1. Hebrew Bible, Deuteronomy, 1.17 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
| 1.17. לֹא־תַכִּירוּ פָנִים בַּמִּשְׁפָּט כַּקָּטֹן כַּגָּדֹל תִּשְׁמָעוּן לֹא תָגוּרוּ מִפְּנֵי־אִישׁ כִּי הַמִּשְׁפָּט לֵאלֹהִים הוּא וְהַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר יִקְשֶׁה מִכֶּם תַּקְרִבוּן אֵלַי וּשְׁמַעְתִּיו׃ | 1.17. Ye shall not respect persons in judgment; ye shall hear the small and the great alike; ye shall not be afraid of the face of any man; for the judgment is God’s; and the cause that is too hard for you ye shall bring unto me, and I will hear it.’" |
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2. Mishnah, Gittin, 9.8 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
| 9.8. A get which was written in Hebrew and whose signatures are in Greek, or was written in Greek and whose signatures are in Hebrew, or which has one Hebrew signature and one Greek signature, or which was written by a scribe and signed by one witness, is valid. [If a man signs], “So-and-so, witness,” it is valid. [If he signs,] “Son of so-and-so, witness, it is valid. [If he signs,] “So-and-so son of so-and-so” and he didn’t write “witness”, it is valid. If he wrote his own family name and hers, the get is valid. And this is how the scrupulous in Jerusalem would do. A get given imposed by court: in the case of a Jewish court is valid, and in the case of a Gentile court is invalid. And with regard to Gentiles, if they beat him and say to him, “Do what the Israelites say to you,” (and it is valid)." |
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3. Mishnah, Yevamot, 16.7 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
| 16.7. Rabbi Akiva said: When I went down to Nehardea to intercalate the year, I met Nehemiah of Bet D’li who said to me, “I heard that in the land of Israel no one, permits a [married] woman to marry again on the evidence of one witness, except Rabbi Judah ben Bava”. “That is so”, I told him. He said to me, “Tell them in my name: ‘You know that this country is in confusion because of marauders. I have received a tradition from Rabban Gamaliel the Elder: that they allow a [married] woman to remarry on the evidence of one witness’”. And when I came and recounted the conversation in the presence of Rabban Gamaliel he rejoiced at my words and exclaimed, “We have found a match for Rabbi Judah ben Bava!” As a result of this talk Rabban Gamaliel remembered that some men were once killed at Tel Arza, and that Rabban Gamaliel the Elder had allowed their wives to marry again on the evidence of one witness, and the law was established that they allow a woman to marry again on the evidence of one witness, and on the testimony of one [who states that he has heard] from another witness, from a slave, from a woman or from a female slave. Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Joshua say: a woman is not be allowed to remarry on the evidence of one witness. Rabbi Akiva ruled: [a woman is not allowed to marry again] on the evidence of a woman, on that of a slave, on that of a female slave or on that of relatives. They said to him: It once happened that a number of Levites went to Tsoar, the city of palms, and one of them became ill on the way, and they left him in an inn. When they returned they asked the [female] innkeeper, “Where is our friend?” And she replied, “He is dead and I buried him”, and they allowed his wife to remarry. Should not then a priest’s wife [be believed at least as much] as an innkeeper!” He answered them: When she will [give such evidence] as the innkeeper [gave] she will be believed, for the innkeeper had brought out to them [the dead man’s] staff, his bag and the Torah scroll which he had with him." |
