The Ancient Mediterranean Religions Index Database

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Please note: the results are produced through a computerized process which may frequently lead to errors, both in incorrect tagging and in other issues. Please use with caution.
Due to load times, full text fetching is currently attempted for validated results only.
Full texts for Hebrew Bible and rabbinic texts is kindly supplied by Sefaria; for Greek and Latin texts, by Perseus Scaife, for the Quran, by Tanzil.net

For a list of book indices included, see here.

graph

All subjects (including unvalidated):

subject	book bibliographic info
deacon	Alikin (2009), The Earliest History of the Christian Gathering, 56, 71, 73, 74, 75, 94, 197, 239, 252, 264, 265, 266, 272, 273 Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 26, 31, 91, 103, 104, 130, 143, 370, 376, 379, 399, 404, 406 Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 436, 437, 516, 642 Poorthuis Schwartz and Turner (2009), Interaction Between Judaism and Christianity in History, Religion, Art, and Literature, 117
deacon, and defensor sabinus ecclesiae	Humfress (2007), Oppian's Halieutica: Charting a Didactic Epic, 171
deacon, asclepiades	de Ste. Croix et al. (2006), Christian Persecution, Martyrdom, and Orthodoxy, 284
deacon, at paulinus, ecclesiastical notary and milan	Humfress (2007), Oppian's Halieutica: Charting a Didactic Epic, 177
deacon, constantine	de Ste. Croix et al. (2006), Christian Persecution, Martyrdom, and Orthodoxy, 308
deacon, crispinus	de Ste. Croix et al. (2006), Christian Persecution, Martyrdom, and Orthodoxy, 309
deacon, dorotheus, doctor and	Amsler (2023), Knowledge Construction in Late Antiquity, 92, 93
deacon, in alexander laodicea	Huttner (2013), Early Christianity in the Lycus Valley, 275
deacon, in euphronius laodicea	Huttner (2013), Early Christianity in the Lycus Valley, 274, 317, 318
deacon, in john hierapolis	Huttner (2013), Early Christianity in the Lycus Valley, 274
deacon, in phileas laodicea	Huttner (2013), Early Christianity in the Lycus Valley, 274, 352, 354
deacon, in theodorus hierapolis	Huttner (2013), Early Christianity in the Lycus Valley, 13, 274
deacon, johannes the	Amsler (2023), Knowledge Construction in Late Antiquity, 87
deacon, john the	McGowan (1999), Ascetic Eucharists: Food and Drink in Early Christian Ritual Meals, 123
deacon, life of saint porphyrius, dreams, in late antique and medieval christian literature, mark the	Renberg (2017), Where Dreams May Come: Incubation Sanctuaries in the Greco-Roman World, 759
deacon, marcus mark the diaconus	Kahlos (2019), Religious Dissent in Late Antiquity, 350-450, 61, 62
deacon, mark the	Dijkstra and Raschle (2020), Religious Violence in the Ancient World: From Classical Athens to Late Antiquity, 2, 63 Kraemer (2020), The Mediterranean Diaspora in Late Antiquity: What Christianity Cost the Jews, 174
