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Tiresias: The Ancient Mediterranean Religions Source Database

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Full texts for Hebrew Bible and rabbinic texts is kindly supplied by Sefaria; for Greek and Latin texts, by Perseus Scaife, for the Quran, by Tanzil.net

For a list of book indices included, see here.

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All subjects (including unvalidated):
subject book bibliographic info
boule/council Riess (2012) 24, 40, 41, 80, 82, 90, 170, 215, 249
council Putthoff (2016) 110, 113, 114, 115, 120
Raaflaub Ober and Wallace (2007) 28, 60, 64, 119
council, amphictyonic Amendola (2022) 198
council, and atlantis, areopagus Sommerstein and Torrance (2014) 152, 155
council, and sparta, areopagus Sommerstein and Torrance (2014) 281, 283, 305, 310, 312
council, apostolic Humfress (2007) 154
council, apostolic, = acts Lieu (2015) 245, 247
council, areopagite Csapo (2022) 202, 203, 212
council, areopagos Henderson (2020) 68, 69, 85, 87, 88, 89, 91, 180, 202
council, areopagus Mikalson (2016) 173, 209
Sommerstein and Torrance (2014) 18, 37, 38, 40, 91, 286, 381
council, assembly Mackil and Papazarkadas (2020) 91, 92, 93, 98, 102, 103, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 149, 158
council, athenian council, boule Raaflaub Ober and Wallace (2007) 77, 84, 85, 88, 90, 92, 93, 101, 107, 119
council, authority of Ando and Ruepke (2006) 124
council, boule Henderson (2020) 31, 32, 33, 81, 137, 146, 147, 177, 180, 207, 217, 221, 223, 224, 233, 270, 280, 282, 292
Kalinowski (2021) 24, 29
Liddel (2020) 14, 19, 21, 33, 37, 76, 112, 192, 228
Stavrianopoulou (2013) 313, 317
council, boule, local Bruun and Edmondson (2015) 253, 254, 255, 256
council, cf. boule, councilors/bouleutai, Riess (2012) 40, 41, 282
council, chian Raaflaub Ober and Wallace (2007) 54, 60, 64
council, city Benefiel and Keegan (2016) 166
council, city’s Gabrielsen and Paganini (2021) 41, 56, 58, 59, 160, 209, 221
council, diomeia deme, areopagus Sommerstein and Torrance (2014) 330
council, divine Verhelst and Scheijnens (2022) 45
council, ecumenical Berglund Crostini and Kelhoffer (2022) 465
council, emperor’s, consilium, advisory Bruun and Edmondson (2015) 276, 281
council, ephebic oath, areopagus Sommerstein and Torrance (2014) 21, 27, 39, 83, 117, 339
council, ephesus Berglund Crostini and Kelhoffer (2022) 490
council, erchia deme, areopagus Sommerstein and Torrance (2014) 172, 330
council, gods of Parker (2005) 404, 405
council, keryx, of areopagus Mikalson (2016) 58, 59, 60, 136, 219
council, laodicea, of Luck (2006) 23
council, membership, law, roman imperial period, on Marek (2019) 433
council, narbonne, gaul Berglund Crostini and Kelhoffer (2022) 428
council, nicaea Berglund Crostini and Kelhoffer (2022) 465, 490
council, nicaea of Ruiz and Puertas (2021) 83, 84, 86, 87, 89
council, no sessions during festivals Parker (2005) 160
council, nocturnal Horkey (2019) 124, 125, 137, 138, 139, 140
Ker and Wessels (2020) 3, 5, 94, 105, 106, 107, 108
council, nocturnal, laws Ebrey and Kraut (2022) 262
council, of de Ste. Croix et al. (2006) 305
council, of 398 ce, carthage Kraemer (2020) 212
council, of 411 ce, carthage Kraemer (2020) 213
council, of 419 ce, carthage Kraemer (2020) 251, 292
council, of 421 ce, carthage Kraemer (2020) 292
council, of aachen Bay (2022) 44
council, of ad Simmons(1995) 124
council, of ad, chalcedon Humfress (2007) 235, 260
council, of ad, christian inscriptions at Simmons(1995) 96
council, of ancyra Kahlos (2019) 141
de Ste. Croix et al. (2006) 47, 50, 63, 95
council, of ancyra in 314 Rohmann (2016) 54
council, of areopagus Raaflaub Ober and Wallace (2007) 4, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 80, 82, 108, 109, 110, 113, 114, 116, 141, 143, 165
council, of ariminum Malherbe et al (2014) 666
council, of arles de Ste. Croix et al. (2006) 92, 95, 96, 217
council, of auxerre Johnston and Struck (2005) 116
council, of bagai, donatist Humfress (2007) 265
council, of care for the dead, carthage Gygax and Zuiderhoek (2021) 298
council, of carthage Penniman (2017) 197
Wilson (2018) 122, 134, 231, 267, 279
council, of carthage in 398 Rohmann (2016) 115, 223
council, of carthage on martyr shrines and dreams, dreams, in late antique and medieval christianity Renberg (2017) 760
council, of carthage, Yates and Dupont (2020) 195, 296
council, of carthage, 397 McGowan (1999) 89, 107, 111, 123
council, of carthage, ad 418 Beatrice (2013) 31, 84, 86
