1. Hebrew Bible, Exodus, 3.14, 19.6 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods, faith vs. •faith, external goods contrasted with •trust in god vs. external goods •external goods, “the eye of the soul” Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 99, 403| 3.14. "וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים אֶל־מֹשֶׁה אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה וַיֹּאמֶר כֹּה תֹאמַר לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶהְיֶה שְׁלָחַנִי אֲלֵיכֶם׃", 19.6. "וְאַתֶּם תִּהְיוּ־לִי מַמְלֶכֶת כֹּהֲנִים וְגוֹי קָדוֹשׁ אֵלֶּה הַדְּבָרִים אֲשֶׁר תְּדַבֵּר אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל׃", | 3.14. "And God said unto Moses: ‘I AM THAT I AM’; and He said: ‘Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel: I AM hath sent me unto you.’", 19.6. "and ye shall be unto Me a kingdom of priests, and a holy nation. These are the words which thou shalt speak unto the children of Israel.’", |
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2. Hebrew Bible, Psalms, 36.4 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods Found in books: Geljon and Runia (2019), Philo of Alexandria: On Planting: Introduction, Translation and Commentary, 151| 36.4. "דִּבְרֵי־פִיו אָוֶן וּמִרְמָה חָדַל לְהַשְׂכִּיל לְהֵיטִיב׃", | 36.4. "The words of his mouth are iniquity and deceit; He hath left off to be wise, to do good.", |
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3. Hebrew Bible, Numbers, 20.18 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods Found in books: Geljon and Runia (2019), Philo of Alexandria: On Planting: Introduction, Translation and Commentary, 151| 20.18. "וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו אֱדוֹם לֹא תַעֲבֹר בִּי פֶּן־בַּחֶרֶב אֵצֵא לִקְרָאתֶךָ׃", | 20.18. "And Edom said unto him: ‘Thou shalt not pass through me, lest I come out with the sword against thee.’", |
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4. Hebrew Bible, Genesis, 2.1, 2.7, 11.10, 11.11, 11.12, 11.13, 11.26, 11.27, 11.28, 11.31, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.7, 13.7, 13.8, 13.9, 15.5, 15.6, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 16.5, 16.6, 17.5, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4, 18.5, 18.6, 18.7, 18.8, 18.9, 18.10, 18.11, 18.12, 18.13, 18.14, 18.15, 18.16-19.29, 19.1, 19.2, 19.19, 21.19, 22.9, 22.16, 24.1, 26.5, 38.20, 38.21, 38.22, 38.23 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 134, 394, 399; Geljon and Runia (2019), Philo of Alexandria: On Planting: Introduction, Translation and Commentary, 188| 15.6. "וְהֶאֱמִן בַּיהוָה וַיַּחְשְׁבֶהָ לּוֹ צְדָקָה׃", | 15.6. "And he believed in the LORD; and He counted it to him for righteousness.", |
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5. Hebrew Bible, Deuteronomy, 10.12 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods, “the eye of the soul” Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 269| 10.12. "וְעַתָּה יִשְׂרָאֵל מָה יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ שֹׁאֵל מֵעִמָּךְ כִּי אִם־לְיִרְאָה אֶת־יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ לָלֶכֶת בְּכָל־דְּרָכָיו וּלְאַהֲבָה אֹתוֹ וְלַעֲבֹד אֶת־יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ בְּכָל־לְבָבְךָ וּבְכָל־נַפְשֶׁךָ׃", | 10.12. "And now, Israel, what doth the LORD thy God require of thee, but to fear the LORD thy God, to walk in all His ways, and to love Him, and to serve the LORD thy God with all thy heart and with all thy soul;", |
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6. Hesiod, Works And Days, 288-289, 287 (8th cent. BCE - 7th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 199 | 287. Perses, remember this, serve righteousne |
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7. Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound, 139 (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods, “the eye of the soul” Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 298| 139. χθόνʼ ἀκοιμήτῳ ῥεύματι παῖδες | |
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8. Plato, Sophist, None (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •goods, apparent/external Found in books: Joosse (2021), Olympiodorus of Alexandria: Exegete, Teacher, Platonic Philosopher, 98| 227d. πειρώμενος αὖ τὸ λεχθὲν διχῇ τέμνειν. ΘΕΑΙ. καθʼ ὁποῖʼ ἂν ὑφηγῇ πειράσομαί σοι συντέμνειν. ΞΕ. πονηρίαν ἕτερον ἀρετῆς ἐν ψυχῇ λέγομέν τι; ΘΕΑΙ. πῶς γὰρ οὔ; ΞΕ. καὶ μὴν καθαρμός γʼ ἦν τὸ λείπειν μὲν θάτερον, ἐκβάλλειν δὲ ὅσον ἂν ᾖ πού τι φλαῦρον. ΘΕΑΙ. ἦν γὰρ οὖν. ΞΕ. καὶ ψυχῆς ἄρα, καθʼ ὅσον ἂν εὑρίσκωμεν κακίας ἀφαίρεσίν τινα, καθαρμὸν αὐτὸν λέγοντες ἐν μέλει φθεγξόμεθα. ΘΕΑΙ. καὶ μάλα γε. ΞΕ. δύο μὲν εἴδη κακίας περὶ ψυχὴν ῥητέον. ΘΕΑΙ. ποῖα; | 227d. and try again to divide the term. Theaet. In whatever way you suggest, I will try to help you in making the division. Str. Do we say that wickedness is distinct from virtue in the soul? Theaet. of course. Str. And purification was retaining the one and throwing out whatever is bad anywhere? Theaet. Yes, it was. Str. Hence whenever we find any removal of evil from the soul, we shall be speaking properly if we call that a purification. Theaet. Very properly. Str. We must say that there are two kinds of evil in the soul. Theaet. What kinds? |
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| 9. Plato, Alcibiades I, None (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •goods, apparent/external Found in books: Joosse (2021), Olympiodorus of Alexandria: Exegete, Teacher, Platonic Philosopher, 98 |
| 10. Plato, Symposium, None (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods, faith vs. •external goods, virtue vs. •faith, external goods contrasted with •trust in god vs. external goods •virtue, vs. wealth or external goods Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 395 |
11. Plato, Phaedrus, None (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 346| 246c. μὲν οὖν οὖσα καὶ ἐπτερωμένη μετεωροπορεῖ τε καὶ πάντα τὸν κόσμον διοικεῖ, ἡ δὲ πτερορρυήσασα φέρεται ἕως ἂν στερεοῦ τινος ἀντιλάβηται, οὗ κατοικισθεῖσα, σῶμα γήϊνον λαβοῦσα, αὐτὸ αὑτὸ δοκοῦν κινεῖν διὰ τὴν ἐκείνης δύναμιν, ζῷον τὸ σύμπαν ἐκλήθη, ψυχὴ καὶ σῶμα παγέν, θνητόν τʼ ἔσχεν ἐπωνυμίαν· ἀθάνατον δὲ οὐδʼ ἐξ ἑνὸς λόγου λελογισμένου, ἀλλὰ πλάττομεν οὔτε ἰδόντες οὔτε ἱκανῶς νοήσαντες | 246c. and fully winged, it mounts upward and governs the whole world; but the soul which has lost its wings is borne along until it gets hold of something solid, when it settles down, taking upon itself an earthly body, which seems to be self-moving, because of the power of the soul within it; and the whole, compounded of soul and body, is called a living being, and is further designated as mortal. It is not immortal by any reasonable supposition, but we, though we have never seen |
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| 12. Plato, Menexenus, None (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •goods, external Found in books: Tsouni (2019), Antiochus and Peripatetic Ethics, 173 |
| 13. Plato, Laws, None (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Tsouni (2019), Antiochus and Peripatetic Ethics, 173 |
14. Plato, Republic, None (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Joosse (2021), Olympiodorus of Alexandria: Exegete, Teacher, Platonic Philosopher, 100| 520c. ἀμφοτέρων μετέχειν. καταβατέον οὖν ἐν μέρει ἑκάστῳ εἰς τὴν τῶν ἄλλων συνοίκησιν καὶ συνεθιστέον τὰ σκοτεινὰ θεάσασθαι· συνεθιζόμενοι γὰρ μυρίῳ βέλτιον ὄψεσθε τῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ γνώσεσθε ἕκαστα τὰ εἴδωλα ἅττα ἐστὶ καὶ ὧν, διὰ τὸ τἀληθῆ ἑωρακέναι καλῶν τε καὶ δικαίων καὶ ἀγαθῶν πέρι. καὶ οὕτω ὕπαρ ἡμῖν καὶ ὑμῖν ἡ πόλις οἰκήσεται ἀλλʼ οὐκ ὄναρ, ὡς νῦν αἱ πολλαὶ ὑπὸ σκιαμαχούντων τε πρὸς ἀλλήλους καὶ στασιαζόντων περὶ τοῦ ἄρχειν | 520c. and more complete education than the others, and you are more capable of sharing both ways of life. Down you must go then, each in his turn, to the habitation of the others and accustom yourselves to the observation of the obscure things there. For once habituated you will discern them infinitely better than the dwellers there, and you will know what each of the idols is and whereof it is a semblance, because you have seen the reality of the beautiful, the just and the good. So our city will be governed by us and you with waking minds, and not, as most cities now which are inhabited and ruled darkly as in a dream by men who fight one another |
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| 15. Plato, Gorgias, None (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •goods, external Found in books: Tsouni (2019), Antiochus and Peripatetic Ethics, 173 |
| 16. Plato, Crito, None (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •goods, external Found in books: Tsouni (2019), Antiochus and Peripatetic Ethics, 173 |
| 17. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, None (4th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Tsouni (2019), Antiochus and Peripatetic Ethics, 174 |
| 18. Anaximenes of Lampsacus, Rhetoric To Alexander, 11 (4th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods Found in books: Geljon and Runia (2019), Philo of Alexandria: On Planting: Introduction, Translation and Commentary, 188 |
19. Septuagint, Ecclesiasticus (Siracides), 22.9 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods, “the eye of the soul” Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 217 | 22.9. Do not accustom your mouth to oaths,and do not habitually utter the name of the Holy One; |
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20. Cicero, De Finibus, 2.34, 4.45, 5.14, 5.71, 5.84, 5.86, 5.91-5.92 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •goods, external Found in books: Tsouni (2019), Antiochus and Peripatetic Ethics, 51, 173, 177 | 2.34. Whether the list of these primary natural objects of desire includes pleasure or not is a much debated question; but to hold that it includes nothing else but pleasure, neither the limbs, nor the senses, nor mental activity, nor bodily integrity nor health, seems to me to be the height of stupidity. And this is the fountain-head from which one's whole theory of Goods and Evils must necessarily flow. Polemo, and also before him Aristotle, held that the primary objects were the ones I have just mentioned. Thus arose the doctrine of the Old Academy and of the Peripatetics, maintaining that the End of Goods is to live in accordance with Nature, that is, to enjoy the primary gifts of Nature's bestowal with the accompaniment of virtue. Callipho coupled with virtue pleasure alone; Diodorus freedom from pain. . . . In the case of all the philosophers mentioned, their End of Goods logically follows: with Aristippus it is pleasure pure and simple; with the Stoics, harmony with Nature, which they interpret as meaning virtuous or morally good life, and further explain this as meaning to live with an understanding of the natural course of events, selecting things that are in accordance with Nature and rejecting the opposite. 4.45. But first I would have you observe that the most important of all your doctrines, the head of the array, namely that Moral Worth alone is good and that the moral life is the End of Goods, will be shared with you by all those who make the End of Goods consist of virtue alone; and your view that it is impossible to frame a conception of Virtue if anything beside Moral Worth be counted in it, will also be maintained by the philosophers whom I just now mentioned. To my mind it would have been fairer for Zeno in his dispute with Polemo, whose teaching as to the primary impulses of nature he had adopted, to have started from the fundamental tenets which they held in common, and to have marked the point where he first called a halt and where occasion for divergence arose; not to take his stand with thinkers who did not even profess to hold that the Chief Good, as they severally conceived it, was based on natural instinct, and employ the same arguments and the same doctrines as they did. 5.14. "I pass over a number of writers, including the learned and entertaining Hieronymus. Indeed I know no reason for calling the latter a Peripatetic at all; for he defined the Chief Good as freedom from pain: and to hold a different view of the Chief Good is to hold a different system of philosophy altogether. Critolaus professed to imitate the ancients; and he does in fact come nearest to them in weight, and has a flowing style; all the same, even he is not true to the principles of his ancestors. Diodorus, his pupil, couples with Moral Worth freedom from pain. He too stands by himself; differing about the Chief Good he cannot correctly be called a Peripatetic. Our master Antiochus seems to me to adhere most scrupulously to the doctrine of the ancients, which according to his teaching was common to Aristotle and to Polemo. 5.71. Come now, my dear Lucius, build in your imagination the lofty and towering structure of the virtues; then you will feel no doubt that those who achieve them, guiding themselves by magimity and uprightness, are always happy; realizing as they do that all the vicissitudes of fortune, the ebb and flow of time and of circumstance, will be trifling and feeble if brought into conflict with virtue. The things we reckon as bodily goods do, it is true, form a factor in supreme happiness, but yet happiness is possible without them. For those supplementary goods are so small and slight in the full radiance of the virtues they are as invisible as the stars in sunlight. 5.84. Your school are not so logical. 'Three classes of goods': your exposition runs smoothly on. But when it comes to its conclusion, it finds itself in trouble; for it wants to assert that the Wise Man can lack no requisite of happiness. That is the moral style, the style of Socrates and of Plato too. 'I dare assert it,' cries the Academic. You cannot, unless you recast the earlier part of the argument. If poverty is an evil, no beggar can be happy, be he as wise as you like. But Zeno dared to say that a wise beggar was not only happy but also wealthy. Pain is an evil: then a man undergoing crucifixion cannot be happy. Children are a good: then childlessness is miserable; one's country is good: then exile is miserable; health is a good: then sickness is miserable; soundness of body is a good; then infirmity is miserable; good eyesight is a good: then blindness is miserable. Perhaps the philosopher's consolations can alleviate each of these misfortunes singly; but how will he enable us to endure them all together? Suppose a man to be at once blind, infirm, afflicted by dire disease, in exile, childless, destitute and tortured on the rack; what is your name, Zeno, for him? 'A happy man,' says Zeno. A supremely happy man as well? 'To be sure,' he will reply, 'because I have proved that happiness no more admits of degrees than does virtue, in which happiness itself consists.' 5.86. "Then don't you think they are evils?" he said. "To that question," said I, "whichever reply I make, you are bound to be in difficulties." "How so exactly?" he asked. "Because," I replied, "if they are evils, the man who suffers from them will not be happy; and on the other hand if they are not evils, down topples the whole Peripatetic system." "I see what you are at," cried he smiling; "you are afraid of my robbing you of a pupil." "Oh," said I, "you are welcome to convert him if he wants to be converted; for if he is in your fold, he will be in mine.""Listen then, Lucius," said Piso, "for I must address myself to you. The whole importance of philosophy lies, as Theophrastus says, in the attainment of happiness; since an ardent desire for happiness possesses us all. 5.91. But you will say that a life which contains some evil cannot be happy. At that rate a crop of corn is not a heavy and abundant crop if you can spy a single stalk of wild oat among it; a business is not profitable if among enormous profits it incurs a trifling loss. Does one principle hold good in everything else, but another in conduct? And will you not judge the whole of life by its largest part? Is there any doubt that virtue plays so far the largest part in human affairs that it obliterates everything else? Well, then, I shall make bold to call the other things in accordance with nature 'goods,' and not cheat them of their old name, rather than excogitate some new one; but I shall place the massive bulk of virtue in the opposite scale of the balance. 5.92. Believe me, that scale will weigh down earth and sea combined. It is a universal rule that any whole takes its name from its most predomit and preponderant part. We say that a man is a cheerful fellow; but if for once he falls into low spirits, has he therefore lost his title to cheerfulness for ever? Well, the rule was not applied to Marcus Crassus, who according to Lucilius laughed but once in his life; that did not prevent his having the name of agelastos, as Lucilius says he had. Polycrates of Samos was called 'the fortunate.' Not a single untoward accident had ever befallen him, except that he had thrown his favourite ring overboard at sea. Did that single annoyance then make him unfortunate? and did he become fortunate again when the very same ring was found in a fish's belly? But Polycrates, if he was foolish (which he apparently was, since he was a tyrant), was never happy; if wise, he was not unhappy even when crucified by Oroetes, the satrap of Darius. 'But,' you say, 'many evils befell him!' Who denies it? but those evils were eclipsed by the magnitude of his virtue. |