deacon, mark the marnas, temple of	Kraemer (2020), The Mediterranean Diaspora in Late Antiquity: What Christianity Cost the Jews, 174, 175, 303, 305
deacon, offices, christian, diakonos	Mitchell and Pilhofer (2019), Early Christianity in Asia Minor and Cyprus: From the Margins to the Mainstream, 19, 25, 56, 59, 135, 149, 159, 232
deacon, olympiodorus of alexandria, the	Amsler (2023), Knowledge Construction in Late Antiquity, 259
deacon, paul the	Ayres Champion and Crawford (2023), The Intellectual World of Late Antique Christianity: Reshaping Classical Traditions. 747 Berglund Crostini and Kelhoffer (2022), Why We Sing: Music, Word, and Liturgy in Early Christianity, 466
deacon, peter the	Konig (2022), The Folds of Olympus: Mountains in Ancient Greek and Roman Culture, 335
deacon, philip	Berglund Crostini and Kelhoffer (2022), Why We Sing: Music, Word, and Liturgy in Early Christianity, 70, 71, 73
deacon, quodvultdeus	Humfress (2007), Oppian's Halieutica: Charting a Didactic Epic, 217, 248, 249
deacon, subdeacon,	Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 143
deacon, varimadus, arian	Humfress (2007), Oppian's Halieutica: Charting a Didactic Epic, 231
deacon/deaconess	Ogereau (2023), Early Christianity in Macedonia: From Paul to the Late Sixth Century. 92, 97, 99, 113, 120, 125, 127, 129, 131, 141, 146, 154, 178, 179, 180, 244, 245, 254, 255, 300, 311, 321
deaconate	Gray (2021), Gregory of Nyssa as Biographer: Weaving Lives for Virtuous Readers, 115, 120, 177, 204, 220
deacons	Berglund Crostini and Kelhoffer (2022), Why We Sing: Music, Word, and Liturgy in Early Christianity, 57, 260, 261, 345, 400, 406, 422 Ernst (2009), Martha from the Margins: The Authority of Martha in Early Christian Tradition, 180, 181, 231, 234, 235, 236, 238, 239, 240, 244, 245, 250, 259, 268, 288 Lunn-Rockliffe (2007), The Letter of Mara bar Sarapion in Context, 108, 110, 112, 115 Vinzent (2013), Christ's Resurrection in Early Christianity and the Making of the New Testament, 63, 70, 76, 185, 208, 209 van den Broek (2013), Gnostic Religion in Antiquity, 112
deacons, at rome	Lunn-Rockliffe (2007), The Letter of Mara bar Sarapion in Context, 16, 20, 21, 22, 81, 84, 113, 114, 115, 125
deacons, in early christianity, women	Pinheiro Bierl and Beck (2013), Anton Bierl? and Roger Beck?, Intende, Lector - Echoes of Myth, Religion and Ritual in the Ancient Novel, 151
deacons, may baptize	Sider (2001), Christian and Pagan in the Roman Empire: The Witness of Tertullian, 120
deacons, sub-deacons,	Berglund Crostini and Kelhoffer (2022), Why We Sing: Music, Word, and Liturgy in Early Christianity, 428
deacons, women as	Ernst (2009), Martha from the Margins: The Authority of Martha in Early Christian Tradition, 4, 181, 202, 234, 235
deacons/deaconesses, christian	Breytenbach and Tzavella (2022), Early Christianity in Athens, Attica, and Adjacent Areas, 113, 242, 243, 245, 265, 279, 282, 290, 295, 308, 309, 310, 311, 321, 334, 348, 350, 352, 355, 503