council, of chalcedon Dignas Parker and Stroumsa (2013) 191
Dijkstra and Raschle (2020) 349, 350, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 362, 363, 370, 372, 373, 377, 386, 387, 393, 397, 400, 405
Gygax and Zuiderhoek (2021) 282, 283
Kraemer (2020) 199
Poorthuis and Schwartz (2014) 264
de Ste. Croix et al. (2006) 210, 241, 260, 264, 266, 268, 270, 274, 276, 277, 278, 279, 282, 283, 284, 285, 291, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 319
council, of chalcedon in 451 Rohmann (2016) 100, 230, 259, 293
council, of chalkedon, Marek (2019) 542
council, of churches, world Stanton (2021) 7
council, of consilium, advisory Bruun and Edmondson (2015) 276, 281, 285
council, of constantinople Ando and Ruepke (2006) 123
Poorthuis and Schwartz (2014) 233
council, of constantinople in 553, second Rohmann (2016) 116
council, of elders Schwartz (2008) 453, 487, 531
council, of elders, gerousia, see also Schwartz (2008) 404
council, of elijah, elivira Kessler (2004) 154
council, of elite, elvira Rüpke (2011) 165
council, of elvira Humfress (2007) 255
Kahlos (2019) 68, 69
de Ste. Croix et al. (2006) 80, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 159, 160, 351
council, of ephesos Kraemer (2020) 255
council, of ephesus Arthur-Montagne DiGiulio and Kuin (2022) 214, 215
Doble and Kloha (2014) 295
council, of ephesus in 431 Rohmann (2016) 115, 119
council, of ephesus, first Dijkstra and Raschle (2020) 372
Gygax and Zuiderhoek (2021) 273
council, of ephesus, second Gygax and Zuiderhoek (2021) 273
council, of first de Ste. Croix et al. (2006) 243, 268, 276, 277, 299, 305
council, of five hundred Raaflaub Ober and Wallace (2007) 4, 5, 64, 67, 76, 108, 114, 115, 119, 136, 142, 145, 165, 174, 175, 177, 183, 190
council, of four hundred Raaflaub Ober and Wallace (2007) 63, 64, 65, 69, 82, 143, 147
council, of gerousia elders Lampe (2003) 432
council, of heraclea Dijkstra and Raschle (2020) 383, 384
council, of hippo, 393 McGowan (1999) 89, 111
council, of jamnia Goodman (2006) 70
council, of jerusalem Stanton (2021) 7
council, of jerusalem in 415 Rohmann (2016) 246
council, of lakoff, g., latopolis Dilley (2019) 162
council, of lamynthius, laodicea, church Cosgrove (2022) 331, 337
council, of laodicea Brooten (1982) 45
Humfress (2007) 229
council, of laodikea Kraemer (2020) 369
council, of narses, kamsarakan, nicea Hahn Emmel and Gotter (2008) 48
council, of nativity, nicaea Mendez (2022) 5
council, of neocaesarea van , t Westeinde (2021) 113
council, of nevşehir, nicaea Kraemer (2020) 99, 100, 112
council, of new jerusalem, nicaea, znik, first Tabbernee (2007) 50, 301, 310, 366, 371, 377
council, of nicaea Ando and Ruepke (2006) 121
Brooten (1982) 225
Dijkstra and Raschle (2020) 339
Goodman (2006) 216
Kahlos (2019) 92, 93
Poorthuis Schwartz and Turner (2009) 440
council, of nicaea in 325 Rohmann (2016) 33, 34
council, of nicea Doble and Kloha (2014) 292
Van Nuffelen (2012) 7
council, of nikaia in bithynia, today i̇znik, Marek (2019) 542, 549
council, of orléans Rüpke (2011) 166
council, of parnassas Humfress (2007) 260
council, of polis, gerusia elders Marek (2019) 429
council, of rimini Ando and Ruepke (2006) 123
council, of saragossa Poorthuis and Schwartz (2014) 252, 256
council, of saragossa, 380 McGowan (1999) 214
council, of saragossa, caesaraugusta Tabbernee (2007) 285, 349
council, of second de Ste. Croix et al. (2006) 251
council, of second, ‘robber’ de Ste. Croix et al. (2006) 264, 270, 277, 278, 283, 291, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 308, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317
council, of sirmium Kahlos (2019) 113
council, of strategoi Jouanna (2018) 635
council, of sweden, sveriges kristna christian råd Berglund Crostini and Kelhoffer (2022) 34
council, of tetrarchs, galatia/galatians/celts Marek (2019) 290
council, of the areopagos Stanton (2021) 92, 218, 223
council, of the five hundred, bouleutic oath Barbato (2020) 74, 75
council, of the five hundred, composition Barbato (2020) 45, 72, 73
council, of the five hundred, discursive parameters Barbato (2020) 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80
council, of the five hundred, eligibility Barbato (2020) 45
council, of the five hundred, frequency of sessions Barbato (2020) 45
council, of the five hundred, historical allusions Barbato (2020) 75, 76
council, of the five hundred, meeting place Barbato (2020) 45
council, of the five hundred, myths at the Barbato (2020) 47
council, of the five hundred, ober, j., on the Barbato (2020) 73
