתחיית המתים מן התורה,דבי רבי ישמעאל תנא לאהרן כאהרן מה אהרן חבר אף בניו חברים,א"ר שמואל בר נחמני אמר רבי יונתן מניין שאין נותנין תרומה לכהן עם הארץ שנאמר (דברי הימים ב לא, ד) ויאמר לעם ליושבי ירושלים לתת מנת (לכהנים ולוים) למען יחזקו בתורת ה' כל המחזיק בתורת ה' יש לו מנת ושאינו מחזיק בתורת ה' אין לו מנת,אמר רב אחא בר אדא אמר רב יהודה כל הנותן תרומה לכהן עם הארץ כאילו נותנה לפני ארי מה ארי ספק דורס ואוכל ספק אינו דורס ואוכל אף כהן עם הארץ ספק אוכלה בטהרה ספק אוכלה בטומאה,ר' יוחנן אמר אף גורם לו מיתה שנאמר (ויקרא כב, ט) ומתו בו כי יחללוהו דבי ר"א בן יעקב תנא אף משיאו עון אשמה שנאמר (ויקרא כב, טז) והשיאו אותם עון אשמה באכלם את קדשיהם,תניא ר' סימאי אומר מניין לתחיית המתים מן התורה שנאמר (שמות ו, ד) וגם הקימותי את בריתי אתם לתת להם את ארץ כנען לכם לא נאמר אלא להם מכאן לתחיית המתים מן התורה:,(צד"ק ג"ם גש"ם ק"ם סימן): שאלו מינין את רבן גמליאל מניין שהקדוש ברוך הוא מחיה מתים אמר להם מן התורה ומן הנביאים ומן הכתובים ולא קיבלו ממנו,מן התורה דכתיב (דברים לא, טז) ויאמר ה' אל משה הנך שוכב עם אבותיך וקם אמרו לו ודילמא וקם העם הזה וזנה,מן הנביאים דכתיב (ישעיהו כו, יט) יחיו מתיך נבלתי יקומון הקיצו ורננו שוכני עפר כי טל אורות טלך וארץ רפאים תפיל ודילמא מתים שהחיה יחזקאל,מן הכתובים דכתיב (שיר השירים ז, י) וחכך כיין הטוב הולך לדודי למישרים דובב שפתי ישנים ודילמא רחושי מרחשן שפוותיה בעלמא כר' יוחנן דאמר ר' יוחנן משום ר"ש בן יהוצדק כל מי שנאמרה הלכה בשמו בעולם הזה שפתותיו דובבות בקבר שנאמר דובב שפתי ישנים,עד שאמר להם מקרא זה (דברים יא, כא) אשר נשבע ה' לאבותיכם לתת להם לכם לא נאמר אלא להם מיכן לתחיית המתים מן התורה,וי"א מן המקרא הזה אמר להם (דברים ד, ד) ואתם הדבקים בה' אלהיכם חיים כלכם היום (פשיטא דחיים כולכם היום אלא אפילו ביום שכל העולם כולם מתים אתם חיים) מה היום כולכם קיימין אף לעוה"ב כולכם קיימין,שאלו רומיים את רבי יהושע בן חנניה מניין שהקב"ה מחיה מתים ויודע מה שעתיד להיות אמר להו תרווייהו מן המקרא הזה שנאמר (דברים לא, טז) ויאמר ה' אל משה הנך שוכב עם אבותיך וקם העם הזה וזנה,ודילמא וקם העם הזה וזנה אמר להו נקוטו מיהא פלגא בידייכו דיודע מה שעתיד להיות איתמר נמי א"ר יוחנן משום רבי שמעון בן יוחאי מניין שהקדוש ברוך הוא מחיה מתים ויודע מה שעתיד להיות שנאמר הנך שוכב עם אבותיך וקם וגו',תניא א"ר אליעזר בר' יוסי בדבר זה זייפתי ספרי מינים שהיו אומרים אין תחיית המתים מן התורה אמרתי להן זייפתם תורתכם ולא העליתם בידכם כלום שאתם אומרים אין תחיית המתים מן התורה הרי הוא אומר (במדבר טו, לא) הכרת תכרת הנפש ההיא עונה בה הכרת תכרת בעולם הזה עונה בה לאימת לאו לעולם הבא,א"ל רב פפא לאביי ולימא להו תרוייהו מהכרת תכרת אינהו הוו אמרי ליה דברה תורה כלשון בני אדם,כתנאי הכרת תכרת הכרת בעולם הזה תכרת לעולם הבא דברי ר"ע אמר לו ר' ישמעאל והלא כבר נאמר (במדבר טו, ל) את ה' הוא מגדף ונכרתה וכי שלשה עולמים יש אלא ונכרתה בעולם הזה הכרת לעולם הבא הכרת תכרת דברה תורה כלשון בני אדם,בין ר' ישמעאל ובין ר"ע עונה בה מאי עבדי ביה לכדתניא יכול אפילו עשה תשובה ת"ל עונה בה לא אמרתי אלא בזמן שעונה בה,שאלה קליאופטרא מלכתא את ר"מ אמרה ידענא דחיי שכבי דכתיב (תהלים עב, טז) ויציצו מעיר כעשב הארץ אלא כשהן עומדין עומדין ערומין או בלבושיהן עומדין אמר לה ק"ו מחיטה ומה חיטה שנקברה ערומה יוצאה בכמה לבושין צדיקים שנקברים בלבושיהן על אחת כמה וכמה,א"ל קיסר לרבן גמליאל אמריתו דשכבי חיי הא הוו עפרא ועפרא מי קא חיי | 90b. bAnd it is written: “And it was for him so, and the people trampled him in the gate, and he died”(II Kings 7:20). The Gemara challenges: bPerhapsit was bthe curse of Elishathat bcausedthe officer to die in that manner, not the principle of punishment measure for measure for his lack of belief, bas Rav Yehuda saysthat bRav says: The curse of a Sage, evenif bbaseless, comesto be fulfilled? This is all the more so true concerning the curse of Elisha, which was warranted. The Gemara answers: bIf so, let the verse write: And they trampled him and he died. Whatdoes the term b“in the gate”serve to teach? It teaches that he died bover mattersrelating bto the gate [ isha’ar /i].It was for the cynical dismissal of the prophecy of Elisha that the officer voiced at the city gate that he was punished measure for measure and was trampled at the city gate.,§ bRabbi Yoḥa says: From whereis the bresurrection of the deadderived bfrom the Torah?It is derived from this verse, bas it is statedwith regard to iterumaof the tithe: b“And you shall give the iterumaof the Lord to Aaron the priest”(Numbers 18:28). bAnd does Aaron exist foreverso that one can fulfill the mitzva by giving him the iterumaof the tithe? bBut is it notso that Aaron bdid not enter Eretz Yisrael,the only place bwherethe people would bgive him iteruma /i? Rather,the verse bteaches thatAaron is destined bto live in the future and the Jewish peoplewill bgive him iteruma /i. From hereit is derived that bthe resurrection of the dead is from the Torah. /b, bThe school of Rabbi Yishmael taughta different derivation from this verse. From the term b“to Aaron”one derives that iterumamust be given to a priest blike Aaron; just as Aaron is one devoted to the meticulous observance of mitzvot, particularly those relating to ritual purity, iteruma /i, and tithes [ iḥaver /i], so tooone gives iterumato bhis descendantswho are iḥaverim /i. /b, bRabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani saysthat bRabbi Yonatan says: From whereis it derived bthat one does not give iterumato a priestwho is ban iam ha’aretz /i?It is derived from a verse, bas it is stated: “And he commanded the people who dwelled in Jerusalem to give the portion of the priests and of the Levites, so that they may firmly adhere to the Torah of the Lord”(II Chronicles 31:4). bEveryone who firmly adheres to the Torah of the Lord has a portion, and anyone who does not firmly adhere to the Torah of the Lord does not have a portion. /b, bRav Aḥa bar Adda saysthat bRav Yehuda says:With regard to banyone who gives iterumato a priestwho is ban iam ha’aretz /i, it is as though he placedthe iteruma bbefore a lion. Just aswith regard to ba lion,there is buncertaintywhether it will bmaulits prey band eatit, and buncertaintywhether it will bnot maulits prey bandinstead beatit alive, bso too,with regard to ba priestwho is ban iam ha’aretz /ito whom one gives iteruma /i, there is buncertaintywhether he will beat it in purity,and there is buncertaintywhether he will beat it in impurity,thereby violating a prohibition by Torah law., bRabbi Yoḥa says:One who gives iterumato a priest who is an iam ha’aretz beven causesthe priest’s bdeath, as it is statedwith regard to iteruma /i: b“And die therefore if they profane it”(Leviticus 22:9). Priests who partake of iterumain a state of ritual impurity profane it and are liable to be punished with death at the hand of Heaven. bThe school of Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov taught:By giving iterumato a priest who is an iam ha’aretz /i, bone also brings upon him a sin of guilt,i.e., a sin that will lead to additional sins, bas it is stated: “And so bring upon them a sin of guilt when they eat their sacred items”(Leviticus 22:16).,§ bIt is taughtin a ibaraitathat bRabbi Simai says: From whereis bresurrection of the deadderived bfrom the Torah?It is derived from a verse, bas it is statedwith regard to the Patriarchs: b“I have also established My covet with them to give to them the land of Canaan”(Exodus 6:4). The phrase: To give bto youthe land of Canaan, bis not stated,as the meaning of the verse is not that God fulfilled the covet with the Patriarchs when he gave the land of Canaan to the children of Israel; brather,it is stated: “To give bto themthe land of Canaan,” meaning to the Patriarchs themselves. bFrom hereis it derived that bthe resurrection of the dead is from the Torah,as in the future the Patriarchs will come to life and inherit the land.,The Gemara records a mnemonic for those cited in the upcoming discussion: iTzadi /i, idalet /i, ikuf /i; igimmel /i, imem /i; igimmel /i, ishin /i, imem /i; ikuf /i, imem /i.Heretics asked Rabban Gamliel: From whereis it derived bthat the Holy One, Blessed be He, revives the dead?Rabban Gamliel bsaid to themthat this matter can be proven bfrom the Torah, from the Prophets, and from Writings, but they did not acceptthe proofs bfrom him. /b,The proof bfrom the Torahis bas it is written: “And the Lord said to Moses, behold, you shall lie with your fathers and