1. Hebrew Bible, Exodus, 12.11, 12.39, 17.12 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer (ben hyrcanus), rabbi •r. eliezer b. hyrcanus Found in books: Kaplan (2015), My Perfect One: Typology and Early Rabbinic Interpretation of Song of Songs, 166, 167; Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 348| 12.11. "וְכָכָה תֹּאכְלוּ אֹתוֹ מָתְנֵיכֶם חֲגֻרִים נַעֲלֵיכֶם בְּרַגְלֵיכֶם וּמַקֶּלְכֶם בְּיֶדְכֶם וַאֲכַלְתֶּם אֹתוֹ בְּחִפָּזוֹן פֶּסַח הוּא לַיהוָה׃", 12.39. "וַיֹּאפוּ אֶת־הַבָּצֵק אֲשֶׁר הוֹצִיאוּ מִמִּצְרַיִם עֻגֹת מַצּוֹת כִּי לֹא חָמֵץ כִּי־גֹרְשׁוּ מִמִּצְרַיִם וְלֹא יָכְלוּ לְהִתְמַהְמֵהַּ וְגַם־צֵדָה לֹא־עָשׂוּ לָהֶם׃", 17.12. "וִידֵי מֹשֶׁה כְּבֵדִים וַיִּקְחוּ־אֶבֶן וַיָּשִׂימוּ תַחְתָּיו וַיֵּשֶׁב עָלֶיהָ וְאַהֲרֹן וְחוּר תָּמְכוּ בְיָדָיו מִזֶּה אֶחָד וּמִזֶּה אֶחָד וַיְהִי יָדָיו אֱמוּנָה עַד־בֹּא הַשָּׁמֶשׁ׃", | 12.11. "And thus shall ye eat it: with your loins girded, your shoes on your feet, and your staff in your hand; and ye shall eat it in haste—it is the LORD’s passover.", 12.39. "And they baked unleavened cakes of the dough which they brought forth out of Egypt, for it was not leavened; because they were thrust out of Egypt, and could not tarry, neither had they prepared for themselves any victual.", 17.12. "But Moses’hands were heavy; and they took a stone, and put it under him, and he sat thereon; and Aaron and Hur stayed up his hands, the one on the one side, and the other on the other side; and his hands were steady until the going down of the sun.", |
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2. Hebrew Bible, Deuteronomy, 16.3, 32.22-32.26 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer (ben hyrcanus), rabbi Found in books: Kaplan (2015), My Perfect One: Typology and Early Rabbinic Interpretation of Song of Songs, 166, 167| 16.3. "לֹא־תֹאכַל עָלָיו חָמֵץ שִׁבְעַת יָמִים תֹּאכַל־עָלָיו מַצּוֹת לֶחֶם עֹנִי כִּי בְחִפָּזוֹן יָצָאתָ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם לְמַעַן תִּזְכֹּר אֶת־יוֹם צֵאתְךָ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם כֹּל יְמֵי חַיֶּיךָ׃", 32.22. "כִּי־אֵשׁ קָדְחָה בְאַפִּי וַתִּיקַד עַד־שְׁאוֹל תַּחְתִּית וַתֹּאכַל אֶרֶץ וִיבֻלָהּ וַתְּלַהֵט מוֹסְדֵי הָרִים׃", 32.23. "אַסְפֶּה עָלֵימוֹ רָעוֹת חִצַּי אֲכַלֶּה־בָּם׃", 32.24. "מְזֵי רָעָב וּלְחֻמֵי רֶשֶׁף וְקֶטֶב מְרִירִי וְשֶׁן־בְּהֵמוֹת אֲשַׁלַּח־בָּם עִם־חֲמַת זֹחֲלֵי עָפָר׃", 32.25. "מִחוּץ תְּשַׁכֶּל־חֶרֶב וּמֵחֲדָרִים אֵימָה גַּם־בָּחוּר גַּם־בְּתוּלָה יוֹנֵק עִם־אִישׁ שֵׂיבָה׃", 32.26. "אָמַרְתִּי אַפְאֵיהֶם אַשְׁבִּיתָה מֵאֱנוֹשׁ זִכְרָם׃", | 16.3. "Thou shalt eat no leavened bread with it; seven days shalt thou eat unleavened bread therewith, even the bread of affliction; for in haste didst thou come forth out of the land of Egypt; that thou mayest remember the day when thou camest forth out of the land of Egypt all the days of thy life.", 32.22. "For a fire is kindled in My nostril, And burneth unto the depths of the nether-world, And devoureth the earth with her produce, And setteth ablaze the foundations of the mountains.", 32.23. "I will heap evils upon them; I will spend Mine arrows upon them;", 32.24. "The wasting of hunger, and the devouring of the fiery bolt, And bitter destruction; And the teeth of beasts will I send upon them, With the venom of crawling things of the dust.", 32.25. "Without shall the sword bereave, And in the chambers terror; Slaying both young man and virgin, The suckling with the man of gray hairs.", 32.26. "I thought I would make an end of them, I would make their memory cease from among men;", |
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3. Hebrew Bible, Song of Songs, 2.8-2.9, 3.1-3.5, 5.2 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer (ben hyrcanus), rabbi Found in books: Kaplan (2015), My Perfect One: Typology and Early Rabbinic Interpretation of Song of Songs, 166, 167| 2.8. "קוֹל דּוֹדִי הִנֵּה־זֶה בָּא מְדַלֵּג עַל־הֶהָרִים מְקַפֵּץ עַל־הַגְּבָעוֹת׃", 2.9. "דּוֹמֶה דוֹדִי לִצְבִי אוֹ לְעֹפֶר הָאַיָּלִים הִנֵּה־זֶה עוֹמֵד אַחַר כָּתְלֵנוּ מַשְׁגִּיחַ מִן־הַחֲלֹּנוֹת מֵצִיץ מִן־הַחֲרַכִּים׃", 3.1. "עַמּוּדָיו עָשָׂה כֶסֶף רְפִידָתוֹ זָהָב מֶרְכָּבוֹ אַרְגָּמָן תּוֹכוֹ רָצוּף אַהֲבָה מִבְּנוֹת יְרוּשָׁלִָם׃", 3.1. "עַל־מִשְׁכָּבִי בַּלֵּילוֹת בִּקַּשְׁתִּי אֵת שֶׁאָהֲבָה נַפְשִׁי בִּקַּשְׁתִּיו וְלֹא מְצָאתִיו׃", 3.2. "אָקוּמָה נָּא וַאֲסוֹבְבָה בָעִיר בַּשְּׁוָקִים וּבָרְחֹבוֹת אֲבַקְשָׁה אֵת שֶׁאָהֲבָה נַפְשִׁי בִּקַּשְׁתִּיו וְלֹא מְצָאתִיו׃", 3.3. "מְצָאוּנִי הַשֹּׁמְרִים הַסֹּבְבִים בָּעִיר אֵת שֶׁאָהֲבָה נַפְשִׁי רְאִיתֶם׃", 3.4. "כִּמְעַט שֶׁעָבַרְתִּי מֵהֶם עַד שֶׁמָּצָאתִי אֵת שֶׁאָהֲבָה נַפְשִׁי אֲחַזְתִּיו וְלֹא אַרְפֶּנּוּ עַד־שֶׁהֲבֵיאתִיו אֶל־בֵּית אִמִּי וְאֶל־חֶדֶר הוֹרָתִי׃", 3.5. "הִשְׁבַּעְתִּי אֶתְכֶם בְּנוֹת יְרוּשָׁלִַם בִּצְבָאוֹת אוֹ בְּאַיְלוֹת הַשָּׂדֶה אִם־תָּעִירוּ וְאִם־תְּעוֹרְרוּ אֶת־הָאַהֲבָה עַד שֶׁתֶּחְפָּץ׃", 5.2. "אֲנִי יְשֵׁנָה וְלִבִּי עֵר קוֹל דּוֹדִי דוֹפֵק פִּתְחִי־לִי אֲחֹתִי רַעְיָתִי יוֹנָתִי תַמָּתִי שֶׁרֹּאשִׁי נִמְלָא־טָל קְוֻּצּוֹתַי רְסִיסֵי לָיְלָה׃", | 2.8. Hark! my beloved! behold, he cometh, Leaping upon the mountains, skipping upon the hills. 2.9. My beloved is like a gazelle or a young hart; Behold, he standeth behind our wall, He looketh in through the windows, He peereth through the lattice. 3.1. By night on my bed I sought him whom my soul loveth; I sought him, but I found him not. 3.2. ’I will rise now, and go about the city, In the streets and in the broad ways, I will seek him whom my soul loveth.’ I sought him, but I found him not. 3.3. The watchmen that go about the city found me: ‘Saw ye him whom my soul loveth?’ 3.4. Scarce had I passed from them, When I found him whom my soul loveth: I held him, and would not let him go, Until I had brought him into my mother’s house, And into the chamber of her that conceived me. 3.5. ’I adjure you, O daughters of Jerusalem, By the gazelles, and by the hinds of the field, That ye awaken not, nor stir up love, Until it please.’ 5.2. I sleep, but my heart waketh; Hark! my beloved knocketh: ‘Open to me, my sister, my love, my dove, my undefiled; For my head is filled with dew, My locks with the drops of the night.’ |
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4. Hebrew Bible, Isaiah, 52.12 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer (ben hyrcanus), rabbi Found in books: Kaplan (2015), My Perfect One: Typology and Early Rabbinic Interpretation of Song of Songs, 166, 167| 52.12. "כִּי לֹא בְחִפָּזוֹן תֵּצֵאוּ וּבִמְנוּסָה לֹא תֵלֵכוּן כִּי־הֹלֵךְ לִפְנֵיכֶם יְהוָה וּמְאַסִּפְכֶם אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל׃", | 52.12. "For ye shall not go out in haste, Neither shall ye go by flight; For the LORD will go before you, And the God of Israel will be your rearward.", |
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5. Hebrew Bible, Ecclesiastes, 10.5, 10.8 (5th cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •r. eliezer ben hyrcanus Found in books: Swartz (2018), The Mechanics of Providence: The Workings of Ancient Jewish Magic and Mysticism. 77| 10.5. "יֵשׁ רָעָה רָאִיתִי תַּחַת הַשָּׁמֶשׁ כִּשְׁגָגָה שֶׁיֹּצָא מִלִּפְנֵי הַשַּׁלִּיט׃", 10.8. "חֹפֵר גּוּמָּץ בּוֹ יִפּוֹל וּפֹרֵץ גָּדֵר יִשְּׁכֶנּוּ נָחָשׁ׃", | 10.5. "There is an evil which I have seen under the sun, like an error which proceedeth from a ruler:", 10.8. "He that diggeth a pit shall fall into it; and whoso breaketh through a fence, a serpent shall bite him.", |
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6. Mishnah, Sanhedrin, 7.11 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer ben hyrcanus, rabbi Found in books: Janowitz (2002), Magic in the Roman World: Pagans, Jews and Christians, 22| 7.11. "הַמְכַשֵּׁף הָעוֹשֶׂה מַעֲשֶׂה חַיָּב, וְלֹא הָאוֹחֵז אֶת הָעֵינָיִם. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, שְׁנַיִם לוֹקְטִין קִשּׁוּאִין, אֶחָד לוֹקֵט פָּטוּר וְאֶחָד לוֹקֵט חַיָּב, הָעוֹשֶׂה מַעֲשֶׂה חַיָּב, הָאוֹחֵז אֶת הָעֵינַיִם פָּטוּר: \n", | 7.11. "A sorcerer, if he actually performs magic, is liable [to death], but not if he merely creates illusions. Rabbi Akiva says in Rabbi Joshua's name: “If two are gathering cucumbers [by magic] one may be punished and the other exempt: he who really gathers them is punished: while he who produces an illusion is exempt.”", |
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7. Mishnah, Kiddushin, 1.7 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer ben hyrcanus Found in books: Rubin (2008) Time and the Life Cycle in Talmud and Midrash: Socio-Anthropological Perspectives. 20| 1.7. "כָּל מִצְוֹת הַבֵּן עַל הָאָב, אֲנָשִׁים חַיָּבִין וְנָשִׁים פְּטוּרוֹת. וְכָל מִצְוֹת הָאָב עַל הַבֵּן, אֶחָד אֲנָשִׁים וְאֶחָד נָשִׁים חַיָּבִין. וְכָל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁהַזְּמָן גְּרָמָהּ, אֲנָשִׁים חַיָּבִין וְנָשִׁים פְּטוּרוֹת. וְכָל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁלֹּא הַזְּמָן גְּרָמָהּ, אֶחָד אֲנָשִׁים וְאֶחָד נָשִׁים חַיָּבִין. וְכָל מִצְוַת לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה, בֵּין שֶׁהַזְּמָן גְּרָמָהּ בֵּין שֶׁלֹּא הַזְּמָן גְּרָמָהּ, אֶחָד אֲנָשִׁים וְאֶחָד נָשִׁים חַיָּבִין, חוּץ מִבַּל תַּשְׁחִית וּבַל תַּקִּיף וּבַל תִּטַּמָּא לְמֵתִים: \n", | 1.7. "All obligations of the son upon the father, men are obligated, but women are exempt. But all obligations of the father upon the son, both men and women are obligated. All positive, time-bound commandments, men are obligated and women are exempt. But all positive non-time-bound commandments both men and women are obligated. And all negative commandments, whether time-bound or not time-bound, both men and women are obligated, except for, the prohibition against rounding [the corners of the head], and the prohibition against marring [the corner of the beard], and the prohibition [for a priest] to become impure through contact with the dead.", |
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8. Mishnah, Hagigah, 2.2 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer b. hyrcanus Found in books: Sigal (2007), The Halakhah of Jesus of Nazareth According to the Gospel of Matthew, 99| 2.2. "יוֹסֵי בֶּן יוֹעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר שֶׁלֹּא לִסְמוֹךְ, יוֹסֵי בֶּן יוֹחָנָן אוֹמֵר לִסְמוֹךְ. יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן פְּרַחְיָה אוֹמֵר שֶׁלֹּא לִסְמוֹךְ, נִתַּאי הָאַרְבֵּלִי אוֹמֵר לִסְמוֹךְ. יְהוּדָה בֶּן טַבַּאי אוֹמֵר שֶׁלֹּא לִסְמוֹךְ, שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן שָׁטָח אוֹמֵר לִסְמוֹךְ. שְׁמַעְיָה אוֹמֵר לִסְמוֹךְ. אַבְטַלְיוֹן אוֹמֵר שֶׁלֹּא לִסְמוֹךְ. הִלֵּל וּמְנַחֵם לֹא נֶחְלְקוּ. יָצָא מְנַחֵם, נִכְנַס שַׁמַּאי. שַׁמַּאי אוֹמֵר שֶׁלֹּא לִסְמוֹךְ, הִלֵּל אוֹמֵר לִסְמוֹךְ. הָרִאשׁוֹנִים הָיוּ נְשִׂיאִים, וּשְׁנִיִּים לָהֶם אַב בֵּית דִּין: \n", | 2.2. "Yose ben Yoezer says that [on a festival] the laying of the hands [on the head of a sacrifice] may not be performed. Yosef ben Joha says that it may be performed. Joshua ben Perahia says that it may not be performed. Nittai the Arbelite says that it may be performed. Judah ben Tabai says that it may not be performed. Shimon ben Shetah says that it may be performed. Shamayah says that it may be performed. Avtalyon says that it may not be performed. Hillel and Menahem did not dispute. Menahem went out, Shammai entered. Shammai says that it may not be performed. Hillel says that it may be performed. The former [of each] pair were patriarchs and the latter were heads of the court.", |
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9. Mishnah, Eduyot, 1.3, 1.8-1.15, 2.4-2.10, 5.6, 7.3 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer (ben hyrcanus), rabbi •eliezer b. hyrcanus •eliezer ben hyrcanus Found in books: Fonrobert and Jaffee (2007), The Cambridge Companion to the Talmud and Rabbinic Literature Cambridge Companions to Religion, 22; Rubin (2008) Time and the Life Cycle in Talmud and Midrash: Socio-Anthropological Perspectives. 145; Sigal (2007), The Halakhah of Jesus of Nazareth According to the Gospel of Matthew, 99| 1.3. "הִלֵּל אוֹמֵר, מְלֹא הִין מַיִם שְׁאוּבִין פּוֹסְלִין אֶת הַמִּקְוֶה, אֶלָּא שֶׁאָדָם חַיָּב לוֹמַר בִּלְשׁוֹן רַבּוֹ. וְשַׁמַּאי אוֹמֵר, תִּשְׁעָה קַבִּין. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, לֹא כְדִבְרֵי זֶה וְלֹא כְדִבְרֵי זֶה, אֶלָּא עַד שֶׁבָּאוּ שְׁנֵי גַרְדִּיִּים מִשַּׁעַר הָאַשְׁפּוֹת שֶׁבִּירוּשָׁלַיִם וְהֵעִידוּ מִשּׁוּם שְׁמַעְיָה וְאַבְטַלְיוֹן, שְׁלֹשֶׁת לֻגִּין מַיִם שְׁאוּבִין פּוֹסְלִין אֶת הַמִּקְוֶה, וְקִיְּמוּ חֲכָמִים אֶת דִּבְרֵיהֶם: \n", 1.8. "כַּרְשִׁינֵי תְרוּמָה, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, שׁוֹרִין וְשָׁפִין בְּטָהֳרָה, וּמַאֲכִילִין בְּטֻמְאָה. בֵּית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, שׁוֹרִין בְּטָהֳרָה, וְשָׁפִין וּמַאֲכִילִין בְּטֻמְאָה. שַׁמַּאי אוֹמֵר, יֵאָכְלוּ צָרִיד. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר, כָּל מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם בְּטֻמְאָה: \n", 1.9. "הַפּוֹרֵט סֶלַע מִמְּעוֹת מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, בְּכָל הַסֶּלַע מָעוֹת, וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, בְּשֶׁקֶל כֶּסֶף וּבְשֶׁקֶל מָעוֹת. רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר, אֵין מְחַלְּלִין כֶּסֶף וּפֵרוֹת עַל הַכֶּסֶף. וַחֲכָמִים מַתִּירִין: \n", 1.10. "הַפּוֹרֵט סֶלַע שֶׁל מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, בְּכָל הַסֶּלַע מָעוֹת, וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, בְּשֶׁקֶל כֶּסֶף וּבְשֶׁקֶל מָעוֹת. הַדָּנִים לִפְנֵי חֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה דִינָרִים כֶּסֶף וּבְדִינָר מָעוֹת. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר, בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה דִינָרִים כֶּסֶף וּבִרְבִיעִית כֶּסֶף בִּרְבִיעִית מָעוֹת. וְרַבִּי טַרְפוֹן אוֹמֵר, אַרְבָּעָה אַסְפְּרֵי כָסֶף. שַׁמַּאי אוֹמֵר, יַנִּיחֶנָּה בַחֲנוּת וְיֹאכַל כְּנֶגְדָּהּ: \n", 1.11. "כִּסֵּא שֶׁל כַּלָּה שֶׁנִּטְּלוּ חִפּוּיָיו, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי מְטַמְּאִין, וּבֵית הִלֵּל מְטַהֲרִין. שַׁמַּאי אוֹמֵר, אַף מַלְבֵּן שֶׁל כִּסֵּא טָמֵא. כִּסֵּא שֶׁקְּבָעוֹ בַעֲרֵבָה, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי מְטַמְּאִין, וּבֵית הִלֵּל מְטַהֲרִין. שַׁמַּאי אוֹמֵר, אַף הֶעָשׂוּי בָּהּ: \n", 1.12. "אֵלּוּ דְבָרִים שֶׁחָזְרוּ בֵית הִלֵּל לְהוֹרוֹת כְּדִבְרֵי בֵית שַׁמָּאי. הָאִשָּׁה שֶׁבָּאָה מִמְּדִינַת הַיָּם וְאָמְרָה מֵת בַּעְלִי, תִּנָּשֵׂא. מֵת בַּעְלִי, תִּתְיַבֵּם. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, לֹא שָׁמַעְנוּ אֶלָּא בְּבָאָה מִן הַקָּצִיר בִּלְבָד. אָמְרוּ לָהֶם בֵּית שַׁמַּאי, אַחַת הַבָּאָה מִן הַקָּצִיר וְאַחַת הַבָּאָה מִן הַזֵּיתִים וְאַחַת הַבָּאָה מִמְּדִינַת הַיָּם, לֹא דִבְּרוּ בַקָּצִיר אֶלָּא בַהֹוֶה. חָזְרוּ בֵית הִלֵּל לְהוֹרוֹת כְּבֵית שַׁמָּאי. בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, תִּנָּשֵׂא וְתִטֹּל כְּתֻבָּתָהּ. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, תִּנָּשֵׂא וְלֹא תִטֹּל כְּתֻבָּתָהּ. אָמְרוּ לָהֶם בֵּית שַׁמַּאי, הִתַּרְתֶּם אֶת הָעֶרְוָה הַחֲמוּרָה, לֹא תַתִּירוּ אֶת הַמָּמוֹן הַקָּל. אָמְרוּ לָהֶם בֵּית הִלֵּל, מָצִינוּ שֶׁאֵין הָאַחִים נִכְנָסִין לַנַּחֲלָה עַל פִּיהָ. אָמְרוּ לָהֶם בֵּית שַׁמַּאי, וַהֲלֹא מִסֵּפֶר כְּתֻבָּתָהּ נִלְמֹד, שֶׁהוּא כוֹתֵב לָהּ, שֶׁאִם תִּנָּשְׂאִי לְאַחֵר, תִּטְּלִי מַה שֶּׁכָּתוּב לִיךְ. חָזְרוּ בֵית הִלֵּל לְהוֹרוֹת כְּדִבְרֵי בֵית שַׁמָּאי: \n", 1.13. "מִי שֶׁחֶצְיוֹ עֶבֶד וְחֶצְיוֹ בֶּן חוֹרִין, עוֹבֵד אֶת רַבּוֹ יוֹם אֶחָד וְאֶת עַצְמוֹ יוֹם אֶחָד, דִּבְרֵי בֵית הִלֵּל. אָמְרוּ לָהֶם בֵּית שַׁמַּאי, תִּקַּנְתֶּם אֶת רַבּוֹ, וְאֶת עַצְמוֹ לֹא תִקַּנְתֶּם. לִשָּׂא שִׁפְחָה, אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל. בַּת חוֹרִין, אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל. לִבָּטֵל, וַהֲלֹא לֹא נִבְרָא הָעוֹלָם אֶלָּא לִפְרִיָּה וּרְבִיָּה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה מה), לֹא תֹהוּ בְרָאָהּ לָשֶׁבֶת יְצָרָהּ. אֶלָּא, מִפְּנֵי תִקּוּן הָעוֹלָם, כּוֹפִין אֶת רַבּוֹ וְעוֹשֶׂה אוֹתוֹ בֶן חוֹרִין וְכוֹתֵב שְׁטָר עַל חֲצִי דָמָיו. חָזְרוּ בֵית הִלֵּל לְהוֹרוֹת כְּבֵית שַׁמָּאי: \n", 1.14. "כְּלִי חֶרֶס מַצִּיל עַל הַכֹּל, כְּדִבְרֵי בֵית הִלֵּל. וּבֵית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, אֵינוֹ מַצִּיל אֶלָּא עַל הָאֳכָלִין וְעַל הַמַּשְׁקִין וְעַל כְּלֵי חָרֶס. אָמְרוּ לָהֶם בֵּית הִלֵּל, מִפְּנֵי מָה. אָמְרוּ לָהֶם בֵּית שַׁמַּאי, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא טָמֵא עַל גַּב עַם הָאָרֶץ, וְאֵין כְּלִי טָמֵא חוֹצֵץ. אָמְרוּ לָהֶם בֵּית הִלֵּל, וַהֲלֹא טִהַרְתֶּם אֳכָלִים וּמַשְׁקִין שֶׁבְּתוֹכוֹ. אָמְרוּ לָהֶם בֵּית שַׁמַּאי, כְּשֶׁטִּהַרְנוּ אֳכָלִים וּמַשְׁקִין שֶׁבְּתוֹכוֹ, לְעַצְמוֹ טִהַרְנוּ. אֲבָל כְּשֶׁטִּהַרְתָּ אֶת הַכְּלִי, טִהַרְתָּ לְךָ וָלוֹ. חָזְרוּ בֵית הִלֵּל לְהוֹרוֹת כְּדִבְרֵי בֵית שַׁמָּאי: \n", 2.4. "שְׁלֹשָׁה דְבָרִים אָמַר רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל לִפְנֵי חֲכָמִים בַּכֶּרֶם בְּיַבְנֶה. עַל בֵּיצָה טְרוּפָה שֶׁהִיא נְתוּנָה עַל גַּבֵּי יָרָק שֶׁל תְּרוּמָה, שֶׁהִיא חִבּוּר. וְאִם הָיְתָה כְמִין כּוֹבַע, אֵינָהּ חִבּוּר. וְעַל שִׁבֹּלֶת שֶׁבַּקָּצִיר וְרֹאשָׁהּ מַגִּיעַ לַקָּמָה, אִם נִקְצְרָה עִם הַקָּמָה, הֲרֵי הִיא שֶׁל בַּעַל הַבַּיִת, וְאִם לָאו, הֲרֵי הִיא שֶׁל עֲנִיִּים. וְעַל גִּנָּה קְטַנָּה שֶׁהִיא מֻקֶּפֶת עָרִיס, אִם יֶשׁ בָּהּ כִּמְלֹא בוֹצֵר וְסַלּוֹ מִכָּאן וּמְלֹא בוֹצֵר וְסַלּוֹ מִכָּאן, תִּזָּרֵעַ. וְאִם לָאו, לֹא תִזָּרֵעַ:", 2.5. "שְׁלֹשָׁה דְבָרִים אָמְרוּ לִפְנֵי רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל, וְלֹא אָמַר בָּהֶם לֹא אִסּוּר וְהֶתֵּר, וּפֵרְשָׁן רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן מַתְיָא. הַמֵּפִיס מֻרְסָא בְּשַׁבָּת, אִם לַעֲשׂוֹת לָהּ פֶּה, חַיָּב, וְאִם לְהוֹצִיא מִמֶּנָּה לֵחָה, פָּטוּר. וְעַל הַצָּד נָחָשׁ בַּשַּׁבָּת, אִם מִתְעַסֵּק שֶׁלֹּא יִשְּׁכֶנּוּ, פָּטוּר, וְאִם לִרְפוּאָה, חַיָּב. וְעַל לְפָסִין אִירוֹנִיּוֹת, שֶׁהֵם טְהוֹרוֹת בְּאֹהֶל הַמֵּת וּטְמֵאוֹת בְּמַשָּׂא הַזָּב. רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן צָדוֹק אוֹמֵר, אַף בְּמַשָּׂא הַזָּב, טְהוֹרוֹת, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁלֹּא נִגְמְרָה מְלַאכְתָּן:", 2.6. "שְׁלֹשָׁה דְבָרִים אָמַר רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל וְלֹא הוֹדָה לוֹ רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא. הַשּׁוּם וְהַבֹּסֶר וְהַמְּלִילוֹת שֶׁרִסְּקָן מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם, שֶׁרַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר, יִגְמֹר מִשֶּׁתֶּחְשָׁךְ, וְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר, לֹא יִגְמֹר:", 2.7. "שְׁלֹשָׁה דְבָרִים אָמְרוּ לִפְנֵי רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, שְׁנַיִם מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר וְאֶחָד מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ. שְׁנַיִם מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר, יוֹצֵאת אִשָּׁה בְעִיר שֶׁל זָהָב, וּמַפְרִיחֵי יוֹנִים פְּסוּלִים לְעֵדוּת. וְאֶחָד מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, הַשֶּׁרֶץ בְּפִי חֻלְדָּה וּמְהַלֶּכֶת עַל גַּבֵּי כִכָּרוֹת שֶׁל תְּרוּמָה, סָפֵק נָגַע סָפֵק לֹא נָגַע, סְפֵקוֹ טָהוֹר:", 2.8. "שְׁלֹשָׁה דְבָרִים אָמַר רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, עַל שְׁנַיִם הוֹדוּ לוֹ וְעַל אֶחָד לֹא הוֹדוּ לוֹ. עַל סַנְדָּל שֶׁל סַיָּדִים, שֶׁהוּא טָמֵא מִדְרָס. וְעַל שְׁיָרֵי תַנּוּר אַרְבָּעָה, שֶׁהָיוּ אוֹמְרִים שְׁלֹשָׁה. וְהוֹדוּ לוֹ. וְעַל אֶחָד לֹא הוֹדוּ לוֹ, עַל כִּסֵּא שֶׁנִּטְּלוּ שְׁנַיִם מֵחִפּוּיָיו זֶה בְּצַד זֶה, שֶׁרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא מְטַמֵּא וַחֲכָמִים מְטַהֲרִין:", 2.9. "הוּא הָיָה אוֹמֵר, הָאָב זוֹכֶה לַבֵּן, בַּנּוֹי, וּבַכֹּחַ, וּבָעֹשֶׁר, וּבַחָכְמָה, וּבַשָּׁנִים, וּבְמִסְפַּר הַדּוֹרוֹת לְפָנָיו, וְהוּא הַקֵּץ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה מא) קֹרֵא הַדֹּרוֹת מֵרֹאשׁ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית טו), וַעֲבָדוּם וְעִנּוּ אֹתָם אַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה, וְנֶאֱמַר (שם), וְדוֹר רְבִיעִי יָשׁוּבוּ הֵנָּה:", 2.10. "אַף הוּא הָיָה אוֹמֵר, חֲמִשָּׁה דְבָרִים שֶׁל שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ. מִשְׁפַּט דּוֹר הַמַּבּוּל, שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ. מִשְׁפַּט אִיּוֹב, שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ. מִשְׁפַּט הַמִּצְרִיִּים, שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ. מִשְׁפַּט גּוֹג וּמָגוֹג לֶעָתִיד לָבֹא, שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ. מִשְׁפַּט רְשָׁעִים בְּגֵיהִנֹּם, שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה סו), וְהָיָה מִדֵּי חֹדֶשׁ בְּחָדְשׁוֹ. רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן נוּרִי אוֹמֵר, מִן הַפֶּסַח וְעַד הָעֲצֶרֶת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וּמִדֵּי שַׁבָּת בְּשַׁבַּתּוֹ:", 5.6. "עֲקַבְיָא בֶּן מַהֲלַלְאֵל הֵעִיד אַרְבָּעָה דְבָרִים. אָמְרוּ לוֹ, עֲקַבְיָא, חֲזֹר בְּךָ בְאַרְבָּעָה דְבָרִים שֶׁהָיִיתָ אוֹמֵר וְנַעַשְׂךָ אַב בֵּית דִּין לְיִשְׂרָאֵל. אָמַר לָהֶן, מוּטָב לִי לְהִקָּרֵא שׁוֹטֶה כָּל יָמַי, וְלֹא לֵעָשׂוֹת שָׁעָה אַחַת רָשָׁע לִפְנֵי הַמָּקוֹם, שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיוּ אוֹמְרִים, בִּשְׁבִיל שְׂרָרָה חָזַר בּוֹ. הוּא הָיָה מְטַמֵּא שְׂעַר הַפְּקֻדָּה וְדַם הַיָּרוֹק. וַחֲכָמִים מְטַהֲרִין. הוּא הָיָה מַתִּיר שְׂעַר בְּכוֹר בַּעַל מוּם שֶׁנָּשַׁר וְהִנִּיחוֹ בְחַלּוֹן וְאַחַר כָּךְ שְׁחָטוֹ, וַחֲכָמִים אוֹסְרִים. הוּא הָיָה אוֹמֵר, אֵין מַשְׁקִין לֹא אֶת הַגִּיֹּרֶת וְלֹא אֶת שִׁפְחָה הַמְשֻׁחְרֶרֶת. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, מַשְׁקִין. אָמְרוּ לוֹ, מַעֲשֶׂה בְּכַרְכְּמִית, שִׁפְחָה מְשֻׁחְרֶרֶת שֶׁהָיְתָה בִירוּשָׁלַיִם, וְהִשְׁקוּהָ שְׁמַעְיָה וְאַבְטַלְיוֹן. אָמַר לָהֶם, דֻּגְמָא הִשְׁקוּהָ. וְנִדּוּהוּ, וּמֵת בְּנִדּוּיוֹ, וְסָקְלוּ בֵית דִּין אֶת אֲרוֹנוֹ. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה, חַס וְשָׁלוֹם שֶׁעֲקַבְיָא נִתְנַדָּה, שֶׁאֵין עֲזָרָה נִנְעֶלֶת בִּפְנֵי כָל אָדָם מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל בְּחָכְמָה וּבְיִרְאַת חֵטְא כַּעֲקַבְיָא בֶּן מַהֲלַלְאֵל. וְאֶת מִי נִדּוּ, אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן חֲנוֹךְ, שֶׁפִּקְפֵּק בְּטָהֳרַת יָדָיִם. וּכְשֶׁמֵּת, שָׁלְחוּ בֵית דִּין וְהִנִּיחוּ אֶבֶן עַל אֲרוֹנוֹ. מְלַמֵּד שֶׁכָּל הַמִּתְנַדֶּה וּמֵת בְּנִדּוּיוֹ, סוֹקְלִין אֶת אֲרוֹנוֹ: \n", 7.3. "הֵעִיד רַבִּי צָדוֹק עַל זוֹחֲלִין שֶׁרַבּוּ עַל הַנּוֹטְפִים, שֶׁהֵם כְּשֵׁרִים. מַעֲשֶׂה הָיָה בְּבִירַת הַפִּלְיָא, וּבָא מַעֲשֶׂה לִפְנֵי חֲכָמִים וְהִכְשִׁירוּהוּ: \n", | 1.3. "Hillel says: “A hin full of drawn water renders the mikweh unfit.” (However, man must speak in the language of his teacher.) And Shammai says: “Nine kavs.” But the Sages say: “Neither according to the opinion of this one nor according to the opinion of this one;” But when two weavers from the dung-gate which is in Jerusalem came and testified in the name of Shemaiah and Avtalion, “Three logs of drawn water render the mikweh unfit,” the Sages confirmed their statement.", 1.8. "Vetches of terumah: Beth Shammai says, “They must be soaked and rubbed in purity, but can be given for food in impurity.” And Beth Hillel says: “They must be soaked in purity, but can be rubbed and given for food in impurity.” Shammai says: “They must be eaten dry.” Rabbi Akiva says: “All actions in connection with them [can be carried out] in impurity.”", 1.9. "One who changes for a sela copper coins from second tithe: Beth Shammai says: “Copper coin for the whole sela.” And Beth Hillel say: “Silver for one shekel and copper coin for one shekel.” Rabbi Meir says: “Silver and fruits may not be substituted for silver.” But the sages allow it.", 1.10. "One who exchanges a sela from second tithe in Jerusalem: Beth Shammai says: “Copper coin for the whole sela.” And Beth Hillel says: “Silver for one shekel and copper coin for one shekel.” The disputants before the Sages say: “Silver for three denars and copper coin for one denar.” Rabbi Akiva says: “Silver for three denars and for the fourth silver, copper coin.” Rabbi Tarfon says: “Four aspers in silver.” Shammai says: “He must leave it in the shop and eat on the credit thereof.”", 1.11. "A bride’s stool from which the covering-boards have been taken: Beth Shammai pronounces it [liable to become] unclean, And Beth Hillel pronounce it not [liable to become] unclean. Shammai says: “Even the framework of a stool [by itself is liable to become] unclean.” A stool which has been set in a baker’s trough: Beth Shammai pronounces it [liable to become] unclean, And Beth Hillel pronounces it not [liable to become] unclean. Shammai says: “Even one made therein [is liable to become unclean].”", 1.12. "These are subjects concerning which Beth Hillel changed their mind and taught according to the opinion of Beth Shammai:A woman who came from overseas and said: “My husband died” may be married again; “My husband died [without children]” she must be married by her husband’s brother (the levir). But Beth Hillel says: “We have heard so only in the case of one who came from the harvesting.” Beth Shammai said to them: “It is the same thing in the case of one who came from the harvesting or who came from the olive-picking or who came from overseas; they mentioned harvesting only because that is how it happened.” Then Beth Hillel changed their mind and taught according to Beth Shammai. Beth Shammai says: “She may be married again and take her kethubah payment.” But Beth Hillel says: “She may be married again but may not take her kethubah payment.” Beth Shammai said to them: “You have permitted the graver matter of a forbidden marriage, should you not permit the lighter matter of property?” Beth Hillel said to them: “We have found that brothers do not inherit on her statement.” Beth Shammai said to them: “Do we not infer it from her marriage document in which he writes to her ‘That if you be married to another you shall take what is written for you’?” Then Beth Hillel changed their mind and taught according to the opinion of Beth Shammai.", 1.13. "Whoever is half a slave and half a free man should work one day for his master and one day for himself, according to Beth Hillel. Beth Shammai said to them: “You have set matters in order with regards to his master, but you have not set matters in order with regards to himself. He is not able to marry a slave-woman, nor is he able [to marry] a woman who is free. Is he to refrain [from marrying]? [How can he] for is it not the case that the world was created in order for people to be fruitful and multiply? For it is said, “He did not create it to be a waste; but formed it for inhabitation” (Isaiah 45:18). But for the rightful ordering of the world his master is compelled to make him free, and he writes out a bond for half his value.” Then Beth Hillel changed their mind and taught according to the opinion of Beth Shammai.", 1.14. "A vessel of earthenware can protect everything [in it from contracting impurity], according to Beth Hillel. But Beth Shammai says: “It protects only food and liquids and [other] vessels of earthenware.” Beth Hillel said to them: “Why?” Beth Shammai said to them: “Because it is [itself] impure with respect to an ignoramus, and no impure vessel can screen [against impurity].” Beth Hillel said to them: “And did you not pronounce pure the food and liquids inside it?” Beth Shammai said to them: “When we pronounced pure the food and liquids inside it, we pronounced them pure for him [the ignoramus] only, but when you pronounced the vessel pure you pronounced it pure for yourself and for him.” Then Beth Hillel changed their mind and taught according to the opinion of Beth Shammai.", 2.4. "Rabbi Yishmael declared three things before the Sages in the vineyard at Yavneh: Concerning an egg which was beaten together, and placed on vegetables of terumah that it acts as a connection; but if it was in the form of a helmet it does not act as a connection. And concerning an ear of corn in the harvesting, the top of which reached the standing corn that if it can be reaped together with the standing corn, it belongs to the owner; and if not, it belongs to the poor. And concerning a small garden which was surrounded by a row of vines that if it has space for the grape-gatherer and his basket on one side, and space for the grape-gatherer and his basket on the other side, it may be sown with seed; but if not, it may not be sown with seed.", 2.5. "They stated three things before Rabbi Yishmael, and he pronounced none of them either unlawful or lawful; and Rabbi Joshua ben Matya explained them.One who lances an abscess on the Sabbath: if it was to make an opening he is liable; if it was to bring out the pus, he is exempt. And concerning one who hunts a snake on the Sabbath: that if he was occupied with it in order that it should not bite him, he is innocent; but if that he might use it as a remedy, he is guilty. And concerning Ironian stewpots: that they do not contract impurity when under the same tent as a corpse; but become impure if they are carried by a zav. Rabbi Eliezer ben Zadok says: “Even if they are carried by a zav they remain pure, because they are unfinished.”", 2.6. "Rabbi Yishmael said three things, and Rabbi Akiba disagreed with him.Garlic or unripe grapes or green ears of grain were being crushed [on the eve of the Sabbath] while it is yet day: Rabbi Yishmael says: “He may finish crushing after it grows dark.” But Rabbi Akiba says: “He may not finish.”", 2.7. "They said three things before Rabbi Akiva, two in the name of Rabbi Eliezer and one in the name of Rabbi Joshua. Two in the name of Rabbi Eliezer:A woman may go out [on the Sabbath adorned] with a “golden-city”; And they that fly pigeons are unfit to bear evidence. And one in the name of Rabbi Joshua: If there was a creeping thing in the mouth of a weasel when it walked over loaves of terumah, and it is doubtful whether it touched them or whether it did not touch them, that about which there is doubt remains pure.", 2.8. "Rabbi Akiba declared three things; about two they agreed with him, and about one they disagreed with him.About a lime-burner’s sandal, that it is liable to contract midras impurity; And about the remains of a [broken] oven, that they must be four handbreadths high [in order to retain impurity], whereas they used to say three and [when he said four] they agreed with him. And about one they disagreed with him About a stool, from which two of its covering-boards had been removed, the one beside the other, which Rabbi Akiba pronounces able to contract impurity, but the Sages declare unable to contract impurity.", 2.9. "He used to say: the father transmits to the son beauty, strength, wealth, wisdom and years. And the number of generations before Him, that shall be their appointed end: For it is said, “calling the generations from the beginning” (Isaiah 51:4) Although it is said, “And shall serve them, and they shall afflict them four hundred years” (Genesis 15:13), it is also said, “And in the fourth generation they shall come hither again” (Genesis 15:16).", 2.10. "Also he used to say that there are five things that last twelve months:The judgment of the generation of the flood [continued] twelve months; The judgment of Job [continued] twelve months; The judgment of the Egyptians [continued] twelve months; The judgment of Gog and Magog in the time to come [will continue] twelve months; The judgment of the wicked in gehinom [continues] twelve months, for it is said, and “It will be from one month until its [same] month” (Isaiah 66:23). Rabbi Yoha ben Nuri says: “[As long as] from Passover to Shavuoth, for it is said, “And from one Sabbath until its [next] Sabbath” (ibid.).", 5.6. "Akavia ben Mahalalel testified concerning four things. They said to him: Akavia, retract these four things which you say, and we will make you the head of the court in Israel. He said to them: it is better for me to be called a fool all my days than that I should become [even] for one hour a wicked man before God; So they shouldn’t say: “he withdrew his opinions for the sake of power.” He used to pronounce impure the hair which has been left over [in leprosy], And green (yellow) blood (of vaginal discharge); But the Sages declared them clean. He used to permit the wool of a first-born animal which was blemished and which had fallen out and had been put in a niche, the first-born being slaughtered afterwards; But the sages forbid it. He used to say: a woman proselyte and a freed slave-woman are not made to drink of the bitter waters. But the Sages say: they are made to drink. They said to him: it happened in the case of Karkemith, a freed slave-woman who was in Jerusalem, that Shemaiah and Avtalion made her drink. He said to them: they made her drink an example (and not the real water). Whereupon they excommunicated him; and he died while he was under excommunication, and the court stoned his coffin. Rabbi Judah said: God forbid [that one should say] that Akavia was excommunicated; for the courtyard is never locked for any man in Israel who was equal to Avavia ben Mahalalel in wisdom and the fear of sin. But whom did they excommunicate? Eliezer the son of Hanoch who cast doubt against the laws concerning the purifying of the hands. And when he died the court sent and laid a stone on his coffin. This teaches that whoever is excommunicated and dies while under excommunication, his coffin is stoned.", 7.3. "Rabbi Zadok testified concerning flowing water which exceeded in quantity dripping water; that it was valid. There was such a case at Birath Hapilya, and when the case came before the Sages they declared it valid.", |
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10. Mishnah, Bekhorot, 7.5 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer (ben hyrcanus), rabbi Found in books: Fonrobert and Jaffee (2007), The Cambridge Companion to the Talmud and Rabbinic Literature Cambridge Companions to Religion, 281| 7.5. "שְׂפָתוֹ הָעֶלְיוֹנָה עוֹדֶפֶת עַל הַתַּחְתּוֹנָה, וְהַתַּחְתּוֹנָה עוֹדֶפֶת עַל הָעֶלְיוֹנָה, הֲרֵי זֶה מוּם. וְשֶׁנִּטְּלוּ שִׁנָּיו, פָּסוּל, מִפְּנֵי מַרְאִית הָעָיִן. דַּדָּיו שׁוֹכְבִים כְּשֶׁל אִשָּׁה, כְּרֵסוֹ צָבָה, טַבּוּרוֹ יוֹצֵא, נִכְפֶּה אֲפִלּוּ אַחַת לְיָמִים, רוּחַ קַצְרִית בָּאָה עָלָיו, הַמְאֻשְׁכָּן, וּבַעַל גֶּבֶר. אֵין לוֹ בֵיצִים, אוֹ אֵין לוֹ אֶלָּא בֵיצָה אַחַת, זֶהוּ מְרוֹחַ אָשֶׁךְ הָאָמוּר בַּתּוֹרָה. רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר, כּל שֶׁנִּמְרְחוּ אֲשָׁכָיו. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר, כּל שֶׁרוּחַ בַּאֲשָׁכָיו. רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בֶּן אַנְטִיגְנוֹס אוֹמֵר, כֹּל שֶׁמַּרְאָיו חֲשׁוּכִין: \n", | 7.5. "If the upper lip overlaps the lower or the lower lip overlaps the upper, behold this is a blemish. One whose teeth have fallen out is unfit [for the priesthood] for appearance sake. If his breasts hang down like those of a woman, or his belly is swollen, or his navel sticks out, or if he is epileptic, even once every few days, or he is subject to melancholy, a me'ushkan and a ba'al gever [all these are unfit for the priesthood]. If he has no testicles, or only one testicle, this is the “meroah ashekh” mentioned in the Torah. Rabbi Ishmael says: anyone whose testicles were crushed. Rabbi Akiva says: anyone who has wind in his testicles. Rabbi Hanina ben Antigonus says: one who has a black complexion.", |
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11. Mishnah, Taanit, 1.4, 3.6, 4.8 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •r. eliezer b. hyrcanus •eliezer ben hyrcanus Found in books: Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 495; Rubin (2008) Time and the Life Cycle in Talmud and Midrash: Socio-Anthropological Perspectives. 20| 1.4. "הִגִּיעַ שִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר בְּמַרְחֶשְׁוָן וְלֹא יָרְדוּ גְשָׁמִים, הִתְחִילוּ הַיְחִידִים מִתְעַנִּין שָׁלשׁ תַּעֲנִיּוֹת. אוֹכְלִין וְשׁוֹתִין מִשֶּׁחֲשֵׁכָה, וּמֻתָּרִין בִּמְלָאכָה וּבִרְחִיצָה וּבְסִיכָה וּבִנְעִילַת הַסַּנְדָּל וּבְתַשְׁמִישׁ הַמִּטָּה: \n", 3.6. "מַעֲשֶׂה שֶׁיָּרְדוּ זְקֵנִים מִירוּשָׁלַיִם לְעָרֵיהֶם, וְגָזְרוּ תַעֲנִית עַל שֶׁנִּרְאָה כִמְלֹא פִי תַנּוּר שִׁדָּפוֹן בְּאַשְׁקְלוֹן. וְעוֹד גָּזְרוּ תַעֲנִית עַל שֶׁאָכְלוּ זְאֵבִים שְׁנֵי תִינוֹקוֹת בְּעֵבֶר הַיַּרְדֵּן. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, לֹא עַל שֶׁאָכְלוּ, אֶלָּא עַל שֶׁנִּרְאָה: \n", 4.8. "אָמַר רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל, לֹא הָיוּ יָמִים טוֹבִים לְיִשְׂרָאֵל כַּחֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר בְּאָב וּכְיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים, שֶׁבָּהֶן בְּנוֹת יְרוּשָׁלַיִם יוֹצְאוֹת בִּכְלֵי לָבָן שְׁאוּלִין, שֶׁלֹּא לְבַיֵּשׁ אֶת מִי שֶׁאֵין לוֹ. כָּל הַכֵּלִים טְעוּנִין טְבִילָה. וּבְנוֹת יְרוּשָׁלַיִם יוֹצְאוֹת וְחוֹלוֹת בַּכְּרָמִים. וּמֶה הָיוּ אוֹמְרוֹת, בָּחוּר, שָׂא נָא עֵינֶיךָ וּרְאֵה, מָה אַתָּה בוֹרֵר לָךְ. אַל תִּתֵּן עֵינֶיךָ בַנּוֹי, תֵּן עֵינֶיךָ בַמִּשְׁפָּחָה. שֶׁקֶר הַחֵן וְהֶבֶל הַיֹּפִי, אִשָּׁה יִרְאַת ה' הִיא תִתְהַלָּל (משלי לא). וְאוֹמֵר, תְּנוּ לָהּ מִפְּרִי יָדֶיהָ, וִיהַלְלוּהָ בַשְּׁעָרִים מַעֲשֶׂיהָ. וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר, צְאֶינָה וּרְאֶינָה בְּנוֹת צִיּוֹן בַּמֶּלֶךְ שְׁלֹמֹה בָּעֲטָרָה שֶׁעִטְּרָה לּוֹ אִמּוֹ בְּיוֹם חֲתֻנָּתוֹ וּבְיוֹם שִׂמְחַת לִבּוֹ (שיר השירים ג). בְּיוֹם חֲתֻנָּתוֹ, זֶה מַתַּן תּוֹרָה. וּבְיוֹם שִׂמְחַת לִבּוֹ, זֶה בִּנְיַן בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, שֶׁיִּבָּנֶה בִמְהֵרָה בְיָמֵינוּ. אָמֵן: \n", | 1.4. "If the seventeenth of Marheshvan came and no rain fell, individuals begin to fast three fasts. They eat and drink after it gets dark and they are permitted to do work, to bathe, to anoint themselves with oil, to wear shoes, and to have marital relations.", 3.6. "It once happened that elders went down from Jerusalem to their own cities and ordered a fast because there was seen in Ashkelon a shidafon which affected as much grain as would fill an oven [with loaves]. They also decreed a fast because wolves devoured two children on the other side of the Jordan. Rabbi Yose says: not because they devoured [the children] but [merely] because they were seen.", 4.8. "Section one: Rabbi Shimon ben Gamaliel said: There were no days of joy in Israel greater than the fifteenth of Av and Yom Kippur. Section two: On these days the daughters of Jerusalem would go out in borrowed white garments in order not to shame any one who had none. All these garments required immersion. The daughters of Jerusalem come out and dance in the vineyards. What would they say? Young man, lift up your eyes and see what you choose for yourself. Do not set your eyes on beauty but set your eyes on the family. “Grace is deceitful, and beauty is vain, but a woman that fears the Lord, she shall be praised” (Proverbs 31:30). And it further says, “Give her of the fruit of her hands; and let her works praise her in the gates” (ibid, 31:31). Section three: Similarly it says, “O maidens of Zion, go forth and gaze upon King Solomon wearing the crown that his mother gave him on his wedding day, on the day of the gladness of his heart” (Song of Songs 3:11). “On his wedding day”: this refers to Matan Torah (the Giving of the Torah). “And on the day of the gladness of his heart”: this refers to the building of the Temple; may it be rebuilt speedily in our days, Amen.", |
