The Ancient Mediterranean Religions Index Database

Results for
Please note: the results are produced through a computerized process which may frequently lead to errors, both in incorrect tagging and in other issues. Please use with caution.
Due to load times, full text fetching is currently attempted for validated results only.
Full texts for Hebrew Bible and rabbinic texts is kindly supplied by Sefaria; for Greek and Latin texts, by Perseus Scaife, for the Quran, by Tanzil.net

For a list of book indices included, see here.

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All subjects (including unvalidated):

subject	book bibliographic info
diocletian	Baumann and Liotsakis (2022) 230, 232, 234, 235 Breytenbach and Tzavella (2022) 1, 78, 117, 259 Cain (2016) 217 Czajkowski et al (2020) 55, 60, 73, 101, 247, 280, 383, 451, 469, 470, 480 Dijkstra and Raschle (2020) 232, 235 Gygax and Zuiderhoek (2021) 310 Janowitz (2002b) 111 Kahlos (2019) 25, 154 Katzoff(2005) 128 Kitzler (2015) 106 Kraemer (2020) 203 Lampe (2003) 195 Luck (2006) 470 Lynskey (2021) 33, 40 Maier and Waldner (2022) 8, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 103 Malherbe et al (2014) 658, 659, 672 Marek (2019) 2, 364, 378, 393, 414, 536, 541, 548, 549 Mitchell and Pilhofer (2019) 23, 24, 25, 49, 54, 61, 62, 67, 69, 73, 74, 78, 79, 80, 92, 96, 237, 238, 241 Moss (2012) 50, 126 Neusner Green and Avery-Peck (2022) 152, 154, 155 Price Finkelberg and Shahar (2021) 24, 243, 254, 255, 256, 257 Renberg (2017) 207, 208 Ruiz and Puertas (2021) 34, 229 Santangelo (2013) 120 Tacoma (2020) 132, 178, 181, 182, 186 Tanaseanu-Döbler and von Alvensleben (2020) 126, 128, 237 Taylor (2012) 146 Van Nuffelen (2012) 78, 159 de Ste. Croix et al. (2006) 37, 42, 65, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 139, 140, 160, 166
diocletian, and esquiline asklepieion, rome asklepieia	Renberg (2017) 207, 208
diocletian, and frontier defenses	Simmons(1995) 35
diocletian, and imperial tax system	Simmons(1995) 35
diocletian, and rebellions in the empire	Simmons(1995) 32
diocletian, and religious paganism	Simmons(1995) 25
diocletian, and the galerian hypothesis	Simmons(1995) 41
diocletian, and the great persecution	Simmons(1995) 24
diocletian, and the title jovias	Simmons(1995) 33, 68
diocletian, antioch, consulted at didyma by	Simmons(1995) 41
diocletian, antioch, residents fear	Simmons(1995) 43
diocletian, arnobius, associates jupiter with	Simmons(1995) 69, 70
diocletian, baths of	Edmonds (2019) 61, 63
diocletian, edict of	Griffiths (1975) 175 Radicke (2022) 221, 391, 447, 540, 554
diocletian, edict of and iseum campense	Griffiths (1975) 327
diocletian, edict of camp of	Griffiths (1975) 198
diocletian, edict of temple of hecate built by	Griffiths (1975) 299
diocletian, edict on maximum prices	Huttner (2013) 22, 167, 317
diocletian, emperor	Bruun and Edmondson (2015) 35, 191, 288, 294, 334, 364, 370 Hahn Emmel and Gotter (2008) 209, 210, 220 Humfress (2007) 44, 137, 245 Huttner (2013) 167, 274, 275, 276, 277, 288, 317, 335, 340, 343, 345, 346, 347, 350 Klein and Wienand (2022) 15, 88 Rüpke (2011) 156
diocletian, humiliates galerius	Simmons(1995) 43
diocletian, imperial conference of	Simmons(1995) 41, 70
diocletian, imperial theology of	Simmons(1995) 33, 68
diocletian, jupiter, associated with	Simmons(1995) 12
diocletian, leaves nicomedia	Simmons(1995) 44
diocletian, martyrs under	Simmons(1995) 202
diocletian, motives for persecuting christians	Simmons(1995) 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 45
diocletian, oracles, consulted by	Simmons(1995) 12, 41, 70
diocletian, oriental influence upon	Simmons(1995) 32
diocletian, perfectionist mentality of	Simmons(1995) 35
diocletian, persecution	Bremmer (2017) 310 Maier and Waldner (2022) 8, 88, 89
diocletian, personal belief in oracles	Simmons(1995) 36
diocletian, personality of	Simmons(1995) 35
diocletian, porphyry, influences	Simmons(1995) 8, 77
diocletian, prices, in prestigious ephesian architecture	Kalinowski (2021) 152
diocletian, prices, in “serapeion, ”	Kalinowski (2021) 152