List of validated texts:

10 validated results for "deacon"

1. Anon., Didache, 15.1 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • deacon • deacons

Found in books: Alikin (2009), The Earliest History of the Christian Gathering, 71, 73, 197, 264; Berglund Crostini and Kelhoffer (2022), Why We Sing: Music, Word, and Liturgy in Early Christianity, 406

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15.1 Therefore, appoint for yourselves bishops and deacons worthy of the Lord, men meek, and not lovers of money, 1 Timothy 3:4 and truthful and proven; for they also render to you the service of prophets and teachers. Despise them not therefore, for they are your honoured ones, together with the prophets and teachers. And reprove one another, not in anger, but in peace, as you have it in the Gospel; Matthew 18:15-17 but to every one that acts amiss against another, let no one speak, nor let him hear anything from you until he repents. But your prayers and alms and all your deeds so do, as you have it in the Gospel of our Lord. '' None

2. Clement of Rome, 1 Clement, 42.1-42.3, 44.3 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Deacon • deacon • deacons

Found in books: Alikin (2009), The Earliest History of the Christian Gathering, 264; Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 399; Vinzent (2013), Christ's Resurrection in Early Christianity and the Making of the New Testament, 70

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42.1 The apostles have preached the gospel to us from the Lord Jesus Christ; Jesus Christ has done so from God. Christ therefore was sent forth by God, and the apostles by Christ. Both these appointments, then, were made in an orderly way, according to the will of God. Having therefore received their orders, and being fully assured by the resurrection of our Lord Jesus Christ, and established in the word of God, with full assurance of the Holy Ghost, they went forth proclaiming that the kingdom of God was at hand. And thus preaching through countries and cities, they appointed the first fruits of their labours, having first proved them by the Spirit, to be bishops and deacons of those who should afterwards believe. Nor was this any new thing, since indeed many ages before it was written concerning bishops and deacons. For thus says the Scripture in a certain place, I will appoint their bishops in righteousness, and their deacons in faith. ^44.3 Our apostles also knew, through our Lord Jesus Christ, that there would be strife on account of the office of the episcopate. For this reason, therefore, inasmuch as they had obtained a perfect fore-knowledge of this, they appointed those ministers already mentioned, and afterwards gave instructions, that when these should fall asleep, other approved men should succeed them in their ministry. We are of opinion, therefore, that those appointed by them, or afterwards by other eminent men, with the consent of the whole church, and who have blamelessly served the flock of Christ, in a humble, peaceable, and disinterested spirit, and have for a long time possessed the good opinion of all, cannot be justly dismissed from the ministry. For our sin will not be small, if we eject from the episcopate those who have blamelessly and holily fulfilled its duties. Blessed are those presbyters who, having finished their course before now, have obtained a fruitful and perfect departure from this world; for they have no fear lest any one deprive them of the place now appointed them. But we see that you have removed some men of excellent behaviour from the ministry, which they fulfilled blamelessly and with honour. '' None

3. New Testament, Acts, 2.46, 6.1-6.2, 12.12-12.13 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Deacon • deacon • deacons • deacons, at Rome • deacons, women as

Found in books: Alikin (2009), The Earliest History of the Christian Gathering, 71; Berglund Crostini and Kelhoffer (2022), Why We Sing: Music, Word, and Liturgy in Early Christianity, 400; Ernst (2009), Martha from the Margins: The Authority of Martha in Early Christian Tradition, 202; Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 370; Lunn-Rockliffe (2007), The Letter of Mara bar Sarapion in Context, 21

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2.46 καθʼ ἡμέραν τε προσκαρτεροῦντες ὁμοθυμαδὸν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ, κλῶντές τε κατʼ οἶκον ἄρτον, μετελάμβανον τροφῆς ἐν ἀγαλλιάσει καὶ ἀφελότητι καρδίας, ^6.1 ΕΝ ΔΕ ΤΑΙΣ ΗΜΕΡΑΙΣ ταύταις πληθυνόντων τῶν μαθητῶν ἐγένετο γογγυσμὸς τῶν Ἑλληνιστῶν πρὸς τοὺς Ἐβραίους ὅτι παρεθεωροῦντο ἐν τῇ διακονίᾳ τῇ καθημερινῇ αἱ χῆραι αὐτῶν. ^6.2 προσκαλεσάμενοι δὲ οἱ δώδεκα τὸ πλῆθος τῶν μαθητῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἀρεστόν ἐστιν ἡμᾶς καταλείψαντας τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ διακονεῖν τραπέζαις· ^12.12 συνιδών τε ἦλθεν ἐπὶ τὴν οἰκίαν τῆς Μαρίας τῆς μητρὸς Ἰωάνου τοῦ ἐπικαλουμένου Μάρκου, οὗ ἦσαν ἱκανοὶ συνηθροισμένοι καὶ προσευχόμενοι. ^12.13 κρούσαντος δὲ αὐτοῦ τὴν θύραν τοῦ πυλῶνος προσῆλθε παιδίσκη ὑπακοῦσαι ὀνόματι Ῥόδη,'' None

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2.46 Day by day, continuing steadfastly with one accord in the temple, and breaking bread at home, they took their food with gladness and singleness of heart, ^6.1 Now in those days, when the number of the disciples was multiplying, there arose a grumbling of the Grecian Jews against the Hebrews because their widows were neglected in the daily service. ^6.2 The twelve summoned the multitude of the disciples and said, "It is not appropriate for us to forsake the word of God and serve tables. ^12.12 Thinking about that, he came to the house of Mary, the mother of John whose surname was Mark, where many were gathered together and were praying. ^12.13 When Peter knocked at the door of the gate, a maid named Rhoda came to answer. '' None

4. New Testament, Colossians, 3.12 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • deacon/deaconess • offices (Christian), diakonos (deacon)

Found in books: Mitchell and Pilhofer (2019), Early Christianity in Asia Minor and Cyprus: From the Margins to the Mainstream, 135; Ogereau (2023), Early Christianity in Macedonia: From Paul to the Late Sixth Century. 99

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3.12 Ἐνδύσασθε οὖν ὡς ἐκλεκτοὶ τοῦ θεοῦ, ἅγιοι καὶ ἠγαπημένοι, σπλάγχνα οἰκτιρμοῦ, χρηστότητα, ταπεινοφροσύνην, πραΰτητα, μακροθυμίαν,'' None