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12. Mishnah, Avot, 1.1, 2.10, 2.18, 4.11, 6.6 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer (ben hyrcanus), rabbi •eliezer ben hyrcanus •eliezer b. hyrcanus Found in books: Fonrobert and Jaffee (2007), The Cambridge Companion to the Talmud and Rabbinic Literature Cambridge Companions to Religion, 22, 41; Rubin (2008) Time and the Life Cycle in Talmud and Midrash: Socio-Anthropological Perspectives. 170; Sigal (2007), The Halakhah of Jesus of Nazareth According to the Gospel of Matthew, 75| 1.1. "משֶׁה קִבֵּל תּוֹרָה מִסִּינַי, וּמְסָרָהּ לִיהוֹשֻׁעַ, וִיהוֹשֻׁעַ לִזְקֵנִים, וּזְקֵנִים לִנְבִיאִים, וּנְבִיאִים מְסָרוּהָ לְאַנְשֵׁי כְנֶסֶת הַגְּדוֹלָה. הֵם אָמְרוּ שְׁלשָׁה דְבָרִים, הֱווּ מְתוּנִים בַּדִּין, וְהַעֲמִידוּ תַלְמִידִים הַרְבֵּה, וַעֲשׂוּ סְיָג לַתּוֹרָה: \n", 2.10. "הֵם אָמְרוּ שְׁלשָׁה דְבָרִים. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, יְהִי כְבוֹד חֲבֵרְךָ חָבִיב עָלֶיךָ כְּשֶׁלָּךְ, וְאַל תְּהִי נוֹחַ לִכְעֹס. וְשׁוּב יוֹם אֶחָד לִפְנֵי מִיתָתְךָ. וֶהֱוֵי מִתְחַמֵּם כְּנֶגֶד אוּרָן שֶׁל חֲכָמִים, וֶהֱוֵי זָהִיר בְּגַחַלְתָּן שֶׁלֹּא תִכָּוֶה, שֶׁנְּשִׁיכָתָן נְשִׁיכַת שׁוּעָל, וַעֲקִיצָתָן עֲקִיצַת עַקְרָב, וּלְחִישָׁתָן לְחִישַׁת שָׂרָף, וְכָל דִּבְרֵיהֶם כְּגַחֲלֵי אֵשׁ:", 4.11. "רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן יַעֲקֹב אוֹמֵר, הָעוֹשֶׂה מִצְוָה אַחַת, קוֹנֶה לוֹ פְרַקְלִיט אֶחָד. וְהָעוֹבֵר עֲבֵרָה אַחַת, קוֹנֶה לוֹ קַטֵּגוֹר אֶחָד. תְּשׁוּבָה וּמַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים, כִּתְרִיס בִּפְנֵי הַפֻּרְעָנוּת. רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן הַסַּנְדְּלָר אוֹמֵר, כָּל כְּנֵסִיָּה שֶׁהִיא לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם, סוֹפָהּ לְהִתְקַיֵּם. וְשֶׁאֵינָהּ לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם, אֵין סוֹפָהּ לְהִתְקַיֵּם: \n", 6.6. "גְּדוֹלָה תוֹרָה יוֹתֵר מִן הַכְּהֻנָּה וּמִן הַמַּלְכוּת, שֶׁהַמַּלְכוּת נִקְנֵית בִּשְׁלֹשִׁים מַעֲלוֹת, וְהַכְּהֻנָּה בְּעֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבַּע, וְהַתּוֹרָה נִקְנֵית בְּאַרְבָּעִים וּשְׁמֹנָה דְבָרִים. וְאֵלוּ הֵן, בְּתַלְמוּד, בִּשְׁמִיעַת הָאֹזֶן, בַּעֲרִיכַת שְׂפָתַיִם, בְּבִינַת הַלֵּב, בְּשִׂכְלוּת הַלֵּב, בְּאֵימָה, בְּיִרְאָה, בַּעֲנָוָה, בְּשִׂמְחָה, בְּטָהֳרָה, בְּשִׁמּוּשׁ חֲכָמִים, בְּדִקְדּוּק חֲבֵרִים, וּבְפִלְפּוּל הַתַּלְמִידִים, בְּיִשּׁוּב, בַּמִּקְרָא, בַּמִּשְׁנָה, בְּמִעוּט סְחוֹרָה, בְּמִעוּט דֶּרֶךְ אֶרֶץ, בְּמִעוּט תַּעֲנוּג, בְּמִעוּט שֵׁינָה, בְּמִעוּט שִׂיחָה, בְּמִעוּט שְׂחוֹק, בְּאֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם, בְּלֵב טוֹב, בֶּאֱמוּנַת חֲכָמִים, וּבְקַבָּלַת הַיִּסּוּרִין, הַמַּכִּיר אֶת מְקוֹמוֹ, וְהַשָּׂמֵחַ בְּחֶלְקוֹ, וְהָעוֹשֶׂה סְיָג לִדְבָרָיו, וְאֵינוֹ מַחֲזִיק טוֹבָה לְעַצְמוֹ, אָהוּב, אוֹהֵב אֶת הַמָּקוֹם, אוֹהֵב אֶת הַבְּרִיּוֹת, אוֹהֵב אֶת הַצְּדָקוֹת, אוֹהֵב אֶת הַמֵּישָׁרִים, אוֹהֵב אֶת הַתּוֹכָחוֹת, מִתְרַחֵק מִן הַכָּבוֹד, וְלֹא מֵגִיס לִבּוֹ בְתַלְמוּדוֹ, וְאֵינוֹ שָׂמֵחַ בְּהוֹרָאָה, נוֹשֵׂא בְעֹל עִם חֲבֵרוֹ, מַכְרִיעוֹ לְכַף זְכוּת, מַעֲמִידוֹ עַל הָאֱמֶת, וּמַעֲמִידוֹ עַל הַשָּׁלוֹם, מִתְיַשֵּׁב לִבּוֹ בְתַלְמוּדוֹ, שׁוֹאֵל וּמֵשִׁיב, שׁוֹמֵעַ וּמוֹסִיף, הַלּוֹמֵד עַל מְנָת לְלַמֵּד וְהַלּוֹמֵד עַל מְנָת לַעֲשׂוֹת, הַמַּחְכִּים אֶת רַבּוֹ, וְהַמְכַוֵּן אֶת שְׁמוּעָתוֹ, וְהָאוֹמֵר דָּבָר בְּשֵׁם אוֹמְרוֹ, הָא לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁכָּל הָאוֹמֵר דָּבָר בְּשֵׁם אוֹמְרוֹ מֵבִיא גְאֻלָּה לָעוֹלָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (אסתר ב) וַתֹּאמֶר אֶסְתֵּר לַמֶּלֶךְ בְּשֵׁם מָרְדֳּכָי:", | 1.1. "Moses received the torah at Sinai and transmitted it to Joshua, Joshua to the elders, and the elders to the prophets, and the prophets to the Men of the Great Assembly. They said three things: Be patient in [the administration of] justice, raise many disciples and make a fence round the Torah.", 2.10. "They [each] said three things:Rabbi Eliezer said: Let the honor of your friend be as dear to you as your own; And be not easily provoked to anger; And repent one day before your death. And [he also said:] warm yourself before the fire of the wise, but beware of being singed by their glowing coals, for their bite is the bite of a fox, and their sting is the sting of a scorpion, and their hiss is the hiss of a serpent, and all their words are like coals of fire.", 4.11. "Rabbi Eliezer son of Yaakov says: One who does a single good deed acquires a single defender. One who does a single sin acquires a single prosecutor. Repentance and good deeds are a shield against punishment. Rabbi Yocha the shoemaker said: Every gathering that is for the sake of Heaven will endure. And every gathering that isn't for the sake of Heven will not endure, in the end.", 6.6. "Greater is learning Torah than the priesthood and than royalty, for royalty is acquired by thirty stages, and the priesthood by twenty-four, but the Torah by forty-eight things. By study, Attentive listening, Proper speech, By an understanding heart, By an intelligent heart, By awe, By fear, By humility, By joy, By attending to the sages, By critical give and take with friends, By fine argumentation with disciples, By clear thinking, By study of Scripture, By study of mishnah, By a minimum of sleep, By a minimum of chatter, By a minimum of pleasure, By a minimum of frivolity, By a minimum of preoccupation with worldly matters, By long-suffering, By generosity, By faith in the sages, By acceptance of suffering. [Learning of Torah is also acquired by one] Who recognizes his place, Who rejoices in his portion, Who makes a fence about his words, Who takes no credit for himself, Who is loved, Who loves God, Who loves [his fellow] creatures, Who loves righteous ways, Who loves reproof, Who loves uprightness, Who keeps himself far from honors, Who does not let his heart become swelled on account of his learning, Who does not delight in giving legal decisions, Who shares in the bearing of a burden with his colleague, Who judges with the scales weighted in his favor, Who leads him on to truth, Who leads him on to peace, Who composes himself at his study, Who asks and answers, Who listens [to others], and [himself] adds [to his knowledge], Who learns in order to teach, Who learns in order to practice, Who makes his teacher wiser, Who is exact in what he has learned, And who says a thing in the name of him who said it. Thus you have learned: everyone who says a thing in the name of him who said it, brings deliverance into the world, as it is said: “And Esther told the king in Mordecai’s name” (Esther 2:22).", |
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| 13. Anon., 2 Baruch, 2 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer ben hyrcanus, r. Found in books: Goodman (2006), Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays, 158 |
14. Mishnah, Avodah Zarah, 3.10 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer b. hyrcanus Found in books: Sigal (2007), The Halakhah of Jesus of Nazareth According to the Gospel of Matthew, 75| 3.10. "כֵּיצַד מְבַטְּלָהּ. קִרְסֵם, וְזֵרַד, נָטַל מִמֶּנָּה מַקֵּל אוֹ שַׁרְבִיט, אֲפִלּוּ עָלֶה, הֲרֵי זוֹ בְטֵלָה. שְׁפָיָהּ לְצָרְכָּהּ, אֲסוּרָה. שֶׁלֹּא לְצָרְכָּהּ, מֻתֶּרֶת:", | 3.10. "How does one annul [an asherah]? If [a pagan] pruned or trimmed it, removing from it a stick or twig or even a leaf, behold it is annulled. If he smoothed it out for its own sake, it is prohibited; but if not for its own sake, it is permitted.", |
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| 15. Josephus Flavius, Life, 290 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •r. eliezer b. hyrcanus Found in books: Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 495 |
16. Mishnah, Berachot, 4.4 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer b. hyrcanus Found in books: Sigal (2007), The Halakhah of Jesus of Nazareth According to the Gospel of Matthew, 75| 4.4. "רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, הָעוֹשֶׂה תְפִלָּתוֹ קֶבַע, אֵין תְּפִלָּתוֹ תַּחֲנוּנִים. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אוֹמֵר, הַמְהַלֵּךְ בִּמְקוֹם סַכָּנָה, מִתְפַּלֵּל תְּפִלָּה קְצָרָה. אוֹמֵר, הוֹשַׁע הַשֵּׁם אֶת עַמְּךָ אֶת שְׁאֵרִית יִשְׂרָאֵל, בְּכָל פָּרָשַׁת הָעִבּוּר יִהְיוּ צָרְכֵיהֶם לְפָנֶיךָ. בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה' שׁוֹמֵעַ תְּפִלָּה:", | 4.4. "Rabbi Eliezer says: if a man makes his prayers fixed, it is not [true] supplication. Rabbi Joshua says: if one is traveling in a dangerous place, he says a short prayer, saying: Save, O Lord, Your people the remt of Israel. In every time of crisis may their needs be before You. Blessed are You, O Lord, who hears prayer.", |
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| 17. Mishnah, Tamid, None (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer (ben hyrcanus), rabbi Found in books: Kaplan (2015), My Perfect One: Typology and Early Rabbinic Interpretation of Song of Songs, 166, 167 |
| 18. Tosefta, Avodah Zarah, None (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •r. eliezer ben hyrcanus Found in books: Swartz (2018), The Mechanics of Providence: The Workings of Ancient Jewish Magic and Mysticism. 77 |
19. Mishnah, Yoma, 3.10 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer ben hyrcanus, r. Found in books: Goodman (2006), Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays, 158| 3.10. "בֶּן קָטִין עָשָׂה שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר דַּד לַכִּיּוֹר, שֶׁלֹּא הָיוּ לוֹ אֶלָּא שְׁנַיִם. וְאַף הוּא עָשָׂה מוּכְנִי לַכִּיּוֹר, שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיו מֵימָיו נִפְסָלִין בְּלִינָה. מֻנְבַּז הַמֶּלֶךְ הָיָה עוֹשֶׂה כָל יְדוֹת הַכֵּלִים שֶׁל יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים שֶׁל זָהָב. הִילְנִי אִמּוֹ עָשְׂתָה נִבְרֶשֶׁת שֶׁל זָהָב עַל פִּתְחוֹ שֶׁל הֵיכָל. וְאַף הִיא עָשְׂתָה טַבְלָא שֶׁל זָהָב שֶׁפָּרָשַׁת סוֹטָה כְתוּבָה עָלֶיהָ. נִיקָנוֹר נַעֲשׂוּ נִסִּים לְדַלְתוֹתָיו, וְהָיוּ מַזְכִּירִין אוֹתוֹ לְשָׁבַח: \n", | 3.10. "Ben Katin made twelve spigots for the laver, for there had been before only two. He also made a mechanism for the laver, in order that its water should not become unfit by remaining overnight. King Monbaz had all the handles of all the vessels used on Yom HaKippurim made of gold. His mother Helena made a golden candelabrum over the opening of the Hekhal. She also made a golden tablet, on which the portion concerning the suspected adulteress was inscribed. For Nicanor miracles happened to his doors. And they were all mentioned for praise.", |
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20. Tosefta, Bikkurim, 2.4-2.5 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer (ben hyrcanus), rabbi Found in books: Fonrobert and Jaffee (2007), The Cambridge Companion to the Talmud and Rabbinic Literature Cambridge Companions to Religion, 281| 2.4. "דרכים ששוה לנשים מטמא באודם כנשים ואין מתייחד עם האנשים כנשים ואין זוקק ליבום כנשים ואין חולק עם הבנים כנשים ואין [חולק] בקדשי קדשים כנשים ופסול לכל עדות שבתורה כנשים ואם נבעל בעבירה פסול [מן הכהונה] כנשים.", 2.5. "דרכים ששוה [בהן] לאנשים ולנשים חייבין על נזקו [בין איש בין אשה] ההורגו במזיד נהרג בשוגג גולה לערי מקלט [אמו יושבת עליו בדם טוהר כאנשים] וכנשים ומביאה עליו קרבן כאנשים וכנשים [ונוחל בכל נחלות כאנשים וכנשים חולק בקדשי הגבול כאנשים וכנשים ואם אמר הריני נזיר שזה איש ואשה הרי זה נזיר].", | |
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21. Tosefta, Hagigah, 2.1 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •r. eliezer b. hyrcanus Found in books: Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 348| 2.1. "אין דורשין בעריות בשלשה אבל דורשין בשנים [ולא] במעשה בראשית בשנים אבל דורשין ביחיד ולא במרכבה ביחיד אא\"כ היה חכם מבין מדעתו מעשה ברבן יוחנן בן זכאי שהיה רוכב על החמור והיה רבי אלעזר בן ערך מחמר אחריו אמר לו רבי שנה פרק אחד במעשה מרכבה אמר לו לא [כן אמרתי לך מתחלה שאין שונין] במרכבה ביחיד אלא אם כן היה חכם מבין מדעתו אמר לו מעתה ארצה לפניך אמר לו אמור פתח רבי אלעזר בן ערך ודרש במעשה מרכבה ירד רבי יוחנן בן זכאי מן החמור ונתעטף בטליתו וישבו שניהם על גבי אבן תחת הזית והרצה לפניו עמד ונשקו ואמר ברוך ה' אלהי ישראל אשר נתן בן לאברהם אבינו שיודע להבין ולדרוש בכבוד אביו שבשמים יש נאה דורש ואין נאה מקיים נאה מקיים ואין נאה דורש [אלעזר בן ערך] נאה דורש ונאה מקיים אשריך [אברהם] אבינו שאלעזר בן ערך יצא מחלציך [שיודע להבין ולדרוש בכבוד אביו שבשמים] רבי יוסי ברבי יהודה אומר רבי יהושע הרצה לפני רבן יוחנן בן זכאי [רבי עקיבה] הרצה לפני רבי יהושע חנניא בן חכינאי הרצה לפני רבי עקיבה.", | |
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| 22. Tosefta, Hulin, 2.22, 2.24 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •r. eliezer ben hyrcanus Found in books: Swartz (2018), The Mechanics of Providence: The Workings of Ancient Jewish Magic and Mysticism. 76, 77 |
23. Tosefta, Kiddushin, 1.11 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer ben hyrcanus Found in books: Rubin (2008) Time and the Life Cycle in Talmud and Midrash: Socio-Anthropological Perspectives. 20| 1.11. "העושה מצוה אחת מטיבין לו ומאריכין [לו] את ימיו ונוחל את הארץ וכל העובר עבירה אחת מריעין לו ומקצרין את ימיו ואינו נוחל את הארץ ע\"ז נאמר (קוהלת ט) וחוטא אחד יאבד טובה הרבה בחטא יחידי שחטא זה איבד ממנו טובות הרבה לעולם יהא אדם רואה את עצמו כאילו חציו זכאי וחציו חייב עשה מצוה אחת אשריו שהכריע עצמו לכף זכות עבר עבירה אחת אוי לו שהכריע עצמו לכף חובה ע\"ז נאמר וחוטא אחד יאבד טובה הרבה [בחטא] יחידי [שעשה זה] איבד ממנו טובות הרבה ר\"ש בר\"א אומר משום ר\"מ לפי שהיחיד נידון אחר רובו והעולם נידון אחר רובו לעולם יהא אדם רואה [את] עצמו חציו זכאי וחציו חייב ואת העולם חציו זכאי וחציו חייב עשה מצוה אחת אשריו שהכריע א\"ע ואת העולם לכף זכות עבר עבירה אחת אוי לו שהכריע את עצמו ואת העולם לכף חובה וע\"ז נאמר וחוטא אחד יאבד טובה הרבה [בחטא יחידי שחטא זה איבד ממנו ומן העולם טובות הרבה] ר\"ש אומר היה אדם צדיק כל ימיו ובאחרונה מרד איבד את הכל שנא' (יחזקאל לג) צדקת הצדיק לא תצילנו ביום פשעו היה אדם רשע כל ימיו ועשה תשובה באחרונה המקום מקבלו שנא' (שם) ורשעת הרשע לא יכשל בה ביום שובו מרשעו וגו'. כל העוסק [בשלשתן] במקרא במשנה ובדרך ארץ על זה נאמר (קוהלת ד) והחוט המשולש לא במהרה ינתק. ", | 1.11. "One who does 1 mitzvah, it causes good for him, it lengthens his days and his years and he inherits the soil. Anyone who does one averah, it causes bad for him, it plucks off his days and he does not inherit the land. About this one it is said, \"One sinner can destroy much good\" (Kohelet 9:18)—with a single sin, this one destroyed for him many good things. A person should always see himself as if he is half innocent and half guilty. If he does one mitzvah, he is happy that he tipped his scale to the side of innocence. If he does one averah, woe to him! he tipped his scale to the side of guilt. About this one it is said, \"One sinner can destroy much good\"—with a single sin, this one destroyed for him many good things. Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar says in the name of Rabbi Meir: Because an individual is judged according to the majority [of his deeds] and the world is judged according to the majority [of the deeds performed in it], one who does one mitzvah is happy that he has tipped his scales and the scales of the world to the side of innocence; if he does one averah, woe to him! he tips his scale and the scale of the world to the side of guilt. About this one it is said, \"One sinner can destroy much good\"—with a single sin, this one destroyed for him many good things. Rabbi Shimon says: If someone was righteous their entire life, but in the end rebelled, he lost everything, as it is said, \"The righteousness of the righteous will not save him on the day of his wickedness\" (Yehezkel 33:12). If someone were wicked all their life and did teshuvah at the end, God receives him, as it is said, \"He will not trip on the wickedness of the wicked on the day he returns from his wickedness\" (Yehezkel 33:12). Anyone who is engaged in all three of them—in Scripture, Mishnah and an occupation—about this person it is said, \"The threefold cord will not be quickly broken\" (Kohelet 4:12).", |
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24. Mishnah, Yevamot, 8.6 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer (ben hyrcanus), rabbi Found in books: Fonrobert and Jaffee (2007), The Cambridge Companion to the Talmud and Rabbinic Literature Cambridge Companions to Religion, 287, 292| 8.6. "סְרִיס חַמָּה כֹּהֵן שֶׁנָּשָׂא בַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, מַאֲכִילָהּ בַּתְּרוּמָה. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמְרִים, אַנְדְּרוֹגִינוֹס כֹּהֵן שֶׁנָּשָׂא בַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, מַאֲכִילָהּ בַּתְּרוּמָה. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, טֻמְטוּם שֶׁנִּקְרַע וְנִמְצָא זָכָר, לֹא יַחֲלֹץ, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא כְסָרִיס. אַנְדְּרוֹגִינוֹס נוֹשֵׂא, אֲבָל לֹא נִשָּׂא. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, אַנְדְּרוֹגִינוֹס חַיָּבִים עָלָיו סְקִילָה, כְּזָכָר: \n", | 8.6. "If a priest who was eunuch by nature married the daughter of an Israelite, he confers upon her the right to eat terumah. Rabbi Yose and Rabbi Shimon stated: if a priest who was an hermaphrodite married the daughter of an Israelite, he confers upon her the right to eat terumah. Rabbi Judah stated: if a tumtum was opened up and found to be a male, he may not perform halitzah, because he has the same status as a eunuch. The hermaphrodite may marry [a wife] but may not be married [by a man]. Rabbi Eliezer stated: concerning the hermaphrodite, [the one who has relations with him] is liable to be stoned like one [who has relations with] a male.", |
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| 25. Tosefta, Taanit, 1.13 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •r. eliezer b. hyrcanus Found in books: Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 495 |
26. Tosefta, Yevamot, 3.4, 10.2, 10.6 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer (ben hyrcanus), rabbi Found in books: Fonrobert and Jaffee (2007), The Cambridge Companion to the Talmud and Rabbinic Literature Cambridge Companions to Religion, 22, 281, 287, 292| 10.2. "טומטום אין אוכל בתרומה אשתו ועבדיו אוכלין משוך ומי שנולד כשהוא מהול הרי אלו אוכלין בתרומה. אנדרוגינוס אוכל בתרומה אבל לא בקדשים טומטום אינו אוכל לא בתרומה ולא בקדשים מי שחציו עבד וחציו בן חורין אינו אוכל לא בתרומה ולא בקדשים אר\"א שמעתי באנדרוגינוס שחייבין על משכבו [סקילה כזכר] בד\"א בזמן שבא עליו דרך הזכרות לא בא עליו דרך הזכרות פטור.", 10.6. "[איזו] היא איילונית כל [ששהתה] עשרים [שנה] ולא הביאה שתי שערות [אע\"פ שהביאה] לאחר מכאן הרי היא כאיילונית לכל דבר אלו הן סימניה כל שאין לה [דדין ושערה לקוי ומקשה] בשעת [בעילה] רשב\"ג אומר כל שאין לה שפולי מעים כנשים רשב\"א אומר כל שקולה עבה ואין ניכרת בין אשה [בין איש]. ", | |
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27. Tosefta, Qiddushin, 1.11 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer ben hyrcanus Found in books: Rubin (2008) Time and the Life Cycle in Talmud and Midrash: Socio-Anthropological Perspectives. 20| 1.11. "העושה מצוה אחת מטיבין לו ומאריכין [לו] את ימיו ונוחל את הארץ וכל העובר עבירה אחת מריעין לו ומקצרין את ימיו ואינו נוחל את הארץ ע\"ז נאמר (קוהלת ט) וחוטא אחד יאבד טובה הרבה בחטא יחידי שחטא זה איבד ממנו טובות הרבה לעולם יהא אדם רואה את עצמו כאילו חציו זכאי וחציו חייב עשה מצוה אחת אשריו שהכריע עצמו לכף זכות עבר עבירה אחת אוי לו שהכריע עצמו לכף חובה ע\"ז נאמר וחוטא אחד יאבד טובה הרבה [בחטא] יחידי [שעשה זה] איבד ממנו טובות הרבה ר\"ש בר\"א אומר משום ר\"מ לפי שהיחיד נידון אחר רובו והעולם נידון אחר רובו לעולם יהא אדם רואה [את] עצמו חציו זכאי וחציו חייב ואת העולם חציו זכאי וחציו חייב עשה מצוה אחת אשריו שהכריע א\"ע ואת העולם לכף זכות עבר עבירה אחת אוי לו שהכריע את עצמו ואת העולם לכף חובה וע\"ז נאמר וחוטא אחד יאבד טובה הרבה [בחטא יחידי שחטא זה איבד ממנו ומן העולם טובות הרבה] ר\"ש אומר היה אדם צדיק כל ימיו ובאחרונה מרד איבד את הכל שנא' (יחזקאל לג) צדקת הצדיק לא תצילנו ביום פשעו היה אדם רשע כל ימיו ועשה תשובה באחרונה המקום מקבלו שנא' (שם) ורשעת הרשע לא יכשל בה ביום שובו מרשעו וגו'. כל העוסק [בשלשתן] במקרא במשנה ובדרך ארץ על זה נאמר (קוהלת ד) והחוט המשולש לא במהרה ינתק. ", | 1.11. "One who does 1 mitzvah, it causes good for him, it lengthens his days and his years and he inherits the soil. Anyone who does one averah, it causes bad for him, it plucks off his days and he does not inherit the land. About this one it is said, \"One sinner can destroy much good\" (Kohelet 9:18)—with a single sin, this one destroyed for him many good things. A person should always see himself as if he is half innocent and half guilty. If he does one mitzvah, he is happy that he tipped his scale to the side of innocence. If he does one averah, woe to him! he tipped his scale to the side of guilt. About this one it is said, \"One sinner can destroy much good\"—with a single sin, this one destroyed for him many good things. Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar says in the name of Rabbi Meir: Because an individual is judged according to the majority [of his deeds] and the world is judged according to the majority [of the deeds performed in it], one who does one mitzvah is happy that he has tipped his scales and the scales of the world to the side of innocence; if he does one averah, woe to him! he tips his scale and the scale of the world to the side of guilt. About this one it is said, \"One sinner can destroy much good\"—with a single sin, this one destroyed for him many good things. Rabbi Shimon says: If someone was righteous their entire life, but in the end rebelled, he lost everything, as it is said, \"The righteousness of the righteous will not save him on the day of his wickedness\" (Yehezkel 33:12). If someone were wicked all their life and did teshuvah at the end, God receives him, as it is said, \"He will not trip on the wickedness of the wicked on the day he returns from his wickedness\" (Yehezkel 33:12). Anyone who is engaged in all three of them—in Scripture, Mishnah and an occupation—about this person it is said, \"The threefold cord will not be quickly broken\" (Kohelet 4:12).", |
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28. New Testament, Matthew, 5.22, 6.7, 7.29, 12.1-12.14, 23.2 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer b. hyrcanus •eliezer (ben hyrcanus), rabbi Found in books: Fonrobert and Jaffee (2007), The Cambridge Companion to the Talmud and Rabbinic Literature Cambridge Companions to Religion, 121; Sigal (2007), The Halakhah of Jesus of Nazareth According to the Gospel of Matthew, 75| 5.22. Ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι πᾶς ὁ ὀργιζόμενος τῷ ἀδελφῷ αὐτοῦ ἔνοχος ἔσται τῇ κρίσει· ὃς δʼ ἂν εἴπῃ τῷ ἀδελφῷ αὐτοῦ Ῥακά, ἔνοχος ἔσται τῷ συνεδρίῳ· ὃς δʼ ἂν εἴπῃ Μωρέ, ἔνοχος ἔσται εἰς τὴν γέενναν τοῦ πυρός. 6.7. Προσευχόμενοι δὲ μὴ βατταλογήσητε ὥσπερ οἱ ἐθνικοί, δοκοῦσιν γὰρ ὅτι ἐν τῇ πολυλογίᾳ αὐτῶν εἰσακουσθήσονται· 7.29. ἦν γὰρ διδάσκων αὐτοὺς ὡς ἐξουσίαν ἔχων καὶ οὐχ ὡς οἱ γραμματεῖς αὐτῶν. 12.1. Ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ καιρῷ ἐπορεύθη ὁ Ἰησοῦς τοῖς σάββασιν διὰ τῶν σπορίμων· οἱ δὲ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπείνασαν, καὶ ἤρξαντο τίλλειν στάχυας καὶ ἐσθίειν. 12.2. οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἰδόντες εἶπαν αὐτῷ Ἰδοὺ οἱ μαθηταί σου ποιοῦσιν ὃ οὐκ ἔξεστιν ποιεῖν ἐν σαββάτῳ. 12.3. ὁ δὲ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς Οὐκ ἀνέγνωτε τί ἐποίησεν Δαυεὶδ ὅτε ἐπείνασεν καὶ οἱ μετʼ αὐτοῦ; 12.4. πῶς εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸν οἶκον τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τοὺς ἄρτους τῆς προθέσεως ἔφαγον, ὃ οὐκ ἐξὸν ἦν αὐτῷ φαγεῖν οὐδὲ τοῖς μετʼ αὐτοῦ εἰ μὴ τοῖς ἱερεῦσιν μόνοις; 12.5. ἢ οὐκ ἀνέγνωτε ἐν τῷ νόμῳ ὅτι τοῖς σάββασιν οἱ ἱερεῖς ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ τὸ σάββατον βεβηλοῦσιν καὶ ἀναίτιοί εἰσιν; 12.6. λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι τοῦ ἱεροῦ μεῖζόν ἐστιν ὧδε. 12.7. εἰ δὲ ἐγνώκειτε τί ἐστιν Ἔλεος θέλω καὶ οὐ θυσίαν, οὐκ ἂν κατεδικάσατε τοὺς ἀναιτίους. 12.8. κύριος γάρ ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. 12.9. Καὶ μεταβὰς ἐκεῖθεν ἦλθεν εἰς τὴν συναγωγὴν αὐτῶν· 12.10. καὶ ἰδοὺ ἄνθρωπος χεῖρα ἔχων ξηράν. καὶ ἐπηρώτησαν αὐτὸν λέγοντες Εἰ ἔξεστι τοῖς σάββασιν θεραπεύειν; ἵνα κατηγορήσωσιν αὐτοῦ. 12.11. ὁ δὲ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς Τίς [ἔσται] ἐξ ὑμῶν ἄνθρωπος ὃς ἕξει πρόβατον ἕν, καὶ ἐὰν ἐμπέσῃ τοῦτο τοῖς σάββασιν εἰς βόθυνον, οὐχὶ κρατήσει αὐτὸ καὶ ἐγερεῖ; 12.12. πόσῳ οὖν διαφέρει ἄνθρωπος προβάτου. ὥστε ἔξεστιν τοῖς σάββασιν καλῶς ποιεῖν. 12.13. Τότε λέγει τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ Ἔκτεινόν σου τὴν χεῖρα· καὶ ἐξέτεινεν, καὶ ἀπεκατεστάθη ὑγιὴς ὡς ἡ ἄλλη. 12.14. Ἐξελθόντες δὲ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι συμβούλιον ἔλαβον κατʼ αὐτοῦ ὅπως αὐτὸν ἀπολέσωσιν. 23.2. Ἐπὶ τῆς Μωυσέως καθέδρας ἐκάθισαν οἱ γραμματεῖς καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι. | 5.22. But I tell you, that everyone who is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment; and whoever shall say to his brother, 'Raca!' shall be in danger of the council; and whoever shall say, 'You fool!' shall be in danger of the fire of Gehenna. 6.7. In praying, don't use vain repetitions, as the Gentiles do; for they think that they will be heard for their much speaking. 7.29. for he taught them with authority, and not like the scribes. 12.1. At that time, Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. His disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and to eat. 12.2. But the Pharisees, when they saw it, said to him, "Behold, your disciples do what is not lawful to do on the Sabbath." 12.3. But he said to them, "Haven't you read what David did, when he was hungry, and those who were with him; 12.4. how he entered into the house of God, and ate the show bread, which was not lawful for him to eat, neither for those who were with him, but only for the priests? 12.5. Or have you not read in the law, that on the Sabbath day, the priests in the temple profane the Sabbath, and are guiltless? 12.6. But I tell you that one greater than the temple is here. 12.7. But if you had known what this means, 'I desire mercy, and not sacrifice,' you would not have condemned the guiltless. 12.8. For the Son of Man is Lord of the Sabbath." 12.9. He departed there, and went into their synagogue. 12.10. And behold there was a man with a withered hand. They asked him, "Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath day?" that they might accuse him. 12.11. He said to them, "What man is there among you, who has one sheep, and if this one falls into a pit on the Sabbath day, won't he grab on to it, and lift it out? 12.12. of how much more value then is a man than a sheep! Therefore it is lawful to do good on the Sabbath day." 12.13. Then he told the man, "Stretch out your hand." He stretched it out; and it was restored whole, just like the other. 12.14. But the Pharisees went out, and conspired against him, how they might destroy him. 23.2. saying, "The scribes and the Pharisees sat on Moses' seat. |
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29. New Testament, Luke, 4.20-4.22 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •r. eliezer b. hyrcanus Found in books: Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 348| 4.20. καὶ πτύξας τὸ βιβλίον ἀποδοὺς τῷ ὑπηρέτῃ ἐκάθισεν· καὶ πάντων οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ ἐν τῇ συναγωγῇ ἦσαν ἀτενίζοντες αὐτῷ. 4.21. ἤρξατο δὲ λέγειν πρὸς αὐτοὺς ὅτι Σήμερον πεπλήρωται ἡ γραφὴ αὕτη ἐν τοῖς ὠσὶν ὑμῶν. 4.22. καὶ πάντες ἐμαρτύρουν αὐτῷ καὶ ἐθαύμαζον ἐπὶ τοῖς λόγοις τῆς χάριτος τοῖς ἐκπορευομένοις ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἔλεγον Οὐχὶ υἱός ἐστιν Ἰωσὴφ οὗτος; | 4.20. He closed the book, gave it back to the attendant, and sat down. The eyes of all in the synagogue were fastened on him. 4.21. He began to tell them, "Today, this Scripture has been fulfilled in your hearing." 4.22. All testified about him, and wondered at the gracious words which proceeded out of his mouth, and they said, "Isn't this Joseph's son?" |
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30. Mishnah, Shabbat, 23.5 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer ben hyrcanus Found in books: Rubin (2008) Time and the Life Cycle in Talmud and Midrash: Socio-Anthropological Perspectives. 167| 23.5. "עוֹשִׂין כָּל צָרְכֵי הַמֵּת, סָכִין וּמְדִיחִין אוֹתוֹ, וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יָזִיזוּ בוֹ אֵבֶר. שׁוֹמְטִין אֶת הַכַּר מִתַּחְתָּיו וּמַטִּילִין אוֹתוֹ עַל הַחֹל בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁיַּמְתִּין. קוֹשְׁרִים אֶת הַלֶּחִי, לֹא שֶׁיַּעֲלֶה, אֶלָּא שֶׁלֹּא יוֹסִיף. וְכֵן קוֹרָה שֶׁנִּשְׁבְּרָה, סוֹמְכִין אוֹתָהּ בְּסַפְסָל אוֹ בַּאֲרֻכּוֹת הַמִּטָּה, לֹא שֶׁתַּעֲלֶה, אֶלָּא שֶׁלֹּא תוֹסִיף. אֵין מְעַמְּצִין אֶת הַמֵּת בְּשַׁבָּת, וְלֹא בְחֹל עִם יְצִיאַת נֶפֶשׁ. וְהַמְעַמֵּץ עִם יְצִיאַת נֶפֶשׁ, הֲרֵי זֶה שׁוֹפֵךְ דָּמִים: \n", | 23.5. "One may perform all the needs of the dead:One may anoint him with oil and wash him, provided that no limb of his is moved. One may remove the pillow from under him, and [thereby] place him on sand, in order that he should be better preserved. One may tie up the jaw, not in order that it should close but that it should not further [open]. And likewise, if a beam is broken, one may support it with a bench or bed posts, not in order that it [the break] should close up, but that it should go [open] no further. One may not close [the eyes of] a corpse on Shabbat, nor on weekdays when he is about to die, and he who closes the eyes [of a dying person] at the point of death is a murderer.", |
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| 31. Palestinian Talmud, Sanhedrin, 7.13 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer ben hyrcanus, rabbi Found in books: Janowitz (2002), Magic in the Roman World: Pagans, Jews and Christians, 22 |
| 32. Palestinian Talmud, Moed Qatan, None (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer b. hyrcanus Found in books: Sigal (2007), The Halakhah of Jesus of Nazareth According to the Gospel of Matthew, 75, 99 |
| 33. Anon., Sifre Numbers, 139 (2nd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer ben hyrcanus Found in books: Rubin (2008) Time and the Life Cycle in Talmud and Midrash: Socio-Anthropological Perspectives. 145 |
| 34. Anon., Sifre Deuteronomy, 344 (2nd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer ben hyrcanus Found in books: Rubin (2008) Time and the Life Cycle in Talmud and Midrash: Socio-Anthropological Perspectives. 145 |
| 35. Palestinian Talmud, Hagigah, None (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: nan nan |
| 36. Anon., Mekhilta Derabbi Yishmael, 31.14 (2nd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer b. hyrcanus Found in books: Sigal (2007), The Halakhah of Jesus of Nazareth According to the Gospel of Matthew, 75 |
37. Anon., Leviticus Rabba, 34.14 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •r. eliezer b. hyrcanus Found in books: Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 495| 34.14. כִּי תִרְאֶה עָרֹם וְכִסִּיתוֹ (ישעיה נח, ז), רַבִּי אַדָּא בַּר אַהֲבָה וְרַב וְרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן, חַד אָמַר מְדַקְדְּקִין בִּכְסוּת וְאֵין מְדַקְדְּקִין בְּחַיֵּי נֶפֶשׁ. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים אַף בִּכְסוּת אֵינָן מְדַקְדְּקִין, מִפְּנֵי בְּרִיתוֹ שֶׁל אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ, (ישעיה נח, ז): וּמִבְּשָׂרְךָ לֹא תִתְעַלָּם, בַּר קַפָּרָא אָמַר הֱוֵי רוֹאֶה בְּשָׂרוֹ כִּבְשָׂרֶךָ. תָּנֵי בַּר קַפָּרָא אֵין לְךָ אָדָם שֶׁאֵינוֹ בָּא לִידֵי מִדָּה זוֹ, אִם לֹא הוּא בְּנוֹ, אִם לֹא בְּנוֹ בֶּן בְּנוֹ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וּמִבְּשָׂרְךָ לֹא תִתְעַלָּם, רַבִּי יַעֲקֹב אָמַר בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר זוֹ גְרוּשָׁתוֹ. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי הֲוָה לֵיהּ אִתְּתָא בִּישָׁא וַהֲוַת מְבַזָּה לֵיהּ קֳדָם תַּלְמִידָיו, אָמְרוּ לֵיהּ תַּלְמִידָיו רַבִּי שְׁבֹק הֲדָא אִתְּתָא מִנָּךְ דְּלֵית הִיא עָבְדָא לִיקָרָךְ, אֲמַר לוֹן פּוּרְנָא דִידָהּ רַב עָלַי וְלֵית בִּי מִשְׁבַּק לָהּ, חַד זְמַן הַוְיָן יָתְבִין פָּשְׁטִין הוּא וְרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה, מִן דַּחֲסַלּוּן אֲמַר לֵיהּ מַשְׁגַּח רַבִּי וַאֲנַן סָלְקִין לְבֵיתָא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ אִין, מַה דְּסָלְקִין אַמַּכַת עַל אַפָּא וְנָפְקַת לָהּ, צָפָא בְּהַהִיא קִידְרָא עֲלֵי תְּפָיָה, אֲמַר לָהּ אִית בְּהַהִיא קִידְרָא כְּלוּם, אָמְרָה לֵיהּ אִית בָּהּ פַּרְפְּרָיִין, אָזַל גָּלִיתָא וְאַשְׁכַּח בְּגַוָהּ פַּרְגָּיִין, יָדַע רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה דְּלָא יְתִיבָה דַעְתָּהּ עִם בַּעֲלָהּ, כַּד יַתְבִין לְהוֹן אָכְלִין אֲמַר לֵיהּ לָא אָמְרָה פַּרְפְּרָיִין וְהָא אֲנָא אַשְׁכַּחְנָא בְּגַוָּהּ פַּרְגָּיִין, אָמַר מַעֲשֵׂה נִסִּים הֵן, כֵּיוָן דְּאָכְלִין מַה דְּאָכְלִין, אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי שְׁבֹק הָדָא אִתְּתָא מִנָּךְ דְּלֵית הִיא עָבְדָא לִיקָרָךְ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ פּוּרְנָא רַב עָלַי וְלֵית בִּי מִשְׁבַּק לָהּ, אָמְרוּ לֵיהּ אֲנַן פַּסְקִינָן פּוּרְנָא וְשַׁבְקַהּ מִינָךְ, עָבְדִין לֵיהּ כֵּן פְּסִיקוּ לֵיהּ פּוּרְנָא וְשַׁבְקָהּ מִנֵיהּ, וְאַסְבוּן יָתֵיהּ אִתְּתָא אָחֳרֵי טַבְתָּא מִנָּהּ, גָּרְמִין חוֹבָא דְּהַהִיא אִנְתְּתָא וְאָזְלָא וְאִתְנְסִיבַת לְסַנְטֵירָא דְּקַרְתָּא, לְבָתַר יוֹמִין אָתוֹן יִסּוּרִין עֲלוֹי וְאִתְעֲבֵיד הַהוּא גַבְרָא סַגֵּי נְהוֹר, וַהֲוַת אִתְּתָא נְגִידָא לֵיהּ בְּכָל קַרְתָּא וַהֲוַת אָזְלָא בְּכָל שְׁכוּנַיָא וּבִשְׁכוּנָתֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי לָא הֲוַת אָזְלָה, הֲוָה הַהוּא גַּבְרָא חָכֵם קַרְתָּא, אֲמַר לָהּ לָמָּה לֵית אַתְּ מוֹבִילָא לִי לִשְׁכוּנָתֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי דַּאֲנָא שְׁמִיעַ דְּהוּא עָבֵיד מִצְוָן, אָמְרָה לוֹ מַשְׁבַּקְתֵּיהּ אֲנָא וְלֵית בִּי חָמֵא אַפוֹי. אָתוֹן חַד זְמַן וְקָרוֹן בִּשְׁכוּנָתֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי, שְׁרֵי חָבֵט עֲלָהּ וַהֲוַת קָלְהוֹן מִתְבַּזְיָן בְּכָל קַרְתָּא, אוֹדִיק רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי וְחָמוֹן מִתְבַּזְיָן בְּגוֹ שׁוּקָא, נְסִיבֵיהוֹן וִיהַב יָתְהוֹן בְּחַד בֵּיתָא מִן דִּידֵיהּ, וַהֲוָה מְפַרְנֵס יַתְהוֹן כָּל יְמֵי חַיֵּיהוֹן, מִשּׁוּם וּמִבְּשָׂרְךָ לֹא תִתְעַלָּם. בְּיוֹמֵי דְּרַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא הָיוּ צְרִיכִין יִשְׂרָאֵל לְמִטְרָא אָתוֹן לְגַבֵּיהּ וַאֲמָרִין לֵיהּ רַבִּי גְּזֹר תַּעֲנִיתָא דְּיֵיחוֹת מִטְרָא, גְּזַר תַּעֲנִיתָא פַּעַם רִאשׁוֹנָה וּשְׁנִיָּה וְלֹא יָרְדוּ גְשָׁמִים, פַּעַם שְׁלִישִׁית קָם וְדָרַשׁ אֲמַר לוֹן כָּל עַמָּא יַפְלִיגוּן מִצְוָה, קָם חַד גְבַר וּנְסַב מַה דַּהֲוָה לֵיהּ בְּגוֹ בֵּיתֵיהּ וְנָפַק לְמִפְלְגָה, פָּגְעָה בֵּיהּ מַשְׁבַּקְתֵּיהּ, וְאָמְרָה לֵיהּ זְכֵי בְּהַהִיא אִתְּתָא דְּמִן יוֹמָא דְּנָפְקֵית מִן בֵּיתָךְ לָא חָמֵית טַב, כֵּיוָן שֶׁרָאָה אוֹתָהּ עֲרֻמָּה וּבְצָרָה גְדוֹלָה, נִתְמַלֵּא עָלֶיהָ רַחֲמִים וְנָתַן לָהּ, עַל שׁוּם וּמִבְּשָׂרְךָ לֹא תִתְעַלָּם, חֲמִיתֵּיהּ חַד גְּבַר, סָלֵיק וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ לְרַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא רַבִּי אַתְּ הָכָא וַעֲבֵרָה הָכָא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מַה חָמֵית, אֲמַר לֵיהּ חָמֵית גְּבַר פְּלָן דְּמִשְׁתָּעֵי לְמַשְׁבַּקְתֵּיהּ, וְלָא עוֹד אֶלָּא דִּיהַב לָהּ פְּרִיטִין, אִי לָאו דַּחֲשִׁיד עֲלָהּ לָא יָהֵיב לָהּ. שָׁלַח רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא וְאַיְיתִיתֵיהּ, וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ בְּרִי אַתְּ יָדַע דְּעַלְמָא קָאי בְּצַעֲרָא וּבְרִיָּאתָה קָיְימֵא בְּצַעֲרָא וַאֲזַלְתְּ וְאִשְׁתָּעֵית עִם מַשְׁבַּקְתָּךְ, וְלָא עוֹד אֶלָּא דִיְהַבְתְּ לָהּ פְּרִיטִין, אִלּוּלֵי דַחֲשִׁיד אַתָּה לָא יְהַבְתְּ לָהּ פְּרִיטִין, אֲמַר לֵיהּ וְלָא כָךְ דָּרַשְׁתָּ וּמִבְּשָׂרְךָ לֹא תִתְעַלָּם, אַתְּ אֲמַרְתְּ כָּל עַמָּא יִפְקוּן וְיִפְלְגוּן מִצְוָה, קָאֵים אֲנָא לְמִפְלְגָה מִצְוָה פָּגְעַת בִּי מַשְׁבַּקְתִּי וַאֲמָרַת לִי זְכֵי בְּהַהִיא אִתְּתָא דְּמִן יוֹמָא דְּנָפְקֵית מִבֵּיתָךְ לָא חָמֵית טַב, כֵּיוָן שֶׁרְאִיתִיהָ עֲרֻמָּה וּבְצָרָה גְדוֹלָה נִתְמַלֵּאתִי עָלֶיהָ רַחֲמִים וְנָתַתִּי לָהּ עַל שׁוּם וּמִבְּשָׂרְךָ לֹא תִתְעַלָּם. בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה הִגְבִּיהַּ רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא פָּנָיו לַשָּׁמַיִם וְאָמַר לִפְנֵי הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם מָה אִם זֶה שֶׁהוּא בָּשָׂר וָדָם וְאַכְזָרִי וְלֹא הָיָה עָלָיו מְזוֹנוֹתֶיהָ נִתְמַלֵּא עָלֶיהָ רַחֲמִים וְנָתַן לָהּ, אָנוּ שֶׁאָנוּ בְּנֵי בָנֶיךָ בְּנֵי אַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיַעֲקֹב וּמְזוֹנוֹתֵינוּ עָלֶיךָ, עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה שֶׁתִּתְמַלֵּא עָלֵינוּ רַחֲמִים, בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה יָרְדוּ גְשָׁמִים וְנִתְרַוַּח הָעוֹלָם. | |
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| 38. Palestinian Talmud, Berachot, None (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: nan nan |
| 39. Palestinian Talmud, Taanit, None (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Sigal (2007), The Halakhah of Jesus of Nazareth According to the Gospel of Matthew, 99 |