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4. Tosefta, Demai, 3.4 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
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5. Anon., Leviticus Rabba, 5.6 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
| 5.6. דָּבָר אַחֵר, אִם הַכֹּהֵן הַמָּשִׁיחַ יֶחֱטָא, הַכֹּהֵן מָשִׁיחַ מְכַפֵּר וְצָרִיךְ כַּפָּרָה. תָּנֵי רַבִּי חִיָּא הוֹאִיל וּמָשִׁיחַ מְכַפֵּר וְצִבּוּר מִתְכַּפֵּר, מוּטָב שֶׁיַּקְדִּים מְכַפֵּר לְמִתְכַּפֵּר, דִּתְנַן (ויקרא טז, יא): וְכִפֶּר בַּעֲדוֹ וּבְעַד בֵּיתוֹ, בֵּיתוֹ זוֹ אִשְׁתּוֹ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, אִם הַכֹּהֵן הַמָּשִׁיחַ יֶחֱטָא, וְכֹהֵן הַמָּשִׁיחַ חוֹטֵא, אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי עֲלוּבָה הִיא מְדִינְתָּא דְאַסְיָא פּוֹדַגְרִיס, וּדְאִיקוּטָטָא בְּחָדָא עֵינָא, וְסָנֵיגוֹרְיָא מְקַטְרֵג בְּדִינֵי נְפָשׁוֹת. (ויקרא ד, ג): לְאַשְׁמַת הָעָם, לְאֵשׁ מֵת הָעָם, מָשָׁל לְשׁוֹשִׁיטָה שֶׁל דֹּב שֶׁהָיָה אוֹכֵל סְדוּרִים שֶׁל דֹּב, אָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ הוֹאִיל וְהוּא אוֹכֵל סְדוּרִים שֶׁל דֹּב תֹּאכְלֶנּוּ הַדֹּב. כָּךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הוֹאִיל וְהוּא נֶהֱנֶה מִן הַהֶקְדֵּשׁוֹת תֹּאכְלֶנּוּ הָאֵשׁ. אָמַר רַבִּי אַיְבוּ מַעֲשֶׂה בְּטַבָּח אֶחָד בְּצִפּוֹרִי שֶׁהָיָה מַאֲכִיל אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל נְבֵלוֹת וּטְרֵפוֹת, פַּעַם אַחַת עֶרֶב יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים אָכַל וְשָׁתָה וְנִשְׁתַּכֵּר וְעָלָה לְרֹאשׁ הַגַּג וְנָפַל וּמֵת, הִתְחִילוּ הַכְּלָבִים מְלַקְּקִין אֶת דָּמוֹ, אָתוֹן וְשָׁיְילוּן לְרַבִּי חֲנִינָא מַהוּ לְאַעֲבָרָא יָתֵיהּ מִן קֳדָמֵיהוֹן, אֲמַר לְהוֹן כְּתִיב (שמות כב, ל): וְאַנְשֵׁי קֹדֶשׁ תִּהְיוּן לִי וּבָשָׂר בַּשָּׂדֶה טְרֵפָה לֹא תֹאכֵלוּ לַכֶּלֶב תַּשְׁלִיכוּן אֹתוֹ, זֶה שֶׁהָיָה גּוֹזֵל אֶת הַכְּלָבִים וּמַאֲכִיל אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל נְבֵלוֹת וּטְרֵפוֹת, אַרְפּוּן לְהוֹן מִדִּידְהוֹן אִינוּן אָכְלִין. (ויקרא ד, ד): וְהֵבִיא אֶת הַפָּר אֶל פֶּתַח אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד, אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק מָשָׁל לְאוֹהֲבוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ שֶׁכִּבְדוֹ בְּדוֹרוֹן וּבְקִלּוּסִין נָאֶה, אָמַר הַמֶּלֶךְ הַנִּיחוּ אוֹתוֹ עַל פֶּתַח פָּלָטִין, כָּל שֶׁיֵּצֵא וְנִכְנַס יְהֵא רוֹאֶה אוֹתוֹ, כָּךְ וְהֵבִיא אֶת הַפָּר אֶל פֶּתַח אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד. | |
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6. Anon., Sifre Deuteronomy, 16, 144 (2nd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
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7. Anon., Sifre Numbers, 92, 118 (2nd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
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8. Palestinian Talmud, Sanhedrin, 1.2 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
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9. Palestinian Talmud, Bikkurim, 3.3 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
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