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21. Cicero, On The Ends of Good And Evil, 2.34, 4.45, 5.14, 5.71, 5.84, 5.86, 5.91-5.92 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •goods, external Found in books: Tsouni (2019), Antiochus and Peripatetic Ethics, 51, 173, 177| 2.34. in his primis naturalibus voluptas insit necne, magna quaestio est. nihil vero putare esse praeter voluptatem, non membra, non sensus, non ingenii motum, non integritatem corporis, non valitudinem corporis, non valitudinem corporis om. E non valetudinem ( om. cor- poris) edd. summae mihi videtur inscitiae. Atque ab isto capite fluere necesse est omnem rationem bonorum et malorum. Polemoni et iam et iam NV etiam ante Aristoteli ea prima visa sunt, quae paulo ante paulo ante § 33 omne enim animal ... asperneturque contraria dixi. ergo nata est sententia veterum Academicorum et Peripateticorum, ut finem bonorum dicerent secundum naturam vivere, id est virtute adhibita frui primis a natura datis. Callipho ad virtutem nihil adiunxit nisi voluptatem, Diodorus vacuitatem doloris. * * Mdv. : ' nonnulla exciderunt, quibus Cicero simili forma atque supra (Polemoni et Aristoteli ea prima visa sunt cet. ) dixerit, quae alii prima posuissent; tum rectissime (quemadmodum ante: ergo nata est cet.) subiciebatur de finibus : his omnibus, quos dixi, consequentes (consentanei iis, quae posita sunt prima) sunt fines bonorum. Et fortasse etiam Carneadem et Hieronymum no- minarat, sed hic exempli causa solos Aristippum et Stoicos ponit. ' his omnibus, quos dixi, consequentes fines sunt fines sunt etiam A bonorum, Aristippo simplex voluptas, Stoicis Stoicis N 2 stoici consentire naturae, quod esse volunt e virtute, id est honeste, vivere, quod ita interpretantur: vivere cum intellegentia rerum earum, quae natura evenirent, eligentem ea, quae essent secundum naturam, reicientemque reficientemque A 1 BERN contraria. 4.45. sed primum illud vide, gravissimam illam vestram sententiam, quae familiam ducit, honestum quod sit, id esse bonum solum bonum solum BERNV honesteque vivere bonorum finem, communem fore vobis cum omnibus, qui in una virtute constituunt finem bonorum, quodque dicitis, informari non posse virtutem, si quicquam, nisi quod honestum sit, numeretur, idem dicetur ab illis, modo quos modo quos BERNV nominavi. mihi autem aequius videbatur Zenonem cum Polemone disceptantem, a quo quae essent principia naturae acceperat, acceperat V accederat R ac- cederet BE concederat N a communibus initiis progredientem videre ubi primum insisteret et unde causa controversiae nasceretur, non stantem cum iis, qui ne dicerent quidem sua summa bona esse a a N 2 V om. BERN 1 natura profecta, uti isdem argumentis, quibus illi uterentur, isdemque sententiis. 5.14. praetereo multos, in his doctum hominem et suavem, Hieronymum, quem iam cur Peripateticum appellem nescio. summum enim bonum exposuit vacuitatem doloris; qui autem de summo bono dissentit de tota philosophiae ratione dissentit. Critolaus imitari voluit antiquos, et quidem est gravitate proximus, et redundat oratio, ac tamen ne is is his R quidem in patriis institutis add. Brem. manet. Diodorus, eius auditor, adiungit ad honestatem vacuitatem doloris. hic hic his R quoque suus est de summoque bono dissentiens dici vere Peripateticus non potest. antiquorum autem sententiam Antiochus noster mihi videtur persequi diligentissime, quam eandem Aristoteli aristotilis R, N ( fort. corr. ex aristotili), V fuisse et Polemonis docet. 5.71. iam non dubitabis, quin earum compotes homines magno animo erectoque viventes semper sint beati, qui omnis motus fortunae mutationesque rerum et temporum levis et inbecillos fore intellegant, si in virtutis certamen venerint. illa enim, quae sunt a nobis bona corporis numerata, complent ea quidem beatissimam vitam, sed ita, ut sine illis possit beata vita existere. consistere R ita enim parvae et exiguae sunt istae accessiones bonorum, ut, quem ad modum stellae in radiis solis, sic istae in virtutum splendore ne certur quidem. Atque hoc ut vere dicitur, parva esse ad beate vivendum momenta ista corporis commodorum, sic nimis violentum est nulla esse dicere; 5.84. dato dato edd. date hoc dandum erit erit est BE illud. Quod vestri non item. 'Tria genera bonorum'; proclivi proclivis V currit oratio. venit ad extremum; haeret in salebra. cupit enim dicere nihil posse ad beatam vitam deesse sapienti. honesta oratio, Socratica, Platonis etiam. Audeo dicere, inquit. Non potes, potes cod. Glogav., Dav. ; potest nisi retexueris illa. paupertas si malum est, mendicus beatus esse esse beatus BE nemo potest, quamvis sit sapiens. at Zeno eum non beatum modo, sed etiam divitem dicere ausus est. dolere malum est: in crucem qui agitur, in crucem qui agitur cod. Mor., marg. Crat. ; in crucem quia igitur BE in cruce. Quia igitur RV beatus esse non potest. bonum liberi: misera orbitas. bonum patria: miserum exilium. bonum valitudo: miser miser Mdv. miserum RV om. BE morbus. bonum integritas corporis: misera debilitas. bonum incolumis acies: misera caecitas. quae si potest singula consolando levare, universa quo modo sustinebit? sustinebis BE substinebis V sit enim idem caecus, debilis, morbo gravissimo affectus, exul, orbus, egens, torqueatur eculeo: eculeo dett. aculeo quem hunc appellas, Zeno? Beatum, inquit. Etiam beatissimum? Quippe, inquiet, cum tam tam dett., om. BERV docuerim gradus istam rem non habere quam virtutem, in qua sit ipsum etiam beatum. 5.86. Id quaeris, Id quaeris P. Man. id queres BE Idque res R Id que res V inquam, in quo, utrum respondero, utrum respondero Lamb. utrum respondebo R tibi utrum respondebo V respondebo utrum BE verses te huc atque illuc necesse est. Quo tandem modo? inquit. Quia, si mala sunt, is, qui erit in iis, beatus non erit; si mala non sunt, iacet omnis ratio Peripateticorum. Et ille ridens: Video, inquit, quid agas; ne discipulum abducam, times. Tu vero, inquam, ducas licet, si sequetur; sequatur RV erit enim mecum, si tecum erit. Audi igitur, inquit, Luci; tecum enim mihi enim mihi Lamb. enim (est V) ut ait theophrastus mihi instituenda oratio est. Omnis auctoritas philosophiae, ut ait Theophrastus, ut ait Theophrastus Lamb. om. BERV Non. consistit constitit ( LBA Lindsay ) Non. in beata vita comparanda; omnis auct.... comparanda Non. p. 256 beate enim vivendi cupiditate incensi omnes sumus. hoc mihi cum tuo fratre convenit. vivendi ... convenit Non. p. 271 5.91. At enim, qua in vita est aliquid mali, ea beata esse non potest. ne seges quidem igitur spicis uberibus et crebris, si avenam uspiam videris, nec mercatura quaestuosa, si in maximis lucris paulum paulum Brem. parum aliquid damni contraxerit. an hoc usque quaque, aliter in vita? et non ex maxima parte de tota iudicabis? an dubium est, quin virtus ita maximam partem optineat in rebus humanis, ut reliquas obruat? Audebo audeo R igitur cetera, quae secundum naturam sint, sunt V bona appellare nec fraudare fraudari BR suo vetere vetere Wes. ad or. p. Sest. p. 7 (sec. Mdv) veteri nomine neque iam neque iam Se. quam aliquod aliquod Lamb. aliquid RV ali- quam BE potius novum exquirere, acquirere E virtutis autem amplitudinem quasi in altera librae lance ponere. 5.92. terram, mihi crede, ea lanx et maria deprimet. semper enim ex eo, quod maximas partes continet latissimeque funditur, tota res appellatur. dicimus aliquem hilare vivere; ergo, si semel tristior effectus est, hilara vita amissa est? at at Ascens. an hoc in eo M. Crasso, quem semel ait in vita ait in vita om. Sacerd. risisse quem ... risisse Sacerd. (gramm. Lat. ex rec. H. Keil VI 442) Lucilius, non contigit, ut ea re minus a)ge/lastos, ut ait idem, vocaretur. Polycratem Samium felicem appellabant. nihil acciderat acciderat V accideret ei, quod nollet, nisi quod anulum, quo delectabatur, in mari abiecerat. ergo infelix una molestia, felix rursus, cum is ipse anulus in praecordiis piscis inventus est? ille vero, si insipiens—quod certe, quoniam tyrannus—, numquam beatus; si sapiens, ne tum quidem miser, cum ab Oroete, Oroete Vict. oronte BE oriente R orente V praetore Darei, in crucem actus est. At At V ad R et BE multis malis affectus. Quis negat? sed ea mala virtutis magnitudine obruebantur. | 2.34. Whether the list of these primary natural objects of desire includes pleasure or not is a much debated question; but to hold that it includes nothing else but pleasure, neither the limbs, nor the senses, nor mental activity, nor bodily integrity nor health, seems to me to be the height of stupidity. And this is the fountain-head from which one's whole theory of Goods and Evils must necessarily flow. Polemo, and also before him Aristotle, held that the primary objects were the ones I have just mentioned. Thus arose the doctrine of the Old Academy and of the Peripatetics, maintaining that the End of Goods is to live in accordance with Nature, that is, to enjoy the primary gifts of Nature's bestowal with the accompaniment of virtue. Callipho coupled with virtue pleasure alone; Diodorus freedom from pain. . . . In the case of all the philosophers mentioned, their End of Goods logically follows: with Aristippus it is pleasure pure and simple; with the Stoics, harmony with Nature, which they interpret as meaning virtuous or morally good life, and further explain this as meaning to live with an understanding of the natural course of events, selecting things that are in accordance with Nature and rejecting the opposite. 4.45. But first I would have you observe that the most important of all your doctrines, the head of the array, namely that Moral Worth alone is good and that the moral life is the End of Goods, will be shared with you by all those who make the End of Goods consist of virtue alone; and your view that it is impossible to frame a conception of Virtue if anything beside Moral Worth be counted in it, will also be maintained by the philosophers whom I just now mentioned. To my mind it would have been fairer for Zeno in his dispute with Polemo, whose teaching as to the primary impulses of nature he had adopted, to have started from the fundamental tenets which they held in common, and to have marked the point where he first called a halt and where occasion for divergence arose; not to take his stand with thinkers who did not even profess to hold that the Chief Good, as they severally conceived it, was based on natural instinct, and employ the same arguments and the same doctrines as they did. 5.14. "I pass over a number of writers, including the learned and entertaining Hieronymus. Indeed I know no reason for calling the latter a Peripatetic at all; for he defined the Chief Good as freedom from pain: and to hold a different view of the Chief Good is to hold a different system of philosophy altogether. Critolaus professed to imitate the ancients; and he does in fact come nearest to them in weight, and has a flowing style; all the same, even he is not true to the principles of his ancestors. Diodorus, his pupil, couples with Moral Worth freedom from pain. He too stands by himself; differing about the Chief Good he cannot correctly be called a Peripatetic. Our master Antiochus seems to me to adhere most scrupulously to the doctrine of the ancients, which according to his teaching was common to Aristotle and to Polemo. 5.71. Come now, my dear Lucius, build in your imagination the lofty and towering structure of the virtues; then you will feel no doubt that those who achieve them, guiding themselves by magimity and uprightness, are always happy; realizing as they do that all the vicissitudes of fortune, the ebb and flow of time and of circumstance, will be trifling and feeble if brought into conflict with virtue. The things we reckon as bodily goods do, it is true, form a factor in supreme happiness, but yet happiness is possible without them. For those supplementary goods are so small and slight in the full radiance of the virtues they are as invisible as the stars in sunlight. 5.84. Your school are not so logical. 'Three classes of goods': your exposition runs smoothly on. But when it comes to its conclusion, it finds itself in trouble; for it wants to assert that the Wise Man can lack no requisite of happiness. That is the moral style, the style of Socrates and of Plato too. 'I dare assert it,' cries the Academic. You cannot, unless you recast the earlier part of the argument. If poverty is an evil, no beggar can be happy, be he as wise as you like. But Zeno dared to say that a wise beggar was not only happy but also wealthy. Pain is an evil: then a man undergoing crucifixion cannot be happy. Children are a good: then childlessness is miserable; one's country is good: then exile is miserable; health is a good: then sickness is miserable; soundness of body is a good; then infirmity is miserable; good eyesight is a good: then blindness is miserable. Perhaps the philosopher's consolations can alleviate each of these misfortunes singly; but how will he enable us to endure them all together? Suppose a man to be at once blind, infirm, afflicted by dire disease, in exile, childless, destitute and tortured on the rack; what is your name, Zeno, for him? 'A happy man,' says Zeno. A supremely happy man as well? 'To be sure,' he will reply, 'because I have proved that happiness no more admits of degrees than does virtue, in which happiness itself consists.' 5.86. "Then don't you think they are evils?" he said. "To that question," said I, "whichever reply I make, you are bound to be in difficulties." "How so exactly?" he asked. "Because," I replied, "if they are evils, the man who suffers from them will not be happy; and on the other hand if they are not evils, down topples the whole Peripatetic system." "I see what you are at," cried he smiling; "you are afraid of my robbing you of a pupil." "Oh," said I, "you are welcome to convert him if he wants to be converted; for if he is in your fold, he will be in mine.""Listen then, Lucius," said Piso, "for I must address myself to you. The whole importance of philosophy lies, as Theophrastus says, in the attainment of happiness; since an ardent desire for happiness possesses us all. 5.91. But you will say that a life which contains some evil cannot be happy. At that rate a crop of corn is not a heavy and abundant crop if you can spy a single stalk of wild oat among it; a business is not profitable if among enormous profits it incurs a trifling loss. Does one principle hold good in everything else, but another in conduct? And will you not judge the whole of life by its largest part? Is there any doubt that virtue plays so far the largest part in human affairs that it obliterates everything else? Well, then, I shall make bold to call the other things in accordance with nature 'goods,' and not cheat them of their old name, rather than excogitate some new one; but I shall place the massive bulk of virtue in the opposite scale of the balance. 5.92. Believe me, that scale will weigh down earth and sea combined. It is a universal rule that any whole takes its name from its most predomit and preponderant part. We say that a man is a cheerful fellow; but if for once he falls into low spirits, has he therefore lost his title to cheerfulness for ever? Well, the rule was not applied to Marcus Crassus, who according to Lucilius laughed but once in his life; that did not prevent his having the name of agelastos, as Lucilius says he had. Polycrates of Samos was called 'the fortunate.' Not a single untoward accident had ever befallen him, except that he had thrown his favourite ring overboard at sea. Did that single annoyance then make him unfortunate? and did he become fortunate again when the very same ring was found in a fish's belly? But Polycrates, if he was foolish (which he apparently was, since he was a tyrant), was never happy; if wise, he was not unhappy even when crucified by Oroetes, the satrap of Darius. 'But,' you say, 'many evils befell him!' Who denies it? but those evils were eclipsed by the magnitude of his virtue. |
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22. Cicero, Tusculan Disputations, 5.34, 5.91 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •goods, external •external goods Found in books: Geljon and Runia (2019), Philo of Alexandria: On Planting: Introduction, Translation and Commentary, 185; Tsouni (2019), Antiochus and Peripatetic Ethics, 173| 5.34. quare demus hoc sane Bruto, ut sit beatus semper sapiens—quam sibi conveniat, ipse ipsa X corr. V 2 viderit; gloria quidem huius sententiae quis est illo viro dignior?—, nos tamen teneamus, ut sit idem beatissimus. Et si Zeno Citieus, ticieus R cici eus K 1 advena quidam et ignobilis verborum opifex, insinuasse se se om. Non. in antiquam philosophiam videtur, advena... 3 videtur Non. 457, 25 huius sententiae gravitas a Platonis auctoritate repetatur, apud quem saepe haec oratio usurpata est, ut nihil praeter virtutem diceretur bonum. velut velud KR in Gorgia Gorg. 470 d Socrates, cum esset ex eo quaesitum, Archelaum arcelaum hic X (arcael.G) Perdiccae filium, qui tum fortunatissimus haberetur, nonne beatum putaret, haud scio inquit; 5.91. Socrates, in pompa cum magna vis auri argentique ferretur, ferretur in mg.add. G 2 ut v. quam multa non desidero! inquit. Xenocrates, sqq. cf. Val. Max. 4,3 ext. 3 cum legati ab Alexandro quinquaginta ei talenta attulissent, quae erat pecunia temporibus illis, Athenis praesertim, maxuma, abduxit legatos legata K ad cenam in Academiam; is apposuit tantum, quod satis esset, esset est et K 1 nullo apparatu. cum postridie rogarent eum, cui numerari iuberet, luberet G quid? vos hesterna inquit cenula non intellexistis intellexisti KR 1 me pecunia non egere? quos quos s R 2 V 3 quod X cum tristioris vidisset, triginta minas accepit, ne aspernari regis liberalitatem videretur. | |
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| 23. Philo of Alexandria, On Planting, 52 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods, virtue vs. •virtue, vs. wealth or external goods Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 345 |
24. Philo of Alexandria, On The Creation of The World, 46, 79, 154 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Geljon and Runia (2019), Philo of Alexandria: On Planting: Introduction, Translation and Commentary, 151 | 154. And these statements appear to me to be dictated by a philosophy which is symbolical rather than strictly accurate. For no trees of life or of knowledge have ever at any previous time appeared upon the earth, nor is it likely that any will appear hereafter. But I rather conceive that Moses was speaking in an allegorical spirit, intending by his paradise to intimate the domit character of the soul, which is full of innumerable opinions as this figurative paradise was of trees. And by the tree of life he was shadowing out the greatest of the virtuesùnamely, piety towards the gods, by means of which the soul is made immortal; and by the tree which had the knowledge of good an evil, he was intimating that wisdom and moderation, by means of which things, contrary in their nature to one another, are distinguished. LV. |
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25. Philo of Alexandria, On The Change of Names, 5, 147 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Geljon and Runia (2019), Philo of Alexandria: On Planting: Introduction, Translation and Commentary, 189 | 147. And this is why he only says that he will give her one son. And now he called it a son, not speaking carelessly or inconsiderately, but for the sake of showing that it is not a foreign, or a supposititious, nor an adopted, nor an illegitimate child, but a legitimate child, a proper citizen, inasmuch as a foreign child cannot be the offspring of a truly citizen soul, for the Greek word teknon (son), is derived from tokos (bringing forth), by way of showing the kindred by which children are, by nature, united to their parents. XXVII. |