40. Anon., Genesis Rabba, 6.6, 31.19, 33.3 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer ben hyrcanus •r. eliezer b. hyrcanus Found in books: Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 495; Rubin (2008) Time and the Life Cycle in Talmud and Midrash: Socio-Anthropological Perspectives. 145| 6.6. הֵיכָן גַּלְגַּל הַחַמָּה וּלְבָנָה נְתוּנִים, בָּרָקִיעַ הַשֵּׁנִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: וַיִּתֵּן אֹתָם אֱלֹהִים בִּרְקִיעַ הַשָּׁמָיִם, רַבִּי פִּינְחָס בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ אָמַר, מִקְרָא מָלֵא הוּא, וְאַנְשֵׁי כְּנֶסֶת הַגְּדוֹלָה פֵּרְשׁוּ אוֹתוֹ (נחמיה ט, ו): אַתָּה הוּא ה' לְבַדֶּךָ אַתָּה עָשִׂיתָ אֶת הַשָּׁמַיִם שְׁמֵי הַשָּׁמַיִם וְכָל צְבָאָם וגו'. הֵיכָן הוּא כָּל צְבָאָם נְתוּנִים, בָּרָקִיעַ שֶׁהוּא לְמַעְלָה מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם, וּמִן הָאָרֶץ וְעַד הָרָקִיעַ מַהֲלַךְ חֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה, וְעָבְיוֹ שֶׁל רָקִיעַ מַהֲלַךְ חֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה, וּמֵרָקִיעַ עַד הָרָקִיעַ מַהֲלַךְ חֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה, רְאֵה כַּמָּה הוּא גָּבוֹהַּ, וּתְנַן בְּאֶחָד בִּתְקוּפַת תַּמּוּז אֵין צֵל לְכָל בְּרִיָּה, דִּכְתִיב (תהלים יט, ז): וְאֵין נִסְתָּר מֵחַמָּתוֹ, גַּלְגַּל חַמָּה יֵשׁ לוֹ נַרְתִּיק, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים יט, ה): לַשֶּׁמֶשׁ שָׂם אֹהֶל בָּהֶם, וּבְרֵכָה שֶׁל מַיִם לְפָנָיו, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהוּא יוֹצֵא, הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מַתִּישׁ כֹּחוֹ בַּמַּיִם, שֶׁלֹא יֵצֵא וְיִשְׂרֹף אֶת הָעוֹלָם, אֲבָל לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְעַרְטְלוֹ מִנַּרְתִּיקוֹ, וּמְלַהֵט בּוֹ אֶת הָרְשָׁעִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלאכי ג, יט): וְלִהַט אֹתָם הַיּוֹם הַבָּא. רַבִּי יַנַּאי וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן תַּרְוֵיהוֹן אָמְרִין אֵין גֵּיהִנֹּם אֶלָּא יוֹם שֶׁהוּא מְלַהֵט אֶת הָרְשָׁעִים, מַה טַּעַם (מלאכי ג, יט): הִנֵּה הַיּוֹם בָּא בֹּעֵר כַּתַּנּוּר וגו'. רַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי, יֵשׁ גֵּיהִנֹּם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה לא, ט): נְאֻם ה' אֲשֶׁר אוּר לוֹ בְּצִיּוֹן וגו'. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר אִלְעָאי אוֹמֵר לֹא יוֹם וְלֹא גֵּיהִנֹּם, אֶלָּא אֵשׁ שֶׁהִיא יוֹצֵאת מִגּוּפָן שֶׁל רְשָׁעִים וּמְלַהֶטֶת אוֹתָם, מַה טַּעַם, דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה לג, יא): תַּהֲרוּ חֲשַׁשׁ תֵּלְדוּ קַשׁ רוּחֲכֶם אֵשׁ תֹּאכַלְכֶם. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בַּר אָבִין אָמַר (תהלים נ, ו): וַיַּגִּידוּ שָׁמַיִם צִדְקוֹ, לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא שָׁמַיִם מְתַנִּים צְדָקָה שֶׁעָשָׂה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עִם עוֹלָמוֹ, שֶׁלֹא נְתָנָם בָּרָקִיעַ הָרִאשׁוֹן, שֶׁאִלּוּ נְתָנָם בָּרָקִיעַ הָרִאשׁוֹן לֹא הָיְתָה בְּרִיָּה יְכוֹלָה לַעֲמֹד מֵאִשּׁוֹ שֶׁל יוֹם. 33.3. טוֹב ה' לַכֹּל וְרַחֲמָיו עַל כָּל מַעֲשָׂיו (תהלים קמה, ט), אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי טוֹב ה' לַכֹּל, עַל הַכֹּל, שֶׁהוּא מַעֲשָׂיו. אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל טוֹב ה' לַכֹּל וְרַחֲמָיו עַל הַכֹּל שֶׁהֵן מִדּוֹתָיו הוּא מְרַחֵם. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ דְּסִכְנִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר טוֹב ה' לַכֹּל, וּמֵרַחֲמָיו הוּא נוֹתֵן לִבְרִיּוֹתָיו. רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא וְרַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר אָבִין בְּשֵׁם רַב אַחָא לְמָחָר שְׁנַת בַּצֹּרֶת בָּאָה וְהַבְּרִיּוֹת מְרַחֲמִין אֵלּוּ עַל אֵלּוּ, וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מִתְמַלֵּא עֲלֵיהֶן רַחֲמִים. בְּיוֹמֵי דְּרַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא הָיוּ צְרִיכִין יִשְׂרָאֵל לְתַעֲנִית, אָתוֹן לְגַבֵּיהּ אָמְרִין לֵיהּ רַבִּי גְּזָר תַּעֲנִיתָא, גָּזַר תַּעֲנִיתָא יוֹם קַדְמָאי יוֹם ב' יוֹם ג' וְלָא נְחַת מִטְרָא, עָאל וְדָרַשׁ לְהוֹן אֲמַר לְהוֹן בָּנַי הִתְמַלְּאוּ רַחֲמִים אֵלּוּ עַל אֵלּוּ וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מִתְמַלֵּא עֲלֵיכֶם רַחֲמִים. עַד שֶׁהֵן מְחַלְּקִין צְדָקָה לַעֲנִיֵּיהֶם רָאוּ אָדָם אֶחָד נוֹתֵן מָעוֹת לִגְרוּשָׁתוֹ, אָתוֹן לְגַבֵּיהּ וַאֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ, רַבִּי מָה אֲנַן יָתְבִין הָכָא וַעֲבֵרְתָּא הָכָא. אֲמַר לָהֶן מָה רְאִיתֶם, אָמְרוּ לוֹ רָאִינוּ אָדָם פְּלוֹנִי נוֹתֵן מָעוֹת לִגְרוּשָׁתוֹ, שְׁלַח בַּתְרֵיהוֹן וְאַיְיתִינוֹן לְגוֹ צִבּוּרָא. אָמַר לֵיהּ מָה הִיא לָךְ זוֹ, אָמַר לוֹ גְּרוּשָׁתִי הִיא. אָמַר לוֹ מִפְּנֵי מָה נָתַתָּ לָהּ מָעוֹת, אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי רָאִיתִי אוֹתָהּ בְּצָרָה וְהִתְמַלֵּאתִי עָלֶיהָ רַחֲמִים. בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה הִגְבִּיהַּ רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא פָּנָיו כְּלַפֵּי מַעְלָה וְאָמַר רִבּוֹן כָּל הָעוֹלָמִים מָה אִם זֶה שֶׁאֵין לָהּ עָלָיו מְזוֹנוֹת רָאָה אוֹתָהּ בְּצָרָה וְנִתְמַלֵּא עָלֶיהָ רַחֲמִים, אַתָּה שֶׁכָּתוּב בְּךָ (תהלים קמה, ח): חַנּוּן וְרַחוּם, וְאָנוּ בְּנֵי יְדִידֶיךָ בְּנֵי אַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיַעֲקֹב עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה שֶׁתִּתְמַלֵּא עָלֵינוּ רַחֲמִים, מִיָּד יָרְדוּ גְּשָׁמִים וְנִתְרַוָּה הָעוֹלָם. רַבֵּנוּ הֲוָה יָתֵיב לָעֵי בְּאוֹרַיְתָא קַמֵּי כְּנִשְׁתָּא דְּבַבְלָאי בְּצִפּוֹרִין, עֲבַר חַד עֵגֶל קוֹדָמוֹי, אָזֵל לְמִתְנְכָסָה וְשָׁרֵי גָּעֵי כְּמֵימַר שֵׁיזִבְנִי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ וּמָה אֲנִי יָכוֹל לְמֶעְבַּד לָךְ לְכָךְ נוֹצַרְתָּ, וְחָשַׁשׁ רַבִּי אֶת שִׁנָּיו שְׁלשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר אָבִין כָּל אוֹתָן שְׁלשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה שֶׁהָיָה חוֹשֵׁשׁ רַבִּי אֶת שִׁנָּיו, לֹא הִפִּילָה עֻבָּרָה בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְלֹא נִצְטַעֲרוּ הַיּוֹלְדוֹת, בָּתַר יוֹמִין עֲבַר חַד שֶׁרֶץ קַמֵּי בְּרַתֵּיהּ וּבְעָא לְמִקְטְלָא, אֲמַר לָהּ בְּרַתִּי שַׁבְקֵיהּ, דִּכְתִיב: וְרַחֲמָיו עַל כָּל מַעֲשָׂיו. רַבֵּנוּ הֲוָה עִנְוָתָן סַגֵּי, וַהֲוָה אֲמַר כָּל מַה דְּיֹאמַר לִי בַּר נַשׁ אֲנָא עָבֵיד חוּץ מִמַּה שֶּׁעָשׂוּ בְּנֵי בְתֵירָא לִזְקֵנִי, שֶׁיָּרְדוּ מִגְדֻלָּתָן וְהֶעֱלוּ אוֹתוֹ, וְאִין סָלֵיק רַב הוּנָא רֵישׁ גָּלוּתָא לְהָכָא, אֲנָא קָאֵים לִי מִן קֳדָמוֹהִי, לָמָּה דְּהוּא מִן יְהוּדָה וַאֲנָא מִן בִּנְיָמִין, וְהוּא מִן דִּכְרַיָא דִּיהוּדָה וַאֲנָא מִן נֻקְבְתָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי חִיָּא רַבָּה וַהֲרֵי הוּא עוֹמֵד בַּחוּץ, נִתְכַּרְכְּמוּ פָּנָיו שֶׁל רַבִּי וְכֵיוָן שֶׁרָאָה שֶׁנִּתְכַּרְכְּמוּ פָּנָיו אָמַר לוֹ אֲרוֹנוֹ הוּא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ פּוֹק חֲזֵי מַאן בָּעֵי לָךְ לְבָרָא, נָפַק וְלָא אַשְׁכַּח בַּר נָשׁ, וְיָדַע דְּהוּא נָזוּף וְאֵין נְזִיפָה פְּחוּתָה מִשְּׁלשִׁים יוֹם. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר רַבִּי אָבִין כָּל אוֹתָן שְׁלשִׁים יוֹם שֶׁהָיָה רַבִּי חִיָּא רַבָּה נָזוּף מֵרַבֵּנוּ, אַלֵּיף לְרַב בַּר אֲחָתֵיהּ כָּל כְּלָלֵי דְאוֹרַיְתָא, וְאִלֵּין אִינוּן כְּלָלַיָיא דְאוֹרַיְתָא הִלְכְתָא דְּבַבְלָאֵי. לְסוֹף תְּלָתִין יוֹמִין אָתָא אֵלִיָּהוּ זָכוּר לַטּוֹב בִּדְמוּתֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי חִיָּא רַבָּה אֵצֶל רַבֵּנוּ וִיְהַב יְדֵיהּ עַל שִׁנֵּיהּ וְאִתְּסֵי, כֵּיוָן דְּאָתָא רַבִּי חִיָּא רַבָּה לְגַבֵּי רַבֵּנוּ אֲמַר לֵיהּ מָה עֲבַדְתְּ בְּשִׁנָּךְ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ מִן עוֹנָתָא דִּיהַבְתְּ יְדָךְ עִלּוֹהִי אִתְנְשֵׁימַת, אֲמַר לֵיהּ לֵית אֲנָא הֲוָה יָדַע מָה הוּא. כֵּיוָן דְּשָׁמַע כֵּן שָׁרֵי נָהֵיג בֵּיהּ יְקָרָא, וְקָרַב תַּלְמִידִים וּמְעַיֵּיל לֵיהּ מִלְּגַאו. אָמַר רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בֶּן רַבִּי יוֹסֵי וְלִפְנִים מִמֶּנִּי, אָמַר לֵיהּ חַס וְשָׁלוֹם לֹא יֵעָשֶׂה כֵן בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל. רַבֵּנוּ הֲוָה מְתַנֵּי שִׁבְחֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי חִיָּא רַבָּה קַמֵּיהּ דְּרַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בֶּן רַבִּי יוֹסֵי, אָמַר לֵיהּ אָדָם גָּדוֹל, אָדָם קָדוֹשׁ. חַד זְמַן חֲמִיתֵיהּ בֵּי בָנֵי וְלָא אִתְכְּנַע מִנֵּיהּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ הַהוּא תַּלְמִידָךְ דַּהֲוַת מִשְׁתַּבַּח בֵּיהּ חֲמִיתֵּיהּ בֵּי בָנֵי וְלָא אִתְכְּנַע מִנָּאי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ וְלָמָּה לָא אִתְכְּנָעַת מִנֵּיהּ, אָמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי חִיָּא מִסְתַּכֵּל הָיִיתִי בְּאַגָּדַת תְּהִלִּים, כֵּיוָן דְּשָׁמַע כֵּן מְסַר לֵיהּ תְּרֵין תַּלְמִידוֹי וַהֲווֹ עָיְילִין עִמֵּיהּ לַאֲשׁוּנָה, דְּלָא יִשְׁהֵי וְתִזְעַר נַפְשֵׁיהּ. דָּבָר אַחֵר, טוֹב ה' לַכֹּל וגו', וַיִּזְכֹּר אֱלֹהִים אֶת נֹחַ וגו', אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמֵנִי אוֹי לָהֶם לָרְשָׁעִים שֶׁהֵם הוֹפְכִים מִדַּת רַחֲמִים לְמִדַּת הַדִין, בְּכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ה', מִדַּת רַחֲמִים, (שמות לד, ו): ה' ה' אֵל רַחוּם וְחַנּוּן, וּכְתִיב (בראשית ו, ה): וַיַּרְא ה' כִּי רַבָּה רָעַת הָאָדָם בָּאָרֶץ, (בראשית ו, ו): וַיִּנָּחֶם ה' כִּי עָשָׂה אֶת הָאָדָם (בראשית ו, ז): וַיֹּאמֶר ה' אֶמְחֶה וגו', אַשְׁרֵיהֶם הַצַּדִּיקִים שֶׁהֵן הוֹפְכִים מִדַּת הַדִּין לְמִדַּת רַחֲמִים. בְּכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר אֱלֹהִים הוּא מִדַּת הַדִּין (שמות כב, כז): אֱלֹהִים לֹא תְקַלֵּל, (שמות כב, ח): עַד הָאֱלֹהִים יָבֹא דְּבַר שְׁנֵיהֶם, וּכְתִיב (שמות ב, כד): וַיִּשְׁמַע אֱלֹהִים אֶת נַאֲקָתָם וַיִּזְכֹּר אֱלֹהִים אֶת בְּרִיתוֹ וגו' (בראשית ל, כב): וַיִּזְכֹּר אֱלֹהִים אֶת רָחֵל וגו', וַיִּזְכֹּר אֱלֹהִים אֶת נֹחַ, מַה זְּכִירָה נִזְכַּר לוֹ שֶׁזָּן וּפִרְנֵס אוֹתָם כָּל שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ בַּתֵּבָה, וַיִּזְכֹּר אֱלֹהִים אֶת נֹחַ, וְהַדִּין נוֹתֵן מִזְּכוּת הַטְּהוֹרִים שֶׁהִכְנִיס עִמּוֹ בַּתֵּבָה. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר לְשֵׁם קָרְבָּנוֹ נִקְרָא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ח, כא): וַיָּרַח ה' אֶת רֵיחַ הַנִּיחֹחַ. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר חֲנִינָא לְשֵׁם נַחַת הַתֵּבָה נִקְרָא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ח, ד): וַתָּנַח הַתֵּבָה בַּחֹדֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִי וגו'. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אוֹמֵר (בראשית ח, כב): לֹא יִשְׁבֹּתוּ, מִכְּלַל שֶׁשָּׁבָתוּ. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן לֹא שִׁמְשׁוּ מַזָּלוֹת כָּל שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ, אָמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן שִׁמְשׁוּ אֶלָּא שֶׁלֹא הָיָה רִשּׁוּמָן נִכָּר. | 33.3. " b God is good to all and His mercies are upon all of His works (Psalms 145:9): /b Rabbi Levi said, \"'God is good to all,' upon all, that He is their maker.\" Rabbi Shmuel said, \"'God is good to all and His mercies' - upon all that are His traits, He has mercy.” Rabbi Yehoshua of Sakhnin said in the name of Rabbi Levi, \"'God is good to all' and His merciful ones He give to His creatures.\" Rabbi Tanchuma and Rabbi Abba bar Avin [said] in the name of Rav Acha, “Tomorrow a famine will arrive and the creatures will have mercy, these upon those, and the Holy One, blessed be He, will be filled with mercy on them.” In the days of Rabbi Tanchuma, Israel required a fast (to bring about rain). They came to [Rabbi Tanchuma and] said to him, “Rabbi, decree a fast.” [So] he decreed a fast on the first day, on the second day, on the third day and rain did not fall. He got up and expounded to them. He said to them, \"My children, have mercy, these upon those, and the Holy One, blessed be He, will be filled with mercy on you.\" While they were still distributing charity to the poor, they saw a man giving money to his ex-wife. They came to [Rabbi Tanchuma] and said to him, \"Rabbi, how are we sitting here [while] there is a sin here.\" He said [back] to them, \"What did you see?\" They said to him, \"We saw Mr. x give money to his ex-wife.\" They sent for them and they brought them in front of the community. [Rabbi Tanchuma] said to him, \"What is she to you?\" He said [back] to him, \"She is my ex-wife.\" He said to him, \"Why did you give her money?\" He said to him, \"Rabbi, I saw her in distress and I was filled with mercy on her.\" At that time, Rabbi Tanchuma lifted his head towards above and said, \"Master over the worlds, just like this one that does not have an obligation to sustain [her] saw her in distress and he was filled with mercy for her, all the more so, You, that it is written about You, 'Compassionate and Merciful' and we are the children of Your friends, Avraham, Yitschak and Yaakov, will You be filled with mercy on us.\" Immediately, rains fell and the world was irrigated. Our rabbi (Yehuda Hanassi) was sitting, involved in Torah in front of the synagogue of the Babylonian [Jews] in Tzippori [when] a calf passed in front of him [and] was going to be slaughtered and started to yell out as if to say, \"Save me.\" He said to it, \"And what can I do for you? That is what you were created for.\" [As a result, Rabbi Yehuda Hanassi] had toothaches for thirteen years. Rabbi Yoss bar Avin said, \"[During] those entire thirteen years that [he] had toothaches, no pregt woman had a miscarriage in the Land of Israel and no birthing mother had pain. After some time, a crawling animal passed in front of his daughter and she wanted to kill it. He said to her, \"My daughter, let it go, as it is written, \"and His mercies are upon all of his works.\" Our rabbi had great modesty and said, \"I will do anything that people tell me except what the sons of Batira did to my forefather - that they came down from their greatness (office) and brought him up; and [even] if Rabbi Huna, the Exilarch, came here, I would get up in front of him. Why? As he is from [the tribe of] Yehuda and I am from Binyamin, and he is from the males of Yehuda and I am from the females.\" Rabbi Chiya the Great said to him, \"And behold, he is [waiting] outside.\" [Rabbi Yehuda Hanassi]'s face changed colors. And when he saw that his face changed colors, [Rabbi Chiya] said to him, \"It is [Rabbi Huna]'s coffin.\" He said [back] to [Rabbi Chiya], \"Go out and see who needs you outside.\" He went out and did not find a person and he knew that he was excommunicated - and there is no excommunication less than thirty days. Rabbi Yossi bar Avin said, \"[During] the entire thirty days that Rabbi Chiya the Great was excommunicated from our rabbi, he taught Rav, the son of his sister, the principles of the Torah.\" And what are the principles of the Torah? They are the laws of the Babylonians. At the end of thirty days, Eliyahu - may he be remembered for good - came in the likeness of Rabbi Chiya the Great to our rabbi and put his hand on his teeth and he became healed. When Rabbi Chiya the Great came to our rabbi, he said to him, \"What did you do to your teeth?\" He said [back] to him, \"From the time that you put your hand on them, they became better. He said, \"I do not know what this is.\" When he heard this, he began to treat him with respect and he brought close the students and brought up [Rabbi Chiya] to the top. Rabbi Yishmael bar Yose said, \"And [should he] come closer than I?\" He said [back] to him, \"God forbid, such should not be done in Israel.\" Our rabbi was teaching the praises of Rabbi Chiya the Great in front of Rabbi Yishmael bar Yose - he said, \"He is a great man, he is a holy man.\" One time, [Rabbi Yishmael bar Yose] saw [Rabbi Chiya] in the bathhouse and [the latter] did not humble himself before him. He said to [Rabbi Yehuda Hanassi], \"Is this your student that you have been praising? I saw him in the bathhouse and he did not humble himself before me.\" He said to him, \"Why did you not humble yourself before him?\" Rabbi Chiya said [back], I was looking at the homilies (aggadot) of Psalms.\" Once [Rabbi Yehudah Hanassi] heard this, he gave him two students to go with him to the dark places, that he not get confounded and lose himself. Another explanation: \"God is good to all, etc.\" \"And God remembered Noach, etc.\" - Rabbi Shmuel bar Nachmani said, \"Woe to the evildoers who switch the [Divine] trait of mercy to the [Divine] trait of [strict] justice. In every place that it states 'the Lord,' it is the trait of mercy: 'The Lord, the Lord, merciful and compassionate God' (Exodus 34:6). And [yet] it is written (Genesis 6:5-6), 'And the Lord saw that the evil of man on the earth was very great[...] And the Lord regretted that He had made man on the earth, and the Lord said, \"I will erase, etc.\"' Happy are the righteous who switch the trait of [Divine] justice to the [divine] trait of mercy. In every place that it states ' i Elohim /i ,' it is the trait of mercy: 'Judges ( i Elohim /i ) you shall not curse' (Exodus 22:27); 'to the judges ( i elohim /i ) the matter of both of them will come' (Exodus 22:8). And [yet] it is written (Exodus 2:24), 'And God heard their cries and God remembered His covet'; '(Genesis 30:22), 'And God remembered Rachel'; 'And God remembered Noach.' And what memory did He remember for him? That he fed and sustained them all of the twelve months in the ark.\" \"And God remembered Noach\" - and justice requires it, from the merit of the pure ones that he brought with him into the ark. Rabbi Eliezer says, \"[Noach] was named corresponding to his sacrifice, as it states, 'And the Lord smelled the pleasant ( i nichoach /i ) fragrance.'\" Rabbi Yose bar Chaninah [says], \"He was named corresponding to the resting of the ark, as it states, 'And the ark rested ( i tanach /i ) on the seventh month, etc.'\" Rabbi Yehoshua says, \"'Will not cease' (Genesis 8:22) implies that they ceased.\"", |
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| 41. Anon., Qohelet Rabba, 1.24, 3.21 (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •r. eliezer ben hyrcanus •eliezer ben hyrcanus Found in books: Rubin (2008) Time and the Life Cycle in Talmud and Midrash: Socio-Anthropological Perspectives. 145; Swartz (2018), The Mechanics of Providence: The Workings of Ancient Jewish Magic and Mysticism. 76 |
| 42. Palestinian Talmud, Yevamot, None (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: nan nan |
43. Babylonian Talmud, Sanhedrin, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Sigal (2007), The Halakhah of Jesus of Nazareth According to the Gospel of Matthew, 75| 74a. רב פפא אמר במפותה ודברי הכל,אביי אמר ביכול להציל באחד מאבריו ורבי יונתן בן שאול היא דתניא רבי יונתן בן שאול אומר רודף שהיה רודף אחר חבירו להורגו ויכול להצילו באחד מאבריו ולא הציל נהרג עליו,מאי טעמא דרבי יונתן בן שאול דכתיב (שמות כא, כב) וכי ינצו אנשים (יחדו) וגו' וא"ר אלעזר במצות שבמיתה הכתוב מדבר דכתיב (שמות כא, כג) ואם אסון יהיה ונתתה נפש תחת נפש ואפ"ה אמר רחמנא ולא יהיה אסון ענוש יענש,אי אמרת בשלמא יכול להציל באחד מאבריו לא ניתן להצילו בנפשו היינו דמשכחת לה דיענש כגון שיכול להציל באחד מאבריו,אלא אי אמרת יכול להציל באחד מאבריו נמי ניתן להצילו בנפשו היכי משכחת לה דיענש,דילמא שאני הכא דמיתה לזה ותשלומין לזה,לא שנא דאמר רבא רודף שהיה רודף אחר חבירו ושיבר את הכלים בין של נרדף ובין של כל אדם פטור מאי טעמא מתחייב בנפשו הוא,ונרדף ששיבר את הכלים של רודף פטור של כל אדם חייב של רודף פטור שלא יהא ממונו חביב עליו מגופו של כל אדם חייב שמציל עצמו בממון חבירו,ורודף שהיה רודף אחר רודף להצילו ושיבר את הכלים בין של רודף בין של נרדף בין של כל אדם פטור ולא מן הדין שאם אי אתה אומר כן נמצא אין לך כל אדם שמציל את חבירו מיד הרודף:,אבל הרודף אחר בהמה: תניא רשב"י אומר העובד עבודת כוכבים ניתן להצילו בנפשו מק"ו ומה פגם הדיוט ניתן להצילו בנפשו פגם גבוה לא כל שכן וכי עונשין מן הדין קא סבר עונשין מן הדין,תניא רבי אלעזר ברבי שמעון אומר המחלל את השבת ניתן להצילו בנפשו סבר לה כאבוה דאמר עונשין מן הדין ואתיא שבת בחילול חילול מעבודת כוכבים,א"ר יוחנן משום ר"ש בן יהוצדק נימנו וגמרו בעליית בית נתזה בלוד כל עבירות שבתורה אם אומרין לאדם עבור ואל תהרג יעבור ואל יהרג חוץ מעבודת כוכבים וגילוי עריות ושפיכות דמים,ועבודת כוכבים לא והא תניא א"ר ישמעאל מנין שאם אמרו לו לאדם עבוד עבודת כוכבים ואל תהרג מנין שיעבוד ואל יהרג ת"ל (ויקרא יח, ה) וחי בהם ולא שימות בהם,יכול אפילו בפרהסיא תלמוד לומר (ויקרא כב, לב) ולא תחללו את שם קדשי ונקדשתי,אינהו דאמור כר"א דתניא ר"א אומר (דברים ו, ה) ואהבת את ה' אלהיך בכל לבבך ובכל נפשך ובכל מאדך אם נאמר בכל נפשך למה נאמר בכל מאדך ואם נאמר בכל מאדך למה נאמר בכל נפשך,אם יש לך אדם שגופו חביב עליו מממונו לכך נאמר בכל נפשך ואם יש לך אדם שממונו חביב עליו מגופו לכך נאמר בכל מאדך,גילוי עריות ושפיכות דמים כדרבי דתניא רבי אומר (דברים כב, כו) כי כאשר יקום איש על רעהו ורצחו נפש כן הדבר הזה וכי מה למדנו מרוצח,מעתה הרי זה בא ללמד ונמצא למד מקיש רוצח לנערה המאורסה מה נערה המאורסה ניתן להצילו בנפשו אף רוצח ניתן להצילו בנפשו,ומקיש נערה המאורסה לרוצח מה רוצח יהרג ואל יעבור אף נערה המאורסה תהרג ואל תעבור,רוצח גופיה מנא לן סברא הוא דההוא דאתא לקמיה דרבה ואמר ליה אמר לי מרי דוראי זיל קטליה לפלניא ואי לא קטלינא לך אמר ליה לקטלוך ולא תיקטול מי יימר דדמא דידך סומק טפי דילמא דמא דהוא גברא סומק טפי,כי אתא רב דימי א"ר יוחנן לא שנו אלא שלא בשעת גזרת המלכות) אבל בשעת גזרת המלכות אפי' מצוה קלה יהרג ואל יעבור,כי אתא רבין א"ר יוחנן אפי' שלא בשעת גזרת מלכות לא אמרו אלא בצינעא אבל בפרהסיא אפי' מצוה קלה יהרג ואל יעבור,מאי מצוה קלה אמר רבא בר רב יצחק אמר רב | 74a. b Rav Pappa says: /b The ruling of the mishna, which lists his sister among those for whom he must pay a fine, is stated b with regard to /b a young woman who was b seduced, and /b in the case of seduction b all agree /b that the woman is not saved at the cost of the seducer’s life, as the intercourse was consensual., b Abaye says: /b The ruling of the mishna is stated b with regard to /b a young woman who was raped in a case b where /b one was b able to save /b her by injuring the pursuer b in one of his limbs, /b so that it was not necessary to kill him in order to achieve her rescue, b and it is /b in accordance with the opinion of b Rabbi Yonatan ben Shaul. As it is taught /b in a i baraita /i : b Rabbi Yonatan ben Shaul says: /b If b a pursuer was pursuing another to kill him, and /b one was b able to save /b the pursued party without killing the pursuer, but instead by injuring him b in one of his limbs, but he did not save him /b in this manner and rather chose to kill him, b he is executed on his account /b as a murderer.,The Gemara explains: b What is the reason of Rabbi Yonatan ben Shaul? As it is written: “If men strive /b and strike a woman with child, so that her fruit departs, and yet no further harm ensues, he shall be punished, according to the demands that the woman’s husband makes on him; and he shall pay it as the judges determine” (Exodus 21:22). b And /b concerning this b Rabbi Elazar says: The verse is speaking of striving to kill, /b where each man was trying to kill the other. The proof is b that it is written: “But if any harm ensues, then you shall give life for life” /b (Exodus 21:23), and if there was no intention to kill, why should he be executed? b And even so, the Merciful One states: “And yet no further harm ensues, he shall be punished,” /b teaching that he must pay the monetary value of the fetus to the woman’s husband., b Granted, if you say /b that in a case where one is b able to save /b the pursued party by injuring the pursuer b in one of his limbs, he may not save /b the pursued party b at /b the cost of the pursuer’s b life, /b and if he killed the pursuer rather than injure him he is liable to receive the death penalty, b that is how you find /b the possibility b that /b the one who ultimately struck the woman b would be punished. /b This would be in a case b where it was possible to save /b the man under attack, i.e., one of the men who were fighting, by injuring the pursuer, i.e., the other man, who ultimately struck the woman, b in one of his limbs. /b In this case, the one who ultimately struck the woman was not subject to being killed. Therefore, he is subject to pay a fine., b But if you say /b that even if one is b able to save /b the pursued party by injuring the pursuer b in one of his limbs, he can also save him at /b the cost of the pursuer’s b life, how can you find /b the possibility b that /b the one who ultimately struck the woman b would be punished? /b When he was going to strike the other man, he was at risk of being killed, as anybody could have killed him at that time, and the i halakha /i is that anybody who commits an act warranting death exempts himself from any monetary obligation ensuing from that act.,The Gemara tries to refute this reasoning: b Perhaps it is different here because /b his two liabilities are not on account of the same person; rather, his liability to be put to b death is on account of this /b person, the man with whom he fought, b while /b his liability to give b payment is on account of that /b person, the woman he ultimately struck. Consequently, he is liable to receive both punishments.,The Gemara rejects this distinction: There b is no difference. As Rava says: /b If b a pursuer was pursuing another /b to kill him, b and /b during the course of the chase the pursuer b broke vessels /b belonging b either to the person being pursued or to anyone else, /b he is b exempt /b from paying for the broken vessels. b What is the reason /b for this? The reason is that b he is liable to be killed, /b since everyone is entitled to kill him in order to save the victim’s life, and one who commits an act rendering himself liable to be killed is exempt from any monetary obligation arising from that act, even if the payment were to be made to a person not connected to the act for which he is liable to be killed.,Rava continues: b And /b if b the pursued /b party b broke vessels /b while fleeing from the pursuer, if those vessels b belonged to the pursuer, /b the pursued party is b exempt. /b But if they b belonged to anyone /b else, he is b liable /b to pay for them. The Gemara explains: If the vessels b belonged to the pursuer, /b he is b exempt. /b The reason for this is b so that the /b pursuer’s b property should not be more precious to /b the pursuer b than his /b own b body. /b Were the one being pursued to cause the pursuer bodily harm, he would be exempt; all the more so when the pursued one breaks the pursuer’s vessels. And if the vessels belonged b to anyone /b else, he is b liable, as he saved himself at /b the expense of b another’s property, /b and that other person should not have to suffer a loss on his account.,Rava continues: b But /b if one b pursuer was pursuing /b another b pursuer /b in order b to save him, /b i.e., if he was trying to save the person being pursued by killing the pursuer, b and /b while doing so b he broke vessels /b belonging b either to the pursuer or to the one being pursued, or to anyone /b else, he is b exempt /b from paying for them. The Gemara comments: This b is not by /b strict b law, /b as if one who saves himself at another’s expense is liable to pay for the damage, certainly one who saves another at the expense of a third party should bear similar liability. Rather, it is an ordice instituted by the Sages. This is b because if you do not say /b that he is exempt, it will b be found that no person will save another from a pursuer, /b as everyone will be afraid of becoming liable to pay for damage caused in the course of saving the pursued party.,§ The mishna teaches: b But /b with regard to b one who pursues an animal /b to sodomize it, or one who seeks to desecrate Shabbat, or one who is going to engage in idol worship, they are not saved at the cost of their lives. b It is taught /b in a i baraita /i : b Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai says: One who /b seeks to b worship idols may be saved /b from transgressing b at /b the cost of b his life. /b This is derived b through an i a fortiori /i /b inference: b If /b to avoid b the degradation of an ordinary /b person, such as in the case of a rapist who degrades his victim, b he can be saved /b even b at /b the cost of b his life, all the more so /b is it b not /b clear that one may kill the transgressor to avoid b the degrading of /b the honor of b God /b through the worship of idols? The Gemara asks: b But does /b the court b administer punishment /b based b on /b an i a fortiori /i b inference? /b The Gemara answers: Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai b maintains /b that the court b administers punishment /b based b on /b an i a fortiori /i b inference. /b , b It is taught /b in a i baraita /i : b Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon, says: One who /b seeks to b desecrate Shabbat may be saved /b from transgressing even b at /b the cost of b his life. /b The Gemara explains that Rabbi Elazar b holds in accordance with /b the opinion of b his father, /b Rabbi Shimon, b who says: /b The court b administers punishment /b based b on /b an i a fortiori /i b inference, and /b the i halakha /i with regard to one who desecrates b Shabbat is derived from /b the i halakha /i with regard to b idol worship /b by way of a verbal analogy between the word b “desecration” /b mentioned in the context of Shabbat and the word b “desecration” /b mentioned in the context of idol worship.,§ The Gemara now considers which prohibitions are permitted in times of mortal danger. b Rabbi Yoḥa says in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yehotzadak: /b The Sages who discussed this issue b counted /b the votes of those assembled b and concluded in the upper story of the house of Nitza in /b the city of b Lod: /b With regard to b all /b other b transgressions in the Torah, if a person is told: Transgress /b this prohibition b and you will not be killed, he may transgress /b that prohibition b and not be killed, /b because the preserving of his own life overrides all of the Torah’s prohibitions. This is the i halakha /i concerning all prohibitions b except for /b those of b idol worship, forbidden sexual relations, and bloodshed. /b Concerning those prohibitions, one must allow himself to be killed rather than transgress them.,The Gemara asks: b And /b should one b not /b transgress the prohibition of b idol worship /b to save his life? b But isn’t it taught /b in a i baraita /i : b Rabbi Yishmael said: From where /b is it derived b that if a person is told: Worship idols and you will not be killed, from where /b is it derived b that he should worship /b the idol b and not be killed? The verse states: /b “You shall keep My statutes and My judgments, which a person shall do, b and he shall live by them” /b (Leviticus 18:5), thereby teaching that the mitzvot were given to provide life, b but /b they were b not /b given so b that /b one will b die due to their /b observance.,The i baraita /i continues: One b might /b have thought that it is permitted to worship the idol in this circumstance b even in public, /b i.e., in the presence of many people. Therefore, b the verse states: “Neither shall you profane My holy name; but I will be hallowed /b among the children of Israel: I am the Lord Who sanctifies you” (Leviticus 22:32). Evidently, one is not required to allow himself to be killed so as not to transgress the prohibition of idol worship when in private; but in public he must allow himself to be killed rather than transgress.,The Gemara answers: b Those /b in the upper story of the house of Nitza b stated /b their opinion b in accordance with /b the opinion of b Rabbi Eliezer. As it is taught /b in a i baraita /i that b Rabbi Eliezer says: /b It is stated: b “And you shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your might” /b (Deuteronomy 6:5). b If it is stated: “With all your soul,” why is it /b also b stated: “With all your might,” /b which indicates with all your material possessions? b And if it is stated: “With all your might,” why is it /b also b stated: “With all your soul”? /b One of these clauses seems to be superfluous.,Rather, this serves to teach that b if you have a person whose body is more precious to him than his property, it is therefore stated: “With all your soul.” /b That person must be willing to sacrifice even his life to sanctify God’s name. b And if you have a person whose property is more precious to him than his body, it is therefore stated: “With all your might.” /b That person must even be prepared to sacrifice all his property for the love of God. According to the opinion of Rabbi Eliezer, one must allow himself to be killed rather than worship an idol.,From where is it derived that one must allow himself to be killed rather than transgress the prohibition of b forbidden sexual relations and /b the prohibition of b bloodshed? /b This is b in accordance with /b the opinion b of Rabbi /b Yehuda HaNasi. b As it is taught /b in a i baraita /i : b Rabbi /b Yehuda HaNasi b says: /b With regard to the rape of a betrothed young woman it is written: “But you shall do nothing to the young woman; the young woman has committed no sin worthy of death; b for as when a man rises against his neighbor, and slays him, /b so too with this matter” (Deuteronomy 22:26). But why would the verse mention murder in this context? b But what do we learn /b here b from a murderer? /b , b Now, /b the mention of murder b came /b in order b to teach /b a i halakha /i about the betrothed young woman, b and it turns out /b that, in addition, b it derives /b a i halakha /i from that case. The Torah b juxtaposes /b the case of b a murderer to /b the case of b a betrothed young woman /b to indicate that b just as /b in the case of a betrothed young woman b one may save her at /b the cost of the rapist’s b life, so too, /b in the case of b a murderer, one may save /b the potential victim b at /b the cost of the murderer’s b life. /b , b And /b conversely, the Torah b juxtaposes a betrothed young woman to a murderer /b to indicate that b just as /b with regard to a potential b murderer, /b the i halakha /i is that if one was ordered to murder another, b he must be killed and not transgress /b the prohibition of bloodshed, b so too, /b with regard to b a betrothed young woman, /b if she is faced with rape, b she must be killed and not transgress /b the prohibition of forbidden sexual relations.,The Gemara asks: b From where do we /b derive this i halakha /i with regard to b a murderer himself, /b that one must allow himself to be killed rather than commit murder? The Gemara answers: b It is /b based on b logical reasoning /b that one life is not preferable to another, and therefore there is no need for a verse to teach this i halakha /i . The Gemara relates an incident to demonstrate this: b As /b when b a certain person came before Rabba and said to him: The lord of my place, /b a local official, b said to me: Go kill so-and-so, and if not I will kill you, /b what shall I do? Rabba b said to him: /b It is preferable that b he should kill you and you should not kill. Who is to say that your blood is redder /b than his, that your life is worth more than the one he wants you to kill? b Perhaps that man’s blood is redder. /b This logical reasoning is the basis for the i halakha /i that one may not save his own life by killing another.,§ b When Rav Dimi came /b from Eretz Yisrael to Babylonia, b he said /b that b Rabbi Yoḥa /b said: The Sages b taught /b that one is permitted to transgress prohibitions in the face of mortal danger b only when it is not a time of /b religious b persecution. But in a time of /b religious b persecution, /b when the gentile authorities are trying to force Jews to violate their religion, b even /b if they issued a decree about b a minor mitzva, one must be killed and not transgress. /b , b When Ravin came /b from Eretz Yisrael to Babylonia, he said that b Rabbi Yoḥa said: Even when /b it is b not a time of /b religious b persecution, /b the Sages b said /b that one is permitted to transgress a prohibition in the face of mortal danger b only /b when he was ordered to do so b in private. But /b if he was ordered to commit a transgression b in public, even /b if they threaten him with death if he does not transgress b a minor mitzva, he must be killed and not transgress. /b ,The Gemara asks: b What is a minor mitzva /b for this purpose? b Rava bar Yitzḥak says /b that b Rav says: /b |