arise”(Deuteronomy 31:16). The heretics bsaid to him: But perhapsthe verse should be divided in a different manner, and it should be read: “Behold, you shall lie with your fathers, band this people will arise and strayafter the foreign gods of the land.”,The proof bfrom the Prophetsis bas it is written: “Your dead shall live, my corpse shall arise. Awake and sing, you that dwell in the dust, for your dew is as the dew of vegetation, and the land shall cast out the dead”(Isaiah 26:19). The heretics said to him: bBut perhapsthe prophecy was fulfilled with bthe dead that Ezekiel revived.No proof may be cited from that verse with regard to any future resurrection.,The proof bfrom Writingsis bas it is written: “And your palate is like the best wine that glides down smoothly for my beloved, moving gently the lips of those that sleep”(Song of Songs 7:10), indicating that the dead will ultimately rise and speak. The heretics said to him: bBut perhaps merely their lips will move, in accordance withthe opinion of bRabbi Yoḥa, as Rabbi Yoḥa says in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yehotzadak: Anyone in whose name a ihalakhais stated in this world, his lips move in the graveas if repeating the statement cited in his name, bas it is stated: “Moving gently the lips of those that sleep.”No proof may be cited from that verse, as it is unrelated to resurrection.,This exchange continued buntilRabban Gamliel bstated to them this verse:“That your days may be multiplied, and the days of your children, upon the land bthat the Lord took an oath to your forefathers to give them”(Deuteronomy 11:21). The phrase: bTogive byou, is not stated; rather,it is stated: b“Togive bthem,”to the Patriarchs themselves, as in the future the Patriarchs will come to life and inherit the land. bFrom here resurrection of the deadis derived bfrom the Torah. /b, bAnd there are those who saythat it is bfrom thisfollowing bversethat bhe said to themhis ultimate proof: b“But you who cleave to the Lord your God every one of you is alive this day”(Deuteronomy 4:4). Wasn’t it bobviouswith regard to the children of Israel whom God was addressing, that b“every one of you is alive this day”? Rather,the meaning of the verse is: bEven on the day when everyone is dead you will live; just as today every one of you is alive, so too, in the World-to-Come every one of youwill be balive. /b, bThe Romans asked Rabbi Yehoshua ben Ḥaya: From whereis it derived bthat the Holy One, Blessed be He, revives the dead, andfrom where is it derived that bHe knows what is destined to be?Rabbi Yehoshua ben Ḥaya bsaid to them: Both of thosematters are derived bfrom this verse, as it is stated: “And the Lord said to Moses, Behold, you shall lie with your fathers and arise; this people will go astray”(Deuteronomy 31:16). This indicates that Moses will die and then arise from the dead and that the Holy One, Blessed be He, knows what the children of Israel are destined to do.,The Romans asked: bBut perhapsthe verse should be divided in a different manner, and it should be read: “Behold, you shall lie with your fathers band this people will arise and go astrayafter the foreign gods of the land.” Rabbi Yehoshua ben Ḥaya bsaid to them: Take at leasta response to bhalfof your question bin your handsfrom that verse, bthatGod bknows what is destined to be.The Gemara comments: bIt was also statedon a similar note by an iamoraciting a itanna /i, as bRabbi Yoḥa says in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai: From whereis it derived bthat the Holy One, Blessed be He, revives the dead, andfrom where is it derived that bHe knows what is destined to be?It is derived from a verse, bas it is stated: “Behold, you shall lie with your fathers and arise.” /b, bIt is taughtin a ibaraitathat bRabbi Eliezer, son of Rabbi Yosei, says: With thisfollowing bmatter, I refuted the books of the Samaritans, as they would saythat bthere is nosource for bthe resurrection of the dead from the Torah. I said to them: You falsified your torah and you accomplished nothing, as you say there is nosource for bthe resurrection of the dead from the Torah,and the Torah bstates: “That soul shall be excised; his iniquity shall be upon him”(Numbers 15:31). You interpret the phrase “that soul bshall be excised”to mean that a sinner will be punished with death bin this world.If so, with regard to the phrase b“his iniquity shall be upon him,” for whenis that destined to be? Is it bnot for the World-to-Come,i.e., the world as it will exist after the resurrection of the dead? Apparently, there is a World-to-Come and there is an allusion to it in the Torah., bRav Pappa said to Abaye: And letRabbi Eliezer, son of Rabbi Yosei, bsay tothe Samaritans that bboth of thosematters can be derived bfromthe phrase b“shall be excised [ ihikkaret tikkaret /i].”“ iHikkaret /i” indicates that the sinner is excised from this world, and “ itikkaret /i” indicates that the sinner is excised from the World-to-Come. Abaye answered: Rabbi Eliezer, son of Rabbi Yosei, preferred not to cite proof from the compound verb, because the Samaritans bwould say: The Torah spoke in the language of people,and the compound verb is merely a stylistic flourish.,The Gemara notes: These derivations of Rabbi Eliezer and Rav Pappa are bparallelto a dispute between itanna’im /iwith regard to b“ ihikkaret tikkaret /i,”as follows: b“ iHikkaret /i”indicates that the sinner is excised bin this world,and b“ itikkaret /i”indicates that the sinner is excised bin the World-to-Come;this is bthe statement of Rabbi Akiva. Rabbi Yishmael said to him: Isn’t it already statedin the previous verse: b“That person that blasphemes the Lord, that soul shall be excised [ ivenikhreta /i]”(Numbers 15:30), band are there three worldsfrom which the sinner is excised? bRather,from the term b“ ivenikhreta /i”it is derived that the sinner is excised bin this world,from b“ ihikkaret /i”it is derived that the sinner is excised bin the World-to-Come,and from the compound verb b“ ihikkaret tikkaret /i”nothing is derived, as bthe Torah spoke in the language of people. /b,The Gemara asks: According to bboth Rabbi Yishmael and Rabbi Akiva, what do they do with,i.e., what do they derive from, the phrase b“His iniquity shall be upon him”?The Gemara answers: That phrase is necessary bfor thatderivation bwhich is taughtin a ibaraita /i: One bmighthave thought that the sinner is excised bevenafter bhe repented.Therefore, bthe verse states: “His iniquity shall be upon him.”God states: bI saidthat the sinner will be excised bonly when his iniquityremains bupon him. /b,§ The Gemara relates: bQueen Cleopatra asked Rabbi Meira question. bShe said: I know that the dead will live, as it is written: “And may they blossom out of the city like grass of the earth”(Psalms 72:16). Just as grass grows, so too, the dead will come to life. bBut when they arise,will they barise naked orwill bthey arise with their garments?Rabbi Meir bsaid to her:It is derived ia fortiorifrom wheat. If wheat, which is buried naked,meaning that the kernel is sown without the chaff, bemerges with several garmentsof chaff, ball the more sowill bthe righteous, who are buried with their garments,arise with their garments.,The Roman bemperor said to Rabban Gamliel: You say that the dead will live. Aren’t they dust? And does dust come to life? /b |