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3.12 Put on therefore, as God's elect, holy and beloved, a heart of compassion, kindness, lowliness, humility, and perseverance; "" None

5. New Testament, Galatians, 6.6 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Deacon • deacon

Found in books: Alikin (2009), The Earliest History of the Christian Gathering, 273; Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 370

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6.6 Κοινωνείτω δὲ ὁ κατηχούμενος τὸν λόγον τῷ κατηχοῦντι ἐν πᾶσιν ἀγαθοῖς.'' None

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6.6 But let him who is taught in the word share all goodthings with him who teaches. '' None

6. New Testament, Philippians, 1.1, 4.2-4.3 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • deacon • deacon/deaconess • deacons, women as

Found in books: Alikin (2009), The Earliest History of the Christian Gathering, 71; Ernst (2009), Martha from the Margins: The Authority of Martha in Early Christian Tradition, 202; Ogereau (2023), Early Christianity in Macedonia: From Paul to the Late Sixth Century. 92, 99

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1.1 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΙΜΟΘΕΟΣ δοῦλοι Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ πᾶσιν τοῖς ἁγίοις ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ τοῖς οὖσιν ἐν Φιλίπποιςσὺν ἐπισκόποις καὶ διακόνοις· ^4.2 Εὐοδίαν παρακαλῶ καὶ Συντύχην παρακαλῶ τὸ αὐτὸ φρονεῖν ἐν κυρίῳ. ^4.3 ναὶ ἐρωτῶ καὶ σέ, γνήσιε σύνζυγε, συνλαμβάνου αὐταῖς, αἵτινες ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ συνήθλησάν μοι μετὰ καὶ Κλήμεντος καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν συνεργῶν μου, ὧν τὰ ὀνόματα ἐνβίβλῳ ζωῆς.'' None

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1.1 Paul and Timothy, servants of Jesus Christ; To all the saints in Christ Jesus who are at Philippi, with the overseers and deacons: ^4.2 I exhort Euodia, and I exhort Syntyche, to think the same way in the Lord. ^4.3 Yes, I beg you also, true yoke-fellow, help these women, for they labored with me in the gospel, with Clement also, and the rest of my fellow workers, whose names are in the book of life. '' None

7. Justin, First Apology, 67.4-67.5 (2nd cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • deacon • deacons

Found in books: Alikin (2009), The Earliest History of the Christian Gathering, 74; Berglund Crostini and Kelhoffer (2022), Why We Sing: Music, Word, and Liturgy in Early Christianity, 57

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67.4 And we afterwards continually remind each other of these things. And the wealthy among us help the needy; and we always keep together; and for all things wherewith we are supplied, we bless the Maker of all through His Son Jesus Christ, and through the Holy Ghost. And on the day called Sunday, all who live in cities or in the country gather together to one place, and the memoirs of the apostles or the writings of the prophets are read, as long as time permits; then, when the reader has ceased, the president verbally instructs, and exhorts to the imitation of these good things. Then we all rise together and pray, and, as we before said, when our prayer is ended, bread and wine and water are brought, and the president in like manner offers prayers and thanksgivings, according to his ability, and the people assent, saying Amen; and there is a distribution to each, and a participation of that over which thanks have been given, and to those who are absent a portion is sent by the deacons. And they who are well to do, and willing, give what each thinks fit; and what is collected is deposited with the president, who succours the orphans and widows and those who, through sickness or any other cause, are in want, and those who are in bonds and the strangers sojourning among us, and in a word takes care of all who are in need. But Sunday is the day on which we all hold our common assembly, because it is the first day on which God, having wrought a change in the darkness and matter, made the world; and Jesus Christ our Saviour on the same day rose from the dead. For He was crucified on the day before that of Saturn (Saturday); and on the day after that of Saturn, which is the day of the Sun, having appeared to His apostles and disciples, He taught them these things, which we have submitted to you also for your consideration. ^67.5 And we afterwards continually remind each other of these things. And the wealthy among us help the needy; and we always keep together; and for all things wherewith we are supplied, we bless the Maker of all through His Son Jesus Christ, and through the Holy Ghost. And on the day called Sunday, all who live in cities or in the country gather together to one place, and the memoirs of the apostles or the writings of the prophets are read, as long as time permits; then, when the reader has ceased, the president verbally instructs, and exhorts to the imitation of these good things. Then we all rise together and pray, and, as we before said, when our prayer is ended, bread and wine and water are brought, and the president in like manner offers prayers and thanksgivings, according to his ability, and the people assent, saying Amen; and there is a distribution to each, and a participation of that over which thanks have been given, and to those who are absent a portion is sent by the deacons. And they who are well to do, and willing, give what each thinks fit; and what is collected is deposited with the president, who succours the orphans and widows and those who, through sickness or any other cause, are in want, and those who are in bonds and the strangers sojourning among us, and in a word takes care of all who are in need. But Sunday is the day on which we all hold our common assembly, because it is the first day on which God, having wrought a change in the darkness and matter, made the world; and Jesus Christ our Saviour on the same day rose from the dead. For He was crucified on the day before that of Saturn (Saturday); and on the day after that of Saturn, which is the day of the Sun, having appeared to His apostles and disciples, He taught them these things, which we have submitted to you also for your consideration. '' None