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44. Babylonian Talmud, Gittin, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Sigal (2007), The Halakhah of Jesus of Nazareth According to the Gospel of Matthew, 99| 57b. אמר רבי חייא בר אבין אמר רבי יהושע בן קרחה סח לי זקן אחד מאנשי ירושלים בבקעה זו הרג נבוזראדן רב טבחים מאתים ואחת עשרה רבוא ובירושלים הרג תשעים וארבע רבוא על אבן אחת עד שהלך דמן ונגע בדמו של זכריה לקיים מה שנאמר (הושע ד, ב) ודמים בדמים נגעו,אשכחיה לדמיה דזכריה דהוה קא מרתח וסליק אמר מאי האי אמרו ליה דם זבחים דאשתפוך אייתי דמי ולא אידמו,אמר להו אי אמריתו לי מוטב ואי לאו מסריקנא לבשרייכו במסרקי דפרזלי אמרי ליה מאי נימא לך נבייא הוה בן דהוה קא מוכח לן במילי דשמיא קמינן עילויה וקטלינן ליה והא כמה שנין דלא קא נייח דמיה,אמר להו אנא מפייסנא ליה אייתי סנהדרי גדולה וסנהדרי קטנה קטל עילויה ולא נח בחורים ובתולות קטל עילויה ולא נח אייתי תינוקות של בית רבן קטל עילויה ולא נח א"ל זכריה זכריה טובים שבהן איבדתים ניחא לך דאבדינהו לכולהו כדאמר ליה הכי נח,בההיא שעתא הרהר תשובה בדעתיה אמר ומה אם על נפש אחת כך ההוא גברא דקטל כל הני נשמתא על אחת כמה וכמה ערק אזל שדר שטר פרטתא בביתיה ואגייר,תנא נעמן גר תושב היה נבוזראדן גר צדק היה,מבני בניו של המן למדו תורה בבני ברק מבני בניו של סיסרא למדו תינוקות בירושלים מבני בניו של סנחריב למדו תורה ברבים מאן אינון שמעיה ואבטליון,היינו דכתיב (יחזקאל כד, ח) נתתי את דמה על צחיח סלע לבלתי הכסות,(בראשית כז, כב) הקול קול יעקב והידים ידי עשו הקול זה אדריינוס קיסר שהרג באלכסנדריא של מצרים ששים רבוא על ששים רבוא כפלים כיוצאי מצרים קול יעקב זה אספסיינוס קיסר שהרג בכרך ביתר ארבע מאות רבוא ואמרי לה ארבעת אלפים רבוא והידים ידי עשו זו מלכות הרשעה שהחריבה את בתינו ושרפה את היכלנו והגליתנו מארצנו,דבר אחר הקול קול יעקב אין לך תפלה שמועלת שאין בה מזרעו של יעקב והידים ידי עשו אין לך מלחמה שנוצחת שאין בה מזרעו של עשו,והיינו דא"ר אלעזר (איוב ה, כא) בשוט לשון תחבא בחירחורי לשון תחבא אמר רב יהודה אמר רב מאי דכתיב (תהלים קלז, א) על נהרות בבל שם ישבנו גם בכינו בזכרנו את ציון מלמד שהראהו הקב"ה לדוד חורבן בית ראשון וחורבן בית שני חורבן בית ראשון שנאמר על נהרות בבל שם ישבנו גם בכינו בית שני דכתיב (תהלים קלז, ז) זכור ה' לבני אדום את יום ירושלים האומרים ערו ערו עד היסוד בה,אמר רב יהודה אמר שמואל ואיתימא רבי אמי ואמרי לה במתניתא תנא מעשה בד' מאות ילדים וילדות שנשבו לקלון הרגישו בעצמן למה הן מתבקשים אמרו אם אנו טובעין בים אנו באין לחיי העולם הבא דרש להן הגדול שבהן (תהלים סח, כג) אמר ה' מבשן אשיב אשיב ממצולות ים מבשן אשיב מבין שיני אריה אשיב ממצולות ים אלו שטובעין בים,כיון ששמעו ילדות כך קפצו כולן ונפלו לתוך הים נשאו ילדים ק"ו בעצמן ואמרו מה הללו שדרכן לכך כך אנו שאין דרכנו לכך על אחת כמה וכמה אף הם קפצו לתוך הים ועליהם הכתוב אומר (תהלים מד, כג) כי עליך הורגנו כל היום נחשבנו כצאן טבחה,ורב יהודה אמר זו אשה ושבעה בניה אתיוהו קמא לקמיה דקיסר אמרו ליה פלח לעבודת כוכבים אמר להו כתוב בתורה (שמות כ, ב) אנכי ה' אלהיך אפקוהו וקטלוהו,ואתיוהו לאידך לקמיה דקיסר אמרו ליה פלח לעבודת כוכבים אמר להו כתוב בתורה (שמות כ, ב) לא יהיה לך אלהים אחרים על פני אפקוהו וקטלוהו אתיוהו לאידך אמרו ליה פלח לעבודת כוכבים אמר להו כתוב בתורה (שמות כב, יט) זובח לאלהים יחרם אפקוהו וקטלוהו,אתיוהו לאידך אמרו ליה פלח לעבודת כוכבים אמר להו כתוב בתורה (שמות לד, יד) לא תשתחוה לאל אחר אפקוהו וקטלוהו אתיוהו לאידך אמרו ליה פלח לעבודת כוכבים אמר להו כתוב בתורה (דברים ו, ד) שמע ישראל ה' אלהינו ה' אחד אפקוהו וקטלוהו,אתיוהו לאידך אמרו ליה פלח לעבודת כוכבים אמר להו כתוב בתורה (דברים ד, לט) וידעת היום והשבות אל לבבך כי ה' הוא האלהים בשמים ממעל ועל הארץ מתחת אין עוד אפקוהו וקטלוהו,אתיוהו לאידך אמרו ליה פלח לעבודת כוכבים אמר להו כתוב בתורה (דברים כו, יז) את ה' האמרת וגו' וה' האמירך היום כבר נשבענו להקדוש ברוך הוא שאין אנו מעבירין אותו באל אחר ואף הוא נשבע לנו שאין מעביר אותנו באומה אחרת,א"ל קיסר אישדי לך גושפנקא וגחין ושקליה כי היכי דלימרו קביל עליה הרמנא דמלכא א"ל חבל עלך קיסר חבל עלך קיסר על כבוד עצמך כך על כבוד הקב"ה על אחת כמה וכמה,אפקוהו למיקטליה אמרה להו אימיה יהבוהו ניהלי ואינשקיה פורתא אמרה לו בניי לכו ואמרו לאברהם אביכם אתה עקדת מזבח אחד ואני עקדתי שבעה מזבחות אף היא עלתה לגג ונפלה ומתה יצתה בת קול ואמרה (תהלים קיג, ט) אם הבנים שמחה,ר' יהושע בן לוי אמר זו מילה שניתנה בשמיני ר' שמעון בן לקיש אמר אלו ת"ח שמראין הלכות שחיטה בעצמן דאמר רבא כל מילי ליחזי איניש בנפשיה בר משחיטה ודבר אחר,רב נחמן בר יצחק אמר אלו תלמידי חכמים שממיתין עצמן על דברי תורה כדר' שמעון בן לקיש דאמר ר"ש בן לקיש אין דברי תורה מתקיימין אלא במי שממית עצמו עליהם שנאמר (במדבר יט, יד) זאת התורה אדם כי ימות באהל וגו' אמר רבה בר בר חנה א"ר יוחנן ארבעים סאה | 57b. § With regard to the Babylonian exile following the destruction of the First Temple, b Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Avin says /b that b Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa says: An old man from /b among b the inhabitants of Jerusalem related to me: In this valley /b that lies before you, b Nebuzaradan, captain of the guard /b of the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar, b killed 2,110,000 /b people. b And in Jerusalem /b itself b he killed 940,000 /b people b on one stone, until the blood /b of his victims b flowed and touched the blood of Zechariah to fulfill what is stated: “And blood touches blood” /b (Hosea 4:2).,The Gemara clarifies the details of what happened: Nebuzaradan b found the blood of Zechariah, /b the son of Jehoiada the priest, and saw b that it was bubbling up /b from the ground, and b he said: What is this? /b Those in the Temple b said to him: /b It is b sacrificial blood that had been poured /b there. b He brought /b animal b blood, /b compared it to the blood bubbling up from the ground, b and /b saw that b it was not similar /b to it.,Nebuzaradan b said to /b them: b If you tell me /b whose blood this is, it will be b well /b for you. b But if not, I will comb your flesh with iron combs. They said to him: What shall we say to you? He was a prophet among us, who used to rebuke us about heavenly matters, /b and b we rose up against him, and killed him /b (II Chronicles 24:20–22), b and for many years /b now b his blood has not settled. /b ,Nebuzaradan b said to them: I will appease /b Zechariah. b He brought /b the members of b the Great Sanhedrin and /b of b a lesser Sanhedrin /b and b killed them alongside /b the bubbling blood, b but /b it still b did not settle. /b He then brought b young men and virgins and killed them alongside it, but /b it still b did not settle. He /b then b brought schoolchildren and killed them alongside it, but /b it still b did not settle. /b Finally Nebuzaradan b said to him: Zechariah, Zechariah, I have killed the best of them. /b Would it b please you if I destroyed them all? When he said this, /b the blood at last b settled. /b , b At that moment /b Nebuzaradan b contemplated /b the idea of b repentance /b and b said /b to himself: b If, for /b the death of b one soul, /b that of Zechariah, God punishes the Jewish people in b this /b manner, then b that man, /b that is to say, I, b who has killed all of those souls, all the more so /b will be I be subject to great punishment from God. b He fled, sent to his house a document detailing /b what was to be done with his property, b and converted /b to Judaism.,A Sage b taught /b a i baraita /i relating to this matter: b Naaman, /b commander of the army of the king of Aram (see II Kings, chapter 5), was not a convert, as he did not accept all of the mitzvot, but rather he b was a i ger toshav /i , a gentile who resides in Eretz Israel and observes the seven Noahide mitzvot. Nebuzaradan, /b by contrast, b was a convert, /b as explained previously.,The Gemara adds that some b of Haman’s descendants studied Torah in Bnei Brak, /b and some b of Sisera’s descendants taught children /b Torah b in Jerusalem, /b and some b of Sennacherib’s descendants taught Torah in public. Who are they? /b They are b Shemaya and Avtalyon, /b the teachers of Hillel the Elder.,As for the incident involving the blood of Zechariah, b this is /b alluded to by b that which is written: “I have set her blood upon the bare rock that it should not be covered” /b (Ezekiel 24:8).,§ Apropos its discussion of the destruction of the Temple and the calamities that befell Israel, the Gemara cites the verse: b “The voice is the voice of Jacob, but the hands are the hands of Esau” /b (Genesis 27:22), which the Sages expounded as follows: b “The voice”; this /b is the cry stirred up by b the emperor Hadrian, who /b caused the Jewish people to cry out when he b killed six hundred thousand on six hundred thousand in Alexandria of Egypt, twice /b the number of men b who left Egypt. “The voice of Jacob”; this is /b the cry aroused by b the emperor Vespasian, who killed four million /b people b in the city of Beitar. And some say: /b He killed b forty million /b people. b “And the hands are the hands of Esau”; this is the wicked kingdom /b of Rome b that destroyed our Temple, burned our Sanctuary, and exiled us from our land. /b , b Alternatively, “the voice is the voice of Jacob” /b means that b no prayer is effective /b in the world b unless /b some member of b the seed of Jacob has /b a part b in it. /b The second clause in the verse, b “and the hands are the hands of Esau,” /b means that b no war grants victory unless /b some member of b the seed of Esau has /b a part b in it. /b , b And this is /b what b Rabbi Elazar says: /b The verse that says: b “You shall be hid from the scourge of the tongue” /b (Job 5:21), means: b You shall /b need to b hide on account of quarrels /b provoked b by the tongue. Rav Yehuda says /b that b Rav says: What /b is the meaning of that b which is written: “By the rivers of Babylonia, there we sat down and wept, when we remembered Zion” /b (Psalms 137:1)? This b teaches that the Holy One, Blessed be He, showed David the destruction of the First Temple and the destruction of the Second Temple. /b He saw the destruction of b the First Temple, as it is stated: “By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down and wept.” /b He saw the destruction of the b Second Temple, as it is written /b later in that same psalm: b “Remember, O Lord, against the children of Edom the day of Jerusalem, when they said: Raze it, raze it, to its very foundation” /b (Psalms 137:7), as the Second Temple was destroyed by the Romans, “the children of Edom.”, b Rav Yehuda says /b that b Shmuel says, and some say /b that it was b Rabbi Ami /b who says this, b and some say /b that b it was taught in a i baraita /i : /b There was b an incident involving four hundred boys and girls who were taken as captives for /b the purpose of b prostitution. /b These children b sensed on their own what they were expected /b to do, and b they said: If we /b commit suicide and b drown in the sea, /b will b we come to /b eternal b life in the World-to-Come? The oldest /b child b among them expounded /b the verse: b “The Lord said, I will bring back from Bashan, I will bring them back from the depths of the sea” /b (Psalms 68:23). b “I will bring back from Bashan,” /b i.e., b from between the teeth [ i bein shen /i ] of the lion, /b and b “I will bring them back from the depths of the sea” /b is referring to b those who drown in the sea /b for the sake of Heaven., b When the girls heard this, they all leapt and fell into the sea. The boys /b then b drew an i a fortiori /i /b inference b with regard to themselves and said: If these /b girls, b for whom /b sexual intercourse with men b is their natural way, /b act in b such /b a manner, then b we, for whom /b sexual intercourse with men b is not our natural way, /b should b all the more so /b conduct ourselves likewise. b They too leapt into the sea. Concerning them /b and others like them b the verse states: “As For Your sake we are killed all the day long; we are reckoned as sheep for the slaughter” /b (Psalms 44:23)., b And Rav Yehuda said: This /b verse applies to the b woman and her seven sons /b who died as martyrs for the sake of the sanctification of God’s name. The incident occurred as follows: b They brought /b in b the first /b of the woman’s sons b before the emperor /b and b said to him: Worship the idol. He said to them: /b I cannot do so, as b it is written in the Torah: “I am the Lord your God” /b (Exodus 20:2). b They /b immediately b took him out and killed him. /b , b And they /b then b brought /b in b another /b son b before the emperor, /b and b said to him: Worship the idol. He said to them: /b I cannot do so, as b it is written in the Torah: “You shall have no other gods beside Me” /b (Exodus 20:3). And so b they took him out and killed him. They /b then b brought in /b yet b another /b son before the emperor, and b said to him: Worship the idol. He said to them: /b I cannot do so, as b it is written in the Torah: “He that sacrifices to any god, /b save to the Lord only, b he shall be utterly destroyed” /b (Exodus 22:19). And so b they took him out and killed him. /b , b They /b then b brought /b in b another /b son, and b said to him: Worship the idol. He said to them: /b I cannot do so, as b it is written in the Torah: “You shall not bow down to any other god” /b (Exodus 34:14). And so b they took him out and killed him. They /b then b brought /b in yet b another /b son, and b said to him: Worship the idol. He said to them: /b I cannot do so, as b it is written in the Torah: “Hear, O Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is One” /b (Deuteronomy 6:4). And so b they took him out and killed him. /b , b They /b then b brought /b in b another /b son, and b said to him: Worship the idol. He said to them: /b I cannot do so, as b it is written in the Torah: “Know therefore this today, and consider it in your heart, that the Lord, He is God in heaven above and upon the earth beneath; there is no other” /b (Deuteronomy 4:39). And so b they took him out and killed him. /b , b They /b then b brought /b in yet b another /b son, and b said to him: Worship the idol. He said to them: /b I cannot do so, as b it is written in the Torah: “You have avouched the Lord /b this day to be your God… b and the Lord has avouched you this day /b to be a people for His own possession” (Deuteronomy 26:17–18). b We already took an oath to the Holy One, Blessed be He, that we will not exchange Him for a different god, and He too has taken an oath to us that He will not exchange us for another nation. /b ,It was the youngest brother who had said this, and the emperor pitied him. Seeking a way to spare the boy’s life, b the emperor said to him: I will throw down my seal before you; bend over and pick it up, so that /b people b will say /b that b he has accepted the king’s authority [ i harmana /i ]. /b The boy b said to him: Woe [ i ḥaval /i ] to you, Caesar, woe to you, Caesar. /b If you think that b for the sake of your honor /b I should fulfill your command and do b this, /b then b for the sake of the honor of the Holy One, Blessed be He, all the more so /b should I fulfill His command.,As b they were taking him out to be killed, his mother said to them: Give him to me so that I may give him a small kiss. She said to him: My son, go and say to your father Abraham, You bound one /b son to the b altar, but I bound seven altars. She too /b in the end b went up to the roof, fell, and died. A Divine Voice emerged and said: “A joyful mother of children” /b (Psalms 113:9), as she raised her children to be devoted in their service of God., b Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi says /b concerning the verse: “For Your sake we are killed all the day long” (Psalms 44:23), that b this /b is referring to b circumcision, which was given for the eighth /b day, as the blood of our newborn sons is spilled for the sake of the covet with God. b Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish says: /b This verse was stated in reference to b Torah scholars who demonstrate the i halakhot /i of slaughter on themselves, /b meaning that they demonstrate on their own bodies how ritual slaughter should be performed and occasionally injure themselves in the process. This is b as Rava says: A person may demonstrate anything using himself /b to illustrate the act b except for slaughter and another matter, /b a euphemism for sexual intercourse., b Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak says: These /b people in the verse b are Torah scholars who kill themselves over the words of Torah, in accordance with /b the statement of b Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish. As Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish says: The words of the Torah endure only for one who kills himself over them, as it is stated: “This is the Torah, when a man dies in a tent” /b (Numbers 19:14). b Rabba bar bar Ḥana says /b that b Rabbi Yoḥa says: Forty i se’a /i /b |
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45. Babylonian Talmud, Hagigah, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •r. eliezer b. hyrcanus Found in books: Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 348| 14b. הא בדברי תורה הא במשא ומתן בדברי תורה הוו במשא ומתן לא הוו.,ת"ר מעשה ברבן יוחנן בן זכאי שהיה רוכב על החמור והיה מהלך בדרך ור' אלעזר בן ערך מחמר אחריו אמר לו רבי שנה לי פרק אחד במעשה מרכבה אמר לו לא כך שניתי לכם ולא במרכבה ביחיד אלא א"כ היה חכם מבין מדעתו אמר לו רבי תרשיני לומר לפניך דבר אחד שלמדתני אמר לו אמור,מיד ירד רבן יוחנן בן זכאי מעל החמור ונתעטף וישב על האבן תחת הזית אמר לו רבי מפני מה ירדת מעל החמור אמר אפשר אתה דורש במעשה מרכבה ושכינה עמנו ומלאכי השרת מלוין אותנו ואני ארכב על החמור מיד פתח ר"א בן ערך במעשה המרכבה ודרש וירדה אש מן השמים וסיבבה כל האילנות שבשדה פתחו כולן ואמרו שירה,מה שירה אמרו (תהלים קמח, ז) הללו את ה' מן הארץ תנינים וכל תהומות עץ פרי וכל ארזים הללויה נענה מלאך מן האש ואמר הן הן מעשה המרכבה עמד רבן יוחנן ב"ז ונשקו על ראשו ואמר ברוך ה' אלהי ישראל שנתן בן לאברהם אבינו שיודע להבין ולחקור ולדרוש במעשה מרכבה יש נאה דורש ואין נאה מקיים נאה מקיים ואין נאה דורש אתה נאה דורש ונאה מקיים אשריך אברהם אבינו שאלעזר בן ערך יצא מחלציך,וכשנאמרו הדברים לפני ר' יהושע היה הוא ורבי יוסי הכהן מהלכים בדרך אמרו אף אנו נדרוש במעשה מרכבה פתח רבי יהושע ודרש ואותו היום תקופת תמוז היה נתקשרו שמים בעבים ונראה כמין קשת בענן והיו מלאכי השרת מתקבצין ובאין לשמוע כבני אדם שמתקבצין ובאין לראות במזמוטי חתן וכלה,הלך רבי יוסי הכהן וסיפר דברים לפני רבן יוחנן בן זכאי ואמר אשריכם ואשרי יולדתכם אשרי עיני שכך ראו ואף אני ואתם בחלומי מסובין היינו על הר סיני ונתנה עלינו בת קול מן השמים עלו לכאן עלו לכאן טרקלין גדולים ומצעות נאות מוצעות לכם אתם ותלמידיכם ותלמידי תלמידיכם מזומנין לכת שלישית,איני והתניא ר' יוסי בר' יהודה אומר שלשה הרצאות הן ר' יהושע הרצה דברים לפני רבן יוחנן בן זכאי ר"ע הרצה לפני ר' יהושע חנניא בן חכינאי הרצה לפני ר"ע ואילו ר"א בן ערך לא קא חשיב דארצי וארצו קמיה קחשיב דארצי ולא ארצו קמיה לא קא חשיב והא חנניא בן חכינאי דלא ארצו קמיה וקא חשיב דארצי מיהא קמיה מאן דארצי.,ת"ר ארבעה נכנסו בפרדס ואלו הן בן עזאי ובן זומא אחר ורבי עקיבא אמר להם ר"ע כשאתם מגיעין אצל אבני שיש טהור אל תאמרו מים מים משום שנאמר (תהלים קא, ז) דובר שקרים לא יכון לנגד עיני,בן עזאי הציץ ומת עליו הכתוב אומר (תהלים קטז, טו) יקר בעיני ה' המותה לחסידיו בן זומא הציץ ונפגע ועליו הכתוב אומר (משלי כה, טז) דבש מצאת אכול דייך פן תשבענו והקאתו אחר קיצץ בנטיעות רבי עקיבא יצא בשלום,שאלו את בן זומא מהו לסרוסי כלבא אמר להם (ויקרא כב, כד) ובארצכם לא תעשו כל שבארצכם לא תעשו שאלו את בן זומא בתולה שעיברה מהו לכ"ג מי חיישינן לדשמואל דאמר שמואל | 14b. b This /b case is referring b to words of Torah, /b while b that /b case is referring b to commerce. With regard to words of Torah, they were /b trustworthy; b with regard to commerce, they were not. /b ,§ The Gemara returns to the topic of the Design of the Divine Chariot. b The Sages taught: An incident /b occurred b involving Rabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai, who was riding on a donkey and was traveling along the way, and /b his student, b Rabbi Elazar ben Arakh, was riding a donkey behind him. /b Rabbi Elazar b said to him: My teacher, teach me one chapter in the Design of the /b Divine b Chariot. He said to him: /b Have b I not taught you: And one may not /b expound the Design of the Divine Chariot b to an individual, unless he is a Sage who understands on his own accord? /b Rabbi Elazar b said to him: My teacher, allow me to say before you one thing that you taught me. /b In other words, he humbly requested to recite before him his own understanding of this issue. b He said to him: Speak. /b , b Immediately, Rabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai alighted from the donkey, and wrapped /b his head in his cloak in a manner of reverence, b and sat on a stone under an olive tree. /b Rabbi Elazar b said to him: My teacher, for what reason did you alight from the donkey? He said: /b Is it b possible that /b while b you are expounding the Design of the /b Divine b Chariot, and the Divine Presence is with us, and the ministering angels are accompanying us, that I should ride on a donkey? Immediately, Rabbi Elazar ben Arakh began /b to discuss b the Design of the /b Divine b Chariot and expounded, and fire descended from heaven and encircled all the trees in the field, and all /b the trees b began reciting song. /b , b What song did they recite? “Praise the Lord from the earth, sea monsters and all depths…fruit trees and all cedars…praise the Lord” /b (Psalms 148:7–14). b An angel responded from the fire, saying: This is the very Design of the /b Divine b Chariot, /b just as you expounded. b Rabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai stood and kissed /b Rabbi Elazar ben Arakh b on his head, and said: Blessed be God, Lord of Israel, who gave our father Abraham a son /b like you, b who knows /b how b to understand, investigate, and expound the Design of the /b Divine b Chariot. There are some who expound /b the Torah’s verses b well but do not fulfill /b its imperatives b well, /b and there are some b who fulfill /b its imperatives b well but do not expound /b its verses b well, /b whereas b you expound /b its verses b well and fulfill /b its imperatives b well. Happy are you, our father Abraham, that Elazar ben Arakh came from your loins. /b ,The Gemara relates: b And when /b these b matters, /b this story involving his colleague Rabbi Elazar ben Arakh, b were recounted before Rabbi Yehoshua, he was walking along the way with Rabbi Yosei the Priest. They said: We too shall expound the Design of the /b Divine b Chariot. Rabbi Yehoshua began expounding. And that was the day of the summer solstice, /b when there are no clouds in the sky. Yet the b heavens became filled with clouds, and there was the appearance of a kind of rainbow in a cloud. And ministering angels gathered and came to listen, like people gathering and coming to see the rejoicing of a bridegroom and bride. /b , b Rabbi Yosei the Priest went and recited /b these b matters before Rabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai, /b who b said /b to him: b Happy are /b all of b you, and happy are /b the mothers b who gave birth to you; happy are my eyes that saw this, /b students such as these. b As for you and I, /b I saw b in my dream /b that b we were seated at Mount Sinai, and a Divine Voice came to us from heaven: Ascend here, ascend here, /b for b large halls /b [ b i teraklin /i /b ] b and pleasant couches are made up for you. You, your students, and the students of your students are invited to /b the b third group, /b those who will merit to welcome the Divine Presence.,The Gemara poses a question: b Is that so? But isn’t it taught /b in a i baraita /i : b Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Yehuda, says: There are three lectures. /b In other words, there are three Sages with regard to whom it states that they delivered lectures on the mystical tradition: b Rabbi Yehoshua lectured /b on these b matters before Rabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai; Rabbi Akiva lectured before Rabbi Yehoshua; /b and b Ḥaya ben Ḥakhinai lectured before Rabbi Akiva. However, Rabbi Elazar ben Arakh was not included /b in the list, despite the testimony that he lectured before Rabban Yoḥa. The Gemara explains: Those b who lectured and were /b also b lectured to were included; /b but those b who lectured and were not lectured to were not included. /b The Gemara asks: b But wasn’t /b there b Ḥaya ben Ḥakhinai, who was not lectured to, and /b yet b he is included? /b The Gemara answers: Ḥaya ben Ḥakhinai b actually lectured before one who lectured /b in front of his own rabbi, so he was also included in this list.,§ b The Sages taught: Four entered the orchard [ i pardes /i ], /b i.e., dealt with the loftiest secrets of Torah, b and they are as follows: Ben Azzai; and ben Zoma; i Aḥer /i , /b the other, a name for Elisha ben Avuya; b and Rabbi Akiva. Rabbi Akiva, /b the senior among them, b said to them: When, /b upon your arrival in the upper worlds, b you reach pure marble stones, do not say: Water, water, /b although they appear to be water, b because it is stated: “He who speaks falsehood shall not be established before My eyes” /b (Psalms 101:7).,The Gemara proceeds to relate what happened to each of them: b Ben Azzai glimpsed /b at the Divine Presence b and died. And with regard to him the verse states: “Precious in the eyes of the Lord is the death of His pious ones” /b (Psalms 116:15). b Ben Zoma glimpsed /b at the Divine Presence b and was harmed, /b i.e., he lost his mind. b And with regard to him the verse states: “Have you found honey? Eat as much as is sufficient for you, lest you become full from it and vomit it” /b (Proverbs 25:16). b i Aḥer /i chopped down the shoots /b of saplings. In other words, he became a heretic. b Rabbi Akiva came out safely. /b ,The Gemara recounts the greatness of ben Zoma, who was an expert interpreter of the Torah and could find obscure proofs: b They asked ben Zoma: What is /b the i halakha /i with regard to b castrating a dog? /b The prohibition against castration appears alongside the sacrificial blemishes, which may imply that it is permitted to castrate an animal that cannot be sacrificed as an offering. b He said to them: /b The verse states “That which has its testicles bruised, or crushed, or torn, or cut, you shall not offer to God, nor b shall you do so in your land” /b (Leviticus 22:24), from which we learn: With regard to b any /b animal b that is in your land, you shall not do /b such a thing. b They /b also b asked ben Zoma: /b A woman considered b to be a virgin who became pregt, what is /b the i halakha /i ? b A High Priest /b may marry only a virgin; is he permitted to marry her? The answer depends on the following: b Are we concerned for /b the opinion of b Shmuel? Shmuel says: /b |
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46. Babylonian Talmud, Ketuvot, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer ben hyrcanus Found in books: Rubin (2008) Time and the Life Cycle in Talmud and Midrash: Socio-Anthropological Perspectives. 145| 104a. דמדליא ובסים אוירא,ההוא יומא דנח נפשיה דרבי גזרו רבנן תעניתא ובעו רחמי ואמרי כל מאן דאמר נח נפשיה דר' ידקר בחרב,סליקא אמתיה דרבי לאיגרא אמרה עליוני' מבקשין את רבי והתחתוני' מבקשין את רבי יהי רצון שיכופו תחתונים את העליונים כיון דחזאי כמה זימני דעייל לבית הכסא וחלץ תפילין ומנח להו וקמצטער אמרה יהי רצון שיכופו עליונים את התחתונים,ולא הוו שתקי רבנן מלמיבעי רחמי שקלה כוזא שדייא מאיגרא [לארעא] אישתיקו מרחמי ונח נפשיה דרבי,אמרו ליה רבנן לבר קפרא זיל עיין אזל אשכחיה דנח נפשיה קרעיה ללבושיה ואהדריה לקרעיה לאחוריה פתח ואמר אראלים ומצוקים אחזו בארון הקדש נצחו אראלים את המצוקים ונשבה ארון הקדש אמרו ליה נח נפשיה אמר להו אתון קאמריתו ואנא לא קאמינא,בשעת פטירתו של רבי זקף עשר אצבעותיו כלפי מעלה אמר רבש"ע גלוי וידוע לפניך שיגעתי בעשר אצבעותי בתורה ולא נהניתי אפילו באצבע קטנה יהי רצון מלפניך שיהא שלום במנוחתי יצתה ב"ק ואמרה (ישעיהו נז, ב) יבא שלום ינוחו על משכבותם,על משכבך מיבעי ליה מסייע ליה לר' חייא בר גמדא דאמר רבי חייא בר גמדא אמר ר' יוסי בן שאול בשעה שהצדיק נפטר מן העולם אומרים מלאכי השרת לפני הקב"ה רבש"ע צדיק פלוני בא אומר להם יבואו צדיקים ויצאו לקראתו ואומרים לו יבא בשלום ינוחו על משכבותם,אמר ר' אלעזר בשעה שהצדיק נפטר מן העולם שלש כיתות של מלאכי השרת יוצאות לקראתו אחת אומרת לו בא בשלום ואחת אומרת הולך נכחו ואחת אומרת לו יבא שלום ינוחו על משכבותם בשעה שהרשע נאבד מן העולם שלש כיתות של מלאכי חבלה יוצאות לקראתו אחת אומרת (ישעיהו מח, כב) אין שלום אמר ה' לרשעים ואחת אומרת לו (ישעיהו נ, יא) למעצבה ישכב ואחת אומרת לו (יחזקאל לב, יט) רדה והשכבה את ערלים:, big strongמתני׳ /strong /big כל זמן שהיא בבית אביה גובה כתובתה לעולם כל זמן שהיא בבית בעלה גובה כתובתה עד עשרים וחמש שנים שיש בכ"ה שנים שתעשה טובה כנגד כתובתה דברי ר' מאיר שאמר משום רשב"ג,וחכ"א כל זמן שהיא בבית בעלה גובה כתובתה לעולם כל זמן שהיא בבית אביה גובה כתובתה עד עשרים וחמש שנים,מתה יורשיה מזכירין כתובתה עד עשרים וחמש שנים:, big strongגמ׳ /strong /big אמר ליה אביי לרב יוסף ענייה שבישראל עד עשרים וחמש שנים ומרתא בת בייתוס עד עשרים וחמש שנים,אמר ליה לפום גמלא שיחנא,איבעיא להו לרבי מאיר מהו שתשלש תיקו:,וחכמים אומרים כל זמן: אמר ליה אביי לרב יוסף אתאי קודם שקיעת החמה גובה כתובתה לאחר שקיעת החמה לא גביא בההיא פורתא אחילתא,אמר ליה אין כל מדת חכמים כן היא בארבעים סאה טובל בארבעים סאה חסר קורטוב אינו יכול לטבול בהן,אמר רב יהודה אמר רב העיד רבי ישמעאל ברבי יוסי לפני רבי שאמר משום אביו לא שנו אלא שאין שטר כתובה יוצא מתחת ידיה אבל שטר כתובה יוצא מתחת ידיה גובה כתובתה לעולם ורבי אלעזר אמר אפילו שטר כתובה יוצא מתחת ידיה אינה גובה אלא עד עשרים וחמש שנים,מתיב רב ששת ב"ח גובה שלא בהזכרה היכי דמי אי דלא נקט שטרא במאי גבי אלא דנקיט שטרא וב"ח הוא דלאו בר אחולי הוא הא אלמנה אחילתא,הוא מותיב לה והוא מפרק לה לעולם דלא נקיט שטרא והכא במאי עסקינן כשחייב מודה,והאמר ר' אלעא שונין גרושה הרי היא כבעל חוב היכי דמי אי דלא נקיטא כתובה במאי גביא אלא לאו דנקיטא כתובה וגרושה היא דלאו בת אחולי היא הא אלמנה אחילתא,הכא נמי כשחייב מודה,אמר רב נחמן בר יצחק תני רב יהודה בר קזא במתניתא דבי בר קזא תבעה כתובתה | 104a. b which is /b situated at a b high /b altitude b and /b whose b air is scented. /b ,§ It is related that b on the day that Rabbi /b Yehuda HaNasi b died, the Sages decreed a fast, and begged for /b divine b mercy /b so that he would not die. b And they said: Anyone who says that Rabbi /b Yehuda HaNasi b has died will be stabbed with a sword. /b , b The maidservant of Rabbi /b Yehuda HaNasi b ascended to the roof /b and b said: The upper /b realms b are requesting /b the presence of b Rabbi /b Yehuda HaNasi, b and the lower /b realms b are requesting /b the presence of b Rabbi /b Yehuda HaNasi. b May it be /b the b will /b of God b that the lower /b worlds b should impose /b their will b upon the upper /b worlds. However, b when she saw how many times he would enter the bathroom and remove /b his b phylacteries, /b and then exit b and put them /b back b on, and /b how b he was suffering /b with his intestinal disease, b she said: May it be /b the b will /b of God b that the upper /b worlds b should impose /b their will b upon the lower /b worlds., b And the Sages, /b meanwhile, b would not be silent, /b i.e., they would not refrain, b from begging for mercy /b so that Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi would not die. So b she took a jug [ i kuza /i ] /b and b threw it from the roof to the ground. /b Due to the sudden noise, the Sages b were /b momentarily b silent /b and refrained b from /b begging for b mercy, and Rabbi /b Yehuda HaNasi b died. /b , b The Sages said to bar Kappara: Go and ascertain /b the condition of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi. b He went /b and b found that /b Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi b had died. He tore his clothing and reversed /b them so that b the tear /b would be b behind him /b and not be noticed. When he returned to the Sages b he opened /b his remarks b and said: /b The b angels [ i erelim /i ] and righteous /b mortals [ i metzukim /i ] both b clutched the sacred ark. The angels triumphed /b over b the righteous, and the sacred ark was captured. They said to him: /b Has b he died? He said to them: You have said it and I did not say it, /b as it had been decided that no one should say that he died.,It is further related: b At the time of the death of Rabbi /b Yehuda HaNasi, b he raised his ten fingers toward Heaven /b and b said /b in prayer: b Master of the Universe, it is revealed and known before You that I toiled with my ten fingers in the Torah, and I have not derived any benefit /b from the world b even with /b my b small finger. May it be Your will that there be peace in my repose. A Divine Voice emerged and said: “He enters in peace, they rest in their beds” /b (Isaiah 57:2).,The Gemara asks: Why does it say: “They rest in their beds,” in the plural? b It should have /b said: b In your bed, /b in the singular, as the beginning of the verse is phrased in the singular. The Gemara notes: This b supports /b the opinion of b Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Gamda. As Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Gamda said /b that b Rabbi Yosei ben Shaul said: At the time when a righteous individual departs from the world, the ministering angels say before the Holy One, Blessed be He: Master of the Universe, the righteous /b individual b so-and-so is coming. /b The Holy One, Blessed be He, then b says to them: The righteous should come /b forth b and they should go out toward him. And /b the righteous b say to /b the newly deceased individual: b He enters in peace, /b and subsequently, the righteous b rest in their beds. /b , b Rabbi Elazar said: At the time when a righteous individual departs from the world, three contingents of ministering angels go out toward him. One says to him: Enter in peace; and one says /b to him: Each one b that walks in his uprightness; and one says to him: He enters in peace, they rest in their beds. At the time when a wicked person perishes from the world, three contingents of angels of destruction go out toward him. One says /b to him: b “There is no peace, says the Lord concerning the wicked” /b (Isaiah 48:22); b and one says to him: “You shall lie down in sorrow” /b (Isaiah 50:11); b and one says to him: “Go down, and be laid with the uncircumcised” /b (Ezekiel 32:19)., strong MISHNA: /strong b As long as /b a widow b is /b living b in the house of her father /b and is being supported by her husband’s heirs, b she may always collect /b payment of b her marriage contract, /b even after many years. b As long as she is /b living b in the house of her husband, she may collect /b payment of b her marriage contract until twenty-five years /b later, at which point she may no longer collect the payment. This is b because there is /b enough time b in twenty-five years for her to do favors /b and give to others, thereby spending the resources of the orphans, until what she has spent b equals /b the value of b her marriage contract. /b This is b the statement of Rabbi Meir, who said /b it b in the name of Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel. /b , b And the Rabbis say /b the opposite: b As long as she is /b residing b in the house of her husband she may always collect /b payment of b her marriage contract, /b since during this time the heirs are caring for her and she is therefore embarrassed to sue them for payment of her marriage contract. However, b as long as she is in the house of her father she may collect /b payment of b her marriage contract until twenty-five years /b later, and if by then she has not sued for it, it is assumed that she has waived her rights to it.,If b she died, her heirs mention her marriage contract /b up b until twenty-five years /b later., strong GEMARA: /strong The mishna stated that according to Rabbi Meir, over a period of twenty-five years a woman will spend a sum equal to her marriage contract from the resources of the orphans. b Abaye said to Rav Yosef: /b Is it true that b the poorest /b woman b among the Jewish people, /b whose marriage contract is of minimal value, will not spend this amount b until twenty-five years /b have passed, b and Marta bat Baitos, /b who was very wealthy and whose marriage contract was worth a huge sum, will also spend a sum equal to her marriage contract b within twenty-five years? /b , b He said to him: According to the camel is the load, /b i.e., a wealthy woman, whose marriage contract is of greater value, will spend more money over a particular period of time than a poor woman, whose marriage contract is of lesser value., b A dilemma was raised before /b the Sages: b According to Rabbi Meir, /b the amount of benefit she gains is determined by the years that have passed. If so, b what is /b the i halakha /i with regard to whether b she divides /b the value of her marriage contract in accordance with the number of years that have gone by, such that if some of the twenty-five years passed, she forfeits the proportionate value of her marriage contract? No answer was found for this dilemma, and the Gemara concludes: The dilemma b shall stand /b unresolved.,§ We learned in the mishna: b And the Rabbis say: As long as /b she is in her husband’s house she may collect payment of her marriage contract at any time, but while she is in her father’s house she may collect it only within twenty-five years. b Abaye said to Rav Yosef: /b If b she came before the setting of the sun /b at the end of the twenty-five-year period, b she collects /b payment of b her marriage contract, /b but if she came b after the setting of the sun she may not collect /b it? b In that slight /b period of time b did she waive /b her rights to the payment of her marriage contract?, b He said to him: Yes. All the measures of the Sages /b that prescribe specific parameters or sizes b are such /b that if one oversteps the fixed limits, he has not accomplished anything as far as the i halakha /i is considered. Consequently, b in /b a ritual bath containing b forty i se’a /i /b of water, b one may immerse /b and become ritually pure. However, b in /b a ritual bath containing b forty i se’a /i less /b one b i kortov /i , /b a small amount, b he is unable to immerse therein /b and become ritually pure., b Rav Yehuda said /b that b Rav said: Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yosei, testified before Rabbi /b Yehuda HaNasi and b said in the name of his father, /b Rabbi Yosei: b They taught /b all of the above b only /b in a case where b she does not have a marriage contract in her possession, /b such as in a locale where the custom is not to write a marriage contract, b but /b in a situation b where she does have a marriage contract in her possession, she may collect /b payment of b her marriage contract forever. And Rabbi Elazar said: Even if she has a marriage contract in her possession, she /b still b collects /b payment of her marriage contract b only within twenty-five years /b after the death of her husband., b Rav Sheshet raised an objection /b against the opinion of Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yosei, based upon the i Tosefta /i ( i Ketubot /i 12:3): b A creditor may collect /b the money he is owed even after a long time has passed b without /b his having b mentioned /b the debt. The Gemara clarifies: b What are the circumstances? If he does not hold the document /b that records the debt, b with what is he collecting /b the debt? b Rather, /b it must be that b he does hold the document. /b It can be inferred that even so, it is specifically b a creditor, who /b it could be assumed b is not one /b to have b forgiven /b his debt, who may continue to collect the debt after a long period of time. b But a widow /b is presumed to have b waived /b her rights to the payment of her marriage contract even if she has the marriage contract in her possession. This conclusion contradicts the statement of Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yosei.,The Gemara states that Rav Sheshet b raised the objection and he resolved it: Actually, /b the case in the i Tosefta /i is where the creditor b does not hold a document /b that records the debt, b and /b the reason he may collect the debt is because b here we are dealing with /b a case b where the debtor admits /b that he owes the creditor money. Consequently, it cannot be proven from this case that a widow who has a marriage contract in her possession is unable to collect its payment.,The Gemara asks: b But didn’t Rabbi Ela say: /b The Sages b teach /b in a i baraita /i : b A divorcée is like a creditor /b and may collect her marriage contract after a long period of time even if she has not made mention of it during the course of that time? The Gemara clarifies: b What are the circumstances? If she does not hold a marriage contract /b in her possession, b with what is she collecting /b payment? b Rather, is it not /b that b she holds a marriage contract /b in her possession, b and it is a divorcée /b who may collect under these circumstances, b as she is not one /b who could be assumed to have b waived /b the rights to the payment owed to her, as she does not maintain a relationship with the family that would prompt her to waive the rights to her claims? b But a widow /b is likely to b waive /b the rights to her claim, even though she is in possession of a contract.,The Gemara answers: b Here too, /b the case is one b where the debtor, /b i.e., the husband, b admits /b to owing the divorcée payment for her marriage contract, although she does not have the marriage contract in her possession., b Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: Rav Yehuda bar Kaza teaches in a i baraita /i of the school /b of b bar Kaza: /b If the widow b demanded /b payment of b her marriage contract, /b |