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23. Babylonian Talmud, Shabbat, 119a, 152a, 152b, 17a, 30b, 46a, 113b (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 113b. שלא יהא דבורך של שבת כדבורך של חול דבור אסור הרהור מותר בשלמא כולהו לחיי אלא שלא יהא הילוכך של שבת כהילוכך של חול מאי היא כי הא דאמר רב הונא אמר רב ואמרי ליה אמר ר' אבא אמר רב הונא היה מהלך בשבת ופגע באמת המים אם יכול להניח את רגלו ראשונה קודם שתעקר שניה מותר ואם לאו אסור,מתקיף לה רבא היכי ליעביד ליקף קמפיש בהילוכא ליעבר זימנין דמיתווסן מאני מיא ואתי לידי סחיטה אלא בהא כיון דלא אפשר שפיר דמי אלא כדבעא מיניה ר' מר' ישמעאל בר' יוסי מהו לפסוע פסיעה גסה בשבת א"ל וכי בחול מי הותרה שאני אומר פסיעה גסה נוטלת אחד מחמש מאות ממאור עיניו של אדם ומהדר ליה בקידושא דבי שמשי,בעא מיניה ר' מר' ישמעאל בר' יוסי מהו לאכול אדמה בשבת א"ל וכי בחול מי הותרה שאני אומר אף בחול אסור מפני שהוא מלקה אמר ר' אמי כל האוכל מעפרה של בבל כאילו אוכל מבשר אבותיו וי"א כאילו אוכל שקצים ורמשים דכתיב (בראשית ז, כג) וימח את כל היקום וגו',אמר ריש לקיש למה נקרא שמה שנער שכל מתי מבול ננערו לשם א"ר יוחנן למה נקרא שמה מצולה שכל מתי מבול נצטללו לשם [וי"א כאילו אוכל] שקצים ורמשים והא ודאי איתמחויי איתמחו אמרי כיון דמלקי גזרו ביה רבנן דהא ההוא גברא דאכל גרגישתא ואכל תחלי וקדחו ליה תחליה בלביה ומית,(רות ג, ג) ורחצת וסכת ושמת שמלותיך א"ר אלעזר אלו בגדים של שבת (משלי ט, ט) תן לחכם ויחכם עוד אמר רבי אלעזר זו רות המואביה ושמואל הרמתי,רות דאילו נעמי קאמרה לה ורחצת וסכת ושמת שמלותיך עליך וירדת הגורן ואילו בדידה כתיב ותרד הגורן והדר ותעש ככל אשר צותה חמותה שמואל דאילו עלי קאמר ליה (שמואל א ג, ט) שכב והיה אם יקרא אליך ואמרת דבר ה' כי שומע עבדך ואילו בדידי' כתיב ביה ויבא ה' ויתיצב ויקרא כפעם בפעם שמואל שמואל ויאמר שמואל דבר כי שומע עבדך ולא אמר דבר ה',(רות ב, ג) ותלך ותבא ותלקט בשדה אמר רבי אלעזר שהלכה ובאת הלכה ובאת עד שמצאה בני אדם המהוגנין לילך עמהם (רות ב, ה) ויאמר בועז לנערו הנצב על הקוצרים למי הנערה הזאת וכי דרכו של בועז לשאול בנערה אמר ר' אלעזר דבר חכמה ראה בה שני שבלין לקטה שלשה שבלין אינה לקטה,במתניתא תנא דבר צניעות ראה בה עומדות מעומד נופלות מיושב (רות ב, ח) וכה תדבקין עם נערותי וכי דרכו של בועז לדבק עם הנשים א"ר אלעזר כיון דחזא (רות א, יד) ותשק ערפה לחמותה ורות דבקה בה אמר שרי לאידבוקי בה,(רות ב, יד) ויאמר לה בועז לעת האוכל גשי הלום א"ר אלעזר רמז רמז לה עתידה מלכות בית דוד לצאת ממך דכתיב ביה הלום שנאמר (שמואל ב ז, יח) ויבא המלך דוד וישב לפני ה' ויאמר מי אנכי אדני ה' ומי ביתי כי הביאתני עד הלום (רות ב, יד) וטבלת פתך בחומץ א"ר אלעזר מכאן שהחומץ יפה לשרב,ר' שמואל בר נחמני אמר רמז רמז לה עתיד בן לצאת ממך שמעשיו קשין כחומץ ומנו מנשה (רות ב, יד) ותשב מצד הקוצרים א"ר אלעזר מצד הקוצרים ולא בתוך הקוצרים רמז רמז לה שעתידה מלכות בית דוד שתתחלק,(רות ב, יד) ויצבט לה קלי ותאכל אמר רבי אלעזר ותאכל בימי דוד ותשבע בימי שלמה ותותר בימי חזקיה ואיכא דאמרי ותאכל בימי דוד ובימי שלמה ותשבע בימי חזקיה ותותר בימי רבי דאמר מר אהוריריה דרבי הוה עתיר משבור מלכא במתניתא תנא ותאכל בעולם הזה ותשבע לימות המשיח ותותר לעתיד לבא:,(ישעיהו י, טז) ותחת כבודו יקד יקוד כיקוד אש א"ר יוחנן ותחת כבודו ולא כבודו ממש ר' יוחנן לטעמיה דר' יוחנן קרי למאניה מכבדותי,ר"א אומר ותחת כבודו תחת כבודו ממש ר' שמואל בר נחמני אמר תחת כבודו כשריפת בני אהרן מה להלן שריפת נשמה וגוף קיים אף כאן שריפת נשמה וגוף קיים,א"ר אחא בר אבא אמר רבי יוחנן | 113b. means bthat your speech on Shabbat should not be like your speech during the week,i.e., one should not discuss his weekday affairs on Shabbat. However, it is only bspeechthat they said is bprohibited,whereas merely bcontemplatingweekday affairs bis permitted.The Gemara asks: bGranted, all of thesedirectives, bfine,they are understood. bHowever, what isthe meaning of the following phrase: bThat your walking on Shabbat should not be like your walking during the week?The Gemara answers: bIt is in accordance with thatwhich bRav Huna saidthat bRav said, and some say that Rabbi Abba saidthat bRav Huna said:If bone were walking on Shabbat and came upon a stream of waterand had to cross it, bifthe stream is narrow and bone could place his first footdown on the other side bbefore raisingthe bsecond one, it is permittedto cross it; band ifit is bnotpossible and one must jump to cross it, bit is prohibited.That is the type of walking that is not permitted on Shabbat., bRava strongly objects to this:Since we have said that one’s walking on Shabbat should not be like his walking during the week, and jumping constitutes prohibited walking, if one encounters a stream on Shabbat, bwhat should he doto cross to the other side? If bhe circumventsthe stream, bhe is increasingthe distance that he is bwalkingand exerting extra effort on Shabbat. If bhe walks throughthe water, bsometimes his clothes will absorb water and he will come to wring them out.What then should he do? bRather, in thiscase, bsince it is not possibleto cross any other way, he may bwellcross it, i.e., it is permitted for him to jump over the stream. Therefore, brathersay that walking that is defined as characteristic of weekday walking involves taking large steps. bAs RabbiYehuda HaNasi braised a dilemma before Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yosei: What isthe ruling with regard to btaking large steps on Shabbat?That is what the Gemara meant when it used the phrase: Your walking during the week. Rabbi Yishmael bsaid to him: And during the week arelarge steps bpermitted? As I say: A large step takesaway bone five-hundredth of a person’s eyesight.The Gemara comments: bAndhis eyesight bis restored to him during ikiddushonShabbat bevening. /b,And bRabbiYehuda HaNasi braised a dilemma before Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yosei: What isthe ruling with regard to beating earthfor medicinal purposes bon Shabbat?Rabbi Yishmael bsaid to him: And during the week is it permittedto eat soil? bAs I say: Even during the week it is prohibited because it is harmful. Rabbi Ami said: Anyone who eats the dust of Babylonia, it is as if he is eating the flesh of his ancestorsburied there. bAnd some say: It is as if he eats abominations and creeping creatures, as it is written: “And He wiped out all that existedon the face of the earth, from humans to animals, to creeping creatures to the birds in the sky, and they were wiped off the land” (Genesis 7:23).,Apropos dead residue in the ground, bReish Lakish said: Why isBabylonia bcalled Shinar?It is bbecause all those who died inthe bFlood were deposited there [ ininaru lesham /i]. Rabbi Yoḥa said: Why isBabylonia bcalled Metzula?It is bbecause all those who died inthe bFlood sank there [ initztalelu lesham /i].The Gemara asks: We said that bsome saythat if one eats dirt from Babylonia, it is bas if he eats abominations and creeping creatures. However, certainly theirbodies bhaveputrefied and bdecomposed,and therefore they are no longer prohibited. Rather, bsincesoil bis harmful, the Sages issued a decreenot to eat it. The decree was not issued due to the prohibition of eating creeping creatures; rather, it was issued bbecause a certain person ate soilfor medicinal purposes bandalso bate cress.The cress took root in the soil that was inside him and began to grow. bAnd the cress punctured his heart and he died. /b,The Gemara continues to discuss Shabbat. Naomi advised Ruth: b“And you shall bathe, and anoint yourself, and put on your robes,and go down to the threshing floor. Do not make yourself known to the man until he has finished eating and drinking” (Ruth 3:3). bRabbi Elazar said: Theserobes bare Shabbat garmentsthat Naomi told her to wear in honor of the occasion. Apropos the book of Ruth, the Gemara cites additional statements of Rabbi Elazar with regard to Ruth: b“Give to the wise one and he will become wiser;let the righteous one know and he will learn more” (Proverbs 9:9). bRabbi Elazar said: Thisrefers to bRuth the Moabite and Samuel of Rama,who received advice and added to it with their wisdom.,The Gemara elaborates. bWhereas Naomi said to Ruth: “And you shall bathe, and anoint yourself, and put on your robes, and go down to the threshing floor,” but with regard toRuth bherself it is written, “And she went down to the threshing floor”(Ruth 3:6), bandonly bafterward does it say, “And she did according to all that her mother-in-law commanded her.”Ruth decided to anoint herself at the threshing floor and not on the road so that people would not meet her on the way there and suspect her of immorality. bWhereas Eli said to Samuel:“Go and blie down and if He calls you, you say: Speak, Lord, for Your servant is listening”(I Samuel 3:9), bbut with regard toSamuel bhimself it is written: “And the Lord came and stood, and He called like He did the other times: Samuel, Samuel. And Samuel said: Speak, for Your servant is listening”(I Samuel 3:10), band he did not say: Speak, Lord,since he would not assume it was God speaking to him until he was sure of it.,And the verse in Ruth states: b“And she went, and she came, and she collected in the fieldafter the harvesters” (Ruth 2:3). bRabbi Elazar said:This verse teaches bthat she went and came, went and came, until she found suitable people with whom to walk.It also says: b“And Boaz said to his youth who was standing over the harvesters: To whom does this young woman belong?”