diocletian, prices, quarries	Kalinowski (2021) 151, 152
diocletian, proclaimed germanicus maximus	Simmons(1995) 54
diocletian, reduction of the provinces	Simmons(1995) 36
diocletian, religious conservatism of	Simmons(1995) 37
diocletian, reorganizes imperial bureaucracy	Simmons(1995) 35
diocletian, retires at split	Simmons(1995) 45
diocletian, roman emperor	Bianchetti et al (2015) 361
diocletian, roman emperor, 284-305	Simmons(1995) 256, 261, 262, 324
diocletian, roman emperor, 284-305, 1st edict	Simmons(1995) 7, 43, 64, 81
diocletian, roman emperor, 284-305, 2nd edict	Simmons(1995) 82
diocletian, roman emperor, 284-305, 3rd edict	Simmons(1995) 44
diocletian, roman emperor, 284-305, 4th edict	Simmons(1995) 44, 84, 85, 86, 87
diocletian, roman emperor, 284-305, administrative skills	Simmons(1995) 35
diocletian, roman emperor, 284-305, armys support	Simmons(1995) 32
diocletian, roman emperor, 284-305, associated with jupiter	Simmons(1995) 12
diocletian, roman emperor, 284-305, background of	Simmons(1995) 32
diocletian, roman emperor, 284-305, building programme of	Simmons(1995) 35
diocletian, roman emperor, 284-305, chief instigator of persecution	Simmons(1995) 41
diocletian, roman emperor, 284-305, consults apollo at didyma	Simmons(1995) 12, 41, 70
diocletian, roman emperor, 284-305, creates the tetrarchy	Simmons(1995) 32
diocletian, roman emperor, 284-305, cruelty during the persecution	Simmons(1995) 44
diocletian, roman emperor, 284-305, eastern military limes of	Simmons(1995) 35
diocletian, roman emperor, 284-305, edict against incest	Simmons(1995) 37, 71, 81, 91
diocletian, roman emperor, 284-305, edict against the manichees	Simmons(1995) 37, 81
diocletian, roman emperor, 284-305, edict on maximum prices	Simmons(1995) 81, 107, 117
diocletian, roman emperor, 284-305, edicts against adultery	Simmons(1995) 70
diocletian, roman emperor, 284-305, edicts against the christians	Simmons(1995) 37, 90
diocletian, rome, baths of	Bruun and Edmondson (2015) 35
diocletian, sickness and death	Simmons(1995) 45
diocletian, superstitious nature of	Simmons(1995) 36
diocletian, temple construction under	Simmons(1995) 121
diocletian, theology, of	Malherbe et al (2014) 659
diocletian, to retire, leaves africa for nicomedia, says galerius forced	Simmons(1995) 45
diocletian, vicennalia of	Simmons(1995) 44, 82
diocletian, witnesses christians burning	Simmons(1995) 67
diocletianic, age, vaga, béja, and the	Simmons(1995) 188
diocletianic, era	Huttner (2013) 350
diocletianic, persecution	Keith (2020) 235
diocletians, age, saturn, in	Simmons(1995) 188
diocletians, bodyguard, christianity, and	Simmons(1995) 39
diocletians, court, leaves africa for nicomedia, teaches at	Simmons(1995) 34
diocletians, eastern caesar and later emperor galerius, caesar	Simmons(1995) 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 305
diocletians, eastern caesar and later emperor galerius, caesar, and palace fire at nicomedia	Simmons(1995) 44
diocletians, eastern caesar and later emperor galerius, caesar, edict of toleration of	Simmons(1995) 49
diocletians, eastern caesar and later emperor galerius, caesar, persian victory of	Simmons(1995) 43
diocletians, eastern caesar and later emperor galerius, caesar, so-called instigator of the persecution	Simmons(1995) 6, 42
diocletians, edict against, christianity	Simmons(1995) 37
diocletians, farewell speech at nicomedia	Simmons(1995) 45
diocletians, fourth edict, crispina, and	Simmons(1995) 85, 87, 126
diocletians, imperial conference about, persecutions, of christians	Simmons(1995) 25
diocletians, oracles, arnobius, alludes to	Simmons(1995) 8, 67
diocletians, palace in split	Bricault et al. (2007) 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328
diocletians, retirement, galerius, diocletians, eastern caesar and later emperor, caesar, and	Simmons(1995) 45
diocletians, retirement, lactantius, on	Simmons(1995) 45
diocletian’s, edict of maximum prices	Bruun and Edmondson (2015) 191, 288, 294, 370, 378, 379
diocletian’s, price edict, and cost of land transport	Parkins and Smith (1998) 133