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47. Babylonian Talmud, Kiddushin, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer ben hyrcanus Found in books: Rubin (2008) Time and the Life Cycle in Talmud and Midrash: Socio-Anthropological Perspectives. 20 | 30a. b I would say to the Satan: An arrow in your eye, /b i.e., I would not be afraid of the evil inclination at all. b Rava said to Rabbi Natan bar Ami: While your hand is still on your son’s neck, /b i.e., while you still have authority and control over him, find him a wife. What is the appropriate age? b From sixteen until twenty-two, and some say from eighteen until twenty-four. /b ,The Gemara notes that this is b like /b a dispute between b i tanna’im /i , /b based on the verse: b “Train a child in the way that he should go” /b (Proverbs 22:6). b Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Neḥemya /b disagreed about the age in which the verse instructs the parent to educate his child: b One said /b that the verse is referring to the ages b from sixteen until twenty-two, and one said /b it is referring to the ages b from eighteen until twenty-four. /b The dispute concerning the correct age for marriage and the dispute about educating a child are the same, as while a father still has a large measure of influence over his son, he must both teach him and find him a wife.,§ The Gemara continues its discussion of a father’s obligation to teach his son Torah. b To what /b extent b is a person obligated to teach his son Torah? Rav Yehuda says /b that b Shmuel says: /b One should emulate the education of, b for example, Zevulun ben Dan, /b a contemporary of Shmuel, b whose father’s father taught him Bible, Mishna, Talmud, i halakhot /i , and i aggadot /i . The Gemara raises an objection /b from a i baraita /i : If a father b taught /b his son b Bible, /b he is b not /b required to b teach him Mishna. And Rava said /b in explanation of this i baraita /i : b Bible is /b the b Torah, /b not the Prophets or Writings, i.e., he is not required to teach him anything else, including Mishna.,The Gemara answers that Shmuel’s statement should be understood as follows: One should teach his son b like Zevulun ben Dan was taught /b in certain aspects, b but not like Zevulun ben Dan /b in other respects. One should teach his son b like Zevulun ben Dan /b in b that his father’s father taught him; but not like Zevulun ben Dan, as there /b he was taught b Bible, Mishna, Talmud, i halakhot /i , and i aggadot /i , while here, /b in this i baraita /i , one is required to teach his son b Bible alone. /b ,The Gemara asks: b But is one’s father’s father obligated /b to teach him Torah? b But isn’t it taught /b in a i baraita /i , that the verse: b “And you shall teach them to your sons” /b (Deuteronomy 11:19), indicates: b But not your sons’ sons? And how do I realize, /b i.e., understand, the meaning of the verse: b “But make them known to your sons and to your sons’ sons” /b (Deuteronomy 4:9)? This serves b to say to you /b that b whoever teaches his son Torah, the verse ascribes him /b credit b as though he taught him, and his son, and his son’s son, until the end of all generations. /b ,The Gemara answers that the i tanna /i of this i baraita /i b stated /b his opinion b in accordance with /b the opinion of b that i tanna /i , as it is taught /b in another i baraita /i : From the verse b “And you shall teach them to your sons” I have /b derived b only /b that you must teach b your sons. From where do /b I derive that there is an obligation to teach b your sons’ sons? The verse states: “But make them known to your sons and to your sons’ sons.” If so, what /b is the meaning when b the verse states: “Your sons” /b (Deuteronomy 11:19), which implies only sons? This limitation teaches: b Your sons, but not your daughters. /b , b Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi says: Anyone who teaches his son’s son Torah, the verse ascribes him /b credit b as though he received it from Mount Sinai, as it is stated: “But make them known to your sons and to your sons’ sons,” and juxtaposed to it /b is the phrase in the verse: b “The day when you stood before the Lord your God in Horeb” /b (Deuteronomy 4:10), as Horeb is Mount Sinai.,The Gemara relates: Once b Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba encountered Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi, /b and saw b that he had placed /b an inexpensive b covering on his head and brought /b his b child to the synagogue /b to study. Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba b said to him: What /b is the reason for b all this /b fuss, as you are in such a hurry that you do not have time to dress yourself properly? b Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said to him: Is it insignificant, that which is written: “But make them known to your sons,” and juxtaposed to it /b is the phrase in the verse that states: b “The day when you stood before the Lord your God in Horeb”? /b The Gemara comments: b From this /b moment b onward, Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba would not taste meat [ i umtza /i ], /b meaning he would not eat breakfast, b before he had read to /b his b child and added to /b the child’s studies from the day before. Similarly, b Rabba bar Rav Huna would not taste meat before he had brought /b his b child to the study hall. /b ,§ b Rav Safra says in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Ḥaya: What /b is the meaning of that b which is written: “And you shall teach them diligently [ i veshintam /i ] to your sons” /b (Deuteronomy 6:7)? b Do not read /b this as b “ i veshintam /i ,” /b with the root i shin /i , i nun /i , i nun /i , which indicates a repetition. b Rather, /b read it as b i veshillashtam /i , /b with the root i shin /i , i lamed /i , i shin /i , related to the word three, i shalosh /i . This means that one must study, review, and study again, thereby dividing one’s studies into three parts.,In light of this statement, the Sages said that b a person should always divide his years into three /b parts, as follows: b A third for Bible, a third for Mishna, and a third for Talmud. /b The Gemara asks: How can a person divide his life this way? b Who knows the length of his life, /b so that he can calculate how long a third will be? The Gemara answers: b No, /b it is b necessary for /b one’s b days, /b i.e., one should divide each day of his life in this manner., b Therefore, /b because they devoted so much time to the Bible, the b first /b Sages b were called: Those who count [ i soferim /i ], /b because b they would count all the letters in the Torah, as they would say /b that the letter b i vav /i /b in the word b “belly [ i gaḥon /i ]” /b (Leviticus 11:42) b is the midpoint of the letters in a Torah scroll. /b The words: b “Diligently inquired [ i darosh darash /i ]” /b (Leviticus 10:16), b are the midpoint of the words /b in a Torah scroll. And the verse that begins with: b “Then he shall be shaven” /b (Leviticus 13:33), is the midpoint b of /b the b verses. /b Similarly, in the expression: b “The boar out of the wood [ i miya’ar /i ] ravages it” /b (Psalms 80:14), b the i ayin /i in /b the word wood b [ i ya’ar /i ] /b is the b midpoint of Psalms, /b with regard to its number of letters. The verse: b “But He, being full of compassion, forgives iniquity” /b (Psalms 78:38), b is the midpoint /b of b verses /b in the book of Psalms., b Rav Yosef raises a dilemma: /b Does the b i vav /i of /b the word b “belly [ i gaḥon /i ]” /b belong b to this side or to this side? /b Is it part of the first or second half of the Torah? The Sages b said to him: Let us bring a Torah scroll and count /b the letters. b Didn’t Rabba bar bar Ḥana say /b with regard to a different issue: b They did not move from there until they brought a Torah scroll and counted /b the letters? Therefore we can do the same. Rav Yosef b said to them: They /b were b experts /b in the b deficient and plene /b forms of words and therefore could count the letters precisely. b We are not experts /b in this regard, and therefore we would be unable to resolve the question even if we were to count the letters.,Similarly, b Rav Yosef raises a dilemma: /b Does the midpoint of the verses in the Torah, which is b “then he shall be shaven,” /b belong b to this side or to this side? Abaye said to him: /b Even if we cannot count the letters, b we can at least bring /b a Torah scroll b to count the verses. /b Rav Yosef explained: b We are not experts about verses either, as when Rav Aḥa bar Adda came /b from Eretz Yisrael to Babylonia b he said: In the West, /b i.e., Eretz Yisrael, b they divide this /b following b verse into three /b separate b verses: “And the Lord said to Moses, behold I come to you in a thick cloud, /b that the people may hear when I speak with you, and may also believe you forever; And Moses told the words of the people to the Lord” (Exodus 19:9). Perhaps there are other verses that we do not know how to divide properly., b The Sages taught: Five thousand eight hundred and eighty-eight verses are the verses in a Torah scroll. Psalms has eight more /b verses b than that, /b and b Chronicles /b has b eight fewer /b verses b than that. /b ,§ b The Sages taught: /b The verse states: b “And you shall teach them diligently [ i veshintam /i ]” /b (Deuteronomy 6:7). The root i shin /i , i nun /i , i nun /i , of i veshintam /i should be understood as meaning sharp, i.e., b that matters of Torah should be sharp /b and clear b in your mouth, /b so b that if a person asks you something, do not stutter /b in uncertainty b and say /b an uncertain response b to him. Rather, answer him immediately, as it is stated: /b |
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48. Babylonian Talmud, Moed Qatan, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer ben hyrcanus Found in books: Rubin (2008) Time and the Life Cycle in Talmud and Midrash: Socio-Anthropological Perspectives. 167| 20a. שכבר נתעסקו בו ברגל כללו של דבר כל שהוא משום אבל רגל מפסיקו וכל שהוא משום עסקי רבים אין רגל מפסיקו,קברו שלשה ימים בסוף הרגל מונה שבעה אחר הרגל ארבעה ימים הראשונים רבים מתעסקין בו שלשה ימים האחרונים אין רבים מתעסקין בו שכבר נתעסקו ברגל ורגל עולה לו,מאי לאו אסיפא לא ארישא,איתיביה רגל עולה לו למנין שלשים כיצד קברו בתחילת הרגל מונה שבעה אחר הרגל ומלאכתו נעשית על ידי אחרים ועבדיו ושפחותיו עושין בצנעא בתוך ביתו ואין רבים מתעסקין בו שכבר נתעסקו בו ברגל ורגל עולה לו תיובתא,כי אתא רבין אמר רבי יוחנן אפילו קברו ברגל וכן אורי ליה ר' אלעזר לרבי פדת בריה אפילו קברו ברגל,ת"ר קיים כפיית המטה שלשה ימים קודם הרגל אינו צריך לכפותה אחר הרגל דברי רבי אליעזר וחכמים אומרים אפי' יום אחד ואפי' שעה אחת,א"ר אלעזר בר' שמעון הן הן דברי ב"ש הן הן דברי בית הלל שבית שמאי אומרים שלשה ימים וב"ה אומרים אפי' יום אחד,אמר רב הונא אמר ר' חייא בר אבא אמר ר' יוחנן ואמרי לה אמר (ליה) ר' יוחנן לר' חייא בר אבא ולרב הונא אפי' יום אחד אפי' שעה אחת רבא אמר הלכה כתנא דידן דאמר שלשה,רבינא איקלע לסורא דפרת א"ל רב חביבא לרבינא הלכתא מאי אמר ליה אפי' יום אחד ואפילו שעה אחת,יתיב רבי חייא בר אבא ורבי אמי ור' יצחק נפחא אקילעא דרבי יצחק בן אלעזר נפק מילתא מבינייהו מנין לאבילות שבעה דכתיב (עמוס ח, י) והפכתי חגיכם לאבל מה חג שבעה אף אבילות שבעה,ואימא עצרת דחד יומא ההוא מיבעי ליה לכדריש לקיש דאמר ר"ל משום ר' יהודה נשיאה מנין לשמועה רחוקה שאינה נוהגת אלא יום אחד דכתיב והפכתי חגיכם לאבל ואשכחן עצרת דאיקרי חד יומא חג,ת"ר שמועה קרובה נוהגת שבעה ושלשים שמועה רחוקה אינה נוהגת אלא יום אחד איזו היא קרובה ואיזו היא רחוקה קרובה בתוך שלשים רחוקה לאחר שלשים דברי ר"ע וחכמים אומרים אחת שמועה קרובה ואחת שמועה רחוקה נוהגת שבעה ושלשים,אמר רבה בר בר חנה א"ר יוחנן כל מקום שאתה מוצא יחיד מקיל ורבים מחמירין הלכה כרבים חוץ מזו שאע"פ שרבי עקיבא מקיל וחכמים מחמירין הלכה כרבי עקיבא דאמר שמואל הלכה כדברי המקיל באבל,רב חנינא אתיא ליה שמועה דאבוה מבי חוזאי אתא לקמיה דרב חסדא אמר ליה שמועה רחוקה אינה נוהגת אלא יום אחד רב נתן בר אמי אתא ליה שמועה דאימיה מבי חוזאי אתא לקמיה דרבא אמר ליה הרי אמרו שמועה רחוקה אינה נוהגת אלא יום אחד בלבד,איתיביה במה דברים אמורים בחמשה מתי מצוה אבל על אביו ועל אמו שבעה ושלשים,אמר ליה יחידאה היא ולא סבירא לן כוותיה דתניא מעשה ומת אביו של רבי צדוק בגינזק והודיעוהו לאחר שלש שנים ובא ושאל את אלישע בן אבויה וזקנים שעמו ואמרו נהוג שבעה ושלשים וכשמת בנו של רבי אחייה בגולה ישב עליו שבעה ושלשים,איני והא רב בר אחוה דרבי חייא דהוא בר אחתיה דר' חייא כי סליק להתם אמר ליה אבא קיים | 20a. b for they already occupied themselves with him /b when they came to console him b during the Festival. The /b general b principle with regard to the matter /b is as follows: b Any /b activity b that /b is prohibited to the mourner b because it is /b an expression of b mourning is interrupted by the Festival /b and remains prohibited afterward. b And anything that involves the public’s occupation /b with the mourner, e.g., coming to the mourner to offer him comfort and condolence, b is not interrupted by the Festival, /b for people console the mourner during the Festival as well.,If b he /b buries his relative b three days /b before b the end of the Festival, /b the mourner b must count seven /b days of mourning b after the Festival /b because his mourning never began. On the b first four days /b of his mourning, b the public must occupy themselves with him /b and come to console him. On b the three last days, /b however, b the public need not occupy themselves with him, as they already occupied themselves with him during the Festival. /b That is to say, they certainly came to console him during the Festival, although the period of mourning did not actually begin until afterward. b And the Festival counts for him /b toward the thirty-day mourning period.,With regard to the statement of the i baraita /i that the Festival counts toward the thirty-day period of mourning: b What, is it not /b referring to b the latter clause /b of that i baraita /i , which speaks about a case where the burial was performed during the Festival itself? If this is the case, then a refutation of Rava’s opinion is stated explicitly, that the Festival counts toward the thirty-day mourning period, even if the deceased was buried on the Festival itself. Rava rejects this argument: b No, /b it is referring to b the first clause, /b which discusses a case where the burial was performed before the Festival, and since rites of mourning were observed already before the Festival, the Festival is counted toward the thirty-day period of mourning. Therefore, it is not a refutation of Rava’s i halakha /i .,Abaye b raised an objection to /b Rava’s opinion from another i baraita /i , in which it was taught: b A pilgrimage Festival counts toward the thirty- /b day period of mourning. b How so? /b If one b buried /b his dead relative b at the beginning of a pilgrimage Festival, he must count seven /b days of mourning b after the Festival, and /b during this period b his work is performed by others. And his menservants and maidservants perform /b this work b in private inside his house, and the public need not occupy themselves with him /b and come to console him, b for they already occupied themselves with him during the Festival. And the Festival counts for him. /b Here it is explicitly stated that the Festival counts toward the thirty-day period of mourning, even when the deceased was buried during the Festival itself. The Gemara concludes: This is indeed b a conclusive refutation /b of Rava’s opinion., b When Ravin came /b from Eretz Yisrael to Babylonia, b he said /b that b Rabbi Yoḥa said: Even /b if b one buried /b his dead relative b during the Festival, /b the Festival counts toward his thirty-day period of mourning. b And, similarly, Rabbi Elazar ruled for Rabbi Pedat, his son: Even if one buried /b his dead relative b during the Festival /b it counts towards his thirty days.,§ b The Sages taught /b the following i baraita /i : If b one fulfilled the /b obligation of b overturning the bed for three days before the pilgrimage Festival, he is no /b longer b required to overturn it after the Festival; /b this is b the statement of Rabbi Eliezer. But the Rabbis say: Even /b if one overturned his bed for only b one day, or even for /b only b one hour, /b he is not required to overturn it after the Festival., b Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon, said: This is the statement of Beit Shammai, /b and b that is the statement of Beit Hillel. /b In other words, Rabbi Eliezer and the Rabbis disagreed about a matter that was the subject of an earlier dispute between Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel, b for Beit Shammai say: Three days, and Beit Hillel say: Even one day. /b , b Rav Huna said /b that b Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said /b that b Rabbi Yoḥa said, and some say /b a different version of this line of transmission: b Rabbi Yoḥa said to Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba and to Rav Huna: Even one day, even one hour. /b The Gemara cites b Rava, /b who b said: The i halakha /i is in accordance with /b the opinion of b the i tanna /i /b of b our /b mishna, who b said three /b days. Based on this, we rule that the mourning rites are not canceled after the Festival unless they were observed for at least three days before the Festival., b Ravina happened /b to come to the city of b Sura on the /b banks of the b Euphrates /b River. b Rav Ḥaviva said to Ravina: What is /b the b i halakha /i /b with regard to this issue? b He said to him: Even one day, and even one hour. /b ,§ It was related that b Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba, Rabbi Ami, and Rabbi Yitzḥak Nappaḥa were /b once b sitting in the pavilion of Rabbi Yitzḥak ben Elazar /b and were conversing. b A matter emerged from among them: From where /b is it derived that the rites of b mourning /b are observed for b seven /b days? b As it is written: “And I will turn your Festivals into mourning” /b (Amos 8:10). b Just as a Festival /b lasts for b seven /b days, b so too mourning /b lasts for b seven /b days.,The Gemara asks: b And say /b that perhaps mourning is like b i Shavuot /i , which is /b only b one day. /b The Gemara rejects this argument: b That /b derivation, from the one day of i Shavuot /i , b is required for /b what was stated by b Reish Lakish, as Reish Lakish said in the name of Rabbi Yehuda Nesia: From where /b is it derived b that /b mourning in the case of b distant tidings, /b i.e., when one hears that one of his relatives died a long time ago, b applies for only one day? As it is written: “And I will turn your Festivals into mourning,” and we find /b with regard to b i Shavuot /i that one day is /b also b called a Festival. /b , b The Sages taught /b the following i baraita /i : In the case of b recent tidings /b of a relative’s death, mourning b applies for seven- and thirty- /b day periods. In the case of b distant tidings, it applies only for one day. What are /b considered b recent tidings and what are /b considered b distant tidings? Recent /b tidings are news that arrives b within thirty /b days of the person’s death. b Distant /b tidings are news that arrives b after thirty /b days; this is b the statement of Rabbi Akiva. And the Rabbis say: Both /b in the case of b recent tidings and /b in the case of b distant tidings, /b mourning b applies for seven- and thirty- /b day periods., b Rabba bar bar Ḥana said /b that b Rabbi Yoḥa said: Wherever you find an individual being lenient and the majority being stringent, the i halakha /i is in accordance with the majority, except for this /b case, b for even though Rabbi Akiva is lenient and the Rabbis are stringent, the i halakha /i is in accordance with /b the opinion of b Rabbi Akiva. /b This is in keeping with the principle b stated by Shmuel: The i halakha /i follows the statement of the /b more b lenient /b authority b in /b matters relating to b mourning. /b ,It was related that b Rav Ḥanina received /b distant b tidings of his father’s /b death b from Bei Ḥozai. He came before Rav Ḥisda /b to ask what he should do. Rav Ḥisda b said to him: /b In the case of b distant tidings, /b mourning b applies for only one day. /b It was similarly related that b Rav Natan bar Ami received a report about his mother’s /b death b from Bei Ḥozai. He came before Rava, /b and Rava b said to him: They said /b that in the case of b distant tidings, /b mourning b applies for only one day. /b ,Rav Natan b raised an objection to /b Rava’s opinion based on what was taught in a i baraita /i : b In what /b case b is this statement /b that mourning applies for only one day b said? /b In the case of b the /b other b five close relatives, /b over whose b death /b it is b a mitzva /b to mourn, i.e., son, daughter, brother, sister, and spouse. b But for one’s father or mother, /b one is required to mourn for b seven and thirty /b days, even when the report of the parent’s death is received some time after the event.,Rava b said to him: /b This b is an individual /b opinion, b and we do not hold in accordance with his /b opinion, b as it is taught /b in a i baraita /i : There was b an incident and the father of Rabbi Tzadok died in /b the city of b Ginzak, and they informed him /b of his father’s passing only b after three years. He came and asked Elisha ben Avuya and the Elders with him /b what he should do. b And /b Elisha ben Avuya b said /b to him: b Observe /b the rites of mourning for b seven and thirty /b days. b And when the son of Rabbi Aḥiyya died in the Diaspora, /b and Rabbi Aḥiyya was informed about his passing a long time afterward, he b sat /b in mourning for b seven and thirty /b days. Therefore, it is clear that this opinion was held only by a few individual Sages, but it was not generally accepted.,The Gemara asks: b Is that so, /b that this is Rabbi Aḥiyya’s opinion? b But Rav was the son of Rabbi Ḥiyya’s brother and /b also b the son of Rabbi Ḥiyya’s sister, /b for Rav’s father, Aivu, was Rabbi Ḥiyya’s paternal half brother, and Rav’s mother was Rabbi Ḥiyya’s maternal half sister. b When /b Rav b went there, /b Eretz Yisrael, his uncle Rabbi Ḥiyya b said to him: Is /b your b father, /b Aivu, still b alive? /b |
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49. Babylonian Talmud, Pesahim, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Sigal (2007), The Halakhah of Jesus of Nazareth According to the Gospel of Matthew, 75| 25a. מה לערלה שכן לא היתה לה שעת הכושר תאמר בבשר בחלב שהיתה לו שעת הכושר חמץ בפסח יוכיח שהיה לו שעת הכושר ואסור בהנאה,מה לחמץ בפסח שכן ענוש כרת תאמר בבשר בחלב שאינו ענוש כרת כלאי הכרם יוכיחו שאין ענוש כרת ואסור בהנאה,ואם איתא ניפרוך מה לכלאי הכרם שכן לוקין עליהן אפילו שלא כדרך הנאתן,ואביי תאמר במאי תאמר בבשר בחלב שאין לוקין עליו אלא דרך הנאתו אטו בבשר בחלב אכילה כתיבה ביה,ואידך דקא מותיב לה סבר להכי קא גמר מנבילה מה נבילה דרך הנאתה אף בשר בחלב דרך הנאתו,ואביי להכי לא כתב אכילה בגופו לומר שלוקין עליו אפי' שלא כדרך הנאתו,וליפרוך מה לכלאי הכרם שכן לא היתה לו שעת הכושר א"ר אדא בר אהבה זאת אומרת כלאי הכרם עיקרן נאסרין הואיל והיתה להן שעת הכושר קודם השרשה,מתיב רב שמעיה המעביר עציץ נקוב בכרם אם הוסיף מאתים אסור הוסיף אין לא הוסיף לא,אמר רבא תרי קראי כתיבי כתיב (דברים כב, ט) הזרע וכתיב המלאה הא כיצד זרוע מעיקרו בהשרשה זרוע ובא הוסיף אין לא הוסיף לא,א"ר יעקב א"ר יוחנן בכל מתרפאין חוץ מעצי אשירה היכי דמי אי נימא דאיכא סכנה אפילו עצי אשירה נמי ואי דליכא סכנה אפילו כל איסורין שבתורה נמי לא,לעולם דאיכא סכנה ואפי' הכי עצי אשירה לא דתניא ר' אליעזר אומר אם נאמר (דברים ו, ה) בכל נפשך למה נאמר בכל מאודך ואם נאמר בכל מאודך למה נאמר בכל נפשך,אלא לומר לך אם יש אדם שגופו חביב עליו מממונו לכך נאמר בכל נפשך ויש אדם שממונו חביב עליו מגופו לכך נאמר בכל מאודך,כי אתא רבין אמר רבי יוחנן בכל מתרפאין חוץ מע"ז וגילוי עריות | 25a. The Gemara rejects this inference: b What /b comparison can be made b to i orla /i , /b which is more stringent than meat in milk, b as it never had a time when it was fit? /b Can b you say /b the same b with regard to meat in milk, which had a time when it was fit? /b Unlike i orla /i fruits, which were prohibited from the beginning of their existence, both meat and milk were permitted on their own before they were cooked together. Therefore, the Gemara brings other proofs: b Let leavened bread on Passover prove /b that this issue is not a factor, b as it had a time when it was fit, /b before Passover, b and /b yet b it is prohibited /b to derive b benefit /b from it.,The Gemara rejects this: b What /b comparison can be made to b leavened bread on Passover, /b which is a stringent prohibition, b as /b one who eats it b is punished with i karet /i ? /b Can b you say /b the same b with regard to /b one who eats b meat in milk, who is not punished with i karet /i ? /b The Gemara answers: b Let /b the case of b diverse kinds /b planted b in the vineyard prove /b that this is not relevant, b as /b one who violates that prohibition b is not punished with i karet /i , and /b yet b it is prohibited /b to derive b benefit /b from the resulting mixtures.,The Gemara returns to the issue of Abaye’s statement with regard to the unique stringency of diverse kinds planted in a vineyard: b And if it is so /b that one is flogged for deriving benefit from diverse kinds planted in a vineyard, even if one derives benefit from them in an unusual manner, b we can challenge /b this last proof: How can one compare meat in milk to diverse kinds in a vineyard, b as /b with regard to diverse kinds in a vineyard, b one is flogged even if he /b derives b benefit from them in an unusual manner? /b , b And /b how would b Abaye /b respond to this question? When one draws this challenge to its logical conclusion with the phrase: Can b you say, /b and explains in detail how the prohibition of meat in milk differs from that of diverse kinds in a vineyard, b with regard to what /b difference would the challenge be raised? b You /b may b say /b that b with regard to meat in milk one is flogged only for /b deriving b benefit in the usual manner, /b as opposed to the i halakha /i with regard to diverse kinds, according to which one is flogged even for deriving benefit in an unusual manner. However, b is that to say /b that the term b eating is written /b in the Torah b with regard to meat in milk? /b The basis for this i halakha /i with regard to diverse kinds in a vineyard is the lack of the term eating in the verse; however, the prohibition of meat in milk is also missing that term. Therefore, there are no grounds for this challenge: If the lack of the word eating leads to the conclusion that one is flogged even when deriving benefit in an unusual manner, logically that punishment should apply to both diverse kinds and meat in milk.,The Gemara asks: b And the other /b Sage, b who raised this objection, /b holds that b for this /b reason Isi ben Yehuda b derives /b this aspect of the prohibition b from /b the case of b an animal carcass. Just as /b with regard to b an animal carcass /b one is flogged only b when /b deriving b benefit in the usual manner, /b as the verse that prohibits it uses the term eating, b so too, /b with regard to b meat in milk, /b one is flogged only when deriving b benefit in the usual manner. /b Despite what is written in the Gemara, the fact that one is flogged only for deriving benefit from the animal in the usual manner is not derived from the carcass of an unslaughtered animal but from i tereifa /i , an animal with a condition that will cause it to die within twelve months. With regard to i tereifa /i it is written: “And you shall be holy men unto Me; therefore you shall not eat any flesh that is torn of beasts in the field [ i tereifa /i ]; you shall cast it to the dogs” (Exodus 22:30). From the fact that one may cast it to the dogs it can be derived that one may derive benefit in any manner other than the usual manner, i.e., eating., b And Abaye /b holds that b for this /b reason it b did not write /b the term b eating /b in the verse b itself /b with regard to the prohibition of meat in milk: In order b to say that one is flogged even /b when deriving b benefit in an unusual manner. /b ,The Gemara continues. b Let /b Isi ben Yehuda b challenge: What /b comparison can be made b to diverse kinds in a vineyard, as /b the forbidden produce b had no time that it was fit /b because the prohibition came into effect as soon as the produce began to grow? b Rabbi Adda bar Ahava said: /b Apparently, since this question was not asked, b that is to say that /b with regard to b diverse kinds in a vineyard, their roots are forbidden /b as well, including the seeds and saplings from which the mature plants grow. Therefore, no challenge can be raised, b since they had a time when they were fit, before taking root. /b , b Rav Shemaya raised an objection /b based on what was taught in a mishna: With regard to b one who transfers a perforated pot /b with seeds in it b into a vineyard, if /b the size of the seeds growing in the pot b increases /b by one b two-hundredth /b of their previous size, such that the permitted portion is not two hundred times the forbidden, newly grown portion, then the mixture b is prohibited /b due to the prohibition against planting diverse kinds in a vineyard. The forbidden portion is nullified only if it comprises less than one two-hundredth of the mixture. The Gemara reads precisely: b If it increases, yes, /b it is prohibited; b if it does not increase, no, /b it is not prohibited. Apparently, only additional growth is prohibited, and not the seeds themselves., b Rava said: Two verses are written /b about this i halakha /i , i.e., two separate terms in one verse indicate two separate prohibitions. The verse states: “You shall not sow your vineyard with two kinds of seed; lest the fullness of the seed which you have sown be forfeited together with the increase of the vineyard” (Deuteronomy 22:9). b It is written: “The seed,” /b indicating that it is prohibited once it is planted and takes root, b and it is written: “The fullness,” /b indicating that it is prohibited only if it has grown. b How /b can b these /b two terms be reconciled? If it were b planted initially /b in the vineyard, it becomes prohibited immediately b upon taking root. /b If it were b planted /b elsewhere b and brought /b into the vineyard later, such as in a perforated pot, then the following distinction applies: If b its /b size b increases /b in the vineyard, b yes, /b it is prohibited; if b its /b size b does not increase, no, /b it is not prohibited.,The Gemara discusses another matter pertaining to deriving benefit. b Rabbi Ya’akov said /b that b Rabbi Yoḥa said /b with regard to objects from which it is prohibited to derive benefit: b One /b may b heal oneself with any substance except for wood of a tree designated for idolatry [ i asheira /i ]. /b The Gemara asks: b What are the circumstances? If we say /b it is a case in which b there is danger /b to a person’s life, then it is permitted to use b even the wood of an i asheira /i . And if /b it is a situation b where there is no danger, /b then b all the prohibited /b substances b in the Torah also /b may b not /b be used, as one may not derive benefit from them.,The Gemara answers: b Actually, /b it is referring to a case where b there is danger, and even so, /b one my b not /b derive benefit from b the wood of an i asheira /i . As it was taught /b in a i baraita /i that b Rabbi Eliezer says: If it is stated: /b “And you shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, b and with all your soul,” why is it stated: “And with all your might” /b (Deuteronomy 6:5)? b And if it is stated: “With all your might,” why is it stated: “With all your soul”? /b One of these statements appears to be superfluous., b Rather, /b it is b to tell you /b that b if there is a person whose body is more beloved to him than his property, therefore it is stated: “With all your soul.” /b The verse teaches that one must be willing to sacrifice his life to sanctify God’s name. b And there is a person whose property is more beloved to him than his body, therefore it is stated: “With all your might.” /b Rabbi Eliezer understands the phrase: “With all your might,” to mean: With all your possessions. Apparently, there are circumstances in which a person must be prepared to die rather than be healed with a prohibited substance., b When Ravin came /b from the Eretz Yisrael to Babylonia, he b said /b that b Rabbi Yoḥa said: One /b may b heal oneself with any substance /b from which one may not derive benefit, b except for idolatry or forbidden sexual relations /b |
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50. Babylonian Talmud, Qiddushin, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer ben hyrcanus Found in books: Rubin (2008) Time and the Life Cycle in Talmud and Midrash: Socio-Anthropological Perspectives. 20| 30a. הוה אמינא לשטן גירא בעיניך א"ל רבא לר' נתן בר אמי אדידך על צוארי דבריך משיתסר ועד עשרים ותרתי ואמרי לה מתמני סרי עד עשרים וארבעה,כתנאי (משלי כב, ו) "חנ(ו)ך לנער על פי דרכו" ר' יהודה ורבי נחמיה חד אמר משיתסר ועד עשרים ותרתין וחד אמר מתמני סרי ועד עשרים וארבעה,עד היכן חייב אדם ללמד את בנו תורה אמר רב יהודה אמר שמואל כגון זבולון בן דן שלימדו אבי אביו מקרא ומשנה ותלמוד הלכות ואגדות מיתיבי למדו מקרא אין מלמדו משנה ואמר רבא מקרא זו תורה,כזבולון בן דן ולא כזבולון בן דן כזבולון בן דן שלמדו אבי אביו ולא כזבולון בן דן דאילו התם מקרא משנה ותלמוד הלכות ואגדות ואילו הכא מקרא לבד,ואבי אביו מי מיחייב והתניא (דברים יא, יט) ולמדתם אותם את בניכם ולא בני בניכם ומה אני מקיים (דברים ד, ט) והודעתם לבניך ולבני בניך לומר לך שכל המלמד את בנו תורה מעלה עליו הכתוב כאילו למדו לו ולבנו ולבן בנו עד סוף כל הדורות, הוא דאמר כי האי תנא דתניא ולמדתם אותם את בניכם אין לי אלא בניכם, בני בניכם מנין ת"ל והודעתם לבניך ולבני בניך א"כ מה ת"ל בניכם בניכם ולא בנותיכם,אמר ריב"ל כל המלמד את בן בנו תורה מעלה עליו הכתוב כאילו קבלה מהר סיני שנאמר והודעתם לבניך ולבני בניך וסמיך ליה יום אשר עמדת לפני ה' אלהיך בחורב (דברים ד, י),רבי חייא בר אבא אשכחיה לריב"ל דשדי דיסנא ארישיה וקא ממטי ליה לינוקא לבי כנישתא א"ל מאי כולי האי א"ל מי זוטר מאי דכתיב והודעתם לבניך וסמיך ליה יום אשר עמדת לפני ה' אלהיך בחורב מכאן ואילך רבי חייא בר אבא לא טעים אומצא עד דמקרי לינוקא ומוספיה רבה בר רב הונא לא טעים אומצא עד דמייתי לינוקא לבית מדרשא,אמר רב ספרא משום ר' יהושע בן חנניא מאי דכתיב (דברים ו, ז) ושננתם לבניך אל תקרי ושננתם אלא ושלשתם,לעולם ישלש אדם שנותיו שליש במקרא שליש במשנה שליש בתלמוד מי יודע כמה חיי לא צריכא ליומי,לפיכך נקראו ראשונים סופרים שהיו סופרים כל האותיות שבתורה שהיו אומרים וא"ו (ויקרא יא, מב) דגחון חציין של אותיות של ס"ת (ויקרא י, טז) דרש דרש חציין של תיבות (ויקרא יג, לג) "והתגלח" של פסוקים (תהלים פ, יד) יכרסמנה חזיר מיער עי"ן דיער חציין של תהלים (תהלים עח, לח) והוא רחום יכפר עון חציו דפסוקים,בעי רב יוסף וא"ו דגחון מהאי גיסא או מהאי גיסא א"ל ניתי ס"ת ואימנינהו מי לא אמר רבה בר בר חנה לא זזו משם עד שהביאו ספר תורה ומנאום א"ל אינהו בקיאי בחסירות ויתרות אנן לא בקיאינן,בעי רב יוסף והתגלח מהאי גיסא או מהאי גיסא א"ל אביי פסוקי מיהא ליתו לימנוי' בפסוקי נמי לא בקיאינן דכי אתא רב אחא בר אדא אמר במערבא פסקי ליה להאי קרא לתלתא פסוקי (שמות יט, ט) ויאמר ה' אל משה הנה אנכי בא אליך בעב הענן,תנו רבנן חמשת אלפים ושמונה מאות ושמונים ושמונה פסוקים הוו פסוקי ס"ת יתר עליו תהלים שמונה חסר ממנו דברי הימים שמונה,תנו רבנן ושננתם שיהו דברי תורה מחודדים בפיך שאם ישאל לך אדם דבר אל תגמגם ותאמר לו אלא אמור לו מיד שנאמר | 30a. b I would say to the Satan: An arrow in your eye, /b i.e., I would not be afraid of the evil inclination at all. b Rava said to Rabbi Natan bar Ami: While your hand is still on your son’s neck, /b i.e., while you still have authority and control over him, find him a wife. What is the appropriate age? b From sixteen until twenty-two, and some say from eighteen until twenty-four. /b ,The Gemara notes that this is b like /b a dispute between b i tanna’im /i , /b based on the verse: b “Train a child in the way that he should go” /b (Proverbs 22:6). b Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Neḥemya /b disagreed about the age in which the verse instructs the parent to educate his child: b One said /b that the verse is referring to the ages b from sixteen until twenty-two, and one said /b it is referring to the ages b from eighteen until twenty-four. /b The dispute concerning the correct age for marriage and the dispute about educating a child are the same, as while a father still has a large measure of influence over his son, he must both teach him and find him a wife.,§ The Gemara continues its discussion of a father’s obligation to teach his son Torah. b To what /b extent b is a person obligated to teach his son Torah? Rav Yehuda says /b that b Shmuel says: /b One should emulate the education of, b for example, Zevulun ben Dan, /b a contemporary of Shmuel, b whose father’s father taught him Bible, Mishna, Talmud, i halakhot /i , and i aggadot /i . The Gemara raises an objection /b from a i baraita /i : If a father b taught /b his son b Bible, /b he is b not /b required to b teach him Mishna. And Rava said /b in explanation of this i baraita /i : b Bible is /b the b Torah, /b not the Prophets or Writings, i.e., he is not required to teach him anything else, including Mishna.,The Gemara answers that Shmuel’s statement should be understood as follows: One should teach his son b like Zevulun ben Dan was taught /b in certain aspects, b but not like Zevulun ben Dan /b in other respects. One should teach his son b like Zevulun ben Dan /b in b that his father’s father taught him; but not like Zevulun ben Dan, as there /b he was taught b Bible, Mishna, Talmud, i halakhot /i , and i aggadot /i , while here, /b in this i baraita /i , one is required to teach his son b Bible alone. /b ,The Gemara asks: b But is one’s father’s father obligated /b to teach him Torah? b But isn’t it taught /b in a i baraita /i , that the verse: b “And you shall teach them to your sons” /b (Deuteronomy 11:19), indicates: b But not your sons’ sons? And how do I realize, /b i.e., understand, the meaning of the verse: b “But make them known to your sons and to your sons’ sons” /b (Deuteronomy 4:9)? This serves b to say to you /b that b whoever teaches his son Torah, the verse ascribes him /b credit b as though he taught him, and his son, and his son’s son, until the end of all generations. /b ,The Gemara answers that the i tanna /i of this i baraita /i b stated /b his opinion b in accordance with /b the opinion of b that i tanna /i , as it is taught /b in another i baraita /i : From the verse b “And you shall teach them to your sons” I have /b derived b only /b that you must teach b your sons. From where do /b I derive that there is an obligation to teach b your sons’ sons? The verse states: “But make them known to your sons and to your sons’ sons.” If so, what /b is the meaning when b the verse states: “Your sons” /b (Deuteronomy 11:19), which implies only sons? This limitation teaches: b Your sons, but not your daughters. /b , b Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi says: Anyone who teaches his son’s son Torah, the verse ascribes him /b credit b as though he received it from Mount Sinai, as it is stated: “But make them known to your sons and to your sons’ sons,” and juxtaposed to it /b is the phrase in the verse: b “The day when you stood before the Lord your God in Horeb” /b (Deuteronomy 4:10), as Horeb is Mount Sinai.,The Gemara relates: Once b Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba encountered Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi, /b and saw b that he had placed /b an inexpensive b covering on his head and brought /b his b child to the synagogue /b to study. Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba b said to him: What /b is the reason for b all this /b fuss, as you are in such a hurry that you do not have time to dress yourself properly? b Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said to him: Is it insignificant, that which is written: “But make them known to your sons,” and juxtaposed to it /b is the phrase in the verse that states: b “The day when you stood before the Lord your God in Horeb”? /b The Gemara comments: b From this /b moment b onward, Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba would not taste meat [ i umtza /i ], /b meaning he would not eat breakfast, b before he had read to /b his b child and added to /b the child’s studies from the day before. Similarly, b Rabba bar Rav Huna would not taste meat before he had brought /b his b child to the study hall. /b ,§ b Rav Safra says in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Ḥaya: What /b is the meaning of that b which is written: “And you shall teach them diligently [ i veshintam /i ] to your sons” /b (Deuteronomy 6:7)? b Do not read /b this as b “ i veshintam /i ,” /b with the root i shin /i , i nun /i , i nun /i , which indicates a repetition. b Rather, /b read it as b i veshillashtam /i , /b with the root i shin /i , i lamed /i , i shin /i , related to the word three, i shalosh /i . This means that one must study, review, and study again, thereby dividing one’s studies into three parts.,In light of this statement, the Sages said that b a person should always divide his years into three /b parts, as follows: b A third for Bible, a third for Mishna, and a third for Talmud. /b The Gemara asks: How can a person divide his life this way? b Who knows the length of his life, /b so that he can calculate how long a third will be? The Gemara answers: b No, /b it is b necessary for /b one’s b days, /b i.e., one should divide each day of his life in this manner., b Therefore, /b because they devoted so much time to the Bible, the b first /b Sages b were called: Those who count [ i soferim /i ], /b because b they would count all the letters in the Torah, as they would say /b that the letter b i vav /i /b in the word b “belly [ i gaḥon /i ]” /b (Leviticus 11:42) b is the midpoint of the letters in a Torah scroll. /b The words: b “Diligently inquired [ i darosh darash /i ]” /b (Leviticus 10:16), b are the midpoint of the words /b in a Torah scroll. And the verse that begins with: b “Then he shall be shaven” /b (Leviticus 13:33), is the midpoint b of /b the b verses. /b Similarly, in the expression: b “The boar out of the wood [ i miya’ar /i ] ravages it” /b (Psalms 80:14), b the i ayin /i in /b the word wood b [ i ya’ar /i ] /b is the b midpoint of Psalms, /b with regard to its number of letters. The verse: b “But He, being full of compassion, forgives iniquity” /b (Psalms 78:38), b is the midpoint /b of b verses /b in the book of Psalms., b Rav Yosef raises a dilemma: /b Does the b i vav /i of /b the word b “belly [ i gaḥon /i ]” /b belong b to this side or to this side? /b Is it part of the first or second half of the Torah? The Sages b said to him: Let us bring a Torah scroll and count /b the letters. b Didn’t Rabba bar bar Ḥana say /b with regard to a different issue: b They did not move from there until they brought a Torah scroll and counted /b the letters? Therefore we can do the same. Rav Yosef b said to them: They /b were b experts /b in the b deficient and plene /b forms of words and therefore could count the letters precisely. b We are not experts /b in this regard, and therefore we would be unable to resolve the question even if we were to count the letters.,Similarly, b Rav Yosef raises a dilemma: /b Does the midpoint of the verses in the Torah, which is b “then he shall be shaven,” /b belong b to this side or to this side? Abaye said to him: /b Even if we cannot count the letters, b we can at least bring /b a Torah scroll b to count the verses. /b Rav Yosef explained: b We are not experts about verses either, as when Rav Aḥa bar Adda came /b from Eretz Yisrael to Babylonia b he said: In the West, /b i.e., Eretz Yisrael, b they divide this /b following b verse into three /b separate b verses: “And the Lord said to Moses, behold I come to you in a thick cloud, /b that the people may hear when I speak with you, and may also believe you forever; And Moses told the words of the people to the Lord” (Exodus 19:9). Perhaps there are other verses that we do not know how to divide properly., b The Sages taught: Five thousand eight hundred and eighty-eight verses are the verses in a Torah scroll. Psalms has eight more /b verses b than that, /b and b Chronicles /b has b eight fewer /b verses b than that. /b ,§ b The Sages taught: /b The verse states: b “And you shall teach them diligently [ i veshintam /i ]” /b (Deuteronomy 6:7). The root i shin /i , i nun /i , i nun /i , of i veshintam /i should be understood as meaning sharp, i.e., b that matters of Torah should be sharp /b and clear b in your mouth, /b so b that if a person asks you something, do not stutter /b in uncertainty b and say /b an uncertain response b to him. Rather, answer him immediately, as it is stated: /b |
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51. Babylonian Talmud, Shabbat, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Fonrobert and Jaffee (2007), The Cambridge Companion to the Talmud and Rabbinic Literature Cambridge Companions to Religion, 292| 108a. פיטרא מאונא דחצבא מיחייב משום עוקר דבר מגידולו מתיב רב אושעיא התולש מעציץ נקוב חייב ושאינו נקוב פטור התם לאו היינו רביתיה הכא היינו רביתיה:,חיה ועוף כו': אמר רב הונא כותבין תפילין על גבי עור של עוף טהור אמר רב יוסף מאי קמ"ל דאית ליה עור תנינא החובל בהן חייב א"ל אביי טובא קמ"ל דאי ממתניתין הוה אמינא כיון דאית ביה ניקבי ניקבי לא קמ"ל כדאמרי במערבא כל נקב שהדיו עוברת עליו אינו נקב,מיתיבי רבי זירא (ויקרא א, יז) בכנפיו להכשיר את העור ואי ס"ד עור הוא היכי מרבי ליה קרא א"ל אביי עור הוא ורחמנא רבייה,איכא דאמרי א"ר זירא אף אנן נמי תנינא בכנפיו לרבות את העור אי אמרת בשלמא עור הוא היינו דאיצטריך קרא לרבוייה אלא אי אמרת לאו עור הוא אמאי איצטריך קרא לרבוייה אמר ליה אביי לעולם אימא לך לאו עור הוא ואיצטריך סד"א כיון דאית ביה פירצי פירצי מאיס קמ"ל,בעא מיניה מר בריה דרבינא מרב נחמן בר יצחק מהו לכתוב תפילין על גבי עור של דג טהור א"ל אם יבא אליהו ויאמר מאי אם יבא אליהו ויאמר אילימא אי דאית ליה עור אי דלית ליה עור הא חזינן דאית ליה עור ועוד התנן עצמות הדג ועורו מצילין באהל המת אלא אם יבא אליהו ויאמר אי פסקא זוהמא מיניה אי לא פסקא זוהמא מיניה:,שמואל וקרנא הוו יתבי אגודא דנהר מלכא חזינהו למיא דקא דלו ועכירי א"ל שמואל לקרנא גברא רבה קאתי ממערבא וחייש במעיה וקא דלו מיא לאקבולי אפיה קמיה זיל תהי ליה אקנקניה אזל אשכחיה לרב א"ל מניין שאין כותבין תפילין אלא על גבי עור בהמה טהורה א"ל דכתיב (שמות יג, ט) למען תהיה תורת ה' בפיך מן המותר בפיך מניין לדם שהוא אדום שנאמר (מלכים ב ג, כב) ויראו מואב מנגד את המים אדומים כדם,מניין למילה שבאותו מקום נאמר כאן ערלתו ונאמר להלן ערלתו מה להלן דבר שעושה פרי אף כאן דבר שעושה פרי אימא לבו דכתיב (דברים י, טז) ומלתם את ערלת לבבכם אימא אזנו דכתיב (ירמיהו ו, י) הנה ערלה אזנם דנין ערלתו תמה מערלתו תמה ואין דנין ערלתו תמה מערלת שאינה תמה,א"ל מאי שמך קרנא א"ל יהא רעוא דתיפוק ליה קרנא בעיניה,לסוף עייליה שמואל לביתיה אוכליה נהמא דשערי וכסא דהרסנא ואשקייה שיכרא ולא אחוי ליה בית הכסא כי היכי דלישתלשל לייט רב ואמר מאן דמצערן לא לוקמוה ליה בני וכן הוה:,כתנאי מניין למילה שבאותו מקום נאמר כאן ערלתו ונאמר להלן ערלתו מה להלן דבר שעושה פרי אף כאן דבר שעושה פרי דברי ר' יאשיה ר' נתן אומר אינו צריך הרי הוא אומר (בראשית יז, יד) וערל זכר אשר לא ימול את בשר ערלתו מקום שניכר בין זכרות לנקבות,ת"ר כותבין תפילין על גבי עור בהמה טהורה ועל גבי עור חיה טהורה ועל גבי עור נבלות וטרפות שלהן ונכרכות בשערן ונתפרות בגידן והלכה למשה מסיני שהתפילין נכרכות בשערן ונתפרות בגידן אבל אין כותבין לא על גבי עור בהמה טמאה ולא על גבי עור חיה טמאה ואינו צריך לומר על גבי עור נבלה וטרפה שלהן ואין נכרכין בשערן ואין נתפרות בגידן,וזו שאילה שאל ביתוסי אחד את ר' יהושע הגרסי מניין שאין כותבין תפילין על עור בהמה טמאה דכתיב (שמות יג, ט) למען תהיה תורת ה' בפיך מדבר המותר בפיך אלא מעתה על גבי עור נבלות וטרפות אל יכתבו א"ל אמשול לך משל למה"ד לשני בני אדם שנתחייבו הריגה למלכות אחד הרגו מלך ואחד הרגו איספקליטור) איזה מהן משובח הוי אומר זה שהרגו מלך אלא מעתה יאכלו אמר ליה התורה אמרה (דברים יד, כא) לא תאכלו כל נבלה ואת אמרת יאכלו א"ל קאלוס:, big strongמתני׳ /strong /big אין עושין הילמי בשבת | 108a. b a mushroom from the handle of a pitcher /b on Shabbat b is liable for uprooting an object from its /b place of b growth. Rav Oshaya raised an objection /b from that which we learned: b One who detaches /b a plant on Shabbat b from a perforated flowerpot is liable, and /b one who detaches a plant from b an imperforate /b pot b is exempt. /b A plant that grows in an imperforate pot is not considered connected to the ground. One who detaches it is not uprooting it from its place of growth. The Gemara answers: b There, /b in the case of an imperforate pot, b that is not /b the way a plant b grows. /b Plants are generally planted in the ground; a plant in an imperforate pot is disconnected from the ground. Whereas b here, /b in the case of a mushroom growing from the handle of a pitcher, b that is /b the way b it grows. /b The plant is considered connected to the ground.,We learned in the mishna: One who wounds b an animal or a bird /b on Shabbat is liable. b Rav Huna said: One may write phylacteries on /b the b skin of a kosher bird. Rav Yosef said: What is he teaching us /b with this statement? If he is teaching us b that /b a bird b has skin, we /b already b learned /b that: b One who wounds /b an animal or a bird b is liable. /b Since there is liability only if a wound forms beneath the skin, apparently a bird has skin. b Abaye said to him: He is teaching us many things, for if /b I had only learned b from the mishna, I would have said /b the following: b Since /b the skin of a bird b has many holes /b from which the feathers grow, one should b not /b be allowed to write sacred matters on it. Therefore, b he teaches us as they say in the West, /b i.e., in Eretz Yisrael: b Any hole over which ink passes /b and does not penetrate it, b is not /b considered b a hole /b that invalidates the writing., b Rabbi Zeira raised an objection /b to the conclusion that the skin of a bird is considered skin. Didn’t we learn in a i baraita /i that the verse: “And he shall rend it b by its wings /b without creating a division, and the priest shall burn it upon the altar on the wood that is on the fire” (Leviticus 1:17), teaches that the priest b must prepare /b even b the skin /b to make it acceptable for the altar? That is not the case when animals are offered, as their skin is flayed before they are sacrificed. b And if it should enter your mind /b that the skin of a bird b is skin, how does the verse include it /b among that which the priest prepares for the altar? b Abaye said: /b This is not difficult. Indeed, b it is skin, and /b nevertheless, b the Torah includes it /b as a biblical decree, specifying that the skin of a bird is sacrificed., b Some say /b that b Rabbi Zeira said: We, too, have also learned /b support for this i halakha /i : The verse: b “By its wings,” /b comes b to include the skin. Granted, if you say /b that the skin of a bird b is skin, that is /b the reason that b the verse needs to /b explicitly b include it. /b The verse is teaching us that even though the bird’s skin is skin, it must still be sacrificed. b However, if you say /b that the skin of a bird b is not skin, why is a verse necessary to include it? /b Clearly, it is sacrificed. b Abaye said to him: /b That is not proof. b Actually, I /b can b say to you /b that b it is not skin and, /b nevertheless, b it must be /b included in the verse. Had the skin of the bird not been specifically included, b it might have entered your mind to say /b that b since there are many holes in it, /b it is b repulsive /b and unfit for the altar. Therefore, the verse b teaches us /b that it is sacrificed. There is no proof that the skin of a bird is considered skin., b Mar, son /b of b Ravina, raised a dilemma before Rav Naḥman bar Yitzhak: What is /b the i halakha /i with regard to b writing phylacteries on the skin of a kosher fish? /b Rav Naḥman bar Yitzhak b said to him: If Elijah comes and says. /b The Gemara asks: b What does /b the phrase: b If Elijah comes and says, /b mean? What requires clarification? b If you say /b that b whether /b a fish b has skin or whether it does not have skin /b requires clarification, b we see that it has skin. And furthermore, we learned /b in a mishna: b Fish bones and skin protect /b the objects covered with them from becoming impure b under a tent /b with a b corpse. /b Since fish bones and skin do not contract impurity, they constitute a barrier to impurity. Apparently, fish have skin. b Rather, if Elijah comes and says whether its foul smell has ceased from it or whether its foul smell has not ceased from it. /b ,It was reported: b Shmuel and Karna were sitting on the bank of the Malka River. They saw that the water was rising and was murky. /b Shmuel b said to Karna: A great man is coming from the West, /b Eretz Yisrael, b and his intestines are aching, and the water is rising to greet him. Go sniff /b out b his container, /b i.e., see if he is a Torah scholar. Karna b went /b and b found Rav, /b who was the Sage that came from Eretz Yisrael, and he asked him several questions to test him. b He said to him: From where /b is it derived b that one may write phylacteries only on the hide of a kosher animal? /b Rav b said to him /b that this i halakha /i is b as it is written: /b “And it shall be a sign for you on your arm, and a reminder between your eyes, b so that God’s Torah will be in your mouth” /b (Exodus 13:9). Only hide b from those /b animals b that are permitted /b to be placed b in your mouth, /b i.e., may be eaten, may be used for phylacteries. Karna then asked him: b From where /b is it derived b that /b prohibited b blood is red? /b Karna asked Rav this to determine which shades of menstrual blood are impure. Rav said to him that it is b as it is stated: “And the Moabites saw the water from afar, red like blood” /b (II Kings 3:22).,Karna also asked: b From where /b is derived b that circumcision is /b performed b in that place? /b Rav answered him: b It is stated here, /b with regard to circumcision: “And on the eighth day he shall circumcise the flesh of b his foreskin [ i orlato /i ] /b ” (Leviticus 12:3), b and it is stated there, /b with regard to recently planted trees: “And when you come to the land and plant all types of fruit trees, and you shall count the fruit b thereof as forbidden [ i orlato /i ]; /b three years shall it be as forbidden unto you, it shall not be eaten.” (Leviticus 19:23). b Just as there /b the Torah is referring to a tree, which b is an item that bears fruit, here, too, /b in the case of circumcision, i orla /i is referring to b an item that bears fruit. /b He asked him: b Say /b that circumcision should be performed on b one’s heart, as it is written: “And you shall circumcise the foreskin of [ i orlat /i ] your heart” /b (Deuteronomy 10:16)? b Say /b that circumcision should be performed on b one’s ear, as it is written: “Behold, their ear is dull [ i areila /i ] /b and they cannot listen” (Jeremiah 6:10)? Rav said to him: b One derives /b the meaning of the b complete /b form b i orlato /i from /b another instance of the b complete /b form b i orlato /i ; and one does not derive /b the b complete /b form b i orlato /i from /b the b incomplete /b form b i orlat, /i /b which modifies another word, as is also the case with the word i areila /i .,Since Rav understood that Karna came to test him, he b said to him: What is your name? /b He told him: b Karna. /b He b said to him: May it be the will /b of God b that a horn [ i karna /i ] will emerge in his eyes. /b , b Ultimately, /b Shmuel b brought him into his house. He fed him barley bread and small fried fish, and gave him beer to drink, and he did not show him the lavatory so he would suffer from diarrhea. /b Shmuel was a doctor and he wanted to relieve Rav’s intestinal suffering by feeding him food that would relieve him. Since Rav was unaware of Shmuel’s intention, he became angry at him. b Rav cursed /b Shmuel b and said: Whoever causes me suffering, let his children not survive. /b Although Rav eventually discovered Shmuel’s good intentions, his curse was fulfilled, b and so it was /b that Shmuel’s children did not survive long.,The Gemara comments: The issue mentioned above is in fact a dispute between b i tanna’im /i . /b It was asked in a i baraita /i : b From where /b is it derived b that i circumcision /i /b is performed b in that place? /b It is b stated here, /b in the case of circumcision, b i orlato /i . And /b it is b stated there, /b with regard to trees, b i orlato /i . Just as there /b the Torah is referring to a tree, which b is an item that bears fruit, here too, /b i orla /i is referring to b an item that bears fruit; /b this is b the statement of Rabbi Yoshiya. Rabbi Natan says: /b This verbal analogy b i is not necessary /i /b , b as it says: “And an uncircumcised man who does not circumcise the flesh of his foreskin [ i orlato /i ], /b his soul will be cut off from his nation, he has broken My covet” (Genesis 17:14). From the fact that it says: An uncircumcised man, it is derived that circumcision is in the b place that distinguishes between a male and a female. /b ,The Gemara cites similar proofs. b The Sages taught: One may write phylacteries on the hide of a kosher domesticated animal, and on the hide of a kosher non-domesticated animal, and on the hides of their /b unslaughtered b carcasses [ i neveilot /i ], and /b on the hides b of animals with a condition that will cause them to die within twelve months [ i tereifot /i ]. And one may wrap /b the parchment b with the hair of these /b animals b and sew /b them b with their sinews; /b and it is b a i halakha /i /b transmitted b to Moses from Sinai that /b the parchment of b phylacteries may be wrapped with the hair of these /b animals b and sewn with their sinews. But one may not write on the hide of a non-kosher animal, or on the hide of a non-kosher undomesticated animal, and it goes without saying /b that one may not write b on their skins /b when they are b i neveilot /i /b or b i tereifot /i . And one may not wrap /b the parchment b with the hair /b of non-kosher animals, b nor may one sew /b them b with their sinews. /b , b And this question was asked by a Boethusian to Rabbi Yehoshua HaGarsi: From where /b is it derived b that one may not write phylacteries on the hide of a non-kosher animal? /b He said to him, it is b as it is written: /b “ b So that God’s Torah will be in your mouth.” /b The Rabbis derived that one may write the passages only on b an item that is permitted /b to be placed b in one’s mouth, /b i.e., eaten. He said to him: b If /b that is b so /b , b on the skin of i neveilot /i and i tereifot /i /b coming from kosher animals, b one /b should b not write /b phylacteries, as they may not be eaten. b He said to him: I will tell you a parable. To what is this similar? To two people who were sentenced to death by the king. One was killed /b by the b king /b himself, b and one was killed /b by an b executioner [ i ispaklitor /i ]. Which one is /b more b praiseworthy? You /b must b say: /b The one b that /b the b king /b himself b killed. /b Therefore, an animal that died at the hands of Heaven and not by a human action is superior. He said to him: If so, b then /b the i neveilot /i and i tereifot /i b should be eaten, /b as they were killed by the king. b He said to him: The Torah said: “Do not eat any i neveila /i ” /b (Deuteronomy 14:20) b and you say they should be eaten? /b A Torah decree determines that they may not be eaten, but that does not mean they are inferior. The Boethusian b said to him: Well put [ i kalos /i ]. /b , strong MISHNA: /strong b One may not make brine [ i hilmei /i ] on Shabbat, /b |
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52. Babylonian Talmud, Sukkah, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer (ben hyrcanus), rabbi Found in books: Fonrobert and Jaffee (2007), The Cambridge Companion to the Talmud and Rabbinic Literature Cambridge Companions to Religion, 22| 28a. התם הוא דמבטל אבל הכא דלא מבטל לא,ת"ר מעשה ברבי אליעזר ששבת בגליל העליון ושאלוהו שלשים הלכות בהלכות סוכה שתים עשרה אמר להם שמעתי שמונה עשר אמר להם לא שמעתי ר' יוסי בר' יהודה אומר חילוף הדברים שמונה עשר אמר להם שמעתי שתים עשרה אמר להם לא שמעתי,אמרו לו כל דבריך אינן אלא מפי השמועה אמר להם הזקקתוני לומר דבר שלא שמעתי מפי רבותי מימי לא קדמני אדם בבית המדרש ולא ישנתי בבית המדרש לא שינת קבע ולא שינת עראי ולא הנחתי אדם בבית המדרש ויצאתי ולא שחתי שיחת חולין ולא אמרתי דבר שלא שמעתי מפי רבי מעולם,אמרו עליו על רבן יוחנן בן זכאי מימיו לא שח שיחת חולין ולא הלך ד' אמות בלא תורה ובלא תפילין ולא קדמו אדם בבית המדרש ולא ישן בבית המדרש לא שינת קבע ולא שינת עראי ולא הרהר במבואות המטונפות ולא הניח אדם בבית המדרש ויצא ולא מצאו אדם יושב ודומם אלא יושב ושונה ולא פתח אדם דלת לתלמידיו אלא הוא בעצמו ולא אמר דבר שלא שמע מפי רבו מעולם ולא אמר הגיע עת לעמוד מבית המדרש חוץ מערבי פסחים וערבי יום הכפורים וכן היה ר' אליעזר תלמידו נוהג אחריו,תנו רבנן שמונים תלמידים היו לו להלל הזקן שלשים מהן ראוים שתשרה עליהן שכינה כמשה רבינו ושלשים מהן ראוים שתעמוד להם חמה כיהושע בן נון עשרים בינונים גדול שבכולן יונתן בן עוזיאל קטן שבכולן רבן יוחנן בן זכאי,אמרו עליו על רבן יוחנן בן זכאי שלא הניח מקרא ומשנה גמרא הלכות ואגדות דקדוקי תורה ודקדוקי סופרים קלים וחמורים וגזרות שוות תקופות וגימטריאות שיחת מלאכי השרת ושיחת שדים ושיחת דקלים משלות כובסין משלות שועלים דבר גדול ודבר קטן,דבר גדול מעשה מרכבה דבר קטן הויות דאביי ורבא לקיים מה שנאמר (משלי ח, כא) להנחיל אוהבי יש ואוצרותיהם אמלא וכי מאחר שקטן שבכולן כך גדול שבכולן על אחת כמה וכמה אמרו עליו על יונתן בן עוזיאל בשעה שיושב ועוסק בתורה כל עוף שפורח עליו מיד נשרף:, big strongמתני׳ /strong /big מי שהיה ראשו ורובו בסוכה ושולחנו בתוך הבית ב"ש פוסלין וב"ה מכשירין אמרו להם ב"ה לב"ש לא כך היה מעשה שהלכו זקני ב"ש וזקני ב"ה לבקר את רבי יוחנן בן החורנית ומצאוהו שהיה יושב ראשו ורובו בסוכה ושולחנו בתוך הבית ולא אמרו לו דבר אמרו להם ב"ש משם ראיה אף הם אמרו לו אם כן היית נוהג לא קיימת מצות סוכה מימיך,נשים ועבדים וקטנים פטורין מן הסוכה קטן שאינו צריך לאמו חייב בסוכה מעשה וילדה כלתו של שמאי הזקן ופיחת את המעזיבה וסיכך על גבי המטה בשביל קטן:, big strongגמ׳ /strong /big מה"מ דת"ר אזרח זה אזרח (ויקרא כג, מב) האזרח להוציא את הנשים כל לרבות את הקטנים,אמר מר האזרח להוציא את הנשים למימרא דאזרח בין נשים בין גברי משמע והתניא האזרח לרבות את הנשים האזרחיות שחייבות בעינוי אלמא אזרח גברי משמע אמר רבה הלכתא נינהו ואסמכינהו רבנן אקראי,הי קרא והי הלכתא ותו קרא למה לי הלכתא למה לי הא סוכה מצות עשה שהזמן גרמא וכל מצות עשה שהזמן גרמא נשים פטורות,יום הכפורים מדרב יהודה אמר רב נפקא דאמר רב יהודה אמר רב וכן תנא דבי רבי ישמעאל אמר קרא (במדבר ה, ו) איש או אשה | 28a. The Gemara answers: There is a difference between the case of the shutter and the case of the sheet. b There, /b in the case of the shutter, b where he negates /b it by shuttering the window, it is considered part of the building and it is therefore prohibited. b However, here, /b in the case of the sheet, b where he does not negate /b it, as he plans on removing it, b no, /b it is not necessarily prohibited.,The Gemara relates a similar incident. b The Sages taught: /b There was b an incident involving Rabbi Eliezer, who stayed in the Upper Galilee, and /b the people there b asked him thirty i halakhot /i in the i halakhot /i of i sukka /i . /b In response to b twelve, he said to them: I heard /b an answer from my teachers, and he related what he heard. In response to the other b eighteen, he said to them: I did not hear /b an answer. b Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Yehuda, says: /b It was b the reverse of these matters. /b In response to b eighteen he said to them: I heard /b an answer; in response to the other b twelve he said to them: I did not hear /b an answer., b They said to him: Are all the matters /b that b you /b know b only from what /b you b heard? /b Don’t you say any matters on your own? b He said to them: /b Now b you forced me to say a matter that I did not hear from my teachers, /b as I must describe my character traits and the manner in which I conduct myself. b In /b all b my days, no person ever preceded me into the study hall, /b as I am always first to arrive; b and I never slept in the study hall, neither substantial sleep nor a brief nap; and I never left anyone in the study hall and exited, /b as I was always last to leave; b and I never engaged in idle conversation; /b rather, I discussed only necessary matters or matters of Torah; b and I never said anything that I did not hear from my teacher. /b That is why he did not answer those questions that his teacher did not address.,Apropos the character traits of Rabbi Eliezer, the Gemara cites character traits of his teacher. The Sages b said about Rabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai, /b the teacher of Rabbi Eliezer: b In /b all b his days he never engaged in idle conversation; and he never walked four cubits without /b engaging in b Torah /b study b and without /b donning b phylacteries; and no person ever preceded him into the study hall; and he never slept in the study hall, neither substantial sleep nor a brief nap; and he never contemplated /b matters of Torah b in alleyways filthy /b with human excrement, as doing so is a display of contempt for the Torah; b and he never left anyone in the study hall and exited; and no person ever found him sitting and silent, /b i.e., inactive; b rather, he /b was always b sitting and studying; and only he opened the door for his students, /b disregarding his own eminent standing; b and he never said anything that he did not hear from his teacher; and he never said /b to his students that b the time has arrived to arise /b and leave b the study hall except on Passover eves, /b when they were obligated to sacrifice the Paschal lamb, and b Yom Kippur eves, /b when there is a mitzva to eat and drink abundantly. b And Rabbi Eliezer, his student, accustomed /b himself to model his conduct b after his /b example.,The Gemara continues to praise the Sages. b The Sages taught: Hillel the Elder had eighty students. Thirty of them /b were sufficiently b worthy that the Divine Presence /b should b rest upon them as /b it did upon b Moses our teacher, and thirty of them /b were sufficiently b worthy that the sun /b should b stand still for them as /b it did for b Joshua bin Nun, and twenty /b were on an b intermediate /b level between the other two. b The greatest of all /b the students was b Yonatan ben Uzziel, and the youngest of them /b was b Rabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai. /b ,The Gemara relates: The Sages b said about Rabban Yoḥa ben Zakkai /b that b he did not neglect Bible; Mishna; Gemara; i halakhot /i and i aggadot /i ; minutiae of the Torah and minutiae of the scribes; /b the hermeneutical principles of the Torah with regard to b i a fortiori /i inferences and verbal analogies; /b the calculation of the calendrical b seasons; /b and b numerology [ i gimmatreyaot /i ]. /b In addition, he did not neglect esoteric matters, including b the conversation of ministering angels; the conversation of demons, and the conversation of palm trees; parables of launderers, /b which are folk tales that can be used to explain the Torah; b parables of foxes; /b and more generally, b a great matter and a small matter. /b ,The Gemara elaborates: b A great matter /b is referring to the secrets of the b Design of the /b Divine b Chariot, /b the conduct of the transcendent universe. b A small matter /b is, for example, i halakhot /i that were ultimately formulated in the framework of b the disputes of Abaye and Rava. /b He did not neglect any of these disciplines so as b to fulfill that which is stated: “That I may cause those that love me to inherit substance and that I may fill their treasuries” /b (Proverbs 8:21), as Rabban Yoḥa was filled with the disciplines of Torah and wisdom. b And if the youngest of them was so /b prolific, b the greatest of them /b was b all the more so /b prolific. The Gemara relates that the Sages b said of Yonatan ben Uzziel, /b the greatest of Hillel’s students, b that when he sat and was engaged in Torah /b study, the sanctity that he generated was so intense that b any bird that flew over him was immediately incinerated. /b , strong MISHNA: /strong In the case of b one whose head and most of his /b body b were in the i sukka /i and his table was in the house, Beit Shammai deem it unfit, and Beit Hillel deem it fit. Beit Hillel said to Beit Shammai: /b And b wasn’t there an incident where the Elders of Beit Shammai and the Elders of Beit Hillel went to visit Rabbi Yoḥa ben HaḤoranit and they found him /b such b that he was sitting with his head and most of his /b body b in the i sukka /i and his table in the house, and they said nothing to him? /b Even Beit Shammai did not object. b Beit Shammai said to them: /b Is there b proof from there? /b That is not what happened; rather, b they said to him: If you were accustomed /b to act in b this /b manner, b you have never fulfilled the mitzva of i sukka /i in your life. /b ,The mishna continues: b Women, slaves, and minors are exempt from the /b mitzva of b i sukka /i . A minor who does not need his mother /b any longer b is obligated /b in the mitzva. There was b an incident where the daughter-in-law of Shammai the Elder gave birth /b just before i Sukkot /i , and Shammai b removed the /b coat of b plaster /b from the roof, leaving the beams, b and roofed /b with the beams b over the bed for the /b newborn b minor. /b , strong GEMARA: /strong With regard to the i halakha /i that women, slaves, and minors are exempt from the mitzva of i sukka /i , the Gemara asks: b From where are these matters /b derived? The Gemara answers that it is b as the Sages taught /b in a i baraita /i that it is stated: “All the homeborn in Israel shall reside in i sukkot /i ” (Leviticus 23:42). Had the verse stated only: b Homeborn, /b it would have been derived b that /b any b homeborn /b member of the Jewish people is obligated to observe this mitzva. However, the term with the addition of the definite article: b “The homeborn,” /b indicates that only certain homeborn members are obligated, i.e., men, b to the exclusion of the women. /b The word “all” in the phrase: b “All /b the homeborn,” comes b to include the minors /b capable of performing this mitzva.,§ The Gemara analyzes the i baraita /i . b The Master said: “The homeborn” /b is b to the exclusion of women. Is that to say that /b the term b homeborn /b without the definite article b indicates both men and women? Isn’t it taught /b in a i baraita /i with regard to Yom Kippur that it is stated: “And it shall be a statute forever unto you: In the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, you shall afflict your souls and shall do no manner of work, the homeborn, or the stranger that sojourns among you” (Leviticus 16:29). And the term b “the homeborn” /b in that verse comes b to include homeborn women, who are obligated in /b the mitzva of b affliction /b on Yom Kippur. In that case, the definite article comes to include women. Therefore, b apparently, /b the term homeborn, without the definite article, b indicates /b only b men. Rabba said: They are /b each a b i halakha /i /b transmitted to Moses from Sinai, b and the Sages /b merely b supported them with verses /b as a mnemonic device. Therefore, it is not surprising that the derivations are contradictory.,The Gemara asks: b Which /b of them b is /b derived from b the verse and which is a i halakha /i /b transmitted to Moses from Sinai and merely supported by a verse? b And furthermore, why do I /b need b the verse and why do I /b need b the i halakha /i ? Isn’t i sukka /i a positive, time-bound mitzva, and /b the principle is that b women are exempt from all positive, time-bound mitzvot? /b There is no need for a special derivation to exempt women from the mitzva of i sukka /i .,And there is no need for a derivation with regard to their obligation to fast on b Yom Kippur, /b as that can be b derived from /b that b which Rav Yehuda /b said that b Rav said, as Rav Yehuda said /b that b Rav said, and it was likewise taught in the school of Rabbi Yishmael: The verse says: /b “When b a man or woman /b shall commit any sin that a person commits, to commit a trespass against the Lord, and that soul be guilty” (Numbers 5:6). |
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53. Babylonian Talmud, Taanit, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 495| 26a. אלא על נפש שבעה וכרס מלאה איני והא רב פפא איקלע לבי כנישתא דאבי גובר וגזר תענית וירדו להם גשמים עד חצות ואמר הלל ואחר כך אכלו ושתו שאני בני מחוזא דשכיחי בהו שכרות:, br br big strongהדרן עלך סדר תעניות אלו /strong /big br br,מתני׳ big strongבשלשה /strong /big פרקים בשנה כהנים נושאין את כפיהן ארבע פעמים ביום בשחרית במוסף במנחה ובנעילת שערים בתעניות ובמעמדות וביום הכפורים,אלו הן מעמדות לפי שנאמר (במדבר כח, ב) צו את בני ישראל את קרבני לחמי וכי היאך קרבנו של אדם קרב והוא אינו עומד על גביו,התקינו נביאים הראשונים עשרים וארבעה משמרות על כל משמר ומשמר היה מעמד בירושלים של כהנים של לוים ושל ישראלים,הגיע זמן המשמר לעלות כהנים ולוים עולים לירושלים וישראל שבאותו משמר מתכנסין לעריהן וקוראין במעשה בראשית (ואנשי המעמד היו מתענין ארבעה ימים בשבוע מיום ב' ועד יום חמישי ולא היו מתענין ערב שבת מפני כבוד השבת ולא באחד בשבת כדי שלא יצאו ממנוחה ועונג ליגיעה ותענית וימותו),ביום הראשון בראשית ויהי רקיע בשני יהי רקיע ויקוו המים בשלישי יקוו המים ויהי מאורות ברביעי יהי מאורות וישרצו המים בחמישי ישרצו המים ותוצא הארץ בששי ותוצא הארץ ויכלו השמים,פרשה גדולה קורין אותה בשנים והקטנה ביחיד בשחרית במוסף ובמנחה נכנסין וקורין על פיהן כקורין את שמע ערב שבת במנחה לא היו נכנסין מפני כבוד השבת,כל יום שיש בו הלל אין מעמד בשחרית קרבן מוסף אין בנעילה קרבן עצים אין במנחה דברי ר' עקיבא,אמר לו בן עזאי כך היה רבי יהושע שונה קרבן מוסף אין במנחה קרבן עצים אין בנעילה חזר רבי עקיבא להיות שונה כבן עזאי,זמן עצי כהנים והעם תשעה באחד בניסן בני ארח בן יהודה בעשרים בתמוז בני דוד בן יהודה בחמשה באב בני פרעוש בן יהודה בשבעה בו בני יונדב בן רכב בעשרה בו בני סנאה בן בנימן בחמשה עשר בו בני זתוא בן יהודה,ועמהם כהנים ולוים וכל מי שטעה בשבטו ובני גונבי עלי ובני קוצעי קציעות,בעשרים בו בני פחת מואב בן יהודה בעשרים באלול בני עדין בן יהודה באחד בטבת שבו בני פרעוש שניה באחד בטבת לא היה בו מעמד שהיה בו הלל וקרבן מוסף וקרבן עצים,חמשה דברים אירעו את אבותינו בשבעה עשר בתמוז וחמשה בתשעה באב בשבעה עשר בתמוז | 26a. b only on a satisfied soul and a full stomach. /b Consequently, it is preferable to return home to eat and drink so as to recite i hallel /i in the proper frame of mind. The Gemara asks: b Is that so? But Rav Pappa happened /b to come to b the synagogue of Avi Govar /b in Meḥoza, b and he decreed a fast, and rain fell for them before midday, and /b yet b he recited i hallel /i /b immediately, b and /b only afterward b they ate and drank. /b The Gemara explains: b The inhabitants of /b the city of b Meḥoza are different, as drunkenness is common among them. /b Had Rav Pappa told them to go home to eat and drink, they would have become drunk and been unable to pray.,, strong MISHNA: /strong b At three times in the year priests raise their hands /b to recite the Priestly Benediction b four times in /b a single b day, in the morning prayer, in the additional prayer, in the afternoon prayer, and /b in the evening b in the closing of the gates, /b i.e., the i ne’ila /i prayer. And these are the three times: b During /b communal b fasts /b held due to lack of rain, on which the closing prayer is recited; b and during non-priestly watches [ i ma’amadot /i ], /b when the Israelite members of the guard parallel to the priestly watch come and read the act of Creation from the Torah, as explained below; b and on Yom Kippur. /b , b These are /b the b non-priestly watches: Since it is stated: “Command the children of Israel /b and say to them: b My offering of food, /b which is presented to Me made by a fire, of a sweet savor to Me, you shall guard the sacrifice to Me in its due season” (Numbers 28:2), this verse teaches that the daily offering was a communal obligation that applied to every member of the Jewish people. The mishna asks: b But how can a person’s offering be sacrificed when he is not standing next to it? /b ,The mishna explains: Since it is impossible for the entire nation to be present in Jerusalem when the daily offering is brought, b the early prophets, /b Samuel and David, b instituted /b the division of the priests into b twenty-four priestly watches, /b each of which served for approximately one week, twice per year. b For each and every priestly watch there was /b a corresponding b non-priestly watch in Jerusalem of priests, Levites, and Israelites /b who would stand by the communal offerings for that day to represent the community., b When /b the b time arrived /b for the members of a certain b priestly watch to ascend, /b the b priests and Levites /b of that watch would b ascend to Jerusalem /b to perform the Temple service. b And /b as for b the Israelites /b assigned b to that priestly watch, /b some of them went up to Jerusalem, while the rest of them b assembled in their towns and read the act of Creation. And the members of the non-priestly watch, /b who represented the entire community that week, b would fast four days a week, from Monday until Thursday. And they would not fast on Shabbat eve, in deference to Shabbat, /b as they did not wish to start Shabbat while fasting. b And /b they did b not /b fast on Sunday, b so as not to go from rest and delight /b immediately b to exertion and fasting, and /b run the risk that they might b die /b as a result of the abrupt change.,Which portions of the Torah would the members of the non-priestly watch read on each day? b On Sunday /b they would read the portions starting with: b “In the beginning” and “Let there be a firmament” /b (Genesis 1:1–8). b On Monday /b they would read: b “Let there be a firmament” and “Let the waters be gathered” /b (Genesis 1:9–13). b On Tuesday /b they would read: b “Let the waters be gathered” and “Let there be lights” /b (Genesis 1:14–19). b On Wednesday: “Let there be lights” and “Let the waters swarm” /b (Genesis 1:20–23). b On Thursday: “Let the waters swarm” and “Let the earth bring forth” /b (Genesis 1:24–31). b On Friday: “Let the earth bring forth” /b and b “And the heaven /b and the earth b were finished” /b (Genesis 2:1–3)., b A long passage, /b consisting of six verses or more, b is read by two /b people, b and a short /b passage is read b by one, /b as one cannot read fewer than three verses from the Torah together. They read from the Torah b in the morning prayer and in the additional prayer. In the afternoon prayer /b the members of the non-priestly watch b enter /b the synagogue b and read /b the daily portion b by heart, just as one recites i Shema /i /b every day. On b Shabbat eve at the afternoon prayer, they would not enter /b the synagogue for the communal Torah readings, b in deference to Shabbat. /b ,The mishna states a principle: On b any day that has /b the recitation of b i hallel /i , /b but on which the additional offering was not sacrificed, e.g., Hanukkah, b there is no /b reading of the Torah by the b non-priestly watch in the morning prayer. /b On days that have both i hallel /i and b an additional offering, /b such as Festivals, the non-priestly watch would also b not /b read from the Torah b at the closing prayer. /b When b a wood offering /b was brought, as explained below, there was b no /b non-priestly watch b in the afternoon prayer. /b This is b the statement of Rabbi Akiva. /b , b Ben Azzai said to /b Rabbi Akiva that b this is how Rabbi Yehoshua would teach /b this i halakha /i : On days when b an additional offering /b was sacrificed, there was b no /b non-priestly watch b in the afternoon prayer. /b When b a wood offering /b was brought, there was b no /b non-priestly watch b in the closing prayer. /b Upon hearing this, b Rabbi Akiva retracted /b his ruling and began b to teach in accordance with /b the opinion of b ben Azzai. /b ,The mishna details the b times /b for b the wood /b offering b of priests and the people. /b These were private holidays specific to certain families, on which their members would volunteer a wood offering for the altar. There were b nine /b such days and families: b On the first of Nisan, the descendants of Araḥ ben Yehuda; on the twentieth of Tammuz, the descendants of David ben Yehuda; on the fifth of Av, the descendants of Parosh ben Yehuda; on the seventh of /b Av, b the descendants of Jonadab ben Rechab; on the tenth of /b Av, b the descendants of Sena’a ben Binyamin; on the fifteenth of /b Av, b the descendants of Zattu ben Yehuda. /b , b And /b included b with /b this group of Zattu ben Yehuda’s descendants b were /b other b priests; and Levites; and anyone who erred with regard to his tribe, /b i.e., Israelites who did not know which tribe they were from, b and the descendants of those who deceived /b the authorities b with a pestle; and the descendants of those who packed dried figs. /b These last groups and their descriptions are explained in the Gemara.,The mishna resumes its list. b On the twentieth of /b Av, b the descendants of Paḥat Moav ben Yehuda; on the twentieth of Elul, the descendants of Adin ben Yehuda; on the first of Tevet, the descendants of Parosh returned /b to bring wood for b a second /b time; likewise b on the first of Tevet, there was no non-priestly watch, as /b it is Hanukkah, b on which i hallel /i is /b recited, b and /b it is the New Moon, on which b an additional offering /b is sacrificed, b and /b there was also b a wood offering. /b ,The mishna discusses the five major communal fast days. b Five /b calamitous b matters occurred to our forefathers on the seventeenth of Tammuz, and five /b other disasters happened b on the Ninth of Av. On the seventeenth of Tammuz /b |