council, of the five hundred, origins Barbato (2020) 43, 44
council, of the five hundred, pay Barbato (2020) 45
council, of the five hundred, powers Barbato (2020) 74
council, of the five hundred, prytaneis Barbato (2020) 45
council, of the gods, hypnos/somnus, in lucians Renberg (2017) 117
council, of toledo in 589, third Rohmann (2016) 274
council, of toledo in 633, fourth Rohmann (2016) 279
council, of trent Poorthuis and Schwartz (2014) 201, 202, 311
van , t Westeinde (2021) 27
council, of writings, ketubim, canonical division, yabneh Jassen (2014) 58
council, of yavneh Iricinschi et al. (2013) 370
council, otryne deme, areopagus Sommerstein and Torrance (2014) 330
council, pre-kleisthenic Humphreys (2018) 562, 586
council, pre-kleisthenic, lists Humphreys (2018) 731, 732, 961, 1216
council, pre-kleisthenic, quota Humphreys (2018) 727, 730, 776, 786, 787, 793, 794, 824, 919, 925, 952, 1010
council, quinisext ecumenical Tabbernee (2007) 303
council, royal Jouanna (2018) 505, 506
council, second vatican Poorthuis and Schwartz (2014) 202, 203, 436
council, spartan councilmen, athenian, bouleutai, gerontes Raaflaub Ober and Wallace (2007) 39, 40, 48
council, spartan, gerousia Raaflaub Ober and Wallace (2007) 64
council, stoa of the basileus, areopagus Sommerstein and Torrance (2014) 138
council, tricorythus deme, areopagus Sommerstein and Torrance (2014) 330
council, vatican ii Berglund Crostini and Kelhoffer (2022) 19, 34, 35, 200
council/councilmen, polis Marek (2019) 141, 425, 426, 433
councils Czajkowski et al (2020) 50, 144, 146, 162, 164, 165, 167, 193, 196, 199, 214, 215, 217, 225, 227, 234, 257, 276, 277, 278, 279, 287, 292, 293, 294, 295, 300, 324, 325, 335, 376
Huttner (2013) 284, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328
councils, and conferences Gera (2014) 6, 7, 61, 67, 135, 136, 137, 138, 179, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 346, 417
councils, and conferences, terms for Gera (2014) 219, 229, 356
councils, at de Ste. Croix et al. (2006) 83, 162, 184, 308, 309
councils, beth qatraye Monnickendam (2020) 38
councils, carthage Yates and Dupont (2020) 195
councils, chalcedon Huttner (2013) 281, 283, 316, 318, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328
Langworthy (2019) 1, 101
councils, church Humfress (2007) 208, 209, 210, 211
de Ste. Croix et al. (2006) 274
councils, city Gygax and Zuiderhoek (2021) 110, 123, 128, 129, 233, 246, 251, 260, 311
councils, city. see decurions, decurionate, “crematio”, as form of execution Kraemer (2020) 91, 99, 100
councils, constantinople Huttner (2013) 294, 295, 314, 327
Langworthy (2019) 6, 134, 145, 146, 153, 155, 156, 163
councils, ecumenical Ramelli (2013) 462, 466, 736, 737
councils, ephesus i Huttner (2013) 275, 300, 314, 315, 316, 319, 327
councils, ephesus ii Huttner (2013) 274, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 325
councils, local Bruun and Edmondson (2015) 675
councils, nicaea Langworthy (2019) 3
councils, nicea Huttner (2013) 277, 283, 284, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 314, 319, 327
councils, of carthage, church Humfress (2007) 208, 267
councils, of constantinople Humfress (2007) 209
councils, of ephesus Kahlos (2019) 70, 71, 117, 118
councils, of hippo Humfress (2007) 168, 203
councils/gatherings, anti-montanist, at antioch, in church syria, ? Tabbernee (2007) 54, 55
councils/gatherings, anti-montanist, at constantinople, church Tabbernee (2007) 302, 303, 331, 378, 394
councils/gatherings, anti-montanist, at hierapolis, church Tabbernee (2007) 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 41, 53
councils/gatherings, anti-montanist, at iconium, church Tabbernee (2007) 79, 80, 121, 122, 302
councils/gatherings, anti-montanist, at laodicea ad lycum, church Tabbernee (2007) 301, 302, 367, 370, 394, 395
councils/gatherings, anti-montanist, at nicaea?, church Tabbernee (2007) 301, 377
councils/gatherings, anti-montanist, at sardica?, church Tabbernee (2007) 301
councils/gatherings, anti-montanist, at sardis?, church Tabbernee (2007) 25, 26
councils/gatherings, anti-montanist, church Tabbernee (2007) 5, 45, 89, 100, 127, 301, 302, 303, 394, 395
councils/synods Breytenbach and Tzavella (2022) 4, 20, 21, 117, 148, 249, 283, 333, 334, 355, 356
councils’, control of public finance, undermining of city Gygax and Zuiderhoek (2021) 311
elders/council, of elders Fraade (2011) 103, 224, 278, 279, 287, 295, 302, 303, 305, 306, 326, 327, 332, 340, 341, 484, 485, 496, 497, 498, 560