List of validated texts:

8 validated results for "diocletian"

1. None, None, nan (2nd cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Diocletian

Found in books: Marek (2019) 536; de Ste. Croix et al. (2006) 42

2. Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History, 8.2, 8.2.4-8.2.5, 8.6, 8.6.8-8.6.10, 8.9.7, 8.11.1, 9.10.8 (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Arnobius, alludes to Diocletians oracles • Crispina, and Diocletians fourth edict • Diocletian • Diocletian, Roman emperor (284-305), 1st edict • Diocletian, Roman emperor (284-305), 3rd edict • Diocletian, Roman emperor (284-305), 4th edict • Diocletian, Roman emperor (284-305), administrative skills • Diocletian, Roman emperor (284-305), building programme of • Diocletian, Roman emperor (284-305), cruelty during the persecution • Diocletian, Roman emperor (284-305), eastern military limes of • Diocletian, and frontier defenses • Diocletian, and imperial tax system • Diocletian, and the title Jovias • Diocletian, humiliates Galerius • Diocletian, imperial theology of • Diocletian, leaves Nicomedia • Diocletian, motives for persecuting Christians • Diocletian, perfectionist mentality of • Diocletian, personality of • Diocletian, reorganizes imperial bureaucracy • Diocletian, vicennalia of • Diocletian, witnesses Christians burning • Galerius, Diocletians Eastern Caesar and later Emperor (Caesar, Persian Victory of • Galerius, Diocletians Eastern Caesar and later Emperor (Caesar, and palace fire at Nicomedia • Persecution, Diocletian • antioch, residents fear Diocletian • leaves Africa for Nicomedia, teaches at Diocletians court

Found in books: Esler (2000) 248, 832; Lynskey (2021) 33; Maier and Waldner (2022) 88, 103; Marek (2019) 541; Mitchell and Pilhofer (2019) 25, 67; Simmons(1995) 33, 34, 35, 43, 44, 67, 87; de Ste. Croix et al. (2006) 37, 140

8.2.4. It was in the nineteenth year of the reign of Diocletian, in the month Dystrus, called March by the Romans, when the feast of the Saviour's passion was near at hand, that royal edicts were published everywhere, commanding that the churches be leveled to the ground and the Scriptures be destroyed by fire, and ordering that those who held places of honor be degraded, and that the household servants, if they persisted in the profession of Christianity, be deprived of freedom." '
8.2.5. Such was the first edict against us. But not long after, other decrees were issued, commanding that all the rulers of the churches in every place be first thrown into prison, and afterwards by every artifice be compelled to sacrifice.