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54. Babylonian Talmud, Yevamot, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Fonrobert and Jaffee (2007), The Cambridge Companion to the Talmud and Rabbinic Literature Cambridge Companions to Religion, 282| 83b. אין אדם אוסר דבר שאינו שלו,איבעיא להו באנדרוגינוס מה לי אמר שמואל ת"ש דאמר שמואל לרב ענן ליתא לברייתא מקמי מתני',הרכבה מה לי אמר שמואל תא שמע דא"ל שמואל לרב ענן תני כמאן דאמר שלשה ושלשים,קושי מה לי אמר רב תיקו,קידוש מה לי אמר רב אמר רב יוסף ת"ש דאמר רב הונא אמר רב אין הלכה כרבי יוסי אמר ליה אביי מאי חזית דסמכת אהא סמוך אהא דאמר רב אדא אמר רב הלכה כרבי יוסי אמרי בי רב מנו רב הונא ורב הונא אמר אין הלכה:,רבי יהודה אומר טומטום וכו': א"ר אמי מאי עביד ליה רבי יהודה לטומטום דבירי דאותבוה אבי כורסיה ואיקרע ואוליד שבע בנין ור' יהודה א"ל חזר על בניו מאין הם,תניא ר' יוסי בר' יהודה אומר טומטום לא יחלוץ שמא יקרע ונמצא סריס חמה אטו כל דמקרע זכר הוי הכי קאמר שמא יקרע ונמצא נקבה ואפילו נמצא זכר שמא ימצא סריס חמה,מאי בינייהו אמר רבא לפסול במקום אחין ולחלוץ שלא במקום אחין איכא בינייהו,אמר רב שמואל בר יהודה א"ר אבא אחוה דר' יהודה בר זבדי אמר רב יהודה אמר רב אנדרוגינוס חייבין עליו סקילה משתי מקומות מיתיבי רבי אליעזר אמר אנדרוגינוס חייבין עליו סקילה כבזכר בד"א בזכרות שלו אבל בנקבות שלו פטור,הוא דאמר כי האי תנא דתניא רבי סימאי אומר אנדרוגינוס חייבין עליו סקילה משתי מקומות מ"ט דרבי סימאי אמר רבא בר המדורי אסברא לי (ויקרא יח, כב) ואת זכר לא תשכב משכבי אשה אי זהו זכר שיש בו שני משכבות הוי אומר זה אנדרוגינוס,ורבנן אע"ג דאית ביה שני משכבות את זכר כתיב,ורבנן זכר גרידא מנא להו מאשה באשה שלא כדרכה מנא להו מואשה,אמר רב שזבי אמר רב חסדא לא לכל א"ר אליעזר אנדרוגינוס זכר מעליא הוא שאם אתה אומר כן במוקדשין יקדש,ומנלן דלא קדש דת"ר הנרבע והמוקצה והנעבד והאתנן ומחיר וטומטום ואנדרוגינוס מטמאין בגדים אבית הבליעה,רבי אליעזר אומר טומטום ואנדרוגינוס אין מטמאין בגדים אבית הבליעה שהיה ר"א אומר כל מקום שנאמר זכר ונקבה אתה מוציא טומטום ואנדרוגינוס מביניהם ועוף הואיל ולא נאמר בו זכר ונקבה אי אתה מוציא טומטום ואנדרוגינוס מביניהם:,אר"נ בר יצחק אף אנן נמי תנינא רבי אליעזר אומר | 83b. b A person cannot render forbidden an item that is not his. /b Since the grain does not belong to him, he cannot render it forbidden. According to Shmuel, the i halakha /i is in accordance with Rabbi Yosei in this case as well., b A dilemma was raised before /b the Sages: b As for a hermaphrodite, what did Shmuel say? /b It was stated in the name of Rav that the i halakha /i is ruled in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yosei with regard to a hermaphrodite, but no ruling was attributed to Shmuel concerning this case. The Gemara suggests: b Come /b and b hear, as Shmuel said to Rav A: The i baraita /i is not /b to be relied upon b in the presence of the mishna. /b This indicates that Shmuel rejects Rabbi Yosei’s opinion as stated in the i baraita /i that a hermaphrodite is considered a creature unto himself.,The Gemara asks further: Concerning b grafting, what did Shmuel say? /b The Gemara suggests: b Come /b and b hear, as Shmuel said to Rav A /b that he should b teach in accordance with /b the opinion of b the one who said /b that it is prohibited to plant for b thirty-three /b days before Rosh HaShana of the Sabbatical Year. Evidently, he ruled on this matter in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, and not that of Rabbi Yosei.,The Gemara continues to ask along these lines: With regard to the case of b protracted labor, what did Rav say? /b Does he accept Rabbi Yosei’s opinion, as does Shmuel? No resolution was found for this question, and the Gemara concludes that this dilemma b shall stand /b unresolved.,The Gemara further inquires: With regard to b proscription, what did Rav say? Rav Yosef said: Come /b and b hear, as Rav Huna said /b that b Rav said /b that the b i halakha /i is not in accordance with /b the opinion of b Rabbi Yosei. Abaye said to him: What did you see that /b led b you /b to b rely on that /b source? b Rely on this /b source; b as Rav Adda said /b that b Rav said /b that the b i halakha /i is /b in fact b in accordance with /b the opinion of b Rabbi Yosei. /b There is, then, a tradition that Rav accepted Rabbi Yosei’s view. The Gemara responds: When it is stated that the Sages of b the school of Rav said /b a teaching, to b whom /b is it referring? The reference is to b Rav Huna. And /b it was b Rav Huna /b who b said /b that the b i halakha /i is not /b in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yosei. It may be presumed, then, that Rav Adda’s version of Rav’s ruling is in error, as preference is given to the report of Rav’s preeminent disciple, Rav Huna.,§ It is taught in the mishna that b Rabbi Yehuda says: /b If b a i tumtum /i , /b whose external sexual organs are indeterminate, was torn open so that his genitals were exposed, and he was found to be a male, he must not perform i ḥalitza /i because he is treated like a eunuch. b Rabbi Ami said: What /b would b Rabbi Yehuda do with the i tumtum /i /b living in the town b of Biri, who was placed in a seat /b for an operation, b and /b the tissue covering his genitals b was torn /b open b and /b he later b fathered seven children? /b Evidently, a i tumtum /i who was torn open is not necessarily sexually impotent. The Gemara answers that b Rabbi Yehuda /b could have b said to you: /b Go and b inquire about his children /b and find out b from where they came. /b He did not believe that they were fathered by this man but rather by someone else., b It is taught /b in a i baraita /i : b Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Yehuda, says: A i tumtum /i must not perform i ḥalitza /i , /b as b perhaps he will be torn /b open b and found /b to be b a eunuch by natural causes. /b The Gemara asks: Why did he formulate his teaching in this manner? b Is that to say /b that b every /b i tumtum /i who is torn open is b a male? /b It is certainly possible for a i tumtum /i to be found to be a female. The Gemara explains: b This is what he said: /b A i tumtum /i must not perform i ḥalitza /i , as b perhaps he will be torn /b open b and found /b to be b a female, /b who certainly cannot perform i ḥalitza /i , b and even /b if b he is found /b to be b a male, perhaps he will be found /b to be b a eunuch by natural causes. /b ,The Gemara asks: b What is /b the practical halakhic difference b between /b the opinions of Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Yosei? b Rava said: There is /b a practical difference b between them /b as to whether the i ḥalitza /i performed by a i tumtum /i b disqualifies /b the brothers in a case b where there are /b other b brothers /b in addition to the i tumtum /i . According to Rabbi Yehuda, a i tumtum /i is regarded as definitely sexually impotent, and therefore his i ḥalitza /i is of no consequence. Therefore, if the i tumtum /i went ahead and performed i ḥalitza /i , he has not disqualified the other brothers from performing levirate marriage. According to Rabbi Yosei, however, he is only doubtfully sexually impotent, and therefore he has disqualified the other brothers from performing levirate marriage. b And /b there is also a difference between them as to whether the i tumtum /i must b perform i ḥalitza /i where there are no /b other b brothers /b besides him. According to Rabbi Yehuda he need not do so, whereas according to Rabbi Yosei he must perform i ḥalitza /i owing to his uncertain status.,§ b Rav Shmuel bar Yehuda said /b that b Rabbi Abba, brother of Rabbi Yehuda bar Zavdi, said /b that b Rav Yehuda said /b that b Rav said: /b With regard to b a hermaphrodite, one is liable to /b receive the punishment of b stoning on his account /b for intercourse b at two places, /b whether one penetrated him anally, in the manner of homosexual intercourse, or through his female organ. The Gemara b raises an objection /b against this from the following teaching. b Rabbi Eliezer said: /b If one had intercourse with b a hermaphrodite, /b he b is liable to /b be punished with b stoning on his account as if /b he had relations b with a male. In what /b case b is this statement said? /b It is if he had relations with him b through his male /b organ, i.e., in the manner of homosexual intercourse, b but /b if he engaged in intercourse with him b through his female /b organ, he is b exempt. /b ,The Gemara answers that Rav b stated /b his opinion b in accordance with /b the opinion of b this i tanna /i , as it is taught /b in the following i baraita /i : b Rabbi Simai says: /b With regard to b a hermaphrodite, one is liable to /b be punished with b stoning on his account /b for intercourse b at two places. /b The Gemara asks: b What is the reasoning of Rabbi Simai? Rava said: /b The Sage b bar Hamedurei explained /b the matter b to me, /b based on an allusion to this i halakha /i found in the Bible. The verse states: b “And you shall not lie with a male as with a woman [ i mishkevei isha /i ]” /b (Leviticus 18:22). The phrase i mishkevei isha /i , referring to lying with a woman, appears in the plural. Now, b what male has two /b manners of b lying? You must say /b that b this /b is referring to b a hermaphrodite, /b and the plural form i mishkevei /i , meaning: Lyings, indicates that there is liability for both manners of intercourse with him.,The Gemara asks: b And /b how do b the Rabbis /b who disagree with Rabbi Simai counter this argument? The Gemara explains: b Although he has two /b manners of b lying, it is /b nevertheless b written: “With a male,” /b indicating that one is liable to be stoned on a hermaphrodite’s account only if he had relations with him in the manner of a male.,The Gemara asks: b And the Rabbis, /b who explain this entire verse as referring to a hermaphrodite, b from where do they /b derive that a man is prohibited from engaging in relations with b an ordinary male? /b The Gemara answers: They derive it b from /b the words b “a woman.” /b The Gemara asks further: And b from where do /b the Rabbis derive that one is liable to be punished for engaging in intercourse with b a woman /b who is forbidden to him even if he engaged in relations b in an unnatural manner, /b i.e., anal intercourse? The Gemara responds: They derive it b from /b the inclusive “and” in b “and…with a woman.” /b ,§ b Rav Shezvi said /b that b Rav Ḥisda said: Not in all /b regards did b Rabbi Eliezer say /b that b a hermaphrodite is a proper male. As, if you say so, /b that a hermaphrodite is a proper male in every aspect, then b with regard to consecrated /b animals an animal that is a hermaphrodite b should become sacred /b if one consecrated it., b And from where do we /b derive b that it does not become sacred? As the Sages taught /b in a i baraita /i : With regard to a bird b used for sexual relations /b with a human being, b and one set aside /b for idolatrous purposes, b and one /b that itself was b worshipped /b as an idol, b and one /b given as b payment /b to a prostitute (see Deuteronomy 23:19), b and one /b that was b the price of a dog /b received in exchange for the sale of a dog (see Deuteronomy 23:19), b and /b similarly, a bird that is b a i tumtum /i or a hermaphrodite, /b if one killed any of these birds by pinching their necks in the manner of an offering rather than by ritual slaughter, the birds b render /b him and the b garments /b he is wearing b ritually impure, /b when the birds are eaten and come into contact b with /b his b throat. /b The reason is that pinching is valid only for sacrificial birds; any other bird that is killed by pinching is deemed an unslaughtered carcass. Since none of these birds are fit to be sacrificed, pinching their necks renders them unslaughtered carcasses, and the unslaughtered carcass of a clean bird imparts ritual impurity when it is eaten and reaches the individual’s throat., b Rabbi Eliezer says: /b If one pinched the neck of a bird that is b a i tumtum /i or a hermaphrodite, it does not render /b him and the b garments /b he is wearing b ritually impure /b when it is eaten and comes into contact b with /b his b throat, /b as the sanctity of an offering does in fact apply to it. b As Rabbi Eliezer would say: Wherever it is /b explicitly b stated /b in the Torah b “male” and “female,” you /b are to b remove a i tumtum /i and a hermaphrodite from among them, /b as their gender status is in doubt. This is true of animal offerings, with regard to which the Torah uses the terms male and female. In the case of b a bird- /b offering, however, b since male and female are not stated with regard to it, /b but instead the Torah simply mentions turtledoves and young pigeons, b you /b are b not /b to b remove a i tumtum /i and a hermaphrodite from among them, /b as they are fit for the altar. It is evident then that Rabbi Eliezer maintains that a hermaphrodite is not considered a proper male with respect to offerings., b Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: We too learned /b this explicitly in a i baraita /i that states: b Rabbi Eliezer says: /b |
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55. Babylonian Talmud, Yoma, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer b. hyrcanus Found in books: Sigal (2007), The Halakhah of Jesus of Nazareth According to the Gospel of Matthew, 75| 82a. big strongמתני׳ /strong /big התינוקות אין מענין אותן ביוה"כ אבל מחנכין אותן לפני שנה ולפני שנתיים בשביל שיהיו רגילין במצות, big strongגמ׳ /strong /big השתא בפני שתים מחנכין להו בפני שנה מבעיא אמר רב חסדא לא קשיא הא בחולה הא בבריא,א"ר הונא בן ח' ובן ט' מחנכין אותו לשעות בן י' ובן י"א משלימין מדרבנן בן י"ב משלימין מדאורייתא בתינוקת ורב נחמן אמר בן ט' בן י' מחנכין אותן לשעות בן י"א בן י"ב משלימין מדרבנן בן י"ג משלימין מדאורייתא בתינוק ור' יוחנן אמר השלמה דרבנן ליכא בן י' בן י"א מחנכין אותו לשעות בן י"ב משלימין מדאורייתא,תנן התינוקות אין מענין אותן ביוה"כ אבל מחנכין אותן לפני שנה ולפני שתים בשלמא לרב הונא ורב נחמן לפני שנה ולפני שתים לפני שנה לדבריהן ולפני שתים לדבריהן,אלא לרבי יוחנן קשיא אמר לך רבי יוחנן מאי שנה או שתים סמוך לפירקן,ת"ש דתני רבה בר שמואל תינוקות אין מענין אותן ביוה"כ אבל מחנכין אותן שנה או שתים סמוך לפירקן בשלמא לר' יוחנן ניחא אלא לרב הונא ולרב נחמן קשיא אמרי לך רבנן מאי חינוך נמי דקתני השלמה,ומי קרי לחינוך השלמה והא תניא אי זה חינוך היה רגיל לאכול בשתי שעות מאכילין אותו לשלש בשלש מאכילין אותו בארבע אמר רבא בר עולא תרי חנוכי הוו, big strongמתני׳ /strong /big עוברה שהריחה מאכילין אותה עד שתשיב נפשה חולה מאכילין אותו ע"פ בקיאין ואם אין שם בקיאין מאכילין אותו על פי עצמו עד שיאמר די, big strongגמ׳ /strong /big ת"ר עוברה שהריחה בשר קודש או בשר חזיר תוחבין לה כוש ברוטב ומניחין לה על פיה אם נתיישבה דעתה מוטב ואם לאו מאכילין אותה רוטב עצמה ואם נתיישבה דעתה מוטב ואם לאו מאכילין אותה שומן עצמו שאין לך דבר שעומד בפני פקוח נפש חוץ מע"ז וגילוי עריות ושפיכות דמים,ע"ז מנלן דתניא ר"א אומר אם נאמר (דברים ו, ה) בכל נפשך למה נאמר (דברים ו, ה) בכל מאדך ואם נאמר בכל מאדך למה נאמר בכל נפשך,אם יש לך אדם שגופו חביב עליו מממונו לכך נאמר בכל נפשך ואם יש לך אדם שממונו חביב עליו מגופו לכך נאמר ובכל מאדך,גילוי עריות ושפיכת דמים מנא לן דתניא רבי אומר (דברים כב, כו) כי כאשר יקום איש על רעהו ורצחו נפש כן הדבר הזה וכי מה ענין למדנו מרוצח לנערה המאורסה,אלא ה"ז בא ללמד ונמצא למד מה נערה המאורסה ניתן להצילה בנפשו אף רוצח (כו') מה רוצח יהרג ואל יעבור אף נערה המאורסה יהרג ואל יעבור | 82a. strong MISHNA: /strong With regard to b the children, one does not afflict them /b by withholding food b on Yom Kippur; however, one trains them one year before or two years before /b they reach majority, by means of a partial fast lasting several hours, b so that they will be accustomed to /b fulfill b mitzvot. /b , strong GEMARA: /strong The Gemara asks about the wording of the mishna: b Since /b it is stated that one trains children b two /b years b before /b their maturity, is it b necessary to say that one trains them one year before? /b This expression in the mishna is superfluous. b Rav Ḥisda said: /b This is b not difficult. This /b statement that one trains children one year before their maturity is referring b to a feeble /b child; b that /b statement that one trains children two years before their maturity is referring b to a healthy /b child., b Rav Huna said: One trains /b a healthy child b of eight /b years b and nine /b years to fast b for /b several b hours; /b at b ten /b years b and eleven /b years, b they complete /b the fast b by rabbinic /b law; b at twelve /b years b they complete /b the fast b by Torah /b law. This applies b to girls /b who reach maturity and become obligated in mitzvot at age twelve. b And Rav Naḥman said: At nine /b years and b ten /b years b one trains them /b to fast b for /b several b hours; at eleven and twelve /b years b they complete /b the fast b by rabbinic /b law; b at thirteen /b years b they complete /b the fast b by Torah /b law. This applies b to boys. And Rabbi Yoḥa said: There is no /b obligation with regard to children b completing /b the fast b by rabbinic /b law. Rather, b at ten and eleven /b years, b one trains them /b to fast b for /b several b hours; and at twelve /b years girls are obligated to b complete /b their fast b by Torah /b law.,§ b We learned /b in the mishna: With regard to b the children, one does not afflict them /b by withholding food b on Yom Kippur; however, one trains them /b for b one year before or two /b years b before /b they reach maturity. b Granted, /b this makes sense according to the opinion of b Rav Huna and Rav Naḥman, /b who hold that for one or two years before reaching maturity there is a rabbinic law requiring children to complete the fast. The mishna that states b one year before or two /b years b before /b should be understood as follows: A feeble child is obligated to complete the fast on Yom Kippur in the b year before /b reaching maturity b by rabbinic /b law, b and /b a healthy child is obligated to complete the fast on Yom Kippur in the b two /b years b before /b reaching maturity b by rabbinic /b law (Vilna Gaon)., b But /b according b to Rabbi Yoḥa, /b who holds that there is no rabbinic law to complete the fast, this is b difficult. /b In his opinion, what is the difference between one year before and two years before? b Rabbi Yoḥa /b could have b said to you: What /b is the meaning of b one year or two /b years? One year is referring not to the year before the year preceding their maturity, i.e. the two years preceding it, but actually to the year b preceding their maturity. /b The phrase: One or two years, indicates that there is a difference between those who are required for one year and those who required for two, which depends on their health: The healthy child is required to fast two years, but one year is sufficient for a feeble child., b Come /b and b hear that /b which b Rabba bar Shmuel taught /b in a i baraita /i : With regard to b children, one does not afflict them /b by withholding food b on Yom Kippur; however, one trains them one year /b for a feeble child b or two /b years for a healthy child b preceding their maturity. Granted, /b according b to /b the opinion of b Rabbi Yoḥa, this works out well; but /b according b to Rav Huna and Rav Naḥman, /b who say that there is an additional year that one is required to complete the fast according to rabbinic law, this is b difficult. The Rabbis /b could b say to you: What is /b this b training that is also taught /b there? It is referring to fasting b a complete /b day, which is required by rabbinic law. By rabbinic law, the time of completing the fast for a healthy child is two years before he reaches maturity.,The Gemara asks: b And is training called completion? /b Doesn’t training mean that the child performs only part of the mitzva? b Wasn’t /b it b taught /b explicitly in a i baraita /i : b What is training? If /b the child b was accustomed to eat /b every day b at the second /b hour of the day, b one feeds him at the third /b hour, so he will begin to understand the concept of affliction. If he was accustomed to eat b at the third /b hour, b one feeds him at the fourth /b hour. b Rava bar Ulla said: /b This is not difficult; b these are two /b different types of b training. /b There is training of small children to wait slightly longer before eating, and training of older children, in which one habituates them to fasting a full day., strong MISHNA: /strong With regard to b a pregt woman who smelled /b food and was overcome by a craving to eat it, b one feeds her until she recovers, /b as failure to do so could lead to a life-threatening situation. If a person is b ill /b and requires food due to potential danger, b one feeds him according to /b the advice of medical b experts /b who determine that he indeed requires food. b And if there are no experts there, one feeds him according to his own /b instructions, b until he says /b that he has eaten b enough /b and needs no more., strong GEMARA: /strong b The Sages taught /b in a i baraita /i : With regard to b a pregt woman who smelled consecrated meat or pig meat /b and craved those specific foods, b one inserts a thin reed into the juice /b of that item b and places it on her mouth. If her mind become settled /b with that, b it is well. And if not, one feeds her the gravy itself /b of that forbidden food. b If her mind becomes settled /b with that, b it is well. And if not, one feeds her the fat /b of the forbidden food b itself, as there is no /b i halakha /i b that stands in the way of saving a life except for /b the prohibitions against b idol worship, and forbidden sexual relationships, and bloodshed. /b ,The Gemara clarifies: With regard to the i halakha /i that the prohibition against b idol worship /b takes precedence over saving one’s life, b from where /b do b we /b derive this? b As it was taught /b in a i baraita /i that b Rabbi Eliezer says: If it is stated: /b “And you shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, b and with all your soul” /b (Deuteronomy 6:5), b why is it stated /b in the continuation of the verse: b “And with all your might” /b (Deuteronomy 6:5)? b And if it is stated: “With all your might,” why is it stated: “With all your soul”? /b One of these statements appears to be superfluous.,Rather, it is to teach that b if there is a person whose body is more beloved to him than his property, therefore it is stated: “With all your soul.” /b The verse teaches that one must be willing to sacrifice his life to sanctify God’s name. b And if there is a person whose property is more beloved to him than his body, therefore it is stated: “With all your might.” /b Rabbi Eliezer understands the phrase “with all your might” to mean: With all your possessions. Therefore, one must be prepared to forfeit his life rather than be saved through idol worship.,§ With regard to the concept that one must surrender his life rather than have b forbidden sexual relations or shed blood /b through murder, b from where /b do b we /b derive this? b As it was taught /b in a i baraita /i that b Rabbi /b Yehuda HaNasi b says: /b It is stated about the rape of a betrothed woman: b “For as when a man rises against his fellow and slays him, even so is this matter” /b (Deuteronomy 22:26). One might ask: b What idea did we learn about a betrothed woman from a murderer? /b The i halakha /i of a betrothed woman is clear; what new point is learned by comparing it to the i halakha /i of a murderer?, b Rather, this /b i halakha /i about the murderer, which appears to b come to teach /b about the betrothed woman, b is found to /b actually be the b subject of teaching. /b The inference is as follows: b Just as /b with regard to b the betrothed woman, /b permission is b given to save her at /b the cost of the b life of /b her attacker, b so too, /b the b murderer /b may be saved from committing the crime at the cost of his life, i.e., one may save the victim by killing the attacker. Another teaching is derived in the opposite direction, from the case of murder to the case of rape. b Just as /b the b murderer /b is subject to the i halakha /i of b let him be killed, and let him not transgress, /b i.e., one must even allow himself to be killed rather than take the life of another, b so too, /b a man must surrender his life rather than engage in forbidden sexual relations with b a betrothed young woman. /b By inference, the i halakha /i of b let him be killed, and let him not transgress, /b applies to all forbidden sexual relations. |
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| 56. Babylonian Talmud, Bava Qamma, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer b. hyrcanus Found in books: Sigal (2007), The Halakhah of Jesus of Nazareth According to the Gospel of Matthew, 75 |
57. Babylonian Talmud, Bava Metzia, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Sigal (2007), The Halakhah of Jesus of Nazareth According to the Gospel of Matthew, 75| 59b. וזה הוא תנור של עכנאי מאי עכנאי אמר רב יהודה אמר שמואל שהקיפו דברים כעכנא זו וטמאוהו תנא באותו היום השיב רבי אליעזר כל תשובות שבעולם ולא קיבלו הימנו,אמר להם אם הלכה כמותי חרוב זה יוכיח נעקר חרוב ממקומו מאה אמה ואמרי לה ארבע מאות אמה אמרו לו אין מביאין ראיה מן החרוב חזר ואמר להם אם הלכה כמותי אמת המים יוכיחו חזרו אמת המים לאחוריהם אמרו לו אין מביאין ראיה מאמת המים,חזר ואמר להם אם הלכה כמותי כותלי בית המדרש יוכיחו הטו כותלי בית המדרש ליפול גער בהם רבי יהושע אמר להם אם תלמידי חכמים מנצחים זה את זה בהלכה אתם מה טיבכם לא נפלו מפני כבודו של רבי יהושע ולא זקפו מפני כבודו של ר"א ועדיין מטין ועומדין,חזר ואמר להם אם הלכה כמותי מן השמים יוכיחו יצאתה בת קול ואמרה מה לכם אצל ר"א שהלכה כמותו בכ"מ,עמד רבי יהושע על רגליו ואמר (דברים ל, יב) לא בשמים היא מאי לא בשמים היא אמר רבי ירמיה שכבר נתנה תורה מהר סיני אין אנו משגיחין בבת קול שכבר כתבת בהר סיני בתורה (שמות כג, ב) אחרי רבים להטות אשכחיה רבי נתן לאליהו א"ל מאי עביד קוב"ה בההיא שעתא א"ל קא חייך ואמר נצחוני בני נצחוני בני,אמרו אותו היום הביאו כל טהרות שטיהר ר"א ושרפום באש ונמנו עליו וברכוהו ואמרו מי ילך ויודיעו אמר להם ר"ע אני אלך שמא ילך אדם שאינו הגון ויודיעו ונמצא מחריב את כל העולם כולו,מה עשה ר"ע לבש שחורים ונתעטף שחורים וישב לפניו ברחוק ארבע אמות אמר לו ר"א עקיבא מה יום מיומים אמר לו רבי כמדומה לי שחבירים בדילים ממך אף הוא קרע בגדיו וחלץ מנעליו ונשמט וישב על גבי קרקע,זלגו עיניו דמעות לקה העולם שליש בזיתים ושליש בחטים ושליש בשעורים ויש אומרים אף בצק שבידי אשה טפח תנא אך גדול היה באותו היום שבכל מקום שנתן בו עיניו ר"א נשרף,ואף ר"ג היה בא בספינה עמד עליו נחשול לטבעו אמר כמדומה לי שאין זה אלא בשביל ר"א בן הורקנוס עמד על רגליו ואמר רבונו של עולם גלוי וידוע לפניך שלא לכבודי עשיתי ולא לכבוד בית אבא עשיתי אלא לכבודך שלא ירבו מחלוקות בישראל נח הים מזעפו,אימא שלום דביתהו דר"א אחתיה דר"ג הואי מההוא מעשה ואילך לא הוה שבקה ליה לר"א למיפל על אפיה ההוא יומא ריש ירחא הוה ואיחלף לה בין מלא לחסר איכא דאמרי אתא עניא וקאי אבבא אפיקא ליה ריפתא,אשכחתיה דנפל על אנפיה אמרה ליה קום קטלית לאחי אדהכי נפק שיפורא מבית רבן גמליאל דשכיב אמר לה מנא ידעת אמרה ליה כך מקובלני מבית אבי אבא כל השערים ננעלים חוץ משערי אונאה,תנו רבנן המאנה את הגר עובר בשלשה לאוין והלוחצו עובר בשנים,מאי שנא מאנה דכתיבי שלשה לאוין (שמות כב, כ) וגר לא תונה (ויקרא יט, לג) וכי יגור אתך גר בארצכם לא תונו אותו (ויקרא כה, יז) ולא תונו איש את עמיתו וגר בכלל עמיתו הוא לוחצו נמי שלשה כתיבי (שמות כב, כ) ולא תלחצנו (שמות כג, ט) וגר לא תלחץ (שמות כב, כד) ולא תהיה לו כנושה וגר בכלל הוא אלא אחד זה ואחד זה בשלשה,תניא רבי אליעזר הגדול אומר מפני מה הזהירה תורה בל"ו מקומות ואמרי לה במ"ו מקומות בגר מפני שסורו רע,מאי דכתיב וגר לא תונה ולא תלחצנו כי גרים הייתם בארץ מצרים (תנינא) רבי נתן אומר מום שבך אל תאמר לחברך והיינו דאמרי אינשי דזקיף ליה זקיפא בדיותקיה לא נימא ליה לחבריה זקיף ביניתא:, big strongמתני׳ /strong /big אין מערבין פירות בפירות אפי' חדשים בחדשים | 59b. b And this is /b known as b the oven of i akhnai /i . /b The Gemara asks: b What /b is the relevance of b i akhnai /i , /b a snake, in this context? b Rav Yehuda said /b that b Shmuel said: /b It is characterized in that manner due to the fact b that /b the Rabbis b surrounded /b it b with /b their b statements like this snake, /b which often forms a coil when at rest, b and deemed it impure. /b The Sages b taught: On that day, /b when they discussed this matter, b Rabbi Eliezer answered all /b possible b answers in the world /b to support his opinion, b but /b the Rabbis b did not accept /b his explanations b from him. /b ,After failing to convince the Rabbis logically, Rabbi Eliezer b said to them: If /b the b i halakha /i /b is b in accordance with my /b opinion, b this carob /b tree b will prove /b it. The b carob /b tree b was uprooted from its place one hundred cubits, and some say four hundred cubits. /b The Rabbis b said to him: One does not cite /b halakhic b proof from the carob /b tree. Rabbi Eliezer b then said to them: If /b the b i halakha /i /b is b in accordance with my /b opinion, b the stream will prove /b it. The water in b the stream turned backward /b and began flowing in the opposite direction. b They said to him: One does not cite /b halakhic b proof from a stream. /b ,Rabbi Eliezer b then said to them: If /b the b i halakha /i /b is b in accordance with my /b opinion, b the walls of the study hall will prove /b it. b The walls of the study hall leaned /b inward and began b to fall. Rabbi Yehoshua scolded /b the walls and b said to them: If Torah scholars are contending /b with b each other in /b matters of b i halakha /i , what /b is the b nature /b of b your /b involvement in this dispute? The Gemara relates: The walls b did not fall because of /b the b deference /b due b Rabbi Yehoshua, but they did not straighten because of /b the b deference /b due b Rabbi Eliezer, and they still remain leaning. /b ,Rabbi Eliezer b then said to them: If /b the b i halakha /i /b is b in accordance with my /b opinion, b Heaven will prove /b it. b A Divine Voice emerged /b from Heaven b and said: Why are you /b differing b with Rabbi Eliezer, as /b the b i halakha /i /b is b in accordance with /b his opinion b in every place /b that he expresses an opinion?, b Rabbi Yehoshua stood on his feet and said: /b It is written: b “It is not in heaven” /b (Deuteronomy 30:12). The Gemara asks: b What /b is the relevance of the phrase b “It is not in heaven” /b in this context? b Rabbi Yirmeya says: /b Since b the Torah was already given at Mount Sinai, we do not regard a Divine Voice, as You already wrote at Mount Sinai, in the Torah: “After a majority to incline” /b (Exodus 23:2). Since the majority of Rabbis disagreed with Rabbi Eliezer’s opinion, the i halakha /i is not ruled in accordance with his opinion. The Gemara relates: Years after, b Rabbi Natan encountered Elijah /b the prophet and b said to him: What did the Holy One, Blessed be He, do at that time, /b when Rabbi Yehoshua issued his declaration? Elijah b said to him: /b The Holy One, Blessed be He, b smiled and said: My children have triumphed over Me; My children have triumphed over Me. /b ,The Sages b said: /b On b that day, /b the Sages b brought all the ritually pure /b items b deemed pure by /b the ruling of b Rabbi Eliezer /b with regard to the oven b and burned them in fire, and /b the Sages b reached a consensus in his regard and ostracized him. And /b the Sages b said: Who will go and inform him /b of his ostracism? b Rabbi Akiva, /b his beloved disciple, b said to them: I will go, lest an unseemly person go /b and inform him in a callous and offensive manner, b and he would thereby destroy the entire world. /b , b What did Rabbi Akiva do? He wore black and wrapped himself in black, /b as an expression of mourning and pain, b and sat before /b Rabbi Eliezer b at a distance of four cubits, /b which is the distance that one must maintain from an ostracized individual. b Rabbi Eliezer said to him: Akiva, what /b is different about b today from other days, /b that you comport yourself in this manner? Rabbi Akiva b said to him: My teacher, it appears to me that /b your b colleagues are distancing /b themselves b from you. /b He employed euphemism, as actually they distanced Rabbi Eliezer from them. Rabbi Eliezer b too, rent his garments and removed his shoes, /b as is the custom of an ostracized person, b and he dropped /b from his seat b and sat upon the ground. /b ,The Gemara relates: b His eyes shed tears, /b and as a result b the /b entire b world was afflicted: One-third of /b its b olives /b were afflicted, b and one-third of /b its b wheat, and one-third of /b its b barley. And some say /b that b even dough /b kneaded b in a woman’s hands spoiled. /b The Sages b taught: There was great anger on that day, as any place that Rabbi Eliezer fixed his gaze was burned. /b , b And even Rabban Gamliel, /b the i Nasi /i of the Sanhedrin at Yavne, the head of the Sages who were responsible for the decision to ostracize Rabbi Eliezer, b was coming on a boat /b at the time, and b a large wave swelled over him /b and threatened b to drown him. /b Rabban Gamliel b said: It seems to me that this is only for the sake of Rabbi Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, /b as God punishes those who mistreat others. Rabban Gamliel b stood on his feet and said: Master of the Universe, it is revealed and known before You that neither was it for my honor /b that b I acted /b when ostracizing him, b nor was it for the honor of the house of my father /b that b I acted; rather, /b it was b for Your honor, so that disputes will not proliferate in Israel. /b In response, b the sea calmed from its raging. /b ,The Gemara further relates: b Imma Shalom, the wife of Rabbi Eliezer, was the sister of Rabban Gamliel. From that incident forward, she would not allow Rabbi Eliezer to lower his head /b and recite the i taḥanun /i prayer, which includes supplication and entreaties. She feared that were her husband to bemoan his fate and pray at that moment, her brother would be punished. b A certain day was /b around the day of b the New Moon, and she /b inadvertently b substituted a full /b thirty-day month b for a deficient /b twenty-nine-day month, i.e., she thought that it was the New Moon, when one does not lower his head in supplication, but it was not. b Some say /b that b a pauper came and stood at the door, /b and b she took bread out to him. /b The result was that she left her husband momentarily unsupervised.,When she returned, b she found him /b and saw b that he had lowered his head /b in prayer. b She said to him: Arise, you /b already b killed my brother. Meanwhile, /b the sound of b a i shofar /i emerged from the house of Rabban Gamliel /b to announce b that /b the i Nasi /i b had died. /b Rabbi Eliezer b said to her: From where did you know /b that your brother would die? b She said to him: This is /b the tradition that b I received from the house of the father of /b my b father: All the gates /b of Heaven are apt to be b locked, except for the gates /b of prayer for victims b of /b verbal b mistreatment. /b ,§ b The Sages taught: One who /b verbally b mistreats the convert violates three prohibitions, and one who oppresses him /b in other ways b violates two. /b ,The Gemara asks: b What is different /b with regard to verbal b mistreatment, that three prohibitions are written /b concerning it: b “And you shall neither mistreat a convert” /b (Exodus 22:20); b “And when a convert lives in your land, you shall not mistreat him” /b (Leviticus 19:33); b “And you shall not mistreat, each man his colleague” /b (Leviticus 25:17), b and a convert is /b included in the category of b colleague? /b With regard to b one who also oppresses /b a convert b as well, three /b prohibitions b are written: /b “And you shall neither mistreat a convert, b nor oppress him” /b (Exodus 22:20); b “And you shall not oppress a convert /b (Exodus 23:9); b “And you shall not be to him like a creditor” /b (Exodus 22:24). This last prohibition is a general prohibition, b in which converts are included. /b Consequently, it is not correct that one who oppresses a convert violates only two prohibitions. b Rather, both this /b one, who verbally mistreats a convert, b and that /b one, who oppresses him, b violate three prohibitions. /b , b It is taught /b in a i baraita /i that b Rabbi Eliezer the Great says: For what reason did the Torah issue warnings in thirty-six places, and some say in forty-six places, with regard to /b causing any distress to b a convert? /b It is b due to /b the fact b that /b a convert’s b inclination is evil, /b i.e., he is prone to return to his previous way of living., b What /b is the meaning of that b which is written: “And you shall not mistreat a convert nor oppress him, because you were strangers in the land of Egypt” /b (Exodus 22:20)? b We learned /b in a i baraita /i that b Rabbi Natan says: A defect that is in you, do not mention /b it b in another. /b Since the Jewish people were themselves strangers, they are not in a position to demean a convert because he is a stranger in their midst. b And this /b explains the adage b that people say: One who has /b a person b hanged in his family [ i bidyotkei /i ], does not say to another /b member of his household: b Hang a fish for me, /b as the mention of hanging is demeaning for that family., strong MISHNA: /strong b One may not intermingle produce /b bought from one supplier b with /b other b produce, even /b if he intermingles b new /b produce b with /b other b new /b produce and ostensibly the buyer suffers no loss from his doing so. |