(Ruth 2:5). This is surprising: bAnd was it Boaz’s habit to inquire about a young woman? Rabbi Elazar said: He saw in her a matter of wisdomand Torah, and that is why he asked about her. What he saw was that bshe collected two stalks,but bshe did not collect three stalks.She thereby acted in accordance with the ihalakhathat three stalks lying together are not considered to be gleanings left for the poor; rather, they remain in the possession of the owner of the field., bIt was taught in a ibaraita /i: He saw a matter of modesty in herwhen she was collecting stalks. She picked stalks that were buprightwhile she was bstanding,and stalks that had bfallenshe picked while bsitting;due to her modesty she did not bend over to take them. It also says: “And Boaz said to Ruth: Do you hear, my daughter? Do not go to glean in another field and do not leave from here, bbut cling to my maidens”(Ruth 2:8). This is also surprising. bAnd was it Boaz’s habit to cling to women? Rabbi Elazar said: Since he saw “And Orpah kissed her mother-in-law and Ruth clung to her”(Ruth 1:14), bhe said: It is permitted to cling toa woman like this.,It also says: b“And Boaz said to her at mealtime: Come here [ ihalom /i]and eat from the bread and dip your bread in vinegar. And she sat beside the harvesters and he gave her roasted grain and she ate, and she was satiated, and she left some over” (Ruth 2:14). bRabbi Elazarinterpreted this and bsaidthat bhe hinted to herprophetically: bIn the future the kingdom of David will come from you, as it is written with regard to it,i.e., the kingdom of David: b“Here,” as it is stated: “And King David came and sat before God and said: Who am I, Lord, God, and who is my family that You have brought me to here [ ihalom /i]?”(II Samuel 7:18). With regard to his saying: b“And dip your bread in vinegar”(Ruth 2:14), bRabbi Elazar said: From herewe see bthat vinegaris bgoodto have bin hot weather. /b, bRabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani saidthat bhe hinted to her: A son will come from you in the future whose actions will beas bsharp as vinegar, and who is he?King bManasseh. “And she sat beside the harvesters.” Rabbi Elazar said with regard to this: Beside the harvesters, and not among the harvesters. He hinted to her that the kingdom of David will be divided in the futureand her children will not always be in the center of Israel.,It also says in the verse: “And he gave her roasted grain and she ate, and she was satiated, and she left some over.” The Gemara explains: b“And he gave her roasted grain and she ate”;this is also interpreted as a prophetic message. bRabbi Elazar said: “And she ate”was fulfilled by her children’s children bin the days of David; “And she was satiated”was fulfilled bin the days of Solomon; “And she left some over”was fulfilled bin the days of Hezekiah. And some saythat there is a different interpretation: b“And she ate,”was fulfilled bin the days of David and Solomon; “And she was satiated,”was fulfilled bin the days of Hezekiah; “And she left some over”was fulfilled bin the days of RabbiYehuda HaNasi. bAs the Master said: RabbiYehuda HaNasi’s bhorsekeeper [ iahuriyarei /i] was richer than the kingof Persia. bIt was taught in a ibaraita /i: “And she ate,” in this world; “and she was satiated,” in the days of the Messiah; “and she left some over,” in the future,at the end of days.,It was mentioned earlier that Rabbi Yoḥa called his clothing his honor. The Gemara cites the interpretation of the verse that speaks about the downfall of the king of Assyria: “Therefore, the Lord, the Lord of hosts, will send leanness to his fat ones band under his honor He will burn a burning like a burning fire”(Isaiah 10:16). br bRabbi Yoḥa said: “And under his honor,” but not his actual honor.The Gemara explains: bRabbi Yoḥafollows bhis own reasoning,for he bcalled his clothing my honor,which means that the bodies of the king of Assyria’s soldiers were burned. However, their garments were miraculously not burned., bRabbi Elazar said: “And under his honor”means bin place of his actual honor.That is to say, their bodies were burned. Since, in Rabbi Elazar’s opinion, the word under means in the place of, the verse accordingly means that in the place of his honor, i.e., the body, there remain ashes. br bRabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said: Under his honormeans beneath his flesh, bsimilar to the burning of the sons of Aaron. Just as there,i.e., the burning of Aaron’s sons, bthe soul burned whilethe bbodyremained bintact, so too here,i.e., the burning of Assyrian soldiers, bthe soul burned whilethe bbodyremained bintact. /b, bRabbi Aḥa bar Abba saidthat bRabbi Yoḥa said: /b |
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24. Babylonian Talmud, Taanit, 20b, 7a, 12b (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 12b. נים ולא נים תיר ולא תיר דקרו ליה ועני ולא ידע אהדורי סברא וכי מדכרי ליה מדכר,אמר רב כהנא אמר רב יחיד שקיבל עליו תענית אסור בנעילת הסנדל חיישינן שמא תענית צבור קיבל עליו היכי ליעבד אמר רבה בר רב שילא לימא הכי למחר אהא לפניך בתענית יחיד,אמרו ליה רבנן לרב ששת הא קא חזינן רבנן דמסיימי מסנייהו ואתו לבי תעניתא איקפד ואמר להו דלמא מיכל נמי אכול,אביי ורבא מעיילי כי מסיימי אפנתא מרימר ומר זוטרא מחלפי דימינא לשמאלא ודשמאלא לימינא רבנן דבי רב אשי נפקי כי אורחייהו סברי כי הא דאמר שמואל אין תענית צבור בבבל אלא תשעה באב בלבד,אמר רב יהודה אמר רב לוה אדם תעניתו ופורע כי אמריתה קמיה דשמואל אמר לי וכי נדר קבל עליה דלא סגי דלא משלם לצעורי נפשיה קביל עליה אי מצי מצער נפשיה אי לא מצי לא מצער נפשיה,איכא דאמרי אמר רב יהודה אמר רב לוה אדם תעניתו ופורע כי אמריתה קמיה דשמואל אמר לי פשיטא לא יהא אלא נדר נדר מי לא מצי בעי לשלומי ומיזל למחר וליומא אחרינא,רב יהושע בריה דרב אידי איקלע לבי רב אסי עבדו ליה עגלא תילתא אמרו ליה ליטעום מר מידי א"ל בתעניתא יתיבנא אמרו ליה ולוזיף מר וליפרע לא סבר מר להא דאמר רב יהודה אמר רב לוה אדם תעניתו ופורע אמר להו תענית חלום הוא,ואמר רבה בר מחסיא אמר רב חמא בר גוריא אמר רב יפה תענית לחלום כאש לנעורת (אמר) רב חסדא ובו ביום ואמר רב יוסף ואפילו בשבת מאי תקנתיה ליתיב תעניתא לתעניתא:, big strongמתני׳ /strong /big עברו אלו ולא נענו בית דין גוזרין ג' תעניות אחרות על הצבור אוכלין ושותין מבעוד יום ואסורין במלאכה וברחיצה ובסיכה ובנעילת הסנדל ובתשמיש המטה ונועלין את המרחצאות,עברו אלו ולא נענו ב"ד גוזרין עליהן עוד שבע שהן י"ג תעניות על הצבור הרי אלו יתרות על הראשונות שבאלו מתריעין ונועלין את החנויות בשני מטין עם חשיכה ובחמישי מותרין מפני כבוד השבת,עברו אלו ולא נענו ממעטין במשא ומתן בבנין ובנטיעה באירוסין ובנישואין ובשאילת שלום בין אדם לחבירו כבני אדם הנזופין למקום היחידים חוזרין ומתענין עד שיצא ניסן יצא ניסן וירדו גשמים סימן קללה שנא' (שמואל א יב, יז) הלא קציר חטים היום וגו':, big strongגמ׳ /strong /big בשלמא כולהו אית בהו תענוג רחיצה וסיכה ותשמיש המטה אבל מלאכה צער הוא אמר רב חסדא אמר רב ירמיה בר אבא אמר קרא (יואל א, יד) קדשו צום קראו עצרה אספו זקנים כעצרת מה עצרת אסור בעשיית מלאכה אף תענית אסור בעשיית מלאכה,אי מה עצרת מאורתא אף תענית נמי מאורתא אמר רבי זירא לדידי מיפרשא לי מיניה דר' ירמיה בר אבא אמר קרא אספו זקנים דומיא דאסיפת זקנים מה אסיפת זקנים ביום אף צום נמי ביום ואימא מטיהרא אמר רב שישא בריה דרב אידי מסייע ליה לרב הונא דאמר מצפרא כינופיא,היכי עבדי אמר אביי מצפרא עד פלגא דיומא מעיינינן במילי דמתא מכאן ואילך ריבעא דיומא קרינן בספרא ואפטרתא מכאן ואילך בעינן רחמי שנא' (נחמיה ט, ג) ויקומו על עמדם ויקראו בספר תורת ה' אלהיהם רביעית היום ורביעית מתודים ומשתחוים לה' אלהיהם | 12b. bOne is asleep but notfully basleep, awake but notfully bawake.This means bthatif bthey call him he will answer, but he cannot givea coherent breason. And when we remind himof something that just happened bhe remembersit., bRav Kahana saidthat bRav said: An individual who took a fast upon himself is prohibitedto engage bin the wearing of shoeson the day of his fast. The reason is that bwe are concernedthat bperhaps he took a communal fast upon himself,and wearing shoes is prohibited on communal fast days. The Gemara asks: bHow should one act,to avoid this problem? bRabba bar Rav