8.6.8. Such things occurred in Nicomedia at the beginning of the persecution. But not long after, as persons in the country called Melitene, and others throughout Syria, attempted to usurp the government, a royal edict directed that the rulers of the churches everywhere should be thrown into prison and bonds.
8.6.9. What was to be seen after this exceeds all description. A vast multitude were imprisoned in every place; and the prisons everywhere, which had long before been prepared for murderers and robbers of graves, were filled with bishops, presbyters and deacons, readers and exorcists, so that room was no longer left in them for those condemned for crimes.
8.6.10. And as other decrees followed the first, directing that those in prison if they would sacrifice should be permitted to depart in freedom, but that those who refused should be harassed with many tortures, how could any one, again, number the multitude of martyrs in every province, and especially of those in Africa, and Mauritania, and Thebais, and Egypt? From this last country many went into other cities and provinces, and became illustrious through martyrdom.
8.9.7. Such an one was Philoromus, who held a high office under the imperial government at Alexandria, and who administered justice every day, attended by a military guard corresponding to his rank and Roman dignity. Such also was Phileas, bishop of the church of Thmuis, a man eminent on account of his patriotism and the services rendered by him to his country, and also on account of his philosophical learning.
8.11.1. A small town of Phrygia, inhabited solely by Christians, was completely surrounded by soldiers while the men were in it. Throwing fire into it, they consumed them with the women and children while they were calling upon Christ. This they did because all the inhabitants of the city, and the curator himself, and the governor, with all who held office, and the entire populace, confessed themselves Christians, and would not in the least obey those who commanded them to worship idols.
9.10.8. When, therefore, before this, it became clear to our mind that under pretext of the command of our parents, the most divine Diocletian and Maximianus, which enjoined that the meetings of the Christians should be abolished, many extortions and spoliations had been practiced by officials; and that those evils were continually increasing, to the detriment of our provincials toward whom we are especially anxious to exercise proper care, and that their possessions were in consequence perishing, letters were sent last year to the governors of each province, in which we decreed that, if any one wished to follow such a practice or to observe this same religion, he should be permitted without hindrance to pursue his purpose and should be impeded and prevented by no one, and that all should have liberty to do without any fear or suspicion that which each preferred.' ". None

3. Lactantius, Divine Institutes, 5.2 (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Porphyry of Tyre, influenced Diocletian to launch Great Persecution • Porphyry, influences Diocletian