List of validated texts:
36 validated results for "council"
1. Hebrew Bible, Deuteronomy, 18.22 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Elders/Council of Elders • church councils/gatherings(anti-Montanist)

 Found in books: Fraade (2011) 287; Tabbernee (2007) 100


18.22. אֲשֶׁר יְדַבֵּר הַנָּבִיא בְּשֵׁם יְהוָה וְלֹא־יִהְיֶה הַדָּבָר וְלֹא יָבוֹא הוּא הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר לֹא־דִבְּרוֹ יְהוָה בְּזָדוֹן דִּבְּרוֹ הַנָּבִיא לֹא תָגוּר מִמֶּנּוּ׃''. None		18.22. When a prophet speaketh in the name of the LORD, if the thing follow not, nor come to pass, that is the thing which the LORD hath not spoken; the prophet hath spoken it presumptuously, thou shalt not be afraid of him.''. None
2. Hebrew Bible, Exodus, 18.21 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Council • Elders/Council of Elders

 Found in books: Fraade (2011) 295; Putthoff (2016) 113


18.21. וְאַתָּה תֶחֱזֶה מִכָּל־הָעָם אַנְשֵׁי־חַיִל יִרְאֵי אֱלֹהִים אַנְשֵׁי אֱמֶת שֹׂנְאֵי בָצַע וְשַׂמְתָּ עֲלֵהֶם שָׂרֵי אֲלָפִים שָׂרֵי מֵאוֹת שָׂרֵי חֲמִשִּׁים וְשָׂרֵי עֲשָׂרֹת׃''. None		18.21. Moreover thou shalt provide out of all the people able men, such as fear God, men of truth, hating unjust gain; and place such over them, to be rulers of thousands, rulers of hundreds, rulers of fifties, and rulers of tens.''. None
3. Homer, Iliad, 2.139 (8th cent. BCE - 7th cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • council • councils and conferences