Sheila said: Let him recite thisformula: bTomorrow I shall be before You inthe observance of ban individual fast. /b,The Gemara relates: bThe Sages said to Rav Sheshet,who was blind: bWe see Sages who wear their shoes and go tothe study bhouse ona communal bfastday. This shows that there is no need to be concerned about this prohibition. bRav Sheshet became angry and said to them: Perhaps they even ate,if you saw them treating the fast lightly.,The Gemara further relates: bAbaye and Ravawould benterthe synagogue bwhile wearingsandals on bthe leather [ iapanta /i]of their shoes, i.e., they would wear their shoes upside down. bMareimar and Mar Zutrawould bswitch the right shoe for the left and the left for the right.By contrast, bthe Sages of the school of Rav Ashiwould bgo outwearing shoes bin their usual manner.They bhold in accordance with that which Shmuel said: The onlycompletely stringent bcommunal fast in Babylonia is the Ninth of Av alone.Therefore, in Babylonia there is no need to be concerned that one might have taken a communal fast upon himself.,The Gemara discusses another topic related to fasts. bRav Yehuda saidthat bRav said: A person may borrow his fast and repay,i.e., if one is unable to fast on the specific day he intended to fast, he may annul his fast for that day and fast on another day instead. Rav Yehuda related: bWhen I said this ihalakha bbefore Shmuel, he said to me: And did he take a vow upon himself,which would mean bthat it is not possible for him not to repayit? bHe took upon himself to cause himself discomforton that day. bIf he is able,he must bcause himself discomfort; if he is unable, he does notneed to bcause himself discomfort,in which case he need not repay the fast., bSome saya different version of this discussion. bRav Yehuda saidthat bRav said: One may borrow his fast and repay. When I said this ihalakha bbefore Shmuel, he said to me:This is bobvious. Let it beconsidered bonly a vow;even so, bis he not required to repay a vow on the next day or on another day?Since a commitment to fast is a type of vow, he is obligated to repay it at some point in time.,The Gemara relates: bRav Yehoshua, son of Rav Idi, happenedto visit bthe house of Rav Asi. They prepared a third-born calf,whose meat is high quality, bfor him. They said to him: Let the Master taste something. He said to them: I am sitting inthe observance of ba fastand may not eat. bThey said to him: And let the Master borrow and repaythe fast. bDoesn’t the Master holdin accordance with bthis ihalakhathat bRav Yehuda saidthat bRav said: A person may borrow his fast and repay?Rav Yehoshua, son of Rav Idi, bsaid to them: It is a fast for a dream.He was fasting to rectify the negative effects of a bad dream he had experienced the night before.,The Gemara explains the relevance of this last comment. bAnd Rabba bar Meḥasseya saidthat bRav Ḥama bar Gurya saidthat bRav said: A fast is effective toneutralize a bad bdream like fireis effective for burning bchaff. Rav Ḥisda said:The fast is effective specifically bon that daythat one dreamed. bAnd Rav Yosef said: Andone suffering from a bad dream is permitted to fast beven on Shabbat.The Gemara asks: bWhat is the remedyfor one who has denigrated Shabbat by fasting? bLet him sit inobservance of another bfast,on another day, to atone bforhis bfaston Shabbat., strongMISHNA: /strong bIf thesethree regular fasts have bpassed and they have not been answeredwith rain, the bcourt decrees three other fasts upon the community.These are severe fasts, in which one bmay eat and drinkonly bwhile it is still day,before the beginning of the night of the fast, bandon the day of the fast itself bthey are prohibitedto engage binthe performance of bwork, in bathing, in smearing with oil, in wearing shoes, and in marital relations; and they lock the bathhousesso that no one should come to bathe on that day., bIf thesethree fasts have bpassed and theystill bhave not been answered,the bcourt decrees on them another seven fasts, which area total bof thirteen fasts, upon the community,not including the first three fasts observed by individuals. bTheseseven fast days bare moresevere bthan the first ones, as on thesedays, in addition to all the earlier stringencies, they bsound the alarm,as will be explained in the Gemara, band they lock the stores.Although shops must remained closed most of the time on these days, bon Mondaythey open them ba little at nightfallto allow people to purchase food for breaking their fast, band on Thursday they are permittedto open the stores all day bin deference to Shabbat,so that people may purchase food for the sacred day., bIf thesefasts have bpassed and they have not been answeredthe court does not decree additional fasts, but the entire community observes the customs of mourning. bThey decreasetheir engagement bin businesstransactions, bin building and planting, in betrothals and marriages, and in greetings betweeneach bperson and his fellow, like people who have been rebuked by God. The individuals,i.e., Torah scholars, bresume fastingevery Monday and Thursday buntilthe month of bNisan ends.After this date they no longer pray for rain, since if bNisan has ended and rainssubsequently bfall, they are a sign of a curse, as it is stated: “Is not the wheat harvest today?I will call to the Lord that He may send thunder and rain, and you will know and see that your wickedness is great” (I Samuel 12:17). The wheat harvest is around the time of iShavuot /i, well after Nisan., strongGEMARA: /strong The Gemara discusses the activities that are prohibited on a communal fast day: bGranted, all ofthe other actions are prohibited, bas theyprovide bpleasure,namely, bbathing, smearing, and marital relations. However, working isa cause of bsuffering.Why was it decreed that one must refrain from working? bRav Ḥisda saidthat bRav Yirmeya bar Abba saidas that bthe verse states: “Sanctify a fast, call a solemn assembly, gather the elders”(Joel 1:14), this indicates that a fast day is blikea day of bassembly. Just ason a day of bassembly,i.e., a Festival, it bis prohibitedto engage bin working, so too,on ba fastit bis prohibitedto engage bin working. /b,The Gemara asks: bIfso, one could say: bJust ason a day of bassemblyit is prohibited to work bfromthe previous bevening, so too,on a fast it should be prohibited to work bfromthe bevening. Rabbi Zeira said:This bwas explained to me by Rabbi Yirmeya bar Abba himself: The verse states:“Sanctify a fast, call a solemn assembly, bgather the elders,”indicating that a fast is bsimilar to a gathering of elders: Just as the gathering of eldersis performed bby day, so too,the time for ba fastis balso by day.The Gemara asks: bButif so, one can bsaythat the fast should begin bfrom noon. Rav Sheisha, son of Rav Idi, said:This bsupportsthe opinion of bRav Huna, who said:The public bgatheringon fast days occurs binthe hours of bthe morning. /b,The Gemara asks: bHow do they acton a fast day? bAbaye said: From the morning until the middle of the day they examine the affairs of the townby checking if there are any deficiencies or corruptions in the city, moral or otherwise, and attempt to fix them, as these problems may have been the cause of the Divine punishment. bFrom thispoint bforward,for ba quarter of the day they reada portion bfrom the Torah anda portion from bthe Prophets[ ihaftara /i]. bFrom thispoint bforward, they prayand petition bfor mercy, as it is stated: “And they stood up in their place and they read in the book of the Torah of the Lord their God a fourth part of the day; and another fourth part they confessed, and prostrated themselves before the Lord their God”(Nehemiah 9:3). |