Found in books: Esler (2000) 850; Simmons(1995) 77

5.2. Therefore, because there have been wanting among us suitable and skilful teachers, who might vigorously and sharply refute public errors, and who might defend the whole cause of truth with elegance and copiousness, this very want incited some to venture to write against the truth, which was unknown to them. I pass by those who in former times in vain assailed it. When I was teaching rhetorical learning in Bithynia, having been called there, and it had happened that at the same time the temple of God was overthrown, there were living at the same place two men who insulted the truth as it lay prostrate and overthrown, I know not whether with greater arrogance or harshness: the one of whom professed himself the high priest of philosophy; but he was so addicted to vice, that, though a teacher of abstinence, he was not less inflamed with avarice than with lusts; so extravagant in his manner of living, that though in his school he was the maintainer of virtue, the praiser of parsimony and poverty, he dined less sumptuously in a palace than at his own house. Nevertheless he sheltered his vices by his hair and his cloak, and (that which is the greatest screen ) by his riches; and that he might increase these, he used to penetrate with wonderful effort to the friendships of the judges; and he suddenly attached them to himself by the authority of a fictitious name, not only that he might make a traffic of their decisions, but also that he might by this influence hinder his neighbours, whom he was driving from their homes and lands, from the recovery of their property. This man, in truth, who overthrew his own arguments by his character, or censured his own character by his arguments, a weighty censor and most keen accuser against himself, at the very same time in which a righteous people were impiously assailed, vomited forth three books against the Christian religion and name; professing, above all things, that it was the office of a philosopher to remedy the errors of men, and to recall them to the true way, that is, to the worship of the gods, by whose power and majesty, as he said, the world is governed; and not to permit that inexperienced men should be enticed by the frauds of any, lest their simplicity should be a prey and sustece to crafty men. Therefore he said that he had undertaken this office, worthy of philosophy, that he might hold out to those who do not see the light of wisdom, not only that they may return to a healthy state of mind, having undertaken the worship of the gods, but also that, having laid aside their pertinacious obstinacy, they may avoid tortures of the body, nor wish in vain to endure cruel lacerations of their limbs. But that it might be evident on what account he had laboriously worked out that task, he broke out profusely into praises of the princes, whose piety and foresight, as he himself indeed said, had been distinguished both in other matters, and especially in defending the religious rites of the gods; that he had, in short, consulted the interests of men, in order that, impious and foolish superstition having been restrained, all men might have leisure for lawful sacred rites, and might experience the gods propitious to them. But when he wished to weaken the grounds of that religion against which he was pleading, he appeared senseless, vain, and ridiculous; because that weighty adviser of the advantage of others was ignorant not only what to oppose, but even what to speak. For if any of our religion were present, although they were silent on account of the time, nevertheless in their mind they derided him; since they saw a man professing that he would enlighten others, when he himself was blind; that he would recall others from error, when he himself was ignorant where to plant his feet; that he would instruct others to the truth, of which he himself had never seen even a spark at any time; inasmuch as he who was a professor of wisdom, endeavoured to overthrow wisdom. All, however, censured this, that he undertook this work at that time in particular, in which odious cruelty raged. O philosopher, a flatterer, and a time-server! But this man was despised, as his vanity deserved; for he did not gain the popularity which he hoped for, and the glory which he eagerly sought for was changed into censure and blame. Another wrote the same subject with more bitterness, who was then of the number of the judges, and who was especially the adviser of enacting persecution; and not contented with this crime, he also pursued with writings those whom he had persecuted. For he composed two books, not against the Christians, lest he might appear to assail them in a hostile manner but to the Christians, that he might be thought to consult for them with humanity and kindness. And in these writings he endeavoured so to prove the falsehood of sacred Scripture, as though it were altogether contradictory to itself; for he expounded some chapters which seemed to be at variance with themselves, enumerating so many and such secret things, that he sometimes appears to have been one of the same sect. But if this was so, what Demosthenes will be able to defend from the charge of impiety him who became the betrayer of the religion to which he had given his assent, and of the faith the name of which he had assumed, and of the mystery which he had received, unless it happened by chance that the sacred writings fell into his hands? What rashness was it, therefore, to dare to destroy that which no one explained to him! It was well that he either learned nothing or understood nothing. For contradiction is as far removed from the sacred writings as he was removed from faith and truth. He chiefly, however, assailed Paul and Peter, and the other disciples, as disseminators of deceit, whom at the same time he testified to have been unskilled and unlearned. For he says that some of them made gain by the craft of fishermen, as though he took it ill that some Aristophanes or Aristarchus did not devise that subject. ''. None

4. Porphyry, Letter To Marcella, 18 (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Diocletian, and the Great Persecution • Porphyry of Tyre, influenced Diocletian to launch Great Persecution

Found in books: Esler (2000) 850; Simmons(1995) 24

18. The chief fruit of piety is to honour God according to the laws of our country, not deeming that God has need of anything, but that He calls us to honour Him by His truly reverend and blessed majesty. We are not harmed by reverencing God's altars, nor benefited by neglecting them. But whoever honours God under the impression that He is in need of him, unconsciously deems himself greater than God. 'Tis not the anger of the gods that injures us, but our own ignorance of their nature. Anger is foreign to the gods, for anger is involuntary, and there is nothing involuntary in God. Do not then dishonour the divine nature by false human opinions, since thou wilt not injure the eternally blessed One, whose immortal nature is incapable of injury, but thou wilt blind thyself to the conception of what is greatest and chiefest."". None

5. Porphyry, On Abstinence, 2.49.1 (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Diocletian, and the Great Persecution • Porphyry of Tyre, influenced Diocletian to launch Great Persecution

Found in books: Esler (2000) 850; Simmons(1995) 24

2.49.1. 49.Very properly, therefore, will the philosopher, and who is also the priest of the God that is above all things, abstain from all animal food, in consequence of earnestly endeavouring to approach through himself alone to the alone God 21, without being disturbed by any attendants. Such a one likewise is cautious, as being well acquainted with the necessities of nature. For he who is truly a philosopher, is skilled in, and an observer of many things, understands the works of nature, is sagacious, temperate and modest, and is in every respect the saviour of |74 himself. And as he who is the priest of a certain particular God, is skilled in placing the statues of that divinity, and in his orgies, mysteries and the like, thus also he who is the priest of the highest God, is skilled in the manner in which his statue ought to be fashioned, and in purifications, and other things, through which he is conjoined to this divinity.