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| 26. Philo of Alexandria, On The Life of Joseph, 112, 130-139, 142, 144 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Geljon and Runia (2019), Philo of Alexandria: On Planting: Introduction, Translation and Commentary, 185 |
27. Philo of Alexandria, On The Posterity of Cain, 122, 130, 161, 25, 8, 4 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Geljon and Runia (2019), Philo of Alexandria: On Planting: Introduction, Translation and Commentary, 188 | 4. And the fact of God's having passions like unto those of man follows of necessity from the fact of his having a form like that of man: since all those limbs are not superfluous and mere exuberances, but have been made by nature as assistants of the weakness of those who possess them, and she has adapted them in a manner suitable to and consistent with their natural necessities and offices. But the living God has need of nothing; so that as he does not at all require the assistance to be derived from the parts of the body, he cannot possibly have such parts at all. II. |
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28. Philo of Alexandria, On Flight And Finding, 153, 200, 152 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 345 | 152. And when will this be? when she willingly exchanges what is of importance for what is indifferent, preferring spurious to genuine good. Now the genuine good things are faith, the connection and union of words with deeds, and the rule of right instruction, as on the other hand the evils are, faithlessness, a want of such connection between words and deeds, and ignorance. And spurious goods are those which depend upon appetite devoid of reason; |
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29. Philo of Alexandria, On Drunkenness, 44 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods, “the eye of the soul” Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 199 | 44. for as the sun, when he has arisen, hides the stars, pouring forth his own light altogether over our sight, so also when the beams of the light-giving God, unmingled as they are, and entirely pure, and visible at the greatest distance, shone upon the eye of the soul, being comprehensible only by the intellect, then the eye of the soul can see nothing else; for the knowledge of the living God having beamed upon it, out-dazzles everything else, so that even those things which are most brilliant by their own intrinsic light appear to be dark in comparison. |
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| 30. Philo of Alexandria, On The Decalogue, 50 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods, faith vs. •faith, external goods contrasted with •trust in god vs. external goods Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 402 |
| 31. Philo of Alexandria, On The Preliminary Studies, 142, 81, 35 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 345 |
32. Philo of Alexandria, On The Confusion of Tongues, 100, 45, 14 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Geljon and Runia (2019), Philo of Alexandria: On Planting: Introduction, Translation and Commentary, 189 | 14. Those, then, who put these things together, and cavil at them, and raise malicious objections, will be easily refuted separately by those who can produce ready solutions of all such questions as arise from the plain words of the law, arguing in a spirit far from contentious, and not encountering them by sophisms drawn from any other source, but following the connection of natural consequences, which does not permit them to stumble, but which easily puts aside any impediments that arise, so that the course of their arguments proceeds without any interruption or mishap. |
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33. Philo of Alexandria, On The Cherubim, 118, 117 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 400 | 117. And in truth I am not found to be the governor of the outward senses, or perhaps I may even turn out to be their slave, following where they lead me, to colours, to shapes, to sounds, to smells, to flavours, or to other kinds of substances. By all which I think it is shown that we have the use of possessions which in reality belong to others, and that neither glory, nor riches, nor honours, nor authority, nor anything else which concerns our bodies or souls is really our own, nor indeed even life itself. 117. And so they, living in a tranquillity worthy of their time of life, enjoy all abundance, and pass their old age in luxury; while their children make light of all the hardships they undergo to furnish them with the means of support, under the influence both of piety and also of the expectation that they also in their old age will receive the same treatment from their descendants; and so they now discharge the indispensable debt which they owe their parents, knowing that in proper time, they will themselves receive what they are now bestowing. And there are also others who are unable to support themselves, for children are no more able to do so at the commencement of their existence, than their parents are at the end of their lives. On which account the children, having while young been fed in accordance with the spontaneous promptings of nature, now with joy do in return support the old age of their parents. |
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34. Philo of Alexandria, On The Migration of Abraham, 190, 222, 43-45, 13 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 346 | 13. When therefore the mind begins to become acquainted with itself, and to dwell among the speculations which come under the province of the intellect, all the inclinations of the soul for the species which is comprehensible by the intellect will be repelled, which inclination is called by the Hebrews, Lot; for which reason the wise man is represented as distinctly saying, "Depart, and separate yourself from Me;" for it is impossible for a man who is overwhelmed with the love of incorporeal and imperishable objects to dwell with one, whose every inclination is towards the mortal objects of the outward senses. |
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35. Philo of Alexandria, On Curses, 1, 100-126, 37-38, 41-42, 58, 79-99, 62 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 346 | 62. But the soul that is united to virtue has for its inhabitants those persons who are preeminent for virtue, persons whom the double cavern has received in pairs, Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebeckah, Leah and Jacob, virtues and those who possess them; Chebron itself keeping the treasure-house of the memorials of knowledge and wisdom, which is more ancient than Janis and the whole land of Egypt, for nature has made the soul more ancient than the body, that is than Egypt, and virtue more ancient than vice, that is than Janis (and the name Janis, being interpreted, means the command of answer), estimating seniority rather by dignity than by length of time. XVIII. |
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| 36. Philo of Alexandria, Plant., 52 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods, virtue vs. •virtue, vs. wealth or external goods Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 345 |
37. Philo of Alexandria, On The Sacrifices of Cain And Abel, 36, 59-60, 69, 78, 130 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 269 | 130. Moreover, those who have committed unintentional homicide, have been allotted the same cities as the Levites to dwell in, because they also were thought worthy of a privilege because of a holy slaughter. When therefore the soul being changed, came to honour the Egyptian God, the body, as fine gold, then all the sacred writings rushing forth of their own accord with defensive weapons, namely demonstrations according to knowledge, putting forward as their leader and general the chief priest, and prophet, and friend of God, Moses, proclaimed an unceasing war in the cause of piety, and would not hear of peace till they had put down all the doctrines of those who opposed them, so that they naturally came to inhabit the same dwellings, inasmuch as they had done similar actions, though not the same. XXXIX. |
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| 38. Philo of Alexandria, On Sobriety, 17-18, 61 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 400 |
39. Philo of Alexandria, On Dreams, 1.50, 1.80, 1.165, 1.193-1.196, 2.153, 2.237, 2.267 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods, virtue vs. •virtue, vs. wealth or external goods •external goods, “the eye of the soul” Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 199, 217, 269, 298, 345 | 1.50. Blessed therefore are they to whom it has happened to enjoy the delights of wisdom, and to feast upon its speculations and doctrines, and even of the being cheered by them still to thirst for more, feeling an insatiable and increasing desire for knowledge. 1.80. which, after it has arisen, arouses as if from sleep the senses of seeing, and of hearing, and also of taste, and of touch, and of smell, and sends to sleep the intellectual qualities of prudence, and justice, and knowledge, and wisdom, which were all awake. 1.165. It is becoming then for you to act thus; but as for ye, O souls, who have once tasted of divine love, as if you had even awakened from deep sleep, dissipate the mist that is before you; and hasten forward to that beautiful spectacle, putting aside slow and hesitating fear, in order to comprehend all the beautiful sounds and sights which the president of the games has prepared for your advantage. XXVII. 1.193. When, however, he comes into an assembly of friends, he does not begin to speak before he has first accosted each individual among them, and addressed him by name, so that they prick up their ears, and are quiet and attentive, listening to the oracles thus delivered, so as never to forget them or let them escape their memory: since in another passage of scripture we read, "Be silent and Listen." 1.194. In this manner, too, Moses is called up to the bush. For, the scripture says, "When he saw that he was turning aside to see, God called him out of the bush, and said, Moses, Moses: and he said, What is it, Lord?" And Abraham also, on the occasion of offering up his beloved and only son as a burnt-offering, when he was beginning to sacrifice him, and when he had given proof of his piety, was forbidden to destroy the self-taught race, Isaac by name, from among men; 1.195. for at the beginning of his account of this transaction, Moses says that "God did tempt Abraham, and said unto him, Abraham, Abraham; and he said, Behold, here am I. And he said unto him, Take now thy beloved son Isaac, whom thou lovest, and offer him up." And when he had brought the victim to the altar, then the angel of the Lord called him out of heaven, saying, "Abraham, Abraham," and he answered, "Behold, here am I. And he said, Lay not thy hand upon the child, and do nothing to Him." 1.196. Also the practiser of virtue is also called one of this company dear to God, being deservedly accounted worthy of the same honour; for, says the scripture, "The angel of God said to me in my sleep, Jacob: and I answered, and said, What is It?" 2.153. What then? Do we not think that even in ourselves there is a herd of irrational cattle, inasmuch as the irrational multitude of the soul is deprived of reason, and that the shepherd is the governing mind? But as long as that is vigorous and competent to act as the manager of the herd, everything goes on in a just, and prosperous, and advantageous manner; 2.237. Since then all steadiness, and stability, and the abiding for ever in the same place unchangeably and immovably, is first of all seen in the living God, and next in the word of the living God, which he has called his covet; and in the third place in the wise man, and in the fourth degree in him who is advancing towards perfection, what could induce the wicked mind, which is liable to all sorts of curses, to think that it is able to stand by itself, while it is in reality borne about as in a deluge, and dragged hither and thither by the incessant eddies of things flowing in through the dead and agitated body? 2.267. for, say the scriptures, "Not a dog shall move his tongue, nor shall anything, man or beast, utter a Sound;" which is equivalent to saying, It does not become either the impudent tongue to bark and curse--nor the man that is within us, that is to say, our domit mind; nor the cattle-like beast which is within us, that is to say, the outward sense--to boast, when all the evil that was in us has been utterly destroyed, and when an ally from without comes of his own accord to hold his shield over us. XLI. |
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40. Philo of Alexandria, On The Special Laws, 1.49, 1.121, 1.272, 1.299-1.300, 1.330, 2.45, 3.1-3.6, 3.208, 4.40, 4.75, 4.107, 4.112, 4.114, 4.139, 4.141, 4.201 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods, “the eye of the soul” •external goods, virtue vs. •virtue, vs. wealth or external goods •diatribe, on external goods •external goods, diatribe on •external goods Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 199, 269, 298, 344, 345, 346; Geljon and Runia (2019), Philo of Alexandria: On Planting: Introduction, Translation and Commentary, 189 | 1.49. "Do not, then, ever expect to be able to comprehend me nor any one of my powers, in respect of our essence. But, as I have said, I willingly and cheerfully grant unto you such things as you may receive. And this gift is to call you to the beholding of the world and all the things that are in it, which must be comprehended, not indeed by the eyes of the body, but by the sleepless vision of the soul. 1.121. For if in merchant vessels the sailors were to receive an equal share with the pilot of the ship, and if in ships of war the rowers and the mariners were to receive an equal share with the captain, and if in military camps the cavalry of the line were to receive an equal share with their officers, the heavy armed infantry with their colonels, and the colonels with the generals; again, if in cities the parties before the court were to be placed on the same footing with the judges, the committeemen with the ministers, and in short private individuals with the magistrates, there would be incessant troubles and seditions, and the equality in words would produce inequality in fact; for it is an unequal measure to give equal honour to persons who are unequal in rank or desert; and inequality is the root of all evil. 1.272. And even if they bring nothing else, still when they bring themselves, the most perfect completeness of virtue and excellence, they are offering the most excellent of all sacrifices, honouring God, their Benefactor and Saviour, with hymns and thanksgivings; the former uttered by the organs of the voice, and the latter without the agency of the tongue or mouth, the worshippers making their exclamations and invocations with their soul alone, and only appreciable by the intellect, and there is but one ear, namely, that of the Deity which hears them. For the hearing of men does not extend so far as to be sensible of them.LI. 1.299. These, then, and other commandments like them, are those which are established for the purpose of promoting piety, by express injunctions and prohibitions. But those which are in accordance with philosophical suggestions and recommendations must be explained in this manner; for the lawgiver, in effect, says, "God, O mind of man! demands nothing of you which is either oppressive, or uncertain, or difficult, but only such things as are very simple and easy. 1.300. And these are, to love him as your benefactor; and if you fail to do so, at all events, to fear him as your Governor and Lord, and to enter zealously upon all the paths which may please him, and to serve him in no careless or superficial manner, but with one's whole soul thoroughly filled as it ought to be with God-loving sentiments, and to cleave to his commandments, and to honour justice, by all which means the world itself continues constantly in the same nature without ever changing, and all other things which are contained in the world have a tendency towards improvement, such as the sun and the moon, and the whole multitude of the rest of the stars, and the entire heaven. But the mountains of the earth are elevated to the greatest possible height, and the champaign country, like other fusible essences, is spread over a body of wide extent, and the sea also changes so as to become united with sweet waters, and the rains also become in their turn similar to the sea. Therefore every one of those things is still fixed within the same boundaries as those within which it was originally created, when it was first disposed of in regular order. But you shall be better, living quite irreproachably. 1.330. But other persons, as if they were engaged in a contest of wickedness, being anxious to carry off the prizes of victory, go beyond all others in impiety, joining to their denial of the ideas a negative also of the being of God, as if he had no real existence but were only spoken of for the sake of what is beneficial to men. Others, again, out of fear of that Being who appears to be present everywhere and to see every thing, are barren of wisdom, but devoted to the maintece of that which is the greatest of all wickednesses, namely impiety. 2.45. admiring, as it were, a life of peace and tranquillity, being the most devoted contemplators of nature and of all the things in it. Investigating earth and sea, and the air, and the heaven, and all the different natures in each of them; dwelling, if one may so say, in their minds, at least, with the moon, and the sun, and the whole company of the rest of the stars, both planets and fixed stars. Having their bodies, indeed, firmly planted on the earth, but having their souls furnished with wings, in order that thus hovering in the air they may closely survey all the powers above, looking upon them as in reality the most excellent of cosmopolites, who consider the whole world as their native city, and all the devotees of wisdom as their fellow citizens, virtue herself having enrolled them as such, to whom it has been entrusted to frame a constitution for their common city.XIII. 3.1. There was once a time when, devoting my leisure to philosophy and to the contemplation of the world and the things in it, I reaped the fruit of excellent, and desirable, and blessed intellectual feelings, being always living among the divine oracles and doctrines, on which I fed incessantly and insatiably, to my great delight, never entertaining any low or grovelling thoughts, nor ever wallowing in the pursuit of glory or wealth, or the delights of the body, but I appeared to be raised on high and borne aloft by a certain inspiration of the soul, and to dwell in the regions of the sun and moon, and to associate with the whole heaven, and the whole universal world. 