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25. Babylonian Talmud, Yevamot, 96b (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 96b. big strongמתני׳ /strong /big בן ט' שנים ויום אחד שבא על יבמתו ואח"כ בא עליה אחיו שהוא בן ט' שנים ויום אחד פוסל על ידו ר"ש אומר לא פוסל בן ט' שנים ויום אחד שבא על יבמתו ואח"כ בא על צרתה פוסל על ידי עצמו רבי שמעון אומר לא פוסל:, big strongגמ׳ /strong /big תניא אמר להם רבי שמעון לחכמים אם ביאה ראשונה ביאה ביאה שנייה אינה ביאה ואם ביאה ראשונה אינה ביאה ביאה שנייה נמי אינה ביאה,מתניתין דלא כבן עזאי דתניא בן עזאי אומר יש מאמר אחר מאמר בשני יבמין ויבמה אחת,ואין מאמר אחר מאמר בשתי יבמות ויבם אחד:, big strongמתני׳ /strong /big בן תשע שנים ויום אחד שבא על יבמתו ומת חולצת ולא מתייבמת נשא אשה ומת הרי זו פטורה בן תשע שנים ויום אחד שבא על יבמתו ומשהגדיל נשא אשה אחרת ומת אם לא ידע את הראשונה משהגדיל הראשונה חולצת ולא מתייבמת והשנייה או חולצת או מתייבמת,רבי שמעון אומר מייבם לאי זו שירצה וחולץ לשנייה אחד שהוא בן ט' שנים ויום אחד ואחד שהוא בן עשרים שלא הביא שתי שערות:, big strongגמ׳ /strong /big אמר רבא הא דאמור רבנן זיקת שני יבמין מיחלץ חלצה יבומי לא מיבמה לא תימא היכא דאיכא צרה דאיכא למגזר משום צרה,דהא הכא ליכא צרה מיחלץ חלצה יבומי לא מיבמה:,נשא אשה ומת כו': תנינא להא דתנו רבנן שוטה וקטן שנשאו ומתו נשותיהן פטורות מן החליצה ומן הייבום:,בן תשע וכו' משהגדיל וכו': ויעשו ביאת בן ט' כמאמר בגדול ותדחה צרה מיבום אמר רב לא עשו ביאת בן ט' כמאמר בגדול ושמואל אמר עשו ועשו וכן א"ר יוחנן עשו ועשו,ויעשו תנאי היא הך תנא דארבעה אחין גזר משום צרה,ואשמעינן בגדול וה"ה בקטן והאי דאמר גדול משום דבגדול קאי,והאי תנא דהכא סבירא ליה עשו ולא גזר משום צרה ואשמעינן בקטן והוא הדין בגדול והאי דקאמר בקטן דבקטן קאי,אזל ר' אלעזר אמר לשמעתא בי מדרשא ולא אמרה משמיה דר' יוחנן שמע רבי יוחנן איקפד עול לגביה רבי אמי ור' אסי אמרו ליה לא כך היה המעשה בבית הכנסת של טבריא בנגר שיש בראשו גלוסטרא,שנחלקו בו רבי אלעזר ורבי יוסי עד שקרעו ספר תורה בחמתן קרעו ס"ד אלא אימא שנקרע ס"ת בחמתן והיה שם רבי יוסי בן קיסמא אמר תמיה אני אם לא יהיה בית הכנסת זו עבודת כוכבים וכן הוה,הדר איקפד טפי אמר חברותא נמי,עול לגביה ר' יעקב בר אידי א"ל (יהושע יא, טו) כאשר צוה ה' את משה עבדו כן צוה משה את יהושע וכן עשה יהושע לא הסיר דבר מכל אשר צוה ה' את משה וכי על כל דבר שאמר יהושע היה אומר להם כך אמר לי משה אלא יהושע יושב ודורש סתם והכל יודעין שתורתו של משה היא אף ר' אלעזר תלמידך יושב ודורש סתם והכל יודעין כי שלך היא,אמר להם מפני מה אי אתם יודעין לפייס כבן אידי חברינו ורבי יוחנן מ"ט קפיד כולי האי דאמר רב יהודה אמר רב מאי דכתיב (תהלים סא, ה) אגורה באהלך עולמים וכי אפשר לו לאדם לגור בשני עולמים אלא אמר דוד לפני הקדוש ברוך הוא רבונו של עולם יהי רצון | 96b. strongMISHNA: /strong If a boy baged nine years and one day hadsexual brelations with his iyevama /i, and afterward his brother, who isalso bnine years and one day old, had relations with her,the second brother bdisqualifiesher btothe first one. bRabbi Shimon sayshe does bnot disqualifyher. If a minor baged nine years and one day had relations with his iyevama /i, and afterwardthat same boy bhad relations with her rival wife,he thereby bdisqualifies her to himself,and both women are now forbidden to him. bRabbi Shimon sayshe does bnot disqualifyher., strongGEMARA: /strong bIt is taughtin a ibaraitathat bRabbi Shimon said to the Rabbis: Ifthe bfirst sexual actof a nine-year-old is considered a proper act of bsexual relations,then the bsecond act is not an actof consequence, just as the intercourse of one adult iyavamafter that of another adult iyavamis of no effect. bAnd ifyou say that the bfirst sexual act is notconsidered ba sexual act,the bsecond actof himself or his brother bis also not a sexual act.However, the Rabbis maintain that as the intercourse of a nine-year-old is like a levirate betrothal, one sexual act can take effect after another.,The Gemara comments that according to this explanation, bthe mishna is not in accordance withthe opinion of bben Azzai. As it is taughtin a ibaraitathat bben Azzai says: There is levirate betrothal after levirate betrothalin a case bof two iyevaminand one iyevama /i.In other words, if they both performed levirate betrothal with her, their actions are effective and she is forbidden to them both. The reason is that she has ties to each of the two men, which means that each levirate betrothal is effective in forbidding the other man., bBut there is no levirate betrothal after a levirate betrothalin a case bof two iyevamotand one iyavam /i,as the iyavamdid not have a full-fledged levirate bond with both of them. Therefore, if he performs a levirate betrothal with one of them, he has completed the bond. In contrast, the conclusion of the mishna is that the sexual relations of a nine-year-old with two iyevamotis effective, and as the intercourse of a boy of this age is considered like a levirate betrothal the itannaof the mishna evidently maintains that there is levirate betrothal after levirate betrothal even in a case of one iyavam /i., strongMISHNA: /strong If a boy baged nine years and one day had relations with his iyevamaand died,that iyevama bperforms iḥalitzaand may not enter into levirate marriage.If the minor bmarried a womanin a regular manner band died, she is exemptfrom levirate marriage and iḥalitza /i, as by Torah law a minor cannot marry. If a boy baged nine years and one day had relations with his iyevama /i, and after he matured he married a different woman andthen bdiedchildless, bif he did notcarnally bknow the firstwoman bafter he matured,but only when he was a minor, bthe first one performs iḥalitzaand may not enter into levirate marriage,as she is in essence a iyevamawho had relations with a minor, band the secondwoman beither performs iḥalitzaor enters into levirate marriage,as she is his full-fledged wife., bRabbi Shimon says:The brother bconsummates levirate marriage with whicheverwoman bhe chooses, and performs iḥalitzawith the second one.The mishna comments: This is the ihalakha bbothfor a boy bwho is nine years and one day old, and alsofor one bwho is twentyyears bold who has not developed twopubic bhairs.He has the status of a nine-year-old boy in this regard, as his intercourse is not considered a proper act of intercourse., strongGEMARA: /strong If a brother performed levirate betrothal with a iyevamaand died, she has a levirate bond in relation to the remaining brothers from two deceased brothers. bRava said:With regard to bthat which the Rabbis said,that when bthe bond of two iyevamin /iexists, bshe performs iḥalitzaand she does not enter into levirate marriage, you should not saythat bthisapplies only bwhen there is a rival wife, as there isreason bto decree due to a rival wife.The suggestion is that as the rival wife can enter into levirate marriage by Torah law, if the woman who performed levirate betrothal with the second brother was also permitted to enter into levirate marriage, people might mistakenly permit levirate marriage to two rival wives from the same family.,The proof that this is not the case is bthat here,in the first clause of the mishna, bthere is no rival wife,as it is referring to one woman, which means that this iyevamawho had relations with the nine-year-old is tied by the bonds of both her first husband and the underage iyavam /i, whose intercourse is like levirate betrothal, and even so bshe performs iḥalitza /ibut bshe does not enter into levirate marriage. /b,§ The mishna teaches that if a nine-year-old boy bmarried a woman and died,she is exempt from levirate marriage and iḥalitza /i. The Gemara comments: bWealready blearned this, as the Sages taughtin a ibaraita /i: With regard to ban imbecile and a minor who marriedwomen band died, their wives are exempt from iḥalitzaand from levirate marriage,as the marriage of a minor or an imbecile is of no account.,§ The mishna further teaches the case of ba nine-year-oldboy who had relations with his iyevamaand bafter he maturedmarried another woman. The Gemara asks: bAnd letthe Sages at least bestablish the sexual relations of a nine-year-oldto be blike the levirate betrothal of an adult, andit would therefore boverridethe requirement of the brival wife toenter into blevirate marriage,in accordance with the ihalakhaof the rival wife of a woman who has the bond of two iyevamin /i. bRav said: They did not establish the intercourse of a nine-year-oldto be blike the levirate betrothal of an adultin all regards, band Shmuel said: They certainly did. And similarly, Rabbi Yoḥa said: They certainly did. /b,If so, the question remains: bAnd let them establishthe sexual relations of a nine-year-old to be considered like levirate betrothal. Why is he able to perform levirate marriage with her rival wife? The Gemara