6. None, None, nan (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Diocletian • Diocletian, Roman emperor (284-305), 1st edict • Diocletian, Roman emperor (284-305), 3rd edict • Diocletian, Roman emperor (284-305), 4th edict • Diocletian, Roman emperor (284-305), cruelty during the persecution • Diocletian, humiliates Galerius • Diocletian, leaves Nicomedia • Diocletian, vicennalia of • Galerius, Diocletians Eastern Caesar and later Emperor (Caesar, Persian Victory of • Galerius, Diocletians Eastern Caesar and later Emperor (Caesar, and palace fire at Nicomedia • antioch, residents fear Diocletian

Found in books: Dijkstra and Raschle (2020) 232; Simmons(1995) 43, 44

7. None, None, nan (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Arnobius, alludes to Diocletians oracles • Arnobius, associates Jupiter with Diocletian • Diocletian • Diocletian, Roman emperor (284-305), 1st edict • Diocletian, Roman emperor (284-305), 3rd edict • Diocletian, Roman emperor (284-305), 4th edict • Diocletian, Roman emperor (284-305), administrative skills • Diocletian, Roman emperor (284-305), building programme of • Diocletian, Roman emperor (284-305), chief instigator of persecution • Diocletian, Roman emperor (284-305), consults Apollo at Didyma • Diocletian, Roman emperor (284-305), cruelty during the persecution • Diocletian, Roman emperor (284-305), eastern military limes of • Diocletian, Roman emperor (284-305), edicts against adultery • Diocletian, and frontier defenses • Diocletian, and imperial tax system • Diocletian, and the Galerian Hypothesis • Diocletian, humiliates Galerius • Diocletian, imperial conference of • Diocletian, leaves Nicomedia • Diocletian, motives for persecuting Christians • Diocletian, perfectionist mentality of • Diocletian, personality of • Diocletian, reorganizes imperial bureaucracy • Diocletian, retires at Split • Diocletian, sickness and death • Diocletian, vicennalia of • Diocletian, witnesses Christians burning • Galerius, Diocletians Eastern Caesar and later Emperor (Caesar, Persian Victory of • Galerius, Diocletians Eastern Caesar and later Emperor (Caesar, and Diocletians retirement • Galerius, Diocletians Eastern Caesar and later Emperor (Caesar, and palace fire at Nicomedia • Lactantius, on Diocletians retirement • antioch, consulted at Didyma by Diocletian • antioch, residents fear Diocletian • christianity, and Diocletians bodyguard • leaves Africa for Nicomedia, says Galerius forced Diocletian to retire • nicomedia, Diocletians farewell speech at • oracles, consulted by Diocletian

Found in books: Dijkstra and Raschle (2020) 235; Esler (2000) 248, 833; Kahlos (2019) 154; Lynskey (2021) 33, 40; Maier and Waldner (2022) 93; Marek (2019) 541; Mitchell and Pilhofer (2019) 67; Simmons(1995) 35, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 67, 70; de Ste. Croix et al. (2006) 72, 73

8. None, None, nan (5th cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Diocletian

Found in books: Czajkowski et al (2020) 101; Katzoff(2005) 128

Please note: the results are produced through a computerized process which may frequently lead to errors, both in incorrect tagging and in other issues. Please use with caution.
Due to load times, full text fetching is currently attempted for validated results only.
Full texts for Hebrew Bible and rabbinic texts is kindly supplied by Sefaria; for Greek and Latin texts, by Perseus Scaife, for the Quran, by Tanzil.net

For a list of book indices included, see here.

Tiresias: The Ancient Mediterranean Religions Source Database