3.2. At that time, therefore, looking down from above, from the air, and straining the eye of my mind as from a watch-tower, I surveyed the unspeakable contemplation of all the things on the earth, and looked upon myself as happy as having forcibly escaped from all the evil fates that can attack human life. 3.3. Nevertheless, the most grievous of all evils was lying in wait for me, namely, envy, that hates every thing that is good, and which, suddenly attacking me, did not cease from dragging me after it by force till it had taken me and thrown me into the vast sea of the cares of public politics, in which I was and still am tossed about without being able to keep myself swimming at the top. 3.4. But though I groan at my fate, I still hold out and resist, retaining in my soul that desire of instruction which has been implanted in it from my earliest youth, and this desire taking pity and compassion on me continually raises me up and alleviates my sorrow. And it is through this fondness for learning that I at times lift up my head, and with the eyes of my soul, which are indeed dim (for the mist of affairs, wholly inconsistent with their proper objects, has overshadowed their acute clear-sightedne 3.5. And if at any time unexpectedly there shall arise a brief period of tranquillity, and a short calm and respite from the troubles which arise from state affairs, I then rise aloft and float above the troubled waves, soaring as it were in the air, and being, I may almost say, blown forward by the breezes of knowledge, which often persuades me to flee away, and to pass all my days with her, escaping as it were from my pitiless masters, not men only, but also affairs which pour upon me from all quarters and at all times like a torrent. 3.6. But even in these circumstances I ought to give thanks to God, that though I am so overwhelmed by this flood, I am not wholly sunk and swallowed up in the depths. But I open the eyes of my soul, which from an utter despair of any good hope had been believed to have been before now wholly darkened, and I am irradiated with the light of wisdom, since I am not given up for the whole of my life to darkness. Behold, therefore, I venture not only to study the sacred commands of Moses, but also with an ardent love of knowledge to investigate each separate one of them, and to endeavour to reveal and to explain to those who wish to understand them, things concerning them which are not known to the multitude.II. 3.208. And the law says, "Let everything which a man that is unclean has touched be also unclean as being polluted by a participation in that which is unclean." And this sacred injunction appears to have a wide operation, not being limited to the body alone, but proceeding as it would seem also to investigate the dispositions of the soul, 4.40. These injunctions are given with great beauty and very instructively; for the thief being convicted by his own conscience denies and speaks falsely, fearing the punishment which would ensue upon his confession. And he who denies an action seeks to attach the imputation to some one else, bringing a false accusation appear probable; and every false accuser is at once a perjured man, thinking but little of piety, since he has not just proofs; on which account he has recourse to what is called the inartificial mode of proof, that by oaths, thinking that by the invocation of God he shall produce belief among those who hear him. But let such an one know that he is ungodly and impious, inasmuch as he is defiling that which by nature is undefiled, the good and holy name of God.THOU SHALT NOT BEAR FALSE Witne 4.75. For all those who have drunk deep of the fountains of wisdom, having banished envy entirely out of their minds, are of their own accord, and without any prompting, ready to undertake the assistance of their neighbours, pouring the streams of their words into their souls through their ears, so as to impart to them a participation in similar knowledge with themselves. And when they see young men of good dispositions springing up like flourishing and vigorous shoots of a vine, they rejoice, thinking that they have found proper inheritors for this wealth of their souls, which is the only real riches, and having taken them they cultivate their souls with doctrines and good meditations, until they arrive at full strength and maturity, so as to bring forth the fruit of excellence. 4.107. for as the animal which chews the cud, while it is masticating its food draws it down its throat, and then by slow degrees kneads and softens it, and then after this process again sends it down into the belly, in the same manner the man who is being instructed, having received the doctrines and speculations of wisdom in at his ears from his instructor, derives a considerable amount of learning from him, but still is not able to hold it firmly and to embrace it all at once, until he has resolved over in his mind everything which he has heard by the continued exercise of his memory (and this exercise of memory is the cement which connects idea 4.112. Now both these things are symbols; the former of a soul devoted to pleasure, and the latter of one which loves perseverance and temperance. For the road which leads to pleasure is a down-hill one and very easy, being rather an absorbing gulf than a path. But the path which leads to temperance is up hill and laborious, but above all other roads advantageous. And the one leads men downwards, and prevents those who travel by it from retracing their steps until they have arrived at the very lowest bottom, but the other leads to heaven; making those who do not weary before they reach it immortal, if they are only able to endure its rugged and difficult ascent.ABOUT Reptile 4.114. Again, in the case of those reptiles who have legs above their feet, so that they are able to take leaps from the ground, those Moses speaks of as clean; as, for instance, the different kinds of locusts, and that animal called the serpentfighter, here again intimating by figurative expressions the manners and habits of the rational soul. For the weight of the body being naturally heavy, drags down with it those who are but of small wisdom, strangling it and pressing it down by the weight of the flesh. 4.139. And by the third expression, he implies that justice is discerned everywhere as being close to the eyes. Moreover he says that, these things must have a certain motion; not one that shall be light and unsteady, but such as by its agitation may rouse the sight to the spectacle manifest before it; for motion is calculated to attract the sight, inasmuch as it excites and rouses it; of, I might rather say, inasmuch as it renders the eyes awake and sleepless. 4.141. And let him instruct in the principles of justice all his relatives and friends, and all young men, at home and on the road, and when they are going to bed, and when they rise up; that in all their positions, and in all their motions, and in all places whether private or public, not only waking, but also while asleep, they may be delighted with the image and conception of justice. For there is no delight more exquisite than that which proceeds from the whole soul being entirely filled with justice, while devoted to the study of its everlasting doctrines and meditations, so that it has no vacant place at which injustice can effect an entrance. 4.201. Why then should those who forget themselves, and who in their arrogance fancy that they themselves are superior to the ordinary natural weakness of mankind, and that they are out of the reach of the invisible and unexpected attacks of fortune, which often aims sudden blows at all people, and which has often wrecked men, who up to that moment had enjoyed a prosperous voyage through life, when they had almost arrived in the very harbour of ultimate happiness, why, I say, should such men triumph in and insult the misfortunes of others, having no respect for justice, the ruler of human life, who sits by the side of the great Ruler of the universe, who surveys all things with sleepless and most piercing eyes, and sees what is in recesses as clearly as if it was in the pure sunlight? |
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41. Philo of Alexandria, On The Life of Abraham, 221, 268, 270 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Geljon and Runia (2019), Philo of Alexandria: On Planting: Introduction, Translation and Commentary, 189 | 270. But not only do the holy scriptures bear witness to the faith of Abraham in the living God, which faith is the queen of all the virtues, but moreover he is the first man whom they speak of as an elder; though they were men who had preceded him who had lived three times as many years (or even more still) as he had, not one of whom is handed down to us as worthy of the appellation. And may we not say that this is in strict accordance with natural truth? For he who is really an elder is looked upon as such, not with reference to his length of time, but to the praiseworthiness of his life. |
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42. Philo of Alexandria, On The Virtues, 147, 185, 187-225, 227, 8, 226 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 344, 400 | 226. We must not, therefore, give in to those persons who seek to creep stealthily into the possession of a property belonging to others, namely, nobility of birth, as though it were of right their own, and who, with the exception of those whom I have mentioned, might justly be looked upon as enemies not only of the race of the Jews but of all the human race in every quarter. of the one because they give a truce to those of the same nation, allowing them to despise sound and stable virtue, through trusting implicitly in the virtue of their ancestors; and of the others because, even if they could attain to the highest and most absolute perfection of all excellence, they would still derive no advantage themselves, because of their not having irreproachable fathers and grandfathers. |
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43. Philo of Alexandria, On The Contemplative Life, 67, 2 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 403 | 2. but the deliberate intention of the philosopher is at once displayed from the appellation given to them; for with strict regard to etymology, they are called therapeutae and therapeutrides, either because they process an art of medicine more excellent than that in general use in cities (for that only heals bodies, but the other heals souls which are under the mastery of terrible and almost incurable diseases, which pleasures and appetites, fears and griefs, and covetousness, and follies, and injustice, and all the rest of the innumerable multitude of other passions and vices, have inflicted upon them), or else because they have been instructed by nature and the sacred laws to serve the living God, who is superior to the good, and more simple than the one, and more ancient than the unit; |
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44. Philo of Alexandria, On The Life of Moses, 1.26, 1.34-1.36, 1.74-1.75, 1.185, 1.289, 2.14 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •diatribe, on external goods •external goods, diatribe on •external goods, virtue vs. •virtue, vs. wealth or external goods •external goods, faith vs. •faith, external goods contrasted with •trust in god vs. external goods •external goods, “the eye of the soul” Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 19, 298, 346, 403 | 1.26. And he tamed, and appeased, and brought under due command every one of the other passions which are naturally and as far as they are themselves concerned frantic, and violent, and unmanageable. And if any one of them at all excited itself and endeavoured to get free from restraint he administered severe punishment to it, reproving it with severity of language; and, in short, he repressed all the principal impulses and most violent affections of the soul, and kept guard over them as over a restive horse, fearing lest they might break all bounds and get beyond the power of reason which ought to be their guide to restrain them, and so throw everything everywhere into confusion. For these passions are the causes of all good and of all evil; of good when they submit to the authority of domit reason, and of evil when they break out of bounds and scorn all government and restraint. 1.34. for, as I have said before, the Jews were strangers in Egypt, the founders of their race having migrated from Babylon and the upper satrapies in the time of the famine, by reason of their want of food, and come and settled in Egypt, and having in a manner taken refuge like suppliants in the country as in a sacred asylum, fleeing for protection to the good faith of the king and the compassion of the inhabitants; 1.35. for strangers, in my opinion, should be looked upon as refugees, and as the suppliants of those who receive them in their country; and, besides, being suppliants, these men were likewise sojourners in the land, and friends desiring to be admitted to equal honours with the citizens, and neighbours differing but little in their character from original natives. 1.36. The men, therefore, who had left their homes and come into Egypt, as if they were to dwell in that land as in a second country in perfect security, the king of the country reduced to slavery, and, as if he had taken them prisoners by the laws of war, or had bought them from masters in whose house they had been bred, he oppressed them and treated them as slaves, though they were not only free men, but also strangers, and suppliants, and sojourners, having no respect for nor any awe of God, who presides over the rights of free men, and of strangers, and of suppliants, and of hospitality, and who beholds all such actions as his. 1.74. But Moses, not being ignorant that even his own countrymen would distrust his word, and also that every one else would do so, said, "If then they ask what is the name of him who sent thee, and if I know not what to reply to them, shall I not seem to be deceiving them?" 1.75. And God said, "At first say unto them, I am that I am, that when they have learnt that there is a difference between him that is and him that is not, they may be further taught that there is no name whatever that can properly be assigned to me, who am the only being to whom existence belongs. 1.185. But he, by his bountiful and merciful power, anticipated their wishes, sending forth and opening the watchful, anxious eye of the soul of his suppliant, and showed him a piece of wood which he bade him take up and throw into the water, which indeed had been made by nature with such a power for that purpose, and which perhaps had a quality which was previously unknown, or perhaps was then first endowed with it, for the purpose of effecting the service which it was then about to perform: 1.289. What, then, said the man who saw truly, who in his sleep saw a clear vision of God with the ever open and sleepless eyes of his soul? "How goodly are thy abodes, O army of Hebrews; they tents are shady as groves, as a paradise on the bank of a river, as a cedar by the waters. 2.14. But the enactments of this lawgiver are firm, not shaken by commotions, not liable to alteration, but stamped as it were with the seal of nature herself, and they remain firm and lasting from the day on which they were first promulgated to the present one, and there may well be a hope that they will remain to all future time, as being immortal, as long as the sun and the moon, and the whole heaven and the whole world shall endure. |
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| 45. Philo of Alexandria, Allegorical Interpretation, 1.75-1.76, 2.17, 2.107, 3.84, 3.86, 3.129-3.132, 3.223-3.224 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods •external goods, faith vs. •faith, external goods contrasted with •trust in god vs. external goods •external goods, virtue vs. •virtue, vs. wealth or external goods •external goods, “the eye of the soul” Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 217, 343, 345, 400; Geljon and Runia (2019), Philo of Alexandria: On Planting: Introduction, Translation and Commentary, 290 |
| 46. Philo of Alexandria, Questions On Genesis, 3.16, 4.2, 4.4, 4.8, 4.12, 4.20, 4.30, 4.33, 4.35, 4.43, 4.46-4.47, 4.84 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods •external goods, virtue vs. •virtue, vs. wealth or external goods •external goods, “the eye of the soul” •external goods, faith vs. •faith, external goods contrasted with •trust in god vs. external goods •diatribe, on external goods •external goods, diatribe on Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 269, 276, 342, 346, 400, 403 |
47. Philo of Alexandria, Who Is The Heir, 257, 286, 81, 90-94, 285 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 342 | 285. Therefore he speaks of him who has lived in peace, who has enjoyed a serene and tranquil life, as a man truly happy and blessed. When then shall this happen? When all external things prosper with me, in such a way as to tend to by abundance and to my glory. When the things relating to the body are in a favourble state, so as to give me good health and strength; and when the things relating to my soul are in a similar state, so as to enable it to enjoy the virtues. |
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| 48. Philo of Alexandria, That The Worse Attacks The Better, 22, 66, 7 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 342 |
49. Philo of Alexandria, That God Is Unchangeable, 11, 112, 148-151, 173-176, 181-182, 4, 75, 146 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Geljon and Runia (2019), Philo of Alexandria: On Planting: Introduction, Translation and Commentary, 185 | 146. It is said of some man of old time, that when he saw a sumptuous procession properly equipped passing by, he looked towards one of his acquaintances and said, "My friends, see how many things there are of which I have no need," in a very few words uttering what was truly a great and heavenly boast. What dost thou say? |