answers: This bisa dispute between itanna’im /i. This itanna /iwho discusses the case bof four brothers,one of whom died, followed by the brother who performed levirate betrothal with the iyevama(31b), he maintains that the iyevamaand her rival wife may not perform levirate marriage with one of the surviving brothers. The reason is that bhemaintains that the Sages bdecreedthat a woman who has the bond of two deceased brothers may not perform levirate marriage bdue to a rival wife.They must both perform iḥalitzaso that people will not say that two iyevamotfrom one family can perform levirate marriage., bAndthat itanna btaught usthis ihalakha bwith regard to an adultbrother who performed levirate marriage, band the same is true of a minorwho had relations with her. bAndthe reason bthat he statedthe case of ban adultin particular is bbecausehe was breferring to an adult. /b, bAndconversely, bthis itanna /i, ofthe mishna bhere, holds that they establishedthe sexual relations of a minor entirely like the levirate betrothal of an adult, band hemaintains that the Sages bdid not decreethat a woman who has the bond of two deceased brothers may not perform levirate marriage bdue tothe case of ba rival wife. And he taught usthis ihalakha bwith regard to a minor, and the same is true of an adult. Andthe reason bthat he statedthe case of ba minorin particular is bbecausehe was breferring to a minor. /b,§ bRabbi Elazar wentand bsaid this ihalakha /iin bthe study hall, but he did not state it in the name of Rabbi Yoḥa.Instead, he issued the ihalakhawithout attribution. bRabbi Yoḥa heardthat Rabbi Elazar omitted mention of his name band became angrywith him. bRabbi Ami and Rabbi Asi visitedRabbi Yoḥa, to placate him so that he would not be annoyed with his beloved disciple. bThey said to him: Wasn’t there an incident in the synagogue of Tiberias involving a boltthat secures a door in place and bthat hasa thick bknob [ igelustera /i] at its end?The question was whether it may be moved on Shabbat as a vessel, or whether it is considered imuktzeas raw material.,And it was stated bthat Rabbi Elazar and Rabbi Yosei argued overthis case buntilthey became so upset with each other bthat they tore a Torah scroll in their anger.The Gemara interrupts this account to clarify exactly what happened: bTore?Can it benter your mindthat such great Sages would intentionally tear a Torah scroll? bRather,you must bsay that a Torah scroll was torn through their anger.In the heat of their debate they pulled the scroll from one side to another until it tore. bAnd Rabbi Yosei ben Kisma,who bwas thereat the time, bsaid: I would be surprised if this synagogue does not becomea place of bidolatrous worship.This unfortunate event is a sign that this place is unsuitable for a synagogue. bAndindeed bthiseventually boccurred. /b,Rabbi Ami and Rabbi Asi cited this ibaraitato hint to Rabbi Yoḥa how careful one must be to avoid anger. However, Rabbi Yoḥa bgrew even angrier, saying:You are bevenmaking us bcolleaguesnow? Those two Sages were peers, whereas Rabbi Elazar is merely my student., bRabbi Ya’akov bar Idi visitedRabbi Yoḥa and bsaid to him:The verse states: b“As God commanded His servant Moses, so did Moses command Joshua, and so did Joshua, he left nothing undone of all that the Lord commanded Moses”(Joshua 11:15). bNow did Joshua, with regard to every matter that he said, say tothe Jews: bThus Moses said to me? Rather, Joshuawould bsit and teachTorah bwithout attributinghis statements, band everyone would know that it wasfrom bthe Torah of Moses. So too, your disciple Rabbi Elazar sits and teaches without attribution, and everyone knows thathis teaching bisfrom byourinstruction. Hearing this, Rabbi Yoḥa was appeased.,Later, after calming down, bhe said toRabbi Ami and Rabbi Asi: bWhy don’t you know how to appease me like our colleague ben Idi?The Gemara asks: bAnd Rabbi Yoḥa, what is the reasonthat bhe was so angryabout this matter? The Gemara answers that this is bas Rav Yehuda saidthat bRav said: What isthe meaning of that bwhich is written: “I will dwell in Your tent in worlds”(Psalms 61:5), literally, forever? bAnd is it possible for a person to live in two worldssimultaneously? bRather, David said before the Holy One, Blessed be He: Master of the Universe, let it be Your will /b |
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26. Babylonian Talmud, Yoma, 87b (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
| 87b. אתא ר' חייא הדר לרישא עייל בר קפרא הדר לרישא אתא ר"ש ברבי הדר לרישא אתא ר' חנינא (בר) חמא אמר כולי האי נהדר וניזיל לא הדר איקפיד ר' חנינא אזל רב לגביה תליסר מעלי יומי דכפורי ולא איפייס,והיכי עביד הכי והאמר ר' יוסי בר חנינא כל המבקש מטו מחבירו אל יבקש ממנו יותר משלש פעמים רב שאני ור' חנינא היכי עביד הכי והאמר רבא כל המעביר על מדותיו מעבירין לו על כל פשעיו,אלא ר' חנינא חלמא חזי ליה לרב דזקפוהו בדיקלא וגמירי דכל דזקפוהו בדיקלא רישא הוי אמר שמע מינה בעי למעבד רשותא ולא איפייס כי היכי דליזיל ולגמר אורייתא בבבל,ת"ר מצות וידוי ערב יוה"כ עם חשכה אבל אמרו חכמים יתודה קודם שיאכל וישתה שמא תטרף דעתו בסעודה ואע"פ שהתודה קודם שאכל ושתה מתודה לאחר שיאכל וישתה שמא אירע דבר קלקלה בסעודה ואף על פי שהתודה ערבית יתודה שחרית שחרית יתודה במוסף במוסף יתודה במנחה במנחה יתודה בנעילה,והיכן אומרו יחיד אחר תפלתו ושליח צבור אומרו באמצע מאי אמר אמר רב אתה יודע רזי עולם ושמואל אמר ממעמקי הלב ולוי אמר ובתורתך כתוב לאמר ר' יוחנן אמר רבון העולמים,ר' יהודה אמר כי עונותינו רבו מלמנות וחטאתינו עצמו מספר רב המנונא אמר אלהי עד שלא נוצרתי איני כדאי עכשיו שנוצרתי כאילו לא נוצרתי עפר אני בחיי ק"ו במיתתי הרי אני לפניך ככלי מלא בושה וכלימה יהי רצון מלפניך שלא אחטא ומה שחטאתי מרוק ברחמיך אבל לא ע"י יסורין והיינו וידויא דרבא כולה שתא ודרב המנונא זוטא ביומא דכפורי,אמר מר זוטרא לא אמרן אלא דלא אמר אבל אנחנו חטאנו אבל אמר אבל אנחנו חטאנו תו לא צריך דאמר בר המדודי הוה קאימנא קמיה דשמואל והוה יתיב וכי מטא שליחא דצבורא ואמר אבל אנחנו חטאנו קם מיקם אמר שמע מינה עיקר וידוי האי הוא,תנן התם בשלשה פרקים בשנה כהנים נושאין את כפיהן ארבעה פעמים ביום בשחרית במוסף במנחה ובנעילת שערים ואלו הן שלשה פרקים בתעניות ובמעמדות וביום הכפורים,מאי נעילת שערים רב אמר צלותא יתירתא ושמואל אמר מה אנו מה חיינו מיתיבי אור יוה"כ מתפלל שבע ומתודה בשחרית מתפלל שבע ומתודה במוסף מתפלל שבע ומתודה במנחה מתפלל שבע ומתודה בנעילה מתפלל שבע ומתודה,תנאי היא דתניא יום הכפורים עם חשיכה מתפלל שבע ומתודה וחותם בוידוי דברי ר"מ וחכמים אומרים מתפלל שבע ואם רצה לחתום בוידוי חותם תיובתא דשמואל תיובתא,עולא בר רב נחית קמיה דרבא פתח באתה בחרתנו וסיים במה אנו מה חיינו ושבחיה רב הונא בריה דרב נתן אמר ויחיד אומרה אחר תפלתו,אמר רב תפלת נעילה פוטרת את של ערבית רב לטעמיה דאמר צלותא יתירא היא וכיון דצלי ליה תו לא צריך,ומי אמר רב הכי והאמר רב הלכה כדברי האומר תפלת ערבית רשות לדברי האומר חובה קאמר,מיתיבי אור יום הכפורים מתפלל שבע ומתודה שחרית שבע ומתודה מוסף שבע ומתודה בנעילה מתפלל שבע ומתודה ערבית מתפלל שבע מעין שמונה עשרה רבי חנינא בן גמליאל משום אבותיו מתפלל שמונה עשרה שלימות | 87b. bRabbi Ḥiyya,Rav’s uncle and teacher, bcame in,whereupon Rav breturned to the beginningof the portion and began to read it again. Afterward, bbar Kappara came in,and Rav breturned to the beginningof the portion out of respect for bar Kappara. Then bRabbi Shimon, son of RabbiYehuda HaNasi, bcame in,and bhe returnedagain bto the beginningof the portion. Then, bRabbi Ḥanina bar Ḥama came in,and Rav bsaidto himself: bShall I go backand read bso many times? He did not returnbut continued from where he was. bRabbi Ḥanina was offendedbecause Rav showed that he was less important than the others. bRav went beforeRabbi Ḥanina bon Yom Kippur eveevery year for bthirteenyears to appease him, bbut he would not be appeased. /b,The Gemara asks: bHow couldRav bact this way? Didn’t Rabbi Yosei bar Ḥanina say: Anyone who requests forgiveness from another should not ask more than three times?The Gemara answers: bRav is different,since he was very pious and forced himself to act beyond the letter of the law. The Gemara asks: bAnd how could Rabbi Ḥanina act this wayand refuse to forgive Rav, though he asked many times? bDidn’t Rava say:With regard to banyone who suppresses his honorand forgives someone for hurting him, God bpardons all his sins? /b,The Gemara