8. Tertullian, On Baptism, 17 (2nd cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • deacons • deacons; may baptize

Found in books: Lunn-Rockliffe (2007), The Letter of Mara bar Sarapion in Context, 108; Sider (2001), Christian and Pagan in the Roman Empire: The Witness of Tertullian, 120

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17 For concluding our brief subject, it remains to put you in mind also of the due observance of giving and receiving baptism. of giving it, the chief priest (who is the bishop) has the right: in the next place, the presbyters and deacons, yet not without the bishop's authority, on account of the honour of the Church, which being preserved, peace is preserved. Beside these, even laymen have the right; for what is equally received can be equally given. Unless bishops, or priests, or deacons, be on the spot, other disciples are called i.e. to the work. The word of the Lord ought not to be hidden by any: in like manner, too, baptism, which is equally God's property, can be administered by all. But how much more is the rule of reverence and modesty incumbent on laymen- seeing that these powers belong to their superiors - lest they assume to themselves the specific function of the bishop! Emulation of the episcopal office is the mother of schisms. The most holy apostle has said, that all things are lawful, but not all expedient. Let it suffice assuredly, in cases of necessity, to avail yourself (of that rule, if at any time circumstance either of place, or of time, or of person compels you (so to do); for then the steadfast courage of the succourer, when the situation of the endangered one is urgent, is exceptionally admissible; inasmuch as he will be guilty of a human creature's loss if he shall refrain from bestowing what he had free liberty to bestow. But the woman of pertness, who has usurped the power to teach, will of course not give birth for herself likewise to a right of baptizing, unless some new beast shall arise like the former; so that, just as the one abolished baptism, so some other should in her own right confer it! But if the writings which wrongly go under Paul's name, claim Thecla's example as a licence for women's teaching and baptizing, let them know that, in Asia, the presbyter who composed that writing, as if he were augmenting Paul's fame from his own store, after being convicted, and confessing that he had done it from love of Paul, was removed from his office. For how credible would it seem, that he who has not permitted a woman even to learn with over-boldness, should give a female the power of teaching and of baptizing! Let them be silent, he says, and at home consult their own husbands. 1 Corinthians 14:34-35 "" None

9. None, None, nan (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Christian, deacons/deaconesses • Deacon

Found in books: Breytenbach and Tzavella (2022), Early Christianity in Athens, Attica, and Adjacent Areas, 308; Lampe (2003), Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries: From Paul to Valentinus, 404

10. None, None, nan
Tagged with subjects: • Christian, deacons/deaconesses • deacon/deaconess

Found in books: Breytenbach and Tzavella (2022), Early Christianity in Athens, Attica, and Adjacent Areas, 334; Ogereau (2023), Early Christianity in Macedonia: From Paul to the Late Sixth Century. 146

Please note: the results are produced through a computerized process which may frequently lead to errors, both in incorrect tagging and in other issues. Please use with caution.
Due to load times, full text fetching is currently attempted for validated results only.
Full texts for Hebrew Bible and rabbinic texts is kindly supplied by Sefaria; for Greek and Latin texts, by Perseus Scaife, for the Quran, by Tanzil.net

For a list of book indices included, see here.

Tiresias: The Ancient Mediterranean Religions Source Database