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50. Philo of Alexandria, That Every Good Person Is Free, 33, 45, 43 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 403 | 43. But the lawgiver of the Jews ventures upon a more bold assertion even than this, inasmuch as he was, as it is reported, a student and practiser of plain philosophy; and so he teaches that the man who is wholly possessed with the love of God and who serves the living God alone, is no longer man, but actually God, being indeed the God of men, but not of the parts of nature, in order to leave to the Father of the universe the attributes of being both and God. |
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| 51. Philo of Alexandria, De Providentia, 2.1, 2.7-2.16, 2.24 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods •external goods, faith vs. •faith, external goods contrasted with •trust in god vs. external goods Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 400; Geljon and Runia (2019), Philo of Alexandria: On Planting: Introduction, Translation and Commentary, 185 |
52. Philo of Alexandria, On Husbandry, 101, 118 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Geljon and Runia (2019), Philo of Alexandria: On Planting: Introduction, Translation and Commentary, 290 | 118. For when two opposite opinions are established concerning any one thing, whether it be person or action, it follows of necessity that one or other of them must be wrong, and the other right, for it is impossible for them both to be right: which is the two, then, will you praise deservedly? Will you not say that that sentence is right which orders those who begin acts of violence to be punished? You would justly blame the contrary law, which commands such persons to be honoured; that nothing sacred may be blamed, every such thing must be altogether glorious. XXVII. |
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53. Mishnah, Avot, 1.3 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods, “the eye of the soul” Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 269| 1.3. "אַנְטִיגְנוֹס אִישׁ סוֹכוֹ קִבֵּל מִשִּׁמְעוֹן הַצַּדִּיק. הוּא הָיָה אוֹמֵר, אַל תִּהְיוּ כַעֲבָדִים הַמְשַׁמְּשִׁין אֶת הָרַב עַל מְנָת לְקַבֵּל פְּרָס, אֶלָּא הֱווּ כַעֲבָדִים הַמְשַׁמְּשִׁין אֶת הָרַב שֶׁלֹּא עַל מְנָת לְקַבֵּל פְּרָס, וִיהִי מוֹרָא שָׁמַיִם עֲלֵיכֶם: \n", | 1.3. "Antigonus a man of Socho received [the oral tradition] from Shimon the Righteous. He used to say: do not be like servants who serve the master in the expectation of receiving a reward, but be like servants who serve the master without the expectation of receiving a reward, and let the fear of Heaven be upon you.", |
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54. New Testament, Romans, 4.1-4.22 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods, faith vs. •faith, external goods contrasted with •trust in god vs. external goods Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 399| 4.1. Τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν Ἀβραὰμ τὸν προπάτορα ἡμῶν κατὰ σάρκα; 4.2. εἰ γὰρ Ἀβραὰμ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη, ἔχει καύχημα· ἀλλʼ οὐ πρὸς θεόν, τί γὰρ ἡ γραφὴ λέγει; 4.3. Ἐπίστευσεν δὲ Ἀβραὰμ τῷ θεῷ, καὶ ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην. 4.4. τῷ δὲ ἐργαζομένῳ ὁ μισθὸς οὐ λογίζεται κατὰ χάριν ἀλλὰ κατὰ ὀφείλημα· 4.5. τῷ δὲ μὴ ἐργαζομένῳ, πιστεύοντι δὲ ἐπὶ τὸν δικαιοῦντα τὸν ἀσεβῆ, λογίζεται ἡ πίστις αὐτοῦ εἰς δικαιοσύνην, 4.6. καθάπερ καὶ Δαυεὶδ λέγει τὸν μακαρισμὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ᾧ ὁ θεὸς λογίζεται δικαιοσύνην χωρὶς ἔργων 4.7. 4.8. 4.9. ὁ μακαρισμὸς οὖν οὗτος ἐπὶ τὴν περιτομὴν ἢ καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν ἀκροβυστίαν; λέγομεν γάρἘλογίσθη τῷ Ἀβραὰμ ἡ πίστις εἰς δικαιοσύνην. 4.10. πῶς οὖν ἐλογίσθη; ἐν περιτομῇ ὄντι ἢ ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ; οὐκ ἐν περιτομῇ ἀλλʼ ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ· 4.11. καὶσημεῖονἔλαβενπεριτομῆς,σφραγῖδα τῆς δικαιοσύνης τῆς πίστεως τῆς ἐντῇ ἀκροβυστίᾳ,εἰς τὸ εἶναι αὐτὸν πατέρα πάντων τῶν πιστευόντων διʼ ἀκροβυστίας, εἰς τὸ λογισθῆναι αὐτοῖς [τὴν] δικαιοσύνην, 4.12. καὶ πατέρα περιτομῆς τοῖς οὐκ ἐκ περιτομῆς μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς στοιχοῦσιν τοῖς ἴχνεσιν τῆς ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ πίστεως τοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν Ἀβραάμ. 4.13. Οὐ γὰρ διὰ νόμου ἡ ἐπαγγελία τῷ Ἀβραὰμ ἢ τῷ σπέρματι αὐτοῦ, τὸ κληρονόμον αὐτὸν εἶναι κόσμου, ἀλλὰ διὰ δικαιοσύνης πίστεως· 4.14. εἰ γὰρ οἱ ἐκ νόμου κληρονόμοι, κεκένωται ἡ πίστις καὶ κατήργηται ἡ ἐπαγγελία. 4.15. ὁ γὰρ νόμος ὀργὴν κατεργάζεται, οὗ δὲ οὐκ ἔστιν νόμος, οὐδὲ παράβασις. 4.16. Διὰ τοῦτο ἐκ πίστεως, ἵνα κατὰ χάριν, εἰς τὸ εἶναι βεβαίαν τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν παντὶ τῷ σπέρματι, οὐ τῷ ἐκ τοῦ νόμου μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ τῷ ἐκ πίστεως Ἀβραάμ,?̔ὅς ἐστιν πατὴρ πάντων ἡμῶν, 4.17. καθὼς γέγραπται ὅτιΠατέρα πολλῶν ἐθνῶν τέθεικά σε,?̓ κατέναντι οὗ ἐπίστευσεν θεοῦ τοῦ ζωοποιοῦντος τοὺς νεκροὺς καὶ καλοῦντος τὰ μὴ ὄντα ὡς ὄντα· 4.18. ὃς παρʼ ἐλπίδα ἐπʼ ἐλπίδι ἐπίστευσεν εἰς τὸ γενέσθαι αὐτὸνπατέρα πολλῶν ἐθνῶνκατὰ τὸ εἰρημένονΟὕτως ἔσται τὸ σπέρμα σου· 4.19. καὶ μὴ ἀσθενήσας τῇ πίστει κατενόησεν τὸ ἑαυτοῦ σῶμα [ἤδη] νενεκρωμένον, ἑκατονταετής που ὑπάρχων, καὶ τὴν νέκρωσιν τῆς μήτρας Σάρρας, 4.20. εἰς δὲ τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν τοῦ θεοῦ οὐ διεκρίθη τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ ἀλλὰ ἐνεδυναμώθη τῇ πίστει, δοὺς δόξαν τῷ θεῷ 4.21. καὶ πληροφορηθεὶς ὅτι ὃ ἐπήγγελται δυνατός ἐστιν καὶ ποιῆσαι. 4.22. διὸ [καὶ]ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην. | 4.1. What then will we say that Abraham, our forefather, has found according to the flesh? 4.2. For if Abraham was justified by works, he has something to boast about, but not toward God. 4.3. For what does the Scripture say? "Abraham believed God, and it was accounted to him for righteousness." 4.4. Now to him who works, the reward is not accounted as of grace, but as of debt. 4.5. But to him who doesn't work, but believes in him who justifies the ungodly, his faith is accounted for righteousness. 4.6. Even as David also pronounces blessing on the man to whom God counts righteousness apart from works, 4.7. "Blessed are they whose iniquities are forgiven, Whose sins are covered. 4.8. Blessed is the man whom the Lord will by no means charge with sin." 4.9. Is this blessing then pronounced on the circumcised, or on the uncircumcised also? For we say that faith was accounted to Abraham for righteousness. 4.10. How then was it counted? When he was in circumcision, or in uncircumcision? Not in circumcision, but in uncircumcision. 4.11. He received the sign of circumcision, a seal of the righteousness of the faith which he had while he was in uncircumcision, that he might be the father of all those who believe, though they be in uncircumcision, that righteousness might also be accounted to them. 4.12. The father of circumcision to those who not only are of the circumcision, but who also walk in the steps of that faith of our father Abraham, which he had in uncircumcision. 4.13. For the promise to Abraham and to his seed that he should be heir of the world wasn't through the law, but through the righteousness of faith. 4.14. For if those who are of the law are heirs, faith is made void, and the promise is made of no effect. 4.15. For the law works wrath, for where there is no law, neither is there disobedience. 4.16. For this cause it is of faith, that it may be according to grace, to the end that the promise may be sure to all the seed, not to that only which is of the law, but to that also which is of the faith of Abraham, who is the father of us all. 4.17. As it is written, "I have made you a father of many nations." This is in the presence of him whom he believed: God, who gives life to the dead, and calls the things that are not, as though they were. 4.18. Who in hope believed against hope, to the end that he might become a father of many nations, according to that which had been spoken, "So will your seed be." 4.19. Without being weakened in faith, he didn't consider his own body, already having been worn out, (he being about a hundred years old), and the deadness of Sarah's womb. 4.20. Yet, looking to the promise of God, he didn't waver through unbelief, but grew strong through faith, giving glory to God, 4.21. and being fully assured that what he had promised, he was able also to perform. 4.22. Therefore it also was "reckoned to him for righteousness." |
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55. New Testament, Hebrews, 11.1 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods, faith vs. •faith, external goods contrasted with •trust in god vs. external goods Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 402| 11.1. Ἔστιν δὲ πίστις ἐλπιζομένων ὑπόστασις, πραγμάτων ἔλεγχος οὐ βλεπομένων· | 11.1. Now faith is assurance of things hoped for, proof of things not seen. |
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56. New Testament, Galatians, 3.1-3.4 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods, faith vs. •faith, external goods contrasted with •trust in god vs. external goods Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 399| 3.1. Ὦ ἀνόητοι Γαλάται, τίς ὑμᾶς ἐβάσκανεν, οἷς κατʼ ὀφθαλμοὺς Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς προεγράφη ἐσταυρωμένος; 3.2. τοῦτο μόνον θέλω μαθεῖν ἀφʼ ὑμῶν, ἐξ ἔργων νόμου τὸ πνεῦμα ἐλάβετε ἢ ἐξ ἀκοῆς πίστεως; 3.3. οὕτως ἀνόητοί ἐστε; ἐναρξάμενοι πνεύματι νῦν σαρκὶ ἐπιτελεῖσθε; 3.4. τοσαῦτα ἐπάθετε εἰκῇ; εἴ γε καὶ εἰκῇ. | 3.1. Foolish Galatians, who has bewitched you not to obey thetruth, before whose eyes Jesus Christ was openly set forth among you as crucified? 3.2. I just want to learn this from you. Did you receivethe Spirit by the works of the law, or by hearing of faith? 3.3. Areyou so foolish? Having begun in the Spirit, are you now completed inthe flesh? 3.4. Did you suffer so many things in vain, if it is indeedin vain? |
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57. Josephus Flavius, Jewish Antiquities, 1.155-1.156, 1.158, 20.100 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods, “the eye of the soul” •external goods, virtue vs. •virtue, vs. wealth or external goods Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 19, 217, 298 | 1.155. for which reason he began to have higher notions of virtue than others had, and he determined to renew and to change the opinion all men happened then to have concerning God; for he was the first that ventured to publish this notion, That there was but one God, the Creator of the universe; and that, as to other [gods], if they contributed any thing to the happiness of men, that each of them afforded it only according to his appointment, and not by their own power. 1.156. This his opinion was derived from the irregular phenomena that were visible both at land and sea, as well as those that happen to the sun, and moon, and all the heavenly bodies, thus:—“If [said he] these bodies had power of their own, they would certainly take care of their own regular motions; but since they do not preserve such regularity, they make it plain, that in so far as they co-operate to our advantage, they do it not of their own abilities, but as they are subservient to Him that commands them, to whom alone we ought justly to offer our honor and thanksgiving.” 1.158. 2. Berosus mentions our father Abram without naming him, when he says thus: “In the tenth generation after the Flood, there was among the Chaldeans a man righteous and great, and skillful in the celestial science.” 20.100. 2. Then came Tiberius Alexander as successor to Fadus; he was the son of Alexander the alabarch of Alexandria, which Alexander was a principal person among all his contemporaries, both for his family and wealth: he was also more eminent for his piety than this his son Alexander, for he did not continue in the religion of his country. |
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58. Anon., Genesis Rabba, 39.1, 44.12, 59.1-59.3, 59.6 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods, “the eye of the soul” •external goods, faith vs. •faith, external goods contrasted with •trust in god vs. external goods Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 217, 298, 403| 39.1. וַיֹּאמֶר ה' אֶל אַבְרָם לֶךְ לְךָ מֵאַרְצְךָ וגו' (בראשית יב, א), רַבִּי יִצְחָק פָּתַח (תהלים מה, יא): שִׁמְעִי בַת וּרְאִי וְהַטִּי אָזְנֵךְ וְשִׁכְחִי עַמֵּךְ וּבֵית אָבִיךְ, אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק מָשָׁל לְאֶחָד שֶׁהָיָה עוֹבֵר מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹם, וְרָאָה בִּירָה אַחַת דּוֹלֶקֶת, אָמַר תֹּאמַר שֶׁהַבִּירָה הַזּוֹ בְּלֹא מַנְהִיג, הֵצִיץ עָלָיו בַּעַל הַבִּירָה, אָמַר לוֹ אֲנִי הוּא בַּעַל הַבִּירָה. כָּךְ לְפִי שֶׁהָיָה אָבִינוּ אַבְרָהָם אוֹמֵר תֹּאמַר שֶׁהָעוֹלָם הַזֶּה בְּלֹא מַנְהִיג, הֵצִיץ עָלָיו הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וְאָמַר לוֹ אֲנִי הוּא בַּעַל הָעוֹלָם. (תהלים מה, יב): וְיִתְאָו הַמֶּלֶךְ יָפְיֵךְ כִּי הוּא אֲדֹנַיִךְ. וְיִתְאָו הַמֶּלֶךְ יָפְיֵךְ, לְיַפּוֹתֵךְ בָּעוֹלָם, (תהלים מה, יב): וְהִשְׁתַּחֲוִי לוֹ, הֱוֵי וַיֹּאמֶר ה' אֶל אַבְרָם. 39.1. רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה אָמַר לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיָה עוֹבֵר מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹם וְנָפְלָה מַרְגָּלִית מֵעַל רֹאשׁוֹ, עָמַד הַמֶּלֶךְ וְהֶעֱמִיד פַּמַּלְיָא שֶׁלּוֹ שָׁם וְעָשָׂה צִבּוּרִים וְהֵבִיא מִכְבָּרוֹת וְכָבַר אֶת הָרִאשׁוֹנָה וְלֹא מָצָא, הַשֵּׁנִי וְלֹא מָצָא, וּבַשְּׁלִישִׁית מְצָאָהּ, אָמְרוּ מָצָא הַמֶּלֶךְ מַרְגָּלִית שֶׁלּוֹ. כָּךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, מַה צֹּרֶךְ הָיָה לִי לְיַחֵס שֵׁם, אַרְפַּכְשַׁד, שֶׁלַח, עֵבֶר, פֶּלֶג, רְעוּ, שְׂרוּג, נָחוֹר, תֶּרַח, אֶלָּא בִּשְׁבִילָךְ, (נחמיה ט, ח): וּמָצָאתָ אֶת לְבָבוֹ נֶאֱמָן לְפָנֶיךָ. כָּךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְדָוִד, מַה צֹּרֶךְ הָיָה לִי לְיַחֵס פֶּרֶץ, חֶצְרוֹן, רָם, עַמִּינָדָב, נַחְשׁוֹן, שַׂלְמוֹן, בֹּעַז, עוֹבֵד, יִשַּׁי, דָּוִד, לֹא בִּשְׁבִילָךְ, (תהלים פט, כא): מָצָאתִי דָּוִד עַבְדִּי בְּשֶׁמֶן קָדְשִׁי מְשַׁחְתִּיו. 44.12. וַיּוֹצֵא אֹתוֹ הַחוּצָה (בראשית טו, ה), רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ דְּסִכְנִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי וְכִי מִחוּץ לָעוֹלָם הוֹצִיאוֹ, שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב: וַיּוֹצֵא אֹתוֹ הַחוּצָה, אֶלָּא אַחְוֵי לֵיהּ שׁוֹקְקֵי שְׁמַיָא, הֵיךְ מָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (משלי ח, כו): עַד לֹא עָשָׂה אֶרֶץ וְחוּצוֹת, אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן הֶעֱלָה אוֹתוֹ לְמַעְלָה מִכִּפַּת הַרָקִיעַ, הוּא דְּאָמַר לֵיהּ (בראשית טו, ה): הַבֶּט נָא הַשָּׁמַיְמָה, אֵין הַבָּטָה אֶלָּא מִלְּמַעְלָה לְמַטָּה. רַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי נָבִיא אַתְּ וְאֵין אַתְּ אַסְטְרוֹלוֹגוֹס, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית כ, יז): וְעַתָּה הָשֵׁב אֵשֶׁת הָאִישׁ כִּי נָבִיא הוּא. בִּימֵי יִרְמְיָהוּ בִּקְּשׁוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לָבוֹא לִידֵי מִדָּה זוֹ, וְלֹא הִנִּיחַ לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ירמיה י, ב): כֹּה אָמַר ה' אֶל דֶּרֶךְ הַגּוֹיִם אַל תִּלְמָדוּ וּמֵאֹתוֹת הַשָּׁמַיִם אַל תֵּחָתּוּ וגו', כְּבָר אַבְרָהָם אֲבִיכֶם בִּקֵּשׁ לָבוֹא לִידֵי מִדָּה זוֹ וְלֹא הִנַּחְתִּי אוֹתוֹ. וְאָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי עַד דְּסַנְדְּלָא בְּרַגְלִיךְ דְּרִיס כּוּבָא, וְכָל מִי שֶׁהוּא נָתוּן לְמַטָּה מֵהֶם הוּא מִתְיָרֵא מֵהֶם, אֲבָל אַתְּ שֶׁאַתְּ נָתוּן לְמַעְלָה מֵהֶם דָּיְישֵׁם. רַבִּי יוּדָן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אָמַר שְׁלשָׁה דְבָרִים מְבַטְּלִים גְּזֵרוֹת רָעוֹת, וְאֵלּוּ הֵם, תְּפִלָּה וּצְדָקָה וּתְשׁוּבָה, וּשְׁלָשְׁתָּן נֶאֶמְרוּ בְּפָסוּק אֶחָד, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (דברי הימים ב ז, יד): וְיִכָּנְעוּ עַמִּי אֲשֶׁר נִקְרָא שְׁמִי עֲלֵיהֶם וְיִתְפַּלְּלוּ, זוֹ תְּפִלָּה. (דברי הימים ב ז, יד): וִיבַקְּשׁוּ פָנַי, הֲרֵי צְדָקָה, כְּמָא דְאַתְּ אָמַר (תהלים יז, טו): אֲנִי בְּצֶדֶק אֶחֱזֶה פָנֶיךָ. (דברי הימים ב ז, יד): וְיָשֻׁבוּ מִדַּרְכֵיהֶם הָרָעִים, זוֹ תְּשׁוּבָה, וְאַחַר כָּךְ (דברי הימים ב ז, יד) וְאֶסְלַח לְחַטָּאתָם וְאֶרְפָּא אֶת אַרְצָם. רַבִּי הוּנָא בַּר רַב יוֹסֵף אָמַר אַף שִׁנּוּי שֵׁם וּמַעֲשֶׂה טוֹב, שִׁנּוּי הַשֵּׁם, מֵאַבְרָהָם (בראשית יז, ה): וְלֹא יִקָּרֵא עוֹד אֶת שִׁמְךָ אַבְרָם. מַעֲשֶׂה טוֹב, מֵאַנְשֵׁי נִינְוֵה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יונה ג, י): וַיַּרְא אֱלֹהִים אֶת מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם כִּי שָׁבוּ וגו'. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים אַף שִׁנּוּי מָקוֹם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית יב, א): וַיֹּאמֶר ה' אֶל אַבְרָם לֶךְ לְךָ. רַבִּי מוּנָא אָמַר אַף הַתַּעֲנִית, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים כ, ב): יַעַנְךָ ה' בְּיוֹם צָרָה וגו'. רָבָא בַּר מַחְסֵיָא וְרַבִּי חָמָא בֶּן גּוּרְיוֹן בְּשֵׁם רַב אָמַר יָפָה תַּעֲנִית לַחֲלוֹם כָּאֵשׁ בִּנְעֹרֶת. אָמַר רַב יוֹסֵף וּבוֹ בַּיּוֹם, וַאֲפִלּוּ בְּשַׁבָּת. 59.1. וְאַבְרָהָם זָקֵן בָּא בַּיָּמִים (בראשית כד, א), כְּתִיב (משלי טז, לא): עֲטֶרֶת תִּפְאֶרֶת שֵׂיבָה בְּדֶרֶךְ צְדָקָה תִּמָּצֵא, רַבִּי מֵאִיר אֲזַל לְמַמְלָא, רָאָה אוֹתָן כֻּלָּן שְׁחוֹרֵי רֹאשׁ, אָמַר לָהֶם תֹּאמַר מִמִּשְׁפַּחַת בֵּית עֵלִי אַתֶּם, דִּכְתִיב (שמואל א ב, לג): וְכָל מַרְבִּית בֵּיתְךָ יָמוּתוּ אֲנָשִׁים, אָמְרוּ לֵיהּ רַבִּי הִתְפַּלֵּל עָלֵינוּ, אָמַר לָהֶם לְכוּ וְטַפְּלוּ בִּצְדָקָה, וְאַתֶּם זוֹכִים לְזִקְנָה, מַה טַעֲמֵיהּ, עֲטֶרֶת תִּפְאֶרֶת שֵׂיבָה. וְהֵיכָן הִיא מְצוּיָה, בְּדֶרֶךְ צְדָקָה תִּמָּצֵא. מִמִּי אַתָּה לָמֵד מֵאַבְרָהָם, שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ (בראשית יח, יט): וְשָׁמְרוּ דֶרֶךְ ה' לַעֲשׂוֹת צְדָקָה וּמִשְׁפָּט, זָכָה לְזִקְנָה, וְאַבְרָהָם זָקֵן בָּא בַּיָּמִים. 59.1. וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו אַבְרָהָם הִשָּׁמֶר לְךָ וגו' ה' אֱלֹהֵי הַשָּׁמַיִם אֲשֶׁר לְקָחַנִי מִבֵּית אָבִי, זֶה בֵּיתוֹ שֶׁל אָבִיו. וּמֵאֶרֶץ מוֹלַדְתִּי, זֶה שְׁכוּנָתוֹ. וַאֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּע לִי, בְּחָרָן. וַאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר לִי, בֵּין הַבְּתָרִים. הוּא יִשְׁלַח מַלְאָכוֹ לְפָנֶיךָ (בראשית כד, ו ז), רַבִּי דוֹסָא אוֹמֵר הֲרֵי זֶה מַלְאָךְ מְסֻיָּם, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָמַר אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ (בראשית כד, ז): הוּא יִשְׁלַח מַלְאָכוֹ לְפָנֶיךָ, זִימֵן לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שְׁנֵי מַלְאָכִים, אֶחָד לְהוֹצִיא אֶת רִבְקָה, וְאֶחָד לְלַוּוֹת אֶת אֱלִיעֶזֶר. (בראשית כד, ח): וְאִם לֹא תֹאבֶה הָאִשָּׁה וגו' רַק אֶת בְּנִי לֹא תָשֵׁב שָׁמָּה, רַק מִעוּט בְּנִי אֵינוֹ חוֹזֵר בֶּן בְּנִי חוֹזֵר. 59.2. עֹז וְהָדָר לְבוּשָׁהּ וַתִּשְׂחַק לְיוֹם אַחֲרוֹן (משלי לא, כה), עוֹז וְהָדָר לְבוּשָׁהּ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה, וַתִּשְׂחַק לְיוֹם אַחֲרוֹן, אֵימָתַי הִיא שׂוֹחֶקֶת, מַתַּן שְׂכָרָהּ לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא, מִמִּי אַתָּה לָמֵד מֵאַבְרָהָם, עַל יְדֵי שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ (בראשית יח, יט): וְשָׁמְרוּ דֶּרֶךְ ה' לַעֲשׂוֹת צְדָקָה, זָכָה לְזִקְנָה, וְאַבְרָהָם זָקֵן בָּא בַּיָּמִים. (משלי ג, טז): אֹרֶךְ יָמִים בִּימִינָהּ בִּשְׂמֹאולָהּ עשֶׁר וְכָבוֹד. אֹרֶךְ יָמִים בִּימִינָהּ, לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא, בִּשְׂמֹאולָהּ עשֶׁר וְכָבוֹד, בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, אֲפִלּוּ שֶׁהוּא בָּא לְהַשְֹּׂמְאִיל לְאָדָם עשֶׁר וְכָבוֹד, מִמִי אַתָּה לָמֵד מֵאַבְרָהָם, עַל יְדֵי שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ (בראשית יח, יט): וְשָׁמְרוּ דֶּרֶךְ ה' לַעֲשׂוֹת צְדָקָה וּמִשְׁפָּט, זָכָה לְזִקְנָה, וְאַבְרָהָם זָקֵן. 59.3. רַבִּי יִצְחָק פָּתַח (תהלים עא, יח): וְגַם עַד זִקְנָה וְשֵׂיבָה אֱלֹהִים אַל תַּעַזְבֵנִי, אָמַר רַבִּי אַחָא לֹא הִיא זִקְנָה וְלֹא הִיא שֵֹּׂיבָה, אֶלָּא שֶׁאִם נָתַתָּ לִי זִקְנָה תֵּן לִי שֵׂיבָה עִמָּהּ, מִמִּי אַתָּה לָמֵד מֵאַבְרָהָם, עַל יְדֵי שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ (בראשית יח, יט): וְשָׁמְרוּ דֶּרֶךְ ה' לַעֲשׂוֹת צְדָקָה וּמִשְׁפָּט, זָכָה לְזִקְנָה, וְאַבְרָהָם זָקֵן. 59.6. וְאַבְרָהָם זָקֵן (בראשית כד, א), זָקֵן זֶה קָנָה שְׁנֵי עוֹלָמוֹת. שְׁלשָׁה נִכְתָּרִים בְּזִקְנָה וּבְיָמִים, וּשְׁלָשְׁתָּן הָיוּ רֹאשׁ לְנִסָּיוֹן, אַבְרָהָם, יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְדָוִד. אַבְרָהָם רֹאשׁ לָאָבוֹת, יְהוֹשֻׁעַ רֹאשׁ לַמַּלְכוּת מִשֵּׁבֶט אֶפְרָיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שופטים ה, יד): מִנִּי אֶפְרַיִם שָׁרְשָׁם בַּעֲמָלֵק, זֶה יְהוֹשֻׁעַ. דָּוִד רֹאשׁ לַמַּלְכוּת מִשֵּׁבֶט יְהוּדָה. אָמַר רַבִּי אַחָא יֵשׁ לְךָ אָדָם שֶׁהוּא בְּזִקְנָה וְאֵינוֹ בְּיָמִים, בְּיָמִים וְאֵינוֹ בְּזִקְנָה, אֲבָל כָּאן זִקְנָה כְּנֶגֶד יָמִים וְיָמִים כְּנֶגֶד זִקְנָה. בָּא בַּיָּמִים, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אָמַר בָּא בִּדְיוֹפְלִין, רַבִּי אַבָּא אָמַר בָּא בְּכִפְלוֹן מְפֻלָּשׁ לְחַיֵּי הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא. אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק בְּאוֹתָן הַיָּמִים שֶׁכָּתוּב בָּהֶן (קהלת יב, א): עַד אֲשֶׁר לֹא יָבֹאוּ יְמֵי הָרָעָה. | 39.1. "(1) YHVH said to Abram, \"Go you forth from your land…\" … Rabbi Yitzchak said: this may be compared to a man who was traveling from place to place when he saw a bira doleket/castle aglow/lit up (full of light/in flames). He said, \"Is it possible that this castle lacks a person to look after it? The owner of the building looked out and said, “I am the owner of the castle.” Similarly, because Abraham our father said, “Is it possible that this castle has no guide, no one to look after it?,\" the Holy Blessed One looked out and said to him, “I am the Master of the Universe.” … Hence, God said to Avraham, Lech Lecha." 59.1. "\n...", |
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| 59. Sextus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism, 1.205.4 (2nd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external/apparent goods Found in books: d'Hoine and Martijn (2017), All From One: A Guide to Proclus, 249 |
| 60. Clement of Alexandria, Miscellanies, 2.22.133.7 (2nd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •goods, external Found in books: Tsouni (2019), Antiochus and Peripatetic Ethics, 51 |
| 61. Sextus, Against The Mathematicians, 11.45 (2nd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods •external goods, faith vs. •faith, external goods contrasted with •trust in god vs. external goods Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 400 |
| 62. Origen, Homilies On Genesis, 5.1 (3rd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods •external goods, virtue vs. •virtue, vs. wealth or external goods Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 342 |
63. Babylonian Talmud, Bava Batra, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods, “the eye of the soul” Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 217| 16b. ללדת עולה לראש ההר כדי שיפול ממנה וימות ואני מזמין לה נשר שמקבלו בכנפיו ומניחו לפניה ואלמלי מקדים רגע אחד או מתאחר רגע אחד מיד מת בין רגע לרגע לא נתחלף לי בין איוב לאויב נתחלף לי,(איוב לט, א) חולל אילות תשמור אילה זו רחמה צר בשעה שכורעת ללדת אני מזמין לה דרקון שמכישה בבית הרחם ומתרפה ממולדה ואלמלי מקדים רגע אחד או מאחר רגע אחד מיד מתה בין רגע לרגע לא נתחלף לי בין איוב לאויב נתחלף לי,(איוב לד, לה) [איוב] לא בדעת ידבר ודבריו לא בהשכל (וכתיב (איוב מב, ז) כי לא דברתם אלי נכונה כעבדי איוב) אמר רבא מכאן שאין אדם נתפס בשעת צערו,(איוב ב, יא) וישמעו שלשת רעי איוב את כל הרעה הזאת הבאה עליו ויבאו איש ממקומו אליפז התימני ובלדד השוחי וצופר הנעמתי ויועדו יחדו לבוא לנוד לו ולנחמו מאי ויועדו יחדו אמר רב יהודה אמר רב מלמד שנכנסו כולן בשער אחד ותנא בין כל אחד ואחד שלש מאות פרסי,מנא הוו ידעי איכא דאמרי כלילא הוה להו ואיכא דאמרי אילני הוה להו וכיון דכמשי הוו ידעי אמר רבא היינו דאמרי אינשי או חברא כחברי דאיוב או מיתותא,(בראשית ו, א) ויהי כי החל האדם לרוב על פני האדמה ובנות יולדו להם רבי יוחנן אמר רביה באה לעולם ריש לקיש אמר מריבה באה לעולם אמר ליה ריש לקיש לרבי יוחנן לדידך דאמרת רבייה באה לעולם מפני מה לא נכפלו בנותיו של איוב,אמר לו נהי דלא נכפלו בשמות אבל נכפלו ביופי דכתיב (איוב מב, יג) ויהי לו שבענה בנים ושלוש בנות ויקרא שם האחת ימימה ושם השנית קציעה ושם השלישית קרן הפוך,ימימה שהיתה דומה ליום קציעה שהיה ריחה נודף כקציעה קרן הפוך אמרי דבי רבי שילא שדומה לקרנא דקרש מחייכו עלה במערבא קרנא דקרש לקותא היא אלא אמר רב חסדא ככורכמא דרישקא במיניה שנאמר (ירמיהו ד, ל) כי תקרעי בפוך,רבי שמעון ברבי איתילידא ליה ברתא הוה קא חלש דעתיה אמר ליה אבוה רביה באה לעולם אמר ליה בר קפרא תנחומין של הבל ניחמך אבוך [דתניא] אי אפשר לעולם בלא זכרים ובלא נקבות אלא אשרי למי שבניו זכרים אוי לו למי שבניו נקבות אי אפשר לעולם בלא בסם ובלא בורסי אשרי מי שאומנותו בוסמי אוי למי שאומנותו בורסי,כתנאי (בראשית כד, א) וה' ברך את אברהם בכל מאי בכל רבי מאיר אומר שלא היתה לו בת רבי יהודה אומר שהיתה לו בת אחרים אומרים בת היתה לו לאברהם ובכל שמה רבי אלעזר המודעי אומר איצטגנינות היתה בלבו של אברהם אבינו שכל מלכי מזרח ומערב משכימין לפתחו רבי שמעון בן יוחי אומר אבן טובה היתה תלויה בצוארו של אברהם אבינו שכל חולה הרואה אותו מיד מתרפא ובשעה שנפטר אברהם אבינו מן העולם תלאה הקדוש ברוך הוא בגלגל חמה אמר אביי היינו דאמרי אינשי אידלי יומא אידלי קצירא,דבר אחר שלא מרד עשו בימיו דבר אחר שעשה ישמעאל תשובה בימיו שלא מרד עשו בימיו מנלן דכתיב (בראשית כה, כט) ויבא עשו מן השדה והוא עיף ותנא אותו היום נפטר אברהם אבינו ועשה יעקב אבינו תבשיל של עדשים לנחם את יצחק אביו,[ומ"ש של עדשים] אמרי במערבא משמיה דרבה בר מרי מה עדשה זו אין לה פה אף אבל אין לו פה דבר אחר מה עדשה זו מגולגלת אף אבילות מגלגלת ומחזרת על באי העולם מאי בינייהו איכא בינייהו לנחומי בביעי,אמר רבי יוחנן חמש עבירות עבר אותו רשע באותו היום בא על נערה מאורסה והרג את הנפש וכפר בעיקר וכפר בתחיית המתים ושט את הבכורה,בא על נערה מאורסה כתיב הכא (בראשית כה, כט) ויבא עשו מן השדה וכתיב התם (דברים כב, כז) כי בשדה מצאה הרג את הנפש כתיב הכא עיף וכתיב התם (ירמיהו ד, לא) אוי נא לי כי עיפה נפשי להורגים וכפר בעיקר כתיב הכא (בראשית כה, לב) למה זה לי וכתיב התם (שמות טו, ב) זה אלי ואנוהו וכפר בתחיית המתים דכתיב (בראשית כה, לב) הנה אנכי הולך למות ושט את הבכורה דכתיב (בראשית כה, לד) ויבז עשו את הבכורה,ושעשה ישמעאל תשובה בימיו מנלן כי הא דרבינא ורב חמא בר בוזי הוו יתבי קמיה דרבא וקא מנמנם רבא א"ל רבינא לרב חמא בר בוזי ודאי דאמריתו כל מיתה שיש בה גויעה זו היא מיתתן של צדיקים אמר ליה אין והא דור המבול אמר ליה אנן גויעה ואסיפה קאמרינן,והא ישמעאל דכתיב ביה גויעה ואסיפה אדהכי איתער בהו רבא אמר להו דרדקי הכי א"ר יוחנן ישמעאל עשה תשובה בחיי אביו שנאמר (בראשית כה, ט) ויקברו אותו יצחק וישמעאל בניו,ודילמא דרך חכמתן קא חשיב להו אלא מעתה (בראשית לה, כט) ויקברו אותו עשו ויעקב בניו מאי טעמא לא חשיב להו דרך חכמתן אלא מדאקדמיה אדבורי אדבריה ומדאדבריה שמע מינה תשובה עבד בימיו,תנו רבנן שלשה הטעימן הקב"ה בעולם הזה | 16b. b to give birth she ascends to the top of a mountain so that /b the kid b should fall down from her and die. And I summon her an eagle that receives it with his wings and places it before her; and if /b the eagle b reached /b her b one moment early or was one moment late, /b the kid b would immediately die. /b Now, if b I do not confuse one moment with another moment, would I confuse i Iyov /i with i oyev /i ? /b ,Similarly: b “Can you mark when the hinds do calve?” /b (Job 39:1). b The womb of this hind is narrow, /b which makes for a difficult delivery. b When she squats to give birth, I summon her a snake [ i derakon /i ] that bites her at the opening of the womb, which /b then b becomes loose, and she gives birth, and if /b the snake b reached /b her b one moment early or was one moment late, she would immediately die. /b Now, if I b do not confuse one moment with another moment, would I confuse i Iyov /i with i oyev /i ? /b ,The Gemara comments: On the one hand, the text states: b “Job has spoken without knowledge, and his words were without wisdom” /b (Job 34:35). b But /b on the other hand, b it is written /b with regard to Job’s friends: b “You have not spoken of Me the thing that is right, like my servant Job” /b (Job 42:8). b Rava said: From here /b it may be inferred b that a person is not held responsible /b for what he says b when he is in distress. /b Although Job uttered certain words that were wrong and inappropriate, he was not punished for them because he said them at a time of pain and hardship.,The verse states: b “And Job’s three friends heard of all this evil that was come upon him, they came every one from his own place, Eliphaz the Temanite, and Bildad the Shuhite, and Zophar the Naamathite; for they had made an appointment together to come to mourn with him and to comfort him” /b (Job 2:11). b What /b does b “they had made an appointment together” /b mean? b Rav Yehuda says /b that b Rav says: This /b phrase b teaches that they all entered /b through b one gate /b at the same time. b And /b a Sage b taught /b in a i baraita /i : There were b three hundred parasangs between each and every one /b of them, i.e., each one lived three hundred parasangs away from the other.,The Gemara asks: b How did they /b all b know /b at the same time what had happened to Job so that the three of them came together? b There are /b those b who say /b that b they /b each b had a crown /b which displayed certain signs when something happened to one of the others. b And there are /b those b who say they /b each b had trees and when /b the trees b withered they knew /b that sorrow had visited one of them. b Rava said /b that b this /b closeness between Job and his friends explains the adage b that people say: Either a friend like the friends of Job or death. /b If a person lacks close friends, he is better off dead.,The Gemara cites another place where Job is mentioned. b “And it came to pass, when men began to multiply [ i larov /i ] on the face of the earth, and daughters were born to them” /b (Genesis 6:1). b Rabbi Yoḥa says: /b i Larov /i means that b propagation [ i reviyya /i ] came to the world /b through these daughters. b Reish Lakish says: Strife [ i meriva /i ] came to the world. /b Once daughters were born, the men began to fight among themselves over them. b Reish Lakish said to Rabbi Yoḥa: According to you who say /b that due to the daughters b propagation came to the world, for what /b reason b were /b the number of b Job’s daughters not doubled, /b when at the end of the story God doubled everything that Job had lost (see Job 1:3, 42:12)?,Rabbi Yoḥa b said to him: Granted, /b the numbers of Job’s daughters b were not doubled in name, /b meaning they did not become twice as many, b but they were doubled in beauty, as it is written: “He had also seven sons and three daughters. And he called the name of the first Jemimah, and the name of the second was Keziah, and the name of the third one was Keren-happuch” /b (Job 42:13–14). All three names relate to the daughters’ beauty., b Jemimah [ i Yemima /i ]; /b in her beauty b she was similar to the day [ i yom /i ]. Keziah; her scent wafted like /b the b cassia [ i ketzia /i ] /b tree. b Keren-happuch; in the school of Rav Sheila they say: She was similar to the horn [ i keren /i ] of a i keresh /i , /b an animal whose horns are particularly beautiful. b They laughed at this in the West, /b Eretz Yisrael, since it is considered b a blemish /b when a person resembles b the horn of a i keresh /i . Rather, Rav Ḥisda said: /b She was b like garden saffron [ i kekurkema derishka /i ], /b which is the best b of its kind. /b i Keren /i refers to a garden, and i pukh /i means ornament, b as it is stated: “Though you enlarge /b your eyes b with paint [ i pukh /i ], /b you beautify yourself in vain” (Jeremiah 4:30).,It is reported that b a daughter was born to Rabbi Shimon, son of Rabbi /b Yehuda HaNasi, and b he was upset /b that he did not have a son. b His father said to him: Propagation has come to the world /b through the birth of a daughter. b Bar Kappara said to /b Rabbi Shimon: b Your father has consoled you with meaningless consolation, as it is taught /b in a i baraita /i : b The world cannot endure without males and females, /b as both are needed for the perpetuation of humanity. b But fortunate is he whose children are males and woe to him whose children are females. /b Similarly, b the world cannot endure without either a spice dealer /b whose wares are sweet-smelling, b or a tanner [ i bursi /i ], /b who is engaged in a foul-smelling occupation. b Fortunate is he whose occupation is a spice seller, /b and b woe to him whose occupation is a tanner. /b ,The Gemara comments that this disagreement is b parallel to /b a dispute between b i tanna’im /i : /b The Torah states: b “And the Lord blessed Abraham with everything [ i bakkol /i ]” /b (Genesis 24:1), and the Sages disagree about b what i bakkol /i /b means. b Rabbi Meir says: /b The blessing is b that he did not have a daughter. Rabbi Yehuda says: /b On the contrary, the blessing was b that he had a daughter. Others say: Abraham had a daughter and her name was Bakkol. Rabbi Elazar HaModa’i says: Abraham our forefather was so knowledgeable in astrology [ i itztagninut /i ] that all the kings of the East and the West would come early to his door /b due to his wisdom. This is the blessing of i bakkol /i , that he possessed knowledge that everybody needed. b Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai says: A precious stone hung around the neck of Abraham our forefather; any sick person who looked at it would immediately be healed. When Abraham our forefather died, the Holy One, Blessed be He, hung /b this stone b from the sphere of the sun, /b which from that point on brought healing to the sick. b Abaye said: This /b explains the adage b that people say: As the day progresses, sickness is lifted. /b , b Alternatively, /b what is the blessing of i bakkol /i ? b That Esau did not rebel in /b Abraham’s b lifetime, /b that is to say, as long as Abraham lived Esau did not sin. b Alternatively, /b the blessing of i bakkol /i is b that Ishmael repented in /b Abraham’s b lifetime. /b The Gemara explains: b From where do we /b derive that b Esau did not rebel in /b Abraham’s b lifetime? As it is written: /b “And Jacob was cooking a stew b and Esau came in from the field and he was faint” /b (Genesis 25:29), b and /b a i baraita /i b taught: On that day Abraham our forefather passed away, and Jacob our forefather prepared a lentil stew to comfort Isaac, his father, /b as it was customary to serve mourners lentil stew.,The Gemara explains: b And what is different about lentils /b that they in particular are the fare customarily offered to mourners? b They say in the West, /b Eretz Yisrael, b in the name of Rabba bar Mari: Just as this lentil has no mouth, /b i.e., it does not have a crack like other legumes, b so too a mourner has no mouth, /b that is, his anguish prevents him from speaking. b Alternatively, just as this lentil is /b completely b round, so too mourning comes around to the inhabitants of the world. /b The Gemara asks: b What is /b the practical difference b between /b the two explanations? The Gemara answers: b There is /b a practical difference b between them /b with regard to whether it is appropriate b to console /b a mourner b with eggs, /b which have no opening but are not completely round., b Rabbi Yoḥa says: That wicked /b Esau b committed five transgressions on that day /b that Abraham died: b He engaged in sexual intercourse with a betrothed maiden, he killed a person, he denied the principle /b of God’s existence, b he denied resurrection of the dead, and he despised the birthright. /b ,The Gemara cites proofs to support these charges. b He engaged in sexual intercourse with a betrothed maiden, /b as b it is written here: “And Esau came in from the field”; and it is written there /b with regard to rape of a betrothed maiden: b “For he found her in a field” /b (Deuteronomy 22:27). b He killed a person, /b as b it is written here: /b “And he was b faint”; and it is written there: “Woe is me, for my soul faints before the slayers” /b (Jeremiah 4:31). b And he denied the principle /b of God’s existence, as b it is written here: “What profit is this to me” /b (Genesis 25:32); b and it is written there: “This is my God and I will glorify Him” /b (Exodus 15:2). When he questioned the profit of “this,” he was challenging the assertion that “this is my God.” b And he denied resurrection of the dead, as it is written: “Behold, I am at the point of death” /b (Genesis 25:32), indicating that he did not believe in resurrection after death. b And he despised the birthright, as it is written: “And Esau despised the birthright” /b (Genesis 25:34)., b And from where do we /b derive b that Ishmael repented in /b Abraham’s b lifetime? From /b the incident involving b Ravina and Rav Ḥama bar Buzi, /b who b were sitting before Rava, and Rava was dozing /b while they were talking. b Ravina said to Rav Ḥama bar Buzi: Is it true that you say /b that b any death with regard to which /b the word b i gevia /i , /b expire, is mentioned b is the death of the righteous? /b Rav Ḥama bar Buzi b said to him: Yes. /b For example: “And Isaac expired [ i vayyigva /i ], and died” (Genesis 35:29). Ravina objected: b But /b with regard to b the generation of the flood /b it states: “And all flesh expired [ i vayyigva /i ]” (Genesis 7:21), and there they died for their wickedness. Rav Ḥama bar Buzi b said to him: We say /b this only when both b i gevia /i and i asifa /i , /b gathering, are used; when these two terms are mentioned together they indicate the death of a righteous person.,Ravina asked: b But isn’t there Ishmael, about whom i gevia /i and i asifa /i are written, /b as it is stated: “And these are the years of the life of Yishmael…and he expired and died [ i vayyigva vayyamot /i ]; and was gathered to his people” (Genesis 25:17)? b Meanwhile Rava, /b who had heard the discussion in his dozed state, fully b awoke /b and b said to them: Children [ i dardekei /i ], this is what Rabbi Yoḥa says: Ishmael repented in the lifetime of his father, as it is stated: “And Isaac and Ishmael, his sons, buried him” /b (Genesis 25:9). The fact that Ishmael allowed Isaac to precede him demonstrates that he had repented and accepted his authority.,The Gemara asks: b But perhaps /b the verse b listed them in the order of their wisdom; /b that is to say, perhaps in fact Ishmael preceded Isaac but the Torah did not list them in that order. The Gemara answers: b But if that is so, /b consider that the verse states: b “And Esau and Jacob, his sons, buried him” /b (Genesis 35:29). b What is the reason /b that the verse there b did not list them in the order of their wisdom? Rather, since /b Ishmael b allowed /b Isaac b to precede him, /b it is clear that he b made /b Isaac b his leader, and since he made him his leader, learn from it that he repented in /b Abraham’s b lifetime. /b ,Incidental to the discussion of the verse “And God blessed Abraham with everything” (Genesis 24:1), the Gemara states that b the Sages taught: /b There were b three /b people b to whom the Holy One, Blessed be He, gave /b already b in this world /b |