explains: bRather,this is what happened: bRabbi Ḥanina saw in a dreamthat bRav was being hung on a palm tree, andhe blearnedas a tradition that banyoneabout whom there is a dream in bwhich he was being hung on a palm tree will become the headof a yeshiva. bHe said: Learn from this that /bprovidence has decreed that bhe must eventually become the headof the yeshiva. Therefore, bI will not be appeased, so that he will have to go and study Torah in Babylonia.He was conscious of the principle that one kingdom cannot overlap with another, and he knew that once Rav was appointed leader, he, Rabbi Ḥanina, would have to abdicate his own position or die. Therefore, he delayed being appeased, so that Rav would go to Babylonia and be appointed there as head of the yeshiva. In this way, the dream would be fulfilled, as Rav would indeed be appointed as head of a yeshiva, but since he would be in Babylonia, Rabbi Ḥanina would not lose his own position.,§ bThe Sages taught:The main bmitzva of confessionis on bYom Kippur eve when darknessfalls. bBut the Sages said:One should also bconfesson Yom Kippur eve bbefore he eats and drinksat his last meal before the fast blest he become confused at the meal,due to the abundance of food and drink, and be unable to confess afterward. bAnd although one confessed before he ate and drank, he confessesagain bafter he eats and drinks,as bperhaps he committed some sin during the mealitself. bAnd although one confessedduring bthe evening prayeron the night of Yom Kippur, bheshould bconfessagain during bthe morning prayer.Likewise, although one confessed during the bmorning prayer, heshould still bconfess duringthe badditional prayer.Similarly, although one confessed bduringthe badditional prayer, heshould also bconfess duringthe bafternoon prayer;and although one confessed bduringthe bafternoon prayer, heshould bconfessagain bduringthe bclosing prayer [ ine’ila /i]. /b, bAnd wherein the Yom Kippur prayers bdoes one saythe confession? bAn individualsays it bafter his iAmida bprayer, and the prayer leader says it in the middleof the iAmidaprayer. The Gemara asks: bWhat does one say;what is the liturgy of the confession? bRav said:One says the prayer that begins: bYou know the mysteries of the universe,in accordance with the standard liturgy. bAnd Shmuel saidthat the prayer begins with: bFrom the depths of the heart. And Levi saidthat it begins: bAnd in your Torah it is written, saying,and one then recites the forgiveness achieved by Yom Kippur as stated in the Torah. bRabbi Yoḥa saidthat it begins: bMaster of the Universe. /b, bRabbi Yehuda saidthat one says: bFor our iniquities are too many to count and our sins are too great to number. Rav Hamnuna said:This is the liturgy of the confession: bMy God, before I was formed I was unworthy. Now that I have been formed, it is as if I had not been formed. I am dust while alive, how much more so when I am dead. See, I am before You like a vessel filled with shame and disgrace. May it be Your will that I may sin no more, and as forthe sins bI have committed before You, erasethem bin Your compassion, but not by suffering.The Gemara comments: bThis is the confession that Ravaused ball yearlong; bandit was the confession bthat Rav Hamnuna Zutaused bon Yom Kippur. /b, bMar Zutra said: We said onlythat one must follow all these versions bwhen he did not saythe words: bBut we have sinned. However,if bhe saidthe words: bBut we have sinned, he need notsay banything furtherbecause that is the essential part of the confession. bAs bar Hamdudei said: I was standing before Shmuel and he was sitting; and when the prayer leader reachedthe words: bBut we have sinned,Shmuel bstood.Bar Hamdudei bsaid: Learn from here that this is the mainpart of bthe confession,and Shmuel stood up to emphasize the significance of these words.,§ bWe learnedin a mishna bthere,in tractate iTa’anit /i: bAt three times in the year, priests raise their handsto recite the priestly benediction bfour times ina single bday: Inthe bmorning prayer, inthe badditional prayer, inthe bafternoon prayer, and atthe bclosing [ ine’ila /i] of the gates. And these arethe bthree timesin the year: bDuringcommunal bfastsfor lack of rain, on which the ine’ilaprayer is recited; band duringnon-priestly bwatches [ ima’amadot /i],when the Israelite members of the guard parallel to the priestly watch come and read the account of Creation (see iTa’anit26a); band on Yom Kippur. /b,The Gemara asks: bWhat is the closing of the gates,i.e., the ine /i’ iilaprayer? bRav said:It is ban added prayerof iAmida /i. bAnd Shmuel said:It is not a full prayer but only a confession that begins with the words: bWhat are we, what are our lives?The Gemara braises an objectionto this from a ibaraita /i, as it was taught: On bthe night of Yom Kippur, one prays sevenblessings in the iAmidaprayer band confesses; duringthe bmorning prayer, one prays sevenblessings band confesses; duringthe badditional prayer, one prays sevenblessings band confesses; duringthe bafternoon prayer, one prays sevenblessings band confesses;and bduringthe ine’ilaprayer, one prays sevenblessings band confesses.This concurs with Rav’s opinion that ine’ilais an added prayer., bThis isa dispute between itanna’im /iThey all agree that ine’ilais an added prayer but disagree about the obligation to confess at the ine’ilaprayer, bas it was taughtin a ibaraita /i: At the end of bYom Kippur, as darknessfalls, bone prays sevenblessings of the iAmida band confesses and ends with the confession;this is bthe statement of Rabbi Meir. And the Rabbis say: He prays sevenblessings of the iAmida /i, band if he wishes to endhis prayer bwith a confession, he endsit in this way. The Gemara says: If so, bthis is a refutation ofthe opinion of bShmuel,since all agree that ine’ilais a complete prayer. The Gemara concludes: Indeed, it is baconclusive brefutation. /b,The Gemara relates: bUlla bar Rav went downto lead the ine’ilaprayer bbefore Rava,who was in the synagogue. bHe openedthe prayer bwith: You have chosen us, and he concluded with: What are we, what are our lives? AndRava bpraised him. Rav Huna, son of Rav Natan, said: And an individual says it after his iAmida bprayer.The individual says the confession after his iAmidaprayer, not within the iAmidaprayer as the prayer leader does., bRav said: The ine’ilaprayer exemptsone from bthe evening prayer.Since one recited an added prayer after the afternoon prayer, when darkness fell, it serves as the evening prayer. The Gemara comments that bRavconforms bto hisline of breasoningabove, bas he said: It is an added prayer, and since he has prayed it he needs no furtherprayer in the evening.,The Gemara is surprised at this: bAnd did Ravactually bsay this? Didn’t Rav say:The ihalakhais in accordance with the statement of the one who saysthat the bevening prayer is optional?If it is optional, why would Rav use the term exempt? One is exempt even if he does not pray the closing prayer. The Gemara answers: bHe said this in accordance with the statement of the one who saysthat the evening prayer bis mandatory.Even according to the opinion that maintains that the evening prayer is mandatory, if one recites ine’ila /i, he has fulfilled his obligation to recite the evening prayer.,The Gemara braises an objectionfrom that which we learned in a ibaraita /i: During the beveningafter bYom Kippur, one prays sevenblessings in the iAmida band confesses;during the bmorning prayer,one prays bsevenblessings in the iAmida band confesses;during the badditional prayer,one prays bsevenblessings in the iAmida band confesses; during ine’ilaone prays sevenblessings in the iAmida band confesses;and during bthe evening prayer,one prays bsevenblessings binan babridgedversion of the beighteenblessings of the weekday iAmidaprayer. One recites the first three blessings, the final three, and a middle blessing that includes an abbreviated form of the other weekday blessings. bRabbi Ḥanina ben Gamlielsays bin the name of his ancestors: One praysthe bfull eighteenblessings of the weekday iAmidaprayer as usual |
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