 Found in books: Gera (2014) 135; Raaflaub Ober and Wallace (2007) 28


2.139. ἀλλʼ ἄγεθʼ ὡς ἂν ἐγὼ εἴπω πειθώμεθα πάντες·''. None		2.139. and lo, our ships' timbers are rotted, and the tackling loosed; and our wives, I ween, and little children sit in our halls awaiting us; yet is our task wholly unaccomplished in furtherance whereof we came hither. Nay, come, even as I shall bid, let us all obey: "". None
4. None, None, nan (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Areopagite council • Areopagus Council

 Found in books: Csapo (2022) 202; Sommerstein and Torrance (2014) 18
5. None, None, nan (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Areopagite council • councils and conferences

 Found in books: Csapo (2022) 202; Gera (2014) 196
6. Euripides, Suppliant Women, 406-407 (5th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Areopagite council • council,, of five hundred

 Found in books: Csapo (2022) 212; Raaflaub Ober and Wallace (2007) 5


406. δῆμος δ' ἀνάσσει διαδοχαῖσιν ἐν μέρει"407. ἐνιαυσίαισιν, οὐχὶ τῷ πλούτῳ διδοὺς' "'. None		406. by one man, but is free. The people rule in succession year by year, allowing no preference to wealth, but the poor man shares equally with the rich. Herald'407. by one man, but is free. The people rule in succession year by year, allowing no preference to wealth, but the poor man shares equally with the rich. Herald '. None
7. Hebrew Bible, Nehemiah, 8.2-8.3 (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Elders/Council of Elders • councils and conferences, terms for

 Found in books: Fraade (2011) 306; Gera (2014) 229


8.2. וַיָּבִיא עֶזְרָא הַכֹּהֵן אֶת־הַתּוֹרָה לִפְנֵי הַקָּהָל מֵאִישׁ וְעַד־אִשָּׁה וְכֹל מֵבִין לִשְׁמֹעַ בְּיוֹם אֶחָד לַחֹדֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִי׃ 8.3. וַיִּקְרָא־בוֹ לִפְנֵי הָרְחוֹב אֲשֶׁר לִפְנֵי שַׁעַר־הַמַּיִם מִן־הָאוֹר עַד־מַחֲצִית הַיּוֹם נֶגֶד הָאֲנָשִׁים וְהַנָּשִׁים וְהַמְּבִינִים וְאָזְנֵי כָל־הָעָם אֶל־סֵפֶר הַתּוֹרָה׃''. None		8.2. And Ezra the priest brought the Law before the congregation, both men and women, and all that could hear with understanding, upon the first day of the seventh month. 8.3. And he read therein before the broad place that was before the water gate from early morning until midday, in the presence of the men and the women, and of those that could understand; and the ears of all the people were attentive unto the book of the Law.''. None
8. Plato, Laws, None (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Nocturnal Council • composition, of the nocturnal council • council, nocturnal • nocturnal council • nocturnal council (Laws)

 Found in books: Bartels (2017) 190, 196; Ebrey and Kraut (2022) 262; Horkey (2019) 124, 125, 138, 139; Ker and Wessels (2020) 3, 105, 106; Liatsi (2021) 64