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58. Babylonian Talmud, Eruvin, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Fonrobert and Jaffee (2007), The Cambridge Companion to the Talmud and Rabbinic Literature Cambridge Companions to Religion, 41| 54b. כל זמן שאדם ממשמש בה מוצא בה תאנים אף דברי תורה כל זמן שאדם הוגה בהן מוצא בהן טעם,א"ר שמואל בר נחמני מאי דכתיב (משלי ה, יט) אילת אהבים ויעלת חן וגו' למה נמשלו דברי תורה לאילת לומר לך מה אילה רחמה צר וחביבה על בועלה כל שעה ושעה כשעה ראשונה אף דברי תורה חביבין על לומדיהן כל שעה ושעה כשעה ראשונה,ויעלת חן שמעלת חן על לומדיה דדיה ירווך בכל עת למה נמשלו דברי תורה כדד מה דד זה כל זמן שהתינוק ממשמש בו מוצא בו חלב אף דברי תורה כל זמן שאדם הוגה בהן מוצא בהן טעם,באהבתה תשגה תמיד כגון רבי (אליעזר) בן פדת אמרו עליו על רבי (אליעזר) שהיה יושב ועוסק בתורה בשוק התחתון של ציפורי וסדינו מוטל בשוק העליון של ציפורי (תניא) א"ר יצחק בן אלעזר פעם אחת בא אדם ליטלו ומצא בו שרף,תנא דבי רב ענן מאי דכתיב (שופטים ה, י) רוכבי אתונות צחורות יושבי על מדין [והולכי על דרך שיחו] רוכבי אתונות אלו תלמידי חכמים שמהלכין מעיר לעיר וממדינה למדינה ללמוד (בו) תורה צחורות שעושין אותה כצהרים יושבי על מדין שדנין דין אמת לאמיתו והולכי אלו בעלי מקרא על דרך אלו בעלי משנה שיחו אלו בעלי תלמוד שכל שיחתן דברי תורה,אמר רב שיזבי משום רבי אלעזר בן עזריה מאי דכתיב (משלי יב, כז) לא יחרוך רמיה צידו לא יחיה ולא יאריך ימים צייד הרמאי,רב ששת אמר צייד הרמאי יחרוך,כי אתא רב דימי אמר משל לצייד שצד צפרים אם ראשון ראשון משבר כנפיו משתמר ואם לאו אין משתמר,אמר (רבה) אמר רב סחורה אמר רב הונא מאי דכתיב (משלי יג, יא) הון מהבל ימעט וקובץ על יד ירבה אם עושה אדם תורתו חבילות חבילות מתמעט ואם לאו קובץ על יד ירבה,אמר (רבה) ידעי רבנן להא מלתא ועברי עלה אמר רב נחמן בר יצחק אנא עבדתה ואיקיים בידאי:,ת"ר כיצד סדר משנה משה למד מפי הגבורה נכנס אהרן ושנה לו משה פירקו נסתלק אהרן וישב לשמאל משה נכנסו בניו ושנה להן משה פירקן נסתלקו בניו אלעזר ישב לימין משה ואיתמר לשמאל אהרן רבי יהודה אומר לעולם אהרן לימין משה חוזר נכנסו זקנים ושנה להן משה פירקן נסתלקו זקנים נכנסו כל העם ושנה להן משה פירקן נמצאו ביד אהרן ארבעה ביד בניו שלשה וביד הזקנים שנים וביד כל העם אחד,נסתלק משה ושנה להן אהרן פירקו נסתלק אהרן שנו להן בניו פירקן נסתלקו בניו שנו להן זקנים פירקן נמצא ביד הכל ארבעה,מכאן א"ר אליעזר חייב אדם לשנות לתלמידו ארבעה פעמים וקל וחומר ומה אהרן שלמד מפי משה ומשה מפי הגבורה כך הדיוט מפי הדיוט על אחת כמה וכמה,ר"ע אומר מניין שחייב אדם לשנות לתלמידו עד שילמדנו שנאמר (דברים לא, יט) ולמדה את בני ישראל ומניין עד שתהא סדורה בפיהם שנאמר שימה בפיהם,ומניין שחייב להראות לו פנים שנאמר (שמות כא, א) ואלה המשפטים אשר תשים לפניהם,וליגמרו כולהו ממשה כדי לחלוק כבוד לאהרן ובניו וכבוד לזקנים,וניעול אהרן וניגמר ממשה וליעיילו בניו וליגמרו מאהרן וליעיילו זקנים ולילפו מבניו וליזלו וליגמרינהו לכולהו ישראל כיון דמשה מפי הגבורה גמר מסתייעא מלתיה,אמר מר רבי יהודה אומר לעולם אהרן לימין משה חוזר כמאן אזלא הא דתניא שלשה שהיו מהלכין בדרך הרב באמצע וגדול בימינו וקטן בשמאלו לימא רבי יהודה היא ולא רבנן,אפילו תימא רבנן משום טירחא דאהרן,רבי פרידא הוה ליה ההוא תלמידא דהוה תני ליה ארבע מאה זימני וגמר יומא חד בעיוה למלתא דמצוה תנא ליה ולא גמר,א"ל האידנא מאי שנא א"ל מדההיא שעתא דא"ל למר איכא מילתא דמצוה אסחאי לדעתאי וכל שעתא אמינא השתא קאי מר השתא קאי מר א"ל הב דעתיך ואתני ליך הדר תנא ליה ד' מאה זימני [אחריני],נפקא בת קלא וא"ל ניחא ליך דליספו לך ד' מאה שני או דתיזכו את ודרך לעלמא דאתי אמר דניזכו אנא ודריי לעלמא דאתי אמר להן הקב"ה תנו לו זו וזו,אמר רב חסדא אין תורה נקנית אלא בסימנין שנאמר שימה בפיהם אל תקרי שימה אלא סימנה,שמעה רב תחליפא ממערבא אזל אמרה קמיה דר' אבהו אמר אתון מהתם מתניתו לה אנן מהכא מתנינן לה (ירמיהו לא, כא) הציבי לך ציונים שימי לך וגו' עשו ציונים לתורה ומאי משמע דהאי ציון לישנא דסימנא הוא דכתיב (יחזקאל לט, טו) וראה עצם אדם ובנה אצלו ציון,ר' אליעזר אמר מהכא (משלי ז, ד) אמור לחכמה אחותי את ומודע לבינה תקרא עשה מודעים לתורה רבא אמר עשה מועדים לתורה | 54b. b whenever a person searches it /b for figs to eat, b he finds figs in it, /b as the figs on a tree do not ripen all at once, so that one can always find a recently ripened fig, b so /b too, with b matters of Torah. Whenever a person meditates upon them, he finds in them /b new b meaning. /b , b Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said: What is /b the meaning of b that which is written: “A loving hind and a graceful roe, /b let her breasts satisfy you at all times, and be you ravished always with her love” (Proverbs 5:19)? b Why were matters of Torah compared to a hind? To tell you /b that b just as /b with b a hind, its womb is narrow and it is cherished by its mate each and every hour like the first hour, so /b too, b matters of Torah are cherished by those who study them each and every hour like the first hour. /b , b “And a graceful roe” /b is expounded as follows: b That /b the Torah b bestows grace upon those who study it. “Let her breasts satisfy you at all times”; why were matters of Torah compared to a breast? Just as /b with b a breast, whenever a baby searches it /b for milk to suckle, b he finds milk in it, so /b too, with b matters of Torah. Whenever a person meditates upon them, he finds /b new b meaning in them. /b , b “And be you ravished always with her love”; /b your love for Torah should always distract you from worldly matters, b as was /b the case with b Rabbi Elazar ben Pedat. They said of him, of Rabbi Elazar, that he would sit and engage in Torah /b study b in the lower marketplace of Tzippori, and his cloak was lying in the upper marketplace of Tzippori. /b His mind was so focused on Torah study that he would act in this unusual manner. In this regard, the Gemara relates that b it was taught /b in a i baraita /i that b Rabbi Yitzḥak ben Elazar said: One time a person came to take /b this cloak for himself b and found a serpent on it /b guarding it.,In further praise of the Torah and those who study it, a Sage b of the school of Rav A taught: What is /b the meaning of b that which is written: “You that ride on white donkeys, you that sit on rich cloths, and you that walk by the way, tell of it” /b (Judges 5:10)? b “You that ride on white donkeys”; these are Torah scholars, who travel from city to city and from province to province to study Torah. “White [ i tzeḥorot /i ]” /b are those b who make it /b clear b as noon /b [ b i tzahorayim /i /b ], i.e., who make the Torah comprehensible. b “You that sit on couches [ i midin /i ]” /b refers to those b who judge [ i danin /i ] an absolutely true judgment. “And you that walk”; these are the masters of Bible, /b who are the least important of the scholars. b “By the way”; these are the /b more important b masters of Mishna. “Tell of it”; these are the masters of Talmud, /b the most important of all, b as all their conversation is /b about b matters of Torah. /b ,The Gemara continues with this topic: b Rav Sheizvi said in the name of Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya: What is /b the meaning of b that which is written: “The slothful man [ i remiyya /i ] will not roast [ i yaḥarokh /i ] his catch” /b (Proverbs 12:27)? b The deceitful [ i rammai /i ] hunter will not live [ i yiḥyeh /i ] a long life [ i ya’arikh /i ]. /b A deceitful hunter continues to hunt more and more animals without holding on to the animals he has already caught. Similarly, someone who continues to study new material without reviewing what he has already learned will not be successful., b Rav Sheshet said: /b Will b a deceitful hunter /b have something to b roast? /b One who acts in this way is a fool, but it is hard to describe him as deceitful., b When Rav Dimi came /b from Eretz Yisrael to Babylonia, b he said: This is comparable to a hunter who is hunting birds; if he breaks /b the b wings /b of the birds b one by one /b as he captures them so that they will be unable to fly off again, his prey b will be secured, and if not, /b they b will not be secured. /b According to this explanation, the word i rammai /i is interpreted as cunning rather than deceitful. A cunning hunter secures his prey; similarly, a cunning student reviews each lesson and thereby retains that which he learns.,Similarly, b Rabba said that Rav Seḥora said that Rav Huna said: What is /b the meaning of b that which is written: “Wealth gotten through vanity /b [ b i hevel /i /b ] b shall be diminished; but he that gathers little by little shall increase” /b (Proverbs 13:11)? b If a person turns his Torah into bundles /b [ b i ḥavilot /i , /b derived from the word i hevel /i by replacing the i heh /i with a i ḥet /i ], studying large amounts at the same time, his Torah b will diminish. And if not, /b i.e., if he learns little by little and reviews what he has learned, b he that gathers little by little shall increase. /b , b Rabba said: The Sages know this, but /b nevertheless b transgress it, /b i.e., they fail to heed this advice. b Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: I did this, /b learning little by little and regularly reviewing what I had learned, b and /b my learning b has /b indeed b endured. /b ,The Gemara continues to discuss methods of Torah study. b The Sages taught /b the following i baraita /i : b What was the order of teaching /b the Oral Law? How was the Oral Law first taught? b Moses learned /b directly b from the mouth of the Almighty. Aaron entered /b and sat before him, b and Moses taught him his lesson /b as he had learned it from God. b Aaron moved /b aside b and sat to the left of Moses. /b Aaron’s b sons entered, and Moses taught them their lesson /b while Aaron listened. Aaron’s b sons moved /b aside; b Elazar sat to the right of Moses and Itamar /b sat b to the left of Aaron. Rabbi Yehuda /b disagreed with the first i tanna /i with regard to the seating arrangements and b said: Actually, Aaron would return to /b sit to b the right of Moses. The elders entered and Moses taught them their lesson. The elders moved /b aside, and b the entire nation entered and Moses taught them their lesson. Therefore, Aaron had /b heard the lesson b four times, his sons /b heard it b three /b times, b the elders /b heard it b twice, and the entire nation /b heard it b once. /b , b Moses /b then b departed /b to his tent, b and Aaron taught /b the others b his lesson /b as he had learned it from Moses. b Aaron /b then b departed /b and b his sons taught /b the others b their lesson. His sons /b then b departed /b and b the elders taught /b the rest of the people b their lesson. Hence everyone, /b Aaron, his sons, the elders and all the people, heard the lesson taught by God b four times. /b , b From here Rabbi Eliezer said: A person is obligated to teach his student /b his lesson b four times. And /b it follows by way of b an i a fortiori /i inference: If Aaron, who learned from Moses /b himself, b and Moses /b had received the Torah directly b from the mouth of the Almighty, /b needed b this /b regimen; b an ordinary /b student learning b from the mouth of an ordinary /b teacher, b how much more so /b must he review his studies four times., b Rabbi Akiva says: From where /b do we derive b that a person is obligated to teach his student until he learns /b the material and understands it? b As it is stated: /b “Now therefore write this song for you, b and teach it to the children of Israel; /b put it in their mouths, that this song may be a witness for me against the children of Israel” (Deuteronomy 31:19). This verse indicates that one must teach Torah to others. b And from where /b do we derive that one must teach his students b until /b the material b is organized in their mouths? As it is stated: “Put it in their mouths,” /b so that they should be capable of teaching it to others., b And from where /b do we derive b that /b a teacher b must show /b his students b the reasons /b for the teachings? b As it is stated: “Now these are the judgments which you shall set before them” /b (Exodus 21:1), which indicates that the lesson must be set out in logical fashion for the students.,With regard to the manner in which the Oral Law was taught, the Gemara asks: b They should all have studied from Moses /b himself four times. The Gemara answers: The teaching was divided in this manner b in order to give honor to Aaron and his sons, and /b also to give b honor to the elders. /b ,The Gemara asks why a different method was not adopted, one which would have involved less trouble for Moses: b Aaron should have entered and studied from Moses; his sons should /b then b have entered and studied from Aaron; the elders should /b then b have entered and studied from /b Aaron’s b sons; and /b then b they should have gone /b out b and taught all of the Jewish people. /b The Gemara answers: b Since Moses had studied /b directly b from the mouth of the Almighty, it would be /b more b effective /b for everyone to hear the Torah at least once from Moses himself., b The Master said /b in the i baraita /i that b Rabbi Yehuda says: Actually, Aaron would return to /b sit to b the right of Moses, /b i.e., no matter how many people were present Aaron always sat to Moses’ right. The Gemara asks: b In accordance with whose /b opinion b was it taught /b in a i baraita /i dealing with the rules of etiquette: If b three /b people b were walking along the way, the teacher /b should walk b in the middle and the greater /b of the two students should be b to his right and the lesser /b one should be b to his left? Shall we say /b that b it is /b the opinion of b Rabbi Yehuda and not /b that of b the Sages? /b According to the Sages, the greater of the two students should be positioned to the left of the teacher so that the student’s right side faces his teacher.,The Gemara answers: You can b even say /b that this i baraita /i was taught in accordance with the opinion of b the Sages, /b and the reason they said that Aaron remained to Moses’ left even after the others entered is b due to the trouble to Aaron /b if he would have to stand up and sit down again.,Having discussed the importance of reviewing one’s Torah study, the Gemara relates that b Rabbi Perida had a certain student whom he would /b have to b teach four hundred times, and /b only then would he b learn /b the material, as he was incapable of understanding it otherwise. b One day they requested /b Rabbi Perida’s presence b for a mitzva matter /b after the lesson. Rabbi Perida b taught /b his student four hundred times as usual, b but /b this time the student b did not /b successfully b learn /b the material.,Rabbi Perida b said to him: What is different now /b that you are unable to grasp the lesson? b He said to him: From the time that they said to the Master /b that b there is a mitzva matter /b for which he is needed, b my mind was distracted /b from the lesson b and every moment I said: Now the Master will get up, now the Master will get up /b to go and perform the mitzva and he will not complete the lesson. Rabbi Perida b said to him: Pay attention /b this time b and I will teach you, /b and know that I will not leave until you have fully mastered the lesson. b He taught him again an additional four hundred times. /b ,Due to the merit of Rabbi Perida’s great devotion to his students, b a Divine Voice emerged and said to him: /b Is it b preferable to you that four hundred years be added /b to your life, b or that you and /b the rest of b your generation /b will b merit the World-to-Come? He said: /b I prefer b that I and my generation merit the World-to-Come. The Holy One, Blessed be He, said /b to the angels: b Give him both; /b he shall live a very long life and he and the rest of his generation will merit the World-to-Come.,The Gemara continues its discussion with regard to methods of Torah study: b Rav Ḥisda said: The Torah can be acquired only with /b mnemonic b signs /b that aid the memory, b as it is stated: “Put it in their mouths.” Do not read /b the phrase as: b Put it [ i simah /i ], but /b rather as: b Its sign [ i simanah /i ], /b thus indicating that mnemonic signs aid in memorizing the material., b Rav Taḥalifa of the West, /b i.e., from Eretz Yisrael, b heard this /b statement and b went /b and b said it before Rabbi Abbahu, /b who b said: You learn this /b idea b from there; we learn it from here, /b as the verse states: b “Set up signposts [ i tziyyunim /i ] for yourself; establish you /b markers” (Jeremiah 31:20), which is understood to mean: b Establish /b mnemonic b signs for the Torah. And from where /b may it be inferred b that this /b term b i tziyyun /i denotes a sign? As it is written /b in a different verse: “And when they that pass through shall pass through the land, b and any sees a human bone, he shall set up a sign /b [ b i tziyyun /i /b ] b by it” /b (Ezekiel 39:15), i.e., a sign that there is a source of ritual impurity at that spot., b Rabbi Eliezer said /b that we learn this same idea b from here: “Say to wisdom, you are my sister, and call understanding, your kinswoman [ i moda /i ]” /b (Proverbs 7:4), which means: b Establish signs [ i moda’im /i ] /b that convey knowledge of b the Torah. Rava said /b with regard to this verse: b Set appointed times [ i mo’adim /i ] for Torah /b study. |
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| 59. Babylonian Talmud, Berachot, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Sigal (2007), The Halakhah of Jesus of Nazareth According to the Gospel of Matthew, 75 |
60. Anon., Exodus Rabbah, 43.4 (4th cent. CE - 9th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •r. eliezer b. hyrcanus Found in books: Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 348| 43.4. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וַיְחַל משֶׁה, מַהוּ כֵן, אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי חֶלְבּוֹ בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יִצְחָק, שֶׁהִתִּיר נִדְרוֹ שֶׁל יוֹצְרוֹ. כֵּיצַד, אֶלָּא בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁעָשׂוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל הָעֵגֶל עָמַד משֶׁה מְפַיֵּס הָאֱלֹהִים שֶׁיִּמְחֹל לָהֶם. אָמַר הָאֱלֹהִים, משֶׁה, כְּבָר נִשְׁבַּעְתִּי (שמות כב, יט): זֹבֵחַ לָאֱלֹהִים יָחֳרָם, וּדְבַר שְׁבוּעָה שֶׁיָּצָא מִפִּי אֵינִי מַחֲזִירוֹ. אָמַר משֶׁה רִבּוֹן הָעוֹלָם וְלֹא נָתַתָּ לִי הֲפָרָה שֶׁל נְדָרִים, וְאָמַרְתָּ (במדבר ל, ג): אִישׁ כִּי יִדֹּר נֶדֶר לַה' אוֹ הִשָּׁבַע שְׁבֻעָה לֶאְסֹר אִסָּר עַל נַפְשׁוֹ לֹא יַחֵל דְּבָרוֹ, הוּא אֵינוֹ מוֹחֵל אֲבָל חָכָם מוֹחֵל אֶת נִדְּרוֹ בְּעֵת שֶׁיִּשָּׁאֵל עָלָיו, וְכָל זָקֵן שֶׁמּוֹרֶה הוֹרָאָה אִם יִרְצֶה שֶׁיְקַבְּלוּ אֲחֵרִים הוֹרָאָתוֹ צָרִיךְ הוּא לְקַיְמָהּ תְּחִלָּה, וְאַתָּה צִוִּיתַנִי עַל הֲפָרַת נְדָרִים, דִּין הוּא שֶׁתַּתִּיר אֶת נִדְרְךָ כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתַנִי לְהַתִּיר לַאֲחֵרִים. מִיָּד נִתְעַטֵּף בְּטַלִּיתוֹ וְיָשַׁב לוֹ כְּזָקֵן, וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עוֹמֵד כְּשׁוֹאֵל נִדְרוֹ, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (דברים ט, ט): וָאֵשֵׁב בָּהָר, וְאֶפְשָׁר שֶׁהָיָה משֶׁה יוֹשֵׁב וְהָאֱלֹהִים יִתְבָּרַךְ שְׁמוֹ עוֹמֵד, אָמַר רַבִּי דְּרוּסָאי קָתֶדְרָא עָשָׂה לוֹ כְּקָתֶדְרָא שֶׁל אַסְטָלִיסְטָקִין הַלָּלוּ בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהֵן נִכְנָסִין לִפְנֵי הַשִּׁלְטוֹן וְהֵן נִרְאִין עוֹמְדִין וְאֵינָן אֶלָּא יוֹשְׁבִין, וְאַף כָּאן כָּךְ, יְשִׁיבָה שֶׁהִיא נִרְאָה עֲמִידָה, הֱוֵי: וָאֵשֵׁב בָּהָר. דָּבָר אַחֵר, וָאֵשֵׁב בָּהָר, וְכִי יֵשׁ יְשִׁיבָה לְמַעְלָה, אַתָּה מוֹצֵא שֶׁכֻּלָּם עוֹמְדִין, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה ו, ב): שְׂרָפִים עֹמְדִים מִמַּעַל לוֹ, וְכֵן (יחזקאל א, כד כה): בְּעָמְדָם תְּרַפֶּינָה כַנְפֵיהֶם, וְכֵן (דניאל ז, טז): קִרְבֵת עַל חַד מִן קָאֲמַיָּא, וְכֵן אֲפִלּוּ משֶׁה כְּשֶׁעָלָה לַמָּרוֹם הָיָה עוֹמֵד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים י, י): וְאָנֹכִי עָמַדְתִּי בָהָר, וּכְתִיב (דברים ה, ה): אָנֹכִי עֹמֵד בֵּין ה' וּבֵינֵיכֶם, וְאֵין יוֹשֵׁב שָׁם אֶלָּא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְבַדּוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברי הימים ב יח, יח): רָאִיתִי אֶת ה' יוֹשֵׁב עַל כִּסְאוֹ, וְהוּא אוֹמֵר וָאֵשֵׁב בָּהָר, וּמַהוּ כֵן, אָמַר רַב הוּנָא בַּר אַחָא שֶׁיָּשַׁב לְהַתִּיר נִדְרוֹ שֶׁל יוֹצְרוֹ, וּמָה אָמַר לוֹ דָּבָר קָשֶׁה, אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן דָּבָר קָשֶׁה אָמַר לְפָנָיו תָּהִיתָ אֶתָמְהָא, אָמַר לוֹ תּוֹהֶא אֲנָא עַל הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְתִּי לַעֲשׂוֹת לְעַמִּי, אוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה אָמַר משֶׁה מֻתָּר לָךְ מֻתָּר לָךְ, אֵין כָּאן נֶדֶר וְאֵין כָּאן שְׁבוּעָה, הֱוֵי: וַיְחַל משֶׁה, שֶׁהֵפֵר נִדְרוֹ לְיוֹצְרוֹ, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (במדבר ל, ג): וְלֹא יַחֵל דְּבָרוֹ, אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ לְפִיכָךְ נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים, לוֹמַר שֶׁהִתִּיר נֶדֶר לָאֱלֹהִים, וְכֵן וַיְחַל משֶׁה. | |
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| 61. Anon., Avot Derabbi Nathan A, 13 (6th cent. CE - 8th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer ben hyrcanus Found in books: Rubin (2008) Time and the Life Cycle in Talmud and Midrash: Socio-Anthropological Perspectives. 20 |
| 62. Anon., Avot Derabbi Nathan B, 13 (6th cent. CE - 8th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •eliezer ben hyrcanus Found in books: Rubin (2008) Time and the Life Cycle in Talmud and Midrash: Socio-Anthropological Perspectives. 20 |
63. Babylonian Talmud, Avodah Zarah, None Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Fonrobert and Jaffee (2007), The Cambridge Companion to the Talmud and Rabbinic Literature Cambridge Companions to Religion, 292| 44a. אשר עשיתם את העגל לקחתי ואשרוף אותו באש ואכות אותו טחון היטב עד אשר דק לעפר ואשליך את עפרו אל הנחל היורד מן ההר,אמר לו משם ראיה הרי הוא אומר (שמות לב, כ) ויזר על פני המים וישק את בני ישראל לא נתכוין אלא לבודקן כסוטות,אמר להם רבי יוסי והלא כבר נאמר (דברי הימים ב טו, טז) וגם את מעכה אמו הסירה מגבירה אשר עשתה מפלצתה וגו' וידק וישרף בנחל קדרון אמר לו משם ראיה נחל קדרון אינו מגדל צמחין,ולא והתניא אלו ואלו מתערבין באמה ויוצאין לנחל קדרון ונמכרין לגננין לזבל ומועלין בהן מקומות מקומות יש בו יש מקום מגדל צמחין ויש מקום שאין מגדל צמחין,מאי מפלצתה אמר רב יהודה דהוה מפליא ליצנותא כדתני רב יוסף כמין זכרות עשתה לה והיתה נבעלת לו בכל יום,אמר להן רבי יוסי והלא כבר נאמר (מלכים ב יח, ד) וכתת נחש נחשת אשר עשה משה,אמרו לו משם ראיה הרי הוא אומר (במדבר כא, ח) ויאמר ה' אל משה עשה לך שרף לך משלך ואין אדם אוסר דבר שאינו שלו והתם בדין הוא דכתותי לא הוה צריך,אלא כיון דחזא דקא טעו ישראל בתריה עמד וכיתתו,אמר להם והלא כבר נאמר (שמואל ב ה, כא) ויעזבו שם את עצביהם וישאם דוד ואנשיו ומאי משמע דהאי וישאם דוד לישנא דזרויי הוא כדמתרגם רב יוסף (ישעיהו מא, טז) תזרם ורוח תשאם ומתרגמינן תזרינון ורוח תטלטלינון,אמרו לו משם ראיה הרי הוא אומר וישרפו באש ומדלא כתיב וישרפם וישאם ש"מ וישאם ממש,מכל מקום קשו קראי אהדדי,כדרב הונא דרב הונא רמי כתיב (דברי הימים א יד, יב) ויאמר דוד וישרפו באש וכתיב וישאם,לא קשיא כאן קודם שבא איתי הגיתי כאן לאחר שבא איתי הגיתי,דכתיב (שמואל ב יב, ל) ויקח את עטרת מלכם מעל ראשו ומשקלה ככר זהב ומי שרי איסורי הנאה נינהו אמר רב נחמן איתי הגיתי בא וביטלה,משקלה ככר זהב היכי מצי מנח לה אמר רב יהודה אמר רב ראויה לנוח על ראש דוד רבי יוסי ברבי חנינא אמר אבן שואבת היתה בה דהות דרא לה רבי אלעזר אמר אבן יקרה היתה בה ששוה ככר זהב:,(תהלים קיט, נו) זאת היתה לי כי פקודיך נצרתי מאי קאמר הכי קאמר בשכר שפקודיך נצרתי זאת היתה לי לעדות מאי עדותה א"ר יהושע בן לוי שהיה מניחה במקום תפילין והולמתו והא בעי אנוחי תפילין א"ר שמואל בר רב יצחק מקום יש בראש שראוי להניח בו שתי תפילין,(דברי הימים ב כג, יא) ויוציאו את בן המלך ויתנו עליו את הנזר ואת העדות נזר זו כלילא עדות א"ר יהודה אמר רב עדות הוא לבית דוד שכל הראוי למלכות הולמתו וכל שאינו ראוי למלכות אין הולמתו,(מלכים א א, ה) ואדניה בן חגית מתנשא לאמר אני אמלוך אמר רב יהודה אמר רב שמתנשא להולמו ולא הולמתו,(מלכים א א, ה) ויעש לו רכב ופרשים וחמשים איש רצים לפניו מאי רבותייהו תנא כולם נטולי טחול וחקוקי כפות הרגלים היו: | 44a. b the calf that you had made, I took and burned it with fire, and beat it in pieces, grinding it very small, until it was as fine as dust; and I cast its dust into the brook that descended out of the mount” /b (Deuteronomy 9:21)? Moses, who ground up the idolatrous golden calf and dispersed its dust, was apparently unconcerned with the fact that it may fertilize the soil.,The Rabbis b said to him: /b You seek to bring b proof from there? Doesn’t it state /b in the verse: “And he took the calf that they had made, and burned it with fire, and ground it to powder, b and strewed it upon the water, and made the children of Israel drink of it” /b (Exodus 32:20)? Moses ground up the calf b intending only to inspect them like i sota /i women, /b i.e., like a woman suspected by her husband of having been unfaithful. Such a woman is compelled to drink water containing the ground-up ink from a scroll of Torah passages relating to a i sota /i woman, which causes her to die if she was unfaithful, and exonerates her and bestows blessings upon her if she was faithful. Similarly, Moses ground up the calf in order to compel the people to drink, to cause the guilty parties to die., b Rabbi Yosei said to them: But isn’t it already stated /b concerning Asa: b “And he also removed Maacah his mother from being queen, because she had made an abominable image [ i miflatztah /i ] /b for an i ashera /i ; b and /b Asa b cut down her image, and burned it at the Kidron River” /b (see I Kings 15:13)? It seems that Asa was unconcerned that the ground-up idol may provide fertilization. b They said to him: /b You seek to bring b proof from there? The Kidron River does not grow vegetation, /b so even if the idol would have fertilized the soil, it would have been of no benefit.,The Gemara asks: b And does /b the Kidron River b not /b grow vegetation? b But isn’t it taught /b in a mishna ( i Yoma /i 58b): b This /b remainder of blood from the external altar b and that /b remainder of blood from the inner altar b are mixed in the /b Temple courtyard b drain /b beneath the altar, b and /b they b flow out /b with the water used to rinse the area, b to the Kidron River, and /b this water b is sold to gardeners for /b use as b fertilizer? /b The mishna continues: The gardeners pay for this water and thereby desacralize it, b and /b failure to do so would render them liable for b misuse /b of consecrated property. This is explicit proof that the Kidron River does yield produce. The Gemara answers: b There are /b different b places in /b the Kidron River area. b There is a place /b that b grows vegetation, and there is a place that does not grow vegetation. /b ,The Gemara tangentially inquires about the meaning of a word in the verse quoted above. b What /b is the meaning of b “ i miflatztah /i ”? Rav Yehuda says: /b It means an object b that intensifies [ i mafli /i ] licentiousness [ i leitzanuta /i ]; as Rabbi Yosef teaches: /b Maacah b fashioned /b upon the idol b the likeness of a male /b organ, b and she would engage in sexual activity with it daily. /b ,The i baraita /i continues: Rabbi Yosei attempts to cite another proof that grinding an object of idol worship is sufficient, from Hezekiah’s destruction of Moses’ serpent, which was worshipped by the Jewish people in Hezekiah’s time. b Rabbi Yosei said to them: But isn’t it already stated: “And he broke into pieces the brazen serpent that Moses had made; /b as until those days the children of Israel sacrificed to it” (II Kings 18:4)? This indicates that breaking an object of idol worship into pieces suffices.,The Rabbis b said to him: /b You seek to bring b proof from there? Doesn’t it state /b in the verse: b “And the Lord said to Moses: Make you a fiery serpent, /b and set it upon a pole; and it shall come to pass, that everyone that is bitten, when he sees it, shall live” (Numbers 21:8)? The term “make b you” /b is interpreted to mean that the Lord commanded Moses: Make the serpent b from your /b property. Consequently, the serpent belonged to Moses, b and /b the principle in such a case is that b a person does not render forbidden an item that is not his. /b Therefore, despite worshipping the serpent, the Jewish people could not render it a forbidden object of idol worship, b and by right, it was not necessary to demolish /b it b there. /b , b Rather, /b despite the fact that the serpent did not have the halakhic status of an object of idol worship, b since /b Hezekiah b saw that the Jewish people were straying after it, he arose and demolished it. /b Nevertheless, since this demolishing was not done in order to fulfill the obligation to eradicate objects of idol worship, but merely to prevent its worship, breaking it into pieces was sufficient.,Rabbi Yosei b said to /b the Rabbis, citing another proof for his opinion: b But isn’t it already stated: “And they left their images there, and David and his men took them away [ i vayyissa’em /i ]” /b (II Samuel 5:21)? b And from where may /b it b be inferred that /b the meaning of b this formulation: “ i Vayyissa’em /i David,” is winnowing, /b i.e., scattering in the wind? It is b as Rav Yosef translates /b the verse: b “ i Tizrem veruaḥ tissa’em /i ” /b (Isaiah 41:16), b and we translate /b it as follows: b “You shall fan them, and the wind shall carry them /b away.” Apparently, this way of disposing of idolatrous objects is sufficient.,The Rabbis b said to him: /b You seek to bring b proof from there? Doesn’t it state /b with regard to the same incident: “And they left their gods there; and David gave an order, b and they were burned with fire” /b (I Chronicles 14:12)? b And from /b the fact b that it is not written /b here: b And they burned them i vayyissa’em /i , learn from it /b that the word b i vayyissa’em /i /b is not referring to scattering in the wind, but rather it should be understood b literally, /b i.e., David and his men took the idols away; and it does not mean that they demolished and scattered them.,The Gemara asks: b In any case, the verses contradict each other. /b The two accounts with regard to David’s disposal of the idols seem inconsistent. One states that his men took them away or scattered them, while the other recounts that they burned them.,The Gemara answers b in accordance with /b the resolution b of Rav Huna, as Rav Huna raises a contradiction /b between the verses, as follows: b It is written: /b “And they left their gods there; b and David gave an order, and they were burned with fire” /b (I Chronicles 14:12), b and it is /b also b written: “And /b David and his men b took them away” /b (II Samuel 5:21).,Rav Huna answers: It is b not difficult. /b In the interim, Ittai the Gittite, who was a gentile, arrived, and David commanded him to revoke the idolatrous status of the idols, as only gentiles are capable of doing this. b Here, /b the verse that states that they burned the idols describes their actions b before Ittai the Gittite came, /b whereas b there, /b the verse that indicates that they simply carried them away is referring to b after Ittai the Gittite came /b and revoked their status as objects of idol worship, obviating the need to burn them.,Another difficulty is resolved by Ittai’s arrival; b as it is written /b with regard to the Ammonite idol: b “And he took the crown of Malcam from off his head, and its weight was a talent of gold, /b and in it were precious stones; and it was set on David’s head” (II Samuel 12:30). b But is it permitted /b for David to wear the crown? Isn’t it an object of idol worship and therefore under the category of b items from which /b deriving b benefit /b is b prohibited? Rav Naḥman says: Ittai the Gittite arrived and revoked /b its status as an object of idol worship.,§ The Gemara discusses David’s crown. The verse states: b “And its weight was a talent of gold.” /b As a talent is a very heavy weight, the Gemara asks: b How could /b David b place it /b on his head? b Rav Yehuda says /b that b Rav says: /b What is meant is not that it was actually placed on his head, but rather that b it was fit to rest on David’s head, /b i.e., it fit the size of his head. Giving a different answer, b Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, says: There was a lodestone in it that would hold it up, /b i.e., from which it was suspended. David sat and placed his head in it, giving the appearance that he was wearing it. b Rabbi Elazar says: /b What is meant is not that it weighed a full talent of gold, but rather that b there was a precious stone on it that was worth a talent of gold. /b ,The Gemara asks with regard to the verse: b “This I have had, as I have kept Your precepts” /b (Psalms 119:56): b What is it saying? /b The Gemara answers that b this /b is what the verse b is saying: As reward for /b the fact b that I kept your precepts, this /b crown b was a testimony for me /b that I am fit to be king. b What /b exactly b was its testimony? Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi says: /b It was b that /b David b would place /b the crown on his head b on the spot /b where one dons b phylacteries, and it fit him /b perfectly. The Gemara asks: b But /b how could he have worn the crown? b Wasn’t he required to don phylacteries? Rabbi Shmuel bar Rav Yitzḥak says: There is /b enough b space on /b the part of b the head that is fit for donning /b phylacteries for one to don b two phylacteries. /b ,Similarly, it is stated with regard to Joash: b “Then they brought out the king’s son, and put upon him the crown [ i hanezer /i ] and the testimony, /b and made him king” (II Chronicles 23:11). b “ i Nezer /i ” is a crown. /b What was the b “testimony”? Rav Yehuda says /b that b Rav says: It is a testimony for /b the progeny of b house of David that anyone who is fit for kingship, /b the crown b fits him /b properly; b and anyone who is unfit for kingship, /b the crown b does not fit him /b properly.,Similarly, the verse states: b “Now Adonijah, son of Haggith, exalted himself, saying: I will be king” /b (I Kings 1:5). b Rav Yehuda says /b that b Rav says: /b The term “exalted himself” b teaches that he sought to /b have the crown b fit him, but it did not fit him. /b ,The verse continues: b “And he prepared for himself chariots and riders and fifty people to run before him” /b (I Kings 1:5). The Gemara asks: b What /b is b the novelty of these /b actions, since other wealthy people do the same, even if they are not the sons of kings with designs on the throne? It is b taught /b in a i baraita /i that what was unique was that the runners b all had /b their b spleens removed and had the soles of their feet hollowed, /b i.e., flesh from their feet was removed, and these two procedures enhanced their speed. |
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| 64. Anon., Tanhuma, None Tagged with subjects: •r. eliezer b. hyrcanus Found in books: Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 348 |
| 65. Ezekiel The Tragedian, 4 Ezra, 52 Tagged with subjects: •eliezer ben hyrcanus, r. Found in books: Goodman (2006), Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays, 158 |
| 66. Anon., Pesiqta De Rav Kahana, 18.5 Tagged with subjects: •r. eliezer b. hyrcanus Found in books: Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 348 |
| 68. Anon., Lexicon Artis Grammaticae (E Cod. Coislin. 345), 34.14 Tagged with subjects: •r. eliezer b. hyrcanus Found in books: Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 495 |
| 69. Anon., Metzora, 1.1 Tagged with subjects: •r. eliezer b. hyrcanus Found in books: Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 348 |
| 70. Anon., Pirqe Rabbi Eliezer, 17 Tagged with subjects: •eliezer ben hyrcanus Found in books: Rubin (2008) Time and the Life Cycle in Talmud and Midrash: Socio-Anthropological Perspectives. 190 |