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64. Babylonian Talmud, Nedarim, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods, “the eye of the soul” Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 217| 32a. מפני שנתעסק במלון תחילה שנאמר ויהי בדרך במלון (שמות ד, כד),רבן שמעון בן גמליאל אומר לא למשה רבינו ביקש שטן להרוג אלא לאותו תינוק שנאמר כי חתן דמים אתה לי (שמות ד כה) צא וראה מי קרוי חתן הוי אומר זה התינוק,דרש רבי יהודה בר ביזנא בשעה שנתרשל משה רבינו מן המילה באו אף וחימה ובלעוהו ולא שיירו ממנו אלא רגליו מיד ותקח צפורה צור ותכרת את ערלת בנה (שמות ד, כה) מיד וירף ממנו (שמות ד, כו),באותה שעה ביקש משה רבינו להורגן שנאמר הרף מאף ועזוב חמה (תהלים לז, ח) ויש אומרים לחימה הֲרָגוֹ שנאמר חמה אין לי (ישעיהו כז, ד) והכתיב כי יגרתי מפני האף והחמה (דברים ט, יט) תרי חימה הוו ואיבעית אימא גונדא דחימה,תניא רבי אומר גדולה מילה שאין לך מי שנתעסק במצוות כאברהם אבינו ולא נקרא תמים אלא על שם מילה שנאמר התהלך לפני והיה תמים (בראשית יז, א) וכתיב ואתנה בריתי ביני ובינך (בראשית יז, ב),דבר אחר גדולה מילה ששקולה כנגד כל המצוות שבתורה שנאמר כי על פי הדברים האלה וגו' (שמות לד, כז) דבר אחר גדולה מילה שאילמלא מילה לא נתקיימו שמים וארץ שנאמר אם לא בריתי יומם ולילה וגו' (ירמיהו לג, כה),ופליגא דרבי אליעזר דאמר רבי אליעזר גדולה תורה שאילמלא תורה לא נתקיימו שמים וארץ שנאמר אם לא בריתי יומם ולילה חקות שמים וארץ לא שמתי וגו',אמר רב יהודה אמר רב בשעה שאמר לו הקב"ה לאברהם אבינו התהלך לפני והיה תמים (בראשית יז, א) אחזתו רעדה אמר שמא יש בי דבר מגונה כיוון שאמר לו ואתנה בריתי ביני ובינך (בראשית יז, ב) נתקררה דעתו,ויוצא אותו החוצה (בראשית טו, ה) אמר לפניו רבונו של עולם הסתכלתי במזל שלי ואין לי אלא בן אחד אמר לו צא מאיצטגנינות שלך אין מזל לישראל,אמר רבי יצחק כל המתמים עצמו הקב"ה מתמים עמו שנאמר עם חסיד תתחסד עם גבר תמים תתמם (תהלים יח, כו),אמר רבי הושעיא כל המתמים עצמו שעה עומדת לו שנאמר התהלך לפני והיה תמים (בראשית יז, א) וכתיב והיית לאב המון גוים (בראשית יז, ד),אמר רבי כל המנחש לו נחש שנאמר כי לא נחש ביעקב (במדבר כג, כג) והא בלמ"ד אל"ף כתיב אלא משום מידה כנגד מידה,תני אהבה בריה דרבי זירא כל אדם שאינו מנחש מכניסין אותו במחיצה שאפילו מלאכי השרת אין יכולין ליכנס בתוכה שנאמר כי לא נחש ביעקב ולא קסם בישראל וגו' (במדבר כג, כג),אמר רבי אבהו אמר רבי אלעזר מפני מה נענש אברהם אבינו ונשתעבדו בניו למצרים מאתיים ועשר שנים מפני שעשה אנגרייא בתלמידי חכמים שנאמר וירק את חניכיו ילידי ביתו (בראשית יד, יד),ושמואל אמר מפני שהפריז על מדותיו של הקב"ה שנאמר במה אדע כי אירשנה (בראשית טו, ח) ורבי יוחנן אמר שהפריש בני אדם מלהכנס תחת כנפי השכינה שנאמר תן לי הנפש והרכוש קח לך (בראשית יד, כא),וירק את חניכיו ילידי ביתו (בראשית יד, יד) רב אמר שהוריקן בתורה ושמואל אמר שהוריקן בזהב,שמנה עשר ושלש מאות (בראשית יד, יד) אמר רבי אמי בר אבא אליעזר כנגד כולם איכא דאמרי אליעזר הוא דחושבניה הכי הוי,ואמר רבי אמי בר אבא בן שלוש שנים הכיר אברהם את בוראו שנאמר עקב אשר שמע אברהם בקולי (בראשית כו, ה) חושבניה מאה ושבעין ותרין,ואמר רמי בר אבא | 32a. b Because he was occupied with lodging first /b and did not immediately perform the mitzva of circumcision, b as it is stated: “And it came to pass on the way at the lodging-place” /b (Exodus 4:24)., b Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: It was not Moses our teacher /b that b Satan wanted to kill, but rather, that infant /b who was not circumcised, b as it is stated: “Surely a bridegroom of blood are you to me” /b (Exodus 4:25). b Go out and see: Who /b does it make sense would be the one that b is called the bridegroom /b in this instance? b You must say this is the infant, /b since he is the one who entered the covet of Abraham by means of the circumcision., b Rabbi Yehuda bar Bizna taught: At the time that Moses our teacher was negligent about the circumcision, /b the destructive angels named b Af, /b meaning anger, b and Ḥeima, /b meaning wrath, b came and swallowed him, and only his legs were left /b outside. b Immediately, “Zipporah took a flint, and cut off the foreskin of her son” /b (Exodus 4:25), and b immediately “He let him alone” /b (Exodus 4:26)., b At that moment, Moses our teacher wanted to kill them, as it is stated: “Cease from anger [ i af /i ] and forsake wrath [ i ḥeima /i ]” /b (Psalms 37:8), which indicates that he wanted to harm them. b And there are those who say: He killed /b the angel named b Ḥeima, as it is stated: “Wrath is not in me” /b (Isaiah 27:4). The Gemara asks: How is it possible to say that he killed Ḥeima? b Isn’t it written /b that Moses himself said much later: b “For I was in dread of the anger and wrath” /b (Deuteronomy 9:19)? The Gemara answers: b There are two /b types of b wrath. And if you wish, say /b that b the army of Ḥeima /b remained but not the angel itself., b It is taught /b in a i baraita /i : b Rabbi /b Yehuda HaNasi b says: Great is /b the mitzva of b circumcision, for there is no one who was engaged in mitzvot like Abraham our Patriarch, and /b yet b he was called wholehearted only due to /b the mitzva of b circumcision, as it is stated: “Walk before Me and you should be wholehearted” /b (Genesis 17:1), b and it is written /b in the next verse: b “And I will make My covet between Me and you” /b (Genesis 17:2), and Abraham was then commanded with regard to circumcision. This indicates that he was not called wholehearted until he performed circumcision., b Alternatively, /b so b great is /b the mitzva of b circumcision that it is equal to all the mitzvot of the Torah, as it is stated /b at the giving of the Torah: b “For according to these words /b I have made a covet with you and with Israel” (Exodus 34:27), and “covet” refers to circumcision. b Alternatively, /b so b great is /b the mitzva of b circumcision that if not for circumcision heaven and earth would not have been established, as it is stated: “If My covet be not with day and night, /b I would not have appointed the ordices of heaven and earth” (Jeremiah 33:25), and the covet that exists day and night is the covet of circumcision, as it is always found on the person’s body.,The Gemara comments: b And /b this statement b disagrees /b with the words b of Rabbi Eliezer, for Rabbi Eliezer said: Great is the Torah, for if not for Torah, heaven and earth would not have been established, as it is stated: “If My covet be not with day and night, /b I would not have appointed the ordices of heaven and earth” (Jeremiah 33:25). According to Rabbi Eliezer, the covet that exists day and night is the Torah, as it says: “You should contemplate it day and night” (Joshua 1:8)., b Rav Yehuda said /b that b Rav said: At the time that the Holy One, Blessed be He, said to Abraham our Patriarch: “Walk before Me and you should be wholehearted” /b (Genesis 17:1), a sensation of b trembling seized him /b and b he said: Perhaps there is something disgraceful about me /b due to a transgression that I committed, and therefore I cannot be called complete. b When /b God b said to him: “And I will make My covet between Me and you” /b (Genesis 17:2), b his mind was set at ease, /b since he understood that the removal of the foreskin that he was now commanded to do was the reason he had not yet achieved completion.,The Gemara expounds the verse b “and He brought him outside” /b (Genesis 15:5): Abraham b said before Him: Master of the Universe, I looked at my constellation and /b according to it b I /b will b have only one son, /b and a son has already been born to me, i.e., Ishmael. b He said to him: Emerge from your astrology /b because b there is no constellation for the Jewish people, /b as they are not subject to the influence of astrology., b Rabbi Yitzḥak said: Anyone who conducts himself with wholeheartedness, the Holy One, Blessed be He, treats him with wholeheartedness, as it is stated: “With the devout You act devoutly, and with the one who is strong in his wholeheartedness You act wholeheartedly” /b (II Samuel 22:26)., b Rabbi Hoshaya said: Anyone who acts wholeheartedly, time will stand for him, /b i.e., he will be successful, b as it is stated: “Walk before Me and you should be wholehearted” /b (Genesis 17:1), b and it is written: “And you shall be the father of a multitude of nations” /b (Genesis 17:4)., b Rabbi /b Yehuda HaNasi b said: Anyone who divines, /b i.e., he guesses and looks for signs about the future, b the sign /b will injure b him, as it is stated: “For there is to him [ i lo /i ] divination with Jacob” /b (Numbers 23:23). The Gemara asks: b But it is written /b i lo /i b with /b the letters b i lamed alef /i , /b meaning “no divination,” as opposed to with the letters i lamed vav /i , meaning “there is to him divination.” The straightforward meaning of the verse is that there is no divination with regard to Jacob. b Rather, /b the reason that he will be injured is not based on the verse but rather b due to /b the concept of b measure for measure: /b Since he attempts to tell his fortune, it injures him., b Ahava, son of Rabbi Zeira, teaches: Any person who does not divine /b his future b is brought inside a partition /b close to God to a place b that even the ministering angels cannot enter inside, as it is stated: “For there is no divination with Jacob, neither is there any enchantment with Israel, /b now it is said to Jacob and Israel what has God wrought” (Numbers 23:23). In other words, matters are revealed to Israel that even the angels do not know, since Israel is closer to God than the angels., b Rabbi Abbahu said /b that b Rabbi Elazar said: For what reason was Abraham our Patriarch punished and his children enslaved to Egypt /b for b 210 years? Because he made a draft [ i angarya /i ] of Torah scholars, as it is stated: “He led forth his trained men, born in his house” /b (Genesis 14:14). These trained men that he took to war were actually his disciples, who were Torah scholars., b And Shmuel said: Because he greatly examined [ i hifriz /i ] the characteristics of the Holy One, Blessed be He, as it is stated: “Whereby shall I know that I shall inherit it?” /b (Genesis 15:8). b And Rabbi Yoḥa said: /b He was punished b because he distanced people from entering under the wings of the Divine Presence, as it is stated /b that the king of Sodom said to him: b “Give me the people and take the goods to yourself” /b (Genesis 14:21), but Abraham refused to take any goods either. If he had not listened to the king of Sodom and had allowed the people to remain with him, he would have brought the prisoners under the wings of the Divine Presence.,The Gemara returns to discuss one of the verses cited previously: b “He led forth [ i vayyarek /i ] his trained men, born in his house” /b (Genesis 14:14). b Rav said: He showered them [ i horikan /i ] with Torah /b like someone who pours from one vessel into another, b and Shmuel said: He showered them [ i horikan /i ] with gold /b and gave them an abundance of money so that they would go to war with him.,The Torah states that he took b “eighteen and three hundred” /b (Genesis 14:14) men to war. b Rabbi Ami bar Abba said: Eliezer /b was b equivalent /b to b all of them. There are /b those b who say: /b Only b Eliezer is /b referred to here, b as the numerical value /b of the letters of his name b is this /b amount, i.e., 318., b And Rabbi Ami bar Abba said: Abraham recognized his Creator at the age of three years, as it is stated: “Because [ i ekev /i ] Abraham hearkened to My voice” /b (Genesis 26:5). b The numerical value /b of the letters of the word i ekev /i is b 172, /b indicating that he observed the i halakha /i for this many years. If Abraham lived until 175 then his first recognition of the Creator must have been at the age of three., b And Rami bar Abba said /b in a similar manner: |
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65. Babylonian Talmud, Sanhedrin, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods, faith vs. •faith, external goods contrasted with •trust in god vs. external goods Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 403| 107b. בחברון מלך שבע שנים ובירושלים מלך שלשים ושלש שנים וכתיב (שמואל ב ה, ה) בחברון מלך על יהודה שבע שנים וששה חדשים וגו' והני ששה חדשים לא קחשיב ש"מ נצטרע,אמר לפניו רבש"ע מחול לי על אותו עון מחול לך (תהלים פו, יז) עשה עמי אות לטובה ויראו שונאי ויבושו כי אתה ה' עזרתני ונחמתני א"ל בחייך איני מודיע אבל אני מודיע בחיי שלמה בנך,בשעה שבנה שלמה את בית המקדש ביקש להכניס ארון לבית קדשי הקדשים דבקו שערים זה בזה אמר עשרים וארבעה רננות ולא נענה אמר (תהלים כד, ז) שאו שערים ראשיכם והנשאו פתחי עולם ויבא מלך הכבוד מי זה מלך הכבוד ה' עזוז וגבור ה' גבור מלחמה ונאמר (תהלים כד, ט) שאו שערים ראשיכם ושאו פתחי עולם ויבא מלך הכבוד וגו' ולא נענה,כיון שאמר (דברי הימים ב ו, מב) ה' אלהים אל תשב פני משיחך זכרה לחסדי דויד עבדך מיד נענה באותה שעה נהפכו פני שונאי דוד כשולי קדירה וידעו כל ישראל שמחל לו הקב"ה על אותו העון,גחזי דכתיב וילך אלישע דמשק להיכא אזל א"ר יוחנן שהלך להחזיר גחזי בתשובה ולא חזר אמר לו חזור בך אמר לו כך מקובלני ממך החוטא ומחטיא את הרבים אין מספיקין בידו לעשות תשובה,מאי עבד איכא דאמרי אבן שואבת תלה לחטאת ירבעם והעמידה בין שמים לארץ ואיכא דאמרי שם חקק בפיה והיתה מכרזת ואומרת אנכי ולא יהיה לך,וא"ד רבנן דחה מקמיה שנאמר (מלכים ב ו, א) ויאמרו בני הנביאים אל אלישע הנה [נא] המקום אשר אנחנו יושבים שם לפניך צר ממנו מכלל דעד השתא לא הוו (פיישי) [צר],תנו רבנן לעולם תהא שמאל דוחה וימין מקרבת לא כאלישע שדחפו לגחזי בשתי ידים [ולא כרבי יהושע בן פרחיה שדחפו ליש"ו בשתי ידים],גחזי דכתיב (מלכים ב ה, כג) ויאמר נעמן הואל וקח ככרים (ויפצר) [ויפרץ] בו ויצר ככרים כסף וגו' ויאמר אליו אלישע מאין גחזי ויאמר לא הלך עבדך אנה ואנה ויאמר אליו לא לבי הלך כאשר הפך איש מעל מרכבתו לקראתך העת לקחת את הכסף ולקחת בגדים וזיתים וכרמים וצאן ובקר ועבדים ושפחות ומי שקל כולי האי כסף ובגדים הוא דשקל,אמר רבי יצחק באותה שעה היה אלישע יושב ודורש בשמונה שרצים נעמן שר צבא מלך ארם היה מצורע אמרה ליה ההיא רביתא דאישתבאי מארעא ישראל אי אזלת לגבי אלישע מסי לך כי אתא א"ל זיל טבול בירדן א"ל אחוכי קא מחייכת בי אמרי ליה הנהו דהוו בהדיה מאי נפקא לך מינה זיל נסי אזל וטבל בירדנא ואיתסי אתא אייתי ליה כל הני דנקיט לא צבי לקבולי מיניה גחזי איפטר מקמיה אלישע אזל שקל מאי דשקל ואפקיד,כי אתא חזייה אלישע לצרעת דהוה פרחא עילויה רישיה א"ל רשע הגיע עת ליטול שכר שמנה שרצים וצרעת נעמן תדבק בך ובזרעך עד עולם ויצא מלפניו מצורע כשלג: (מלכים ב ז, ג) וארבעה אנשים היו מצורעים פתח השער אמר ר' יוחנן גחזי ושלשה בניו,[הוספה מחסרונות הש"ס: רבי יהושע בן פרחיה מאי הוא כדקטלינהו ינאי מלכא לרבנן אזל רבי יהושע בן פרחיה ויש"ו לאלכסנדריא של מצרים כי הוה שלמא שלח לי' שמעון בן שטח מני ירושלים עיר הקודש ליכי אלכסנדרי' של מצרים אחותי בעלי שרוי בתוכך ואנכי יושבת שוממה,קם אתא ואתרמי ליה ההוא אושפיזא עבדו ליה יקרא טובא אמר כמה יפה אכסניא זו אמר ליה רבי עיניה טרוטות אמר ליה רשע בכך אתה עוסק אפיק ארבע מאה שיפורי ושמתיה,אתא לקמיה כמה זמנין אמר ליה קבלן לא הוי קא משגח ביה יומא חד הוה קא קרי קריאת שמע אתא לקמיה סבר לקבולי אחוי ליה בידיה הוא סבר מידחא דחי ליה אזל זקף לבינתא והשתחוה לה אמר ליה הדר בך אמר ליה כך מקובלני ממך כל החוטא ומחטיא את הרבים אין מספיקין בידו לעשות תשובה ואמר מר יש"ו כישף והסית והדיח את ישראל:],תניא א"ר שמעון בן אלעזר יצר תינוק ואשה תהא שמאל דוחה וימין מקרבת,ת"ר ג' חלאים חלה אלישע אחד שגירה דובים בתינוקות ואחד שדחפו לגחזי בשתי ידים ואחד שמת בו [שנא' (מלכים ב יג, יד) ואלישע חלה את חליו וגו'],עד אברהם לא היה זקנה כל דחזי לאברהם אמר האי יצחק כל דחזי ליצחק אמר האי אברהם בעא אברהם רחמי דליהוי ליה זקנה שנאמר (בראשית כד, א) ואברהם זקן בא בימים עד יעקב לא הוה חולשא בעא רחמי והוה חולשא שנאמר (בראשית מח, א) ויאמר ליוסף הנה אביך חולה עד אלישע לא הוה איניש חליש דמיתפח ואתא אלישע ובעא רחמי ואיתפח שנא' (מלכים ב יג, יד) ואלישע חלה את חליו אשר ימות בו:, big strongמתני׳ /strong /big דור המבול אין להם חלק לעוה"ב ואין עומדין בדין שנא' (בראשית ו, ג) לא ידון רוחי באדם לעולם לא דין ולא רוח דור הפלגה אין להם חלק לעולם הבא שנאמר (בראשית יא, ח) ויפץ ה' אותם משם על פני כל הארץ (וכתיב ומשם הפיצם) ויפץ ה' אותם בעוה"ז ומשם הפיצם ה' לעולם הבא אנשי סדום אין להם חלק לעולם הבא שנא' (בראשית יג, יג) ואנשי סדום רעים וחטאים לה' מאד רעים בעולם הזה וחטאים לעולם הבא אבל עומדין בדין,ר' נחמיה אומר אלו ואלו אין עומדין בדין שנאמר (תהלים א, ה) על כן לא יקומו | 107b. b in Hebron he reigned seven years, and in Jerusalem he reigned thirty-three years” /b (I Kings 2:11). b And it is written: “In Hebron he reigned over Judah seven years and six months /b and in Jerusalem he reigned for thirty-three years over all Israel and Judah” (II Samuel 5:5). b And those six months, /b the prophet b did not tally /b them as part of the forty years of King David’s reign. b Conclude from it /b that there were six months that he was not considered king because he b was afflicted with leprosy. /b ,David b said before Him /b after this: b Master of the Universe, pardon me for this sin. /b God said to him: b It is forgiven for you. /b David requested: b “Perform on my behalf a sign for good, that they that hate me may see it and be put to shame” /b (Psalms 86:17); show me a sign in my lifetime so that everyone will know that You have forgiven me. God b said to him: In your lifetime I will not make /b it b known /b that you were forgiven, b but I will make /b it b known in the lifetime of your son, Solomon. /b ,The Gemara explains: b When Solomon built the Temple /b and b sought to bring the Ark into the Holy of Holies, /b the b gates clung together /b and could not be opened. Solomon b uttered twenty-four songs /b of praise, b and /b his prayer b was not answered. He said: “Lift up your heads, you gates, and be you lifted up, you everlasting doors, that the King of glory may come in. Who is the King of glory? The Lord strong and mighty, the Lord mighty in battle” /b (Psalms 24:7–8). b And it is stated: “Lift up your heads, you gates, yea, lift them up, you everlasting doors, that the King of glory may come in. /b Who then is the King of glory? The Lord of hosts; He is the King of glory. Selah” (Psalms 24:9–10), b and he was not answered. /b , b Once he said: “O Lord God, turn not away the face of Your anointed; remember the good deeds of David Your servant” /b (II Chronicles 6:42), b he was immediately answered, /b and the gates opened (II Chronicles 7:1). b At that moment, the faces of all of David’s enemies turned /b dark b like the /b charred b bottom of a pot. And all of the Jewish people knew that the Holy One, Blessed be He, had forgiven him for that sin, /b as it was only by David’s merit that Solomon’s prayer was answered.,§ The mishna states that b Gehazi, /b the attendant of Elisha, has no share in the World-to-Come. The Gemara explains that this is b as it is written: And Elisha went to Damascus /b (see II Kings 8:7). b Where did he go, /b and for what purpose? b Rabbi Yoḥa says: He went to cause Gehazi to repent, but he did not repent. /b Elisha b said to him: Repent. /b Gehazi b said to him: This /b is the tradition that b I received from you: Whoever sins and causes the masses to sin is not given the opportunity to repent. /b , b What did he do /b that caused the masses to sin? b There are /b those b who say /b that b he hung a magnetic rock on Jeroboam’s sin, /b i.e., on the golden calf that Jeroboam established as an idol, so that b he suspended it between heaven and earth, /b i.e., he caused it to hover above the ground. This seemingly miraculous occurrence caused the people to worship it even more devoutly than before. b And there are /b those b who say: He engraved /b the sacred b name /b of God b on its mouth, and it would declare and say: “I am /b the Lord your God” (Exodus 20:2), b and: “You shall not have /b other gods” (Exodus 20:3). The idol would quote the two prohibitions from the Ten Commandments that prohibit idol worship, causing the people to worship it even more devoutly than before., b And there are /b those b who say: /b Gehazi b pushed the Sages /b away b from /b coming b before him, /b i.e., he prevented them from learning from Elisha, b as it is stated: “And the sons of the prophets said to Elisha, behold this place where we are staying before you is too cramped for us” /b (II Kings 6:1). It may be derived b by inference that until now they were not numerous /b and the place was not b cramped /b for them, as Gehazi would turn people away., b The Sages taught: Always have the left /b hand b drive /b sinners b away and the right draw /b them b near, /b so that the sinner will not totally despair of atonement. This is b unlike Elisha, who pushed away Gehazi with his two hands /b and caused him to lose his share in the World-to-Come, b and unlike Yehoshua ben Peraḥya, who pushed away Jesus the Nazarene with his two hands. /b ,Elisha drove b Gehazi /b away, b as it is written: “And Naaman said: Be content, take two talents. And he urged him, and bound two talents of silver /b in two bags, with two changes of garments” (II Kings 5:23). Naaman offered Gehazi payment for the help Elisha had given him. The verse states: b “And Elisha said to him: Where from, Gehazi? And he said: Your servant went nowhere at all. And he said to him: Went not my heart with you, when the man turned back from his chariot to meet you? Is it the time to receive silver and to receive garments, and olive groves, and vineyards, and sheep and cattle, and menservants and maidservants?” /b (II Kings 5:25–26). The Gemara asks: b And did /b Gehazi b take all that? It is /b merely b silver and garments that he took. /b , b Rabbi Yitzḥak says: /b This was the incident involving Gehazi: b At that moment, Elisha was sitting and teaching /b the i halakhot /i of the b eight /b impure b creeping animals. /b Now b Naaman, the general of the army of Aram, was a leper. A certain young Jewish woman who had been taken captive from Eretz Yisrael said to him: If you go to Elisha, he will heal you. When /b Naaman b came /b to him, Elisha b said to him: Go immerse in the Jordan. /b Naaman b said to him: Are you mocking me /b by suggesting that this will cure me? b Those /b companions b who were with /b Naaman b said to him: What is the difference to you? Go, try /b it. Naaman b went and immersed in the Jordan and was healed. /b Naaman b came /b and b brought to /b Elisha b all those /b items b that he had /b taken with him from Aram, and Elisha b did not agree to receive /b them b from him. Gehazi took leave from before Elisha /b and b went /b and b took /b from Naaman b what he took, and /b he b deposited /b them., b When /b Gehazi b came, Elisha saw the leprosy that had grown on /b Gehazi’s b head. /b Elisha b said to him: Wicked one! The time has arrived to take /b your b reward for /b studying the matter of b the eight creeping animals. /b Since the silver Gehazi received was his reward for studying the matter of the eight creeping animals, Elisha enumerated eight items that Gehazi sought to purchase with the silver that he took. Then Elisha said to Gehazi: b “The leprosy of Naaman shall cleave to you and to your seed forever. And he went out of his presence a leper as white as snow” /b (II Kings 5:27). With regard to the verse: b “And there were four men afflicted with leprosy at the entrance of the gate” /b (II Kings 7:3), b Rabbi Yoḥa says: /b These were b Gehazi and his three sons, /b as he and his descendants were cursed.,§ b What is /b the incident involving b Yehoshua ben Peraḥya? /b The Gemara relates: b When King Yannai was killing the Sages, Yehoshua ben Peraḥya and Jesus, /b his student, b went to Alexandria of Egypt. When there was peace /b between King Yannai and the Sages, b Shimon ben Shataḥ sent /b a message b to /b Yehoshua ben Peraḥya: b From me, Jerusalem, the holy city, to you, Alexandria of Egypt: My sister, my husband is located among you and I sit desolate. /b The head of the Sages of Israel is out of the country and Jerusalem requires his return.,Yehoshua ben Peraḥya understood the message, b arose, came, and happened /b to arrive at b a certain inn /b on the way to Jerusalem. b They treated him with great honor. /b Yehoshua ben Peraḥya b said: How beautiful is this inn. /b Jesus, his student, b said to him: /b But b my teacher, the eyes of /b the innkeeper’s wife b are narrow [ i terutot /i ]. /b Yehoshua ben Peraḥya b said to him: Wicked one! /b Do b you involve yourself with regard to that /b matter, the appearance of a married woman? b He produced four hundred i shofarot /i and ostracized him. /b ,Jesus b came before /b Yehoshua ben Peraḥya b several times /b and b said to him: Accept our, /b i.e., my, repentance. Yehoshua ben Peraḥya b took no notice of him. One day /b Yehoshua ben Peraḥya b was reciting i Shema /i /b and Jesus b came before him /b with the same request. Yehoshua ben Peraḥya b intended to accept his /b request, and b signaled him with his hand /b to wait until he completed his prayer. Jesus did not understand the signal and b thought: He is driving me away. He went /b and b stood a brick /b upright to serve as an idol b and he bowed to it. /b Yehoshua ben Peraḥya then b said to /b Jesus: b Repent. /b Jesus b said to him: This /b is the tradition that b I received from you: Whoever sins and causes the masses to sin is not given the opportunity to repent. And the Master says: Jesus performed sorcery, incited /b Jews to engage in idolatry, b and led Israel astray. /b Had Yehoshua ben Peraḥya not caused him to despair of atonement, he would not have taken the path of evil., b It is taught /b in a i baraita /i that b Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar says: /b With regard to the evil b inclination, /b to b a child, and /b to b a woman, have the left /b hand b drive /b them b away and the right draw /b them b near. /b Total rejection of the evil inclination will lead to inaction, unlike channeling its power in a positive direction. One should not draw them too near, lest they lead him to sin, but one should not drive his wife or his child away completely, lest he cause them to abandon the path of righteousness., b The Sages taught: Elisha fell ill with three illnesses: One /b illness was due to the fact b that he incited bears to /b attack and eat b children /b (see II Kings 2:24–25); b and one /b was due to the fact b that he pushed Gehazi away with two hands /b and caused him to despair of atonement; b and one /b was the illness b from which he died, as it is stated: “And Elisha was fallen ill of his illness /b from which he was to die” (II Kings 13:14), indicating that he had previously suffered other illnesses.,Apropos the death of Elisha, the Gemara says: b Until /b the time of b Abraham there was no aging, /b and the old and the young looked the same. b Anyone who saw Abraham said: That is Isaac, /b and b anyone who saw Isaac said: That is Abraham. Abraham prayed for mercy, that he would undergo aging, as it is stated: “And Abraham was old, well stricken in age” /b (Genesis 24:1). There is no mention of aging before that verse. b Until /b the time of b Jacob there was no weakness, /b i.e., illness. Jacob b prayed for mercy and there was weakness, as it is stated: “And one said to Joseph: Behold, your father is ill” /b (Genesis 48:1). b Until /b the time of b Elisha, there was no ill person who recovered, and Elisha came and prayed for mercy and recovered, as it is stated: “And Elisha was fallen ill of his illness from which he was to die” /b (II Kings 13:14). That is the first mention of a person who was ill and who did not die from that illness.,mishna The members of b the generation of the flood have no share in the World-to-Come and will not stand in judgment /b at the end of days, b as it is stated: “My soul shall not abide [ i yadon /i ] in man forever” /b (Genesis 6:3); b neither /b will they stand in b judgment [ i din /i ] nor /b shall their b souls /b be restored to them. The members of b the generation of the dispersion have no share in the World-to-Come, as it is stated: “And the Lord scattered them from there upon the face of all the earth” /b (Genesis 11:8), b and it is written: “And from there did the Lord scatter them /b upon the face of all the earth” (Genesis 11:9). b “And the Lord scattered them” /b indicates b in this world; “and from there did the Lord scatter them” /b indicates b for the World-to-Come. The people of Sodom have no share in the World-to-Come, as it is stated: “And the men of Sodom were wicked and sinners before the Lord exceedingly” /b (Genesis 13:13). b “Wicked” /b indicates b in this world; “and sinners” /b indicates b for the World-to-Come. But they will stand in judgment /b and they will be sentenced to eternal contempt., b Rabbi Neḥemya says: /b Both b these, /b the people of Sodom, b and those, /b the members of the generation of the flood, b will not stand in judgment, as it is stated: “Therefore the wicked shall not stand /b |
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66. Diogenes Laertius, Lives of The Philosophers, 2.25, 3.78, 4.20, 7.116 (3rd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods •external goods, faith vs. •faith, external goods contrasted with •trust in god vs. external goods •goods, external Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 400; Geljon and Runia (2019), Philo of Alexandria: On Planting: Introduction, Translation and Commentary, 185, 290; Tsouni (2019), Antiochus and Peripatetic Ethics, 51 | 2.25. often when he looked at the multitude of wares exposed for sale, he would say to himself, How many things I can do without! And he would continually recite the lines:The purple robe and silver's shineMore fits an actor's need than mine.He showed his contempt for Archelaus of Macedon and Scopas of Cranon and Eurylochus of Larissa by refusing to accept their presents or to go to their court. He was so orderly in his way of life that on several occasions when pestilence broke out in Athens he was the only man who escaped infection. 3.78. On good and evil he would discourse to this effect. He maintained that the end to aim at is assimilation to God, that virtue is in itself sufficient for happiness, but that it needs in addition, as instruments for use, first, bodily advantages like health and strength, sound senses and the like, and, secondly, external advantages such as wealth, good birth and reputation. But the wise man will be no less happy even if he be without these things. Again, he will take part in public affairs, will marry, and will refrain from breaking the laws which have been made. And as far as circumstances allow he will legislate for his own country, unless in the extreme corruption of the people he sees that the state of affairs completely justifies his abstention. 4.20. He loved Sophocles, particularly in those passages where it seemed as if, in the phrase of the comic poet,A stout Molossian mastiff lent him aid,and where the poet was, in the words of Phrynichus,Nor must, nor blended vintage, but true Pramnian.Thus he would call Homer the Sophocles of epic, and Sophocles the Homer of tragedyHe died at an advanced age of gradual decay, leaving behind him a considerable number of works. I have composed the following epigram upon him:Dost thou not hear? We have buried Polemo, laid here by that fatal scourge of wasted strength. Yet not Polemo, but merely his body, which on his way to the stars he left to moulder in the ground. 7.116. Also they say that there are three emotional states which are good, namely, joy, caution, and wishing. Joy, the counterpart of pleasure, is rational elation; caution, the counterpart of fear, rational avoidance; for though the wise man will never feel fear, he will yet use caution. And they make wishing the counterpart of desire (or craving), inasmuch as it is rational appetency. And accordingly, as under the primary passions are classed certain others subordinate to them, so too is it with the primary eupathies or good emotional states. Thus under wishing they bring well-wishing or benevolence, friendliness, respect, affection; under caution, reverence and modesty; under joy, delight, mirth, cheerfulness. |
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| 67. Origen, Homiliae In Genesim (In Catenis), 5.1 (3rd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods •external goods, virtue vs. •virtue, vs. wealth or external goods Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 342 |
| 68. Eusebius of Caesarea, Preparation For The Gospel, 9.17.3-9.17.4, 9.18.1 (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods, “the eye of the soul” Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 217 |
| 69. Ambrose, On Abraham, 1.2.14, 1.3.10-1.3.11, 1.3.13 (4th cent. CE - 4th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods •external goods, virtue vs. •virtue, vs. wealth or external goods Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 342 |
| 70. Augustine, On The Holy Trinity, 2.11.20 (4th cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external goods, “the eye of the soul” Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 276 |
| 71. Proclus, On The Existence of Evils, 50.1-50.9 (5th cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •external/apparent goods Found in books: d'Hoine and Martijn (2017), All From One: A Guide to Proclus, 249 |
| 72. Olympiodorus The Younger of Alexandria, In Platonis Alcibiadem Commentarii, 32.13, 32.14, 32.15, 32.16, 32.20, 42.14, 42.15, 51.10, 51.11, 51.12, 51.13, 51.14, 51.15, 51.16, 65.13, 103.21, 103.22, 103.23, 103.24, 103.25, 103.26, 107.1, 107.2, 107.3, 107.4, 107.5, 107.6, 107.7, 107.8, 107.9, 107.10, 124.4-125.1, 197.1, 197.2, 197.3, 197.4, 197.5, 226.5, 226.6, 226.7 (6th cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Joosse (2021), Olympiodorus of Alexandria: Exegete, Teacher, Platonic Philosopher, 98 |
| 73. Olympiodorus The Younger of Alexandria, In Platonis Gorgiam Commentaria, None (6th cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Joosse (2021), Olympiodorus of Alexandria: Exegete, Teacher, Platonic Philosopher, 98 |
| 75. Origen, Dialogue With Trypho, 188 Tagged with subjects: •external goods, “the eye of the soul” Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 276 |
| 76. Pseudo-Eupolemus, Praeparatio Evangelica (Eusebius), 9.17.3-9.17.4 Tagged with subjects: •external goods, “the eye of the soul” Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 217 |
| 77. Cicero, Academic Books, 19 Tagged with subjects: •goods, external Found in books: Tsouni (2019), Antiochus and Peripatetic Ethics, 177 |
| 78. Stobaeus, Selections (From Didymus Epitome of Peripatetic Ethics), None Tagged with subjects: •goods, external Found in books: Tsouni (2019), Antiochus and Peripatetic Ethics, 179, 180 |
| 79. Romanus The Melodist, Hymns, 6 Tagged with subjects: •external goods, “the eye of the soul” Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 298 |
| 80. Plato, Olympian Odes, 29 Tagged with subjects: •external goods •external goods, faith vs. •external goods, virtue vs. •faith, external goods contrasted with •trust in god vs. external goods •virtue, vs. wealth or external goods Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 64, 342 |
| 81. Theaetetus, Timaeus, None Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 400 |
| 82. Stobaeus, Eclogues, None Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Tsouni (2019), Antiochus and Peripatetic Ethics, 180 |
| 83. Artapanus, Jubilees, 12.16-12.21 Tagged with subjects: •external goods, “the eye of the soul” Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 217, 298 |
| 84. Stoic School, Stoicor. Veter. Fragm., 3.135-3.136 Tagged with subjects: •external goods •external goods, faith vs. •faith, external goods contrasted with •trust in god vs. external goods Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 400, 403 |
| 85. Artapanus, Apud Eusebius, 9.18.1 Tagged with subjects: •external goods, “the eye of the soul” Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 217 |
| 86. Ambrose, Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, 188 Tagged with subjects: •external goods, “the eye of the soul” Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 276 |
| 88. Theaetetus, Symposium, None Tagged with subjects: •external goods •external goods, faith vs. •faith, external goods contrasted with •trust in god vs. external goods Found in books: Birnbaum and Dillon (2020), Philo of Alexandria: On the Life of Abraham: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary, 400 |