715e. αὐτὸς αὑτοῦ ὁρᾷ, γέρων δὲ ὀξύτατα. ΚΛ. ἀληθέστατα. ΑΘ. τί δὴ τὸ μετὰ ταῦτα; ἆρʼ οὐχ ἥκοντας μὲν καὶ παρόντας θῶμεν τοὺς ἐποίκους, τὸν δʼ ἑξῆς αὐτοῖς διαπεραντέον ἂν εἴη λόγον; ΚΛ. πῶς γὰρ οὔ; ΑΘ. ἄνδρες τοίνυν φῶμεν πρὸς αὐτούς, ὁ μὲν δὴ θεός, ὥσπερ καὶ ὁ παλαιὸς λόγος, ἀρχήν τε καὶ τελευτὴν καὶ' 968b. παιδείας ὁπόσης διεληλύθαμεν κοινωνὸν γενόμενον· ἢ πῶς ποιῶμεν; ΚΛ. ἀλλʼ, ὦ λῷστε, πῶς οὐ προσοίσομεν, ἄν πῃ καὶ κατὰ βραχὺ δυνηθῶμεν; ΑΘ. καὶ μὴν πρός γε τὸ τοιοῦτον ἁμιλληθῶμεν πάντες. συλλήπτωρ γὰρ τούτου γε ὑμῖν καὶ ἐγὼ γιγνοίμην ἂν προθύμως—πρὸς δʼ ἐμοὶ καὶ ἑτέρους ἴσως εὑρήσω—διὰ τὴν περὶ τὰ τοιαῦτʼ ἐμπειρίαν τε καὶ σκέψιν γεγονυῖάν μοι καὶ μάλα συχνήν. ΚΛ. ἀλλʼ, ὦ ξένε, παντὸς μὲν μᾶλλον ταύτῃ πορευτέον ᾗπερ καὶ ὁ θεὸς ἡμᾶς σχεδὸν ἄγει· τίς δὲ ὁ τρόπος ἡμῖν 968c. γιγνόμενος ὀρθῶς γίγνοιτʼ ἄν, τοῦτο δὴ τὰ νῦν λέγωμέν τε καὶ ἐρευνῶμεν. ΑΘ. οὐκέτι νόμους, ὦ Μέγιλλε καὶ Κλεινία, περὶ τῶν τοιούτων δυνατόν ἐστιν νομοθετεῖν, πρὶν ἂν κοσμηθῇ—τότε δὲ κυρίους ὧν αὐτοὺς δεῖ γίγνεσθαι νομοθετεῖν—ἀλλὰ ἤδη τὸ τὰ τοιαῦτα κατασκευάζον διδαχὴ μετὰ συνουσίας πολλῆς γίγνοιτʼ ἄν, εἰ γίγνοιτο ὀρθῶς. ΚΛ. πῶς; τί τοῦτο εἰρῆσθαι φῶμεν αὖ; ΑΘ. πρῶτον μὲν δήπου καταλεκτέος ἂν εἴη κατάλογος '. None		715e. when he is young, but at its keenest when he is old. Clin. Very true. Ath. What, then, is to be our next step? May we not assume that our immigrants have arrived and are in the country, and should we not proceed with our address to them? Clin. of course. Ath. Let us, then, speak to them thus:— O men, that God who, as old tradition tells, holdeth the beginning, the end, and the center of all things that exist,' 968b. or what are we to do? Clin. of course we shall add this law, my excellent sir, if we can possibly do so, even to a small extent. Ath. Then, verily, let us all strive to do so. And herein you will find me a most willing helper, owing to my very long experience and study of this subject; and perhaps I shall discover other helpers also besides myself. Clin. Well, Stranger, we most certainly must proceed on that path along which God too, it would seem, is conducting us. But what is the right method for us to employ,— 968c. that is what we have now got to discover and state. Ath. It is not possible at this stage, Megillus and Clinias, to enact laws for such a body, before it has been duly framed; when it is, its members must themselves ordain what authority they should possess; but it is already plain that what is required in order to form such a body, if it is to be rightly formed, is teaching by means of prolonged conferences. Clin. How so? What now are we to understand by this observation? Ath. Surely we must first draw up a list '. None
9. Aeschines, Letters, 1.19-1.20, 3.187 (4th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Council (boule) • Council of the Five Hundred, composition • Council of the Five Hundred, eligibility • Council of the Five Hundred, frequency of sessions • Council of the Five Hundred, meeting place • Council of the Five Hundred, pay • Council of the Five Hundred, prytaneis • boule (Council) • keryx, of Areopagus Council

 Found in books: Barbato (2020) 45; Henderson (2020) 32; Liddel (2020) 76; Mikalson (2016) 136


1.19. And what does he say? “If any Athenian,” he says, “shall have prostituted his person, he shall not be permitted to become one of the nine archons,” because, no doubt, that official wears the wreath;The myrtle wreath was worn as sign of the sacred character of the office, and it protected the person from assault.“nor to discharge the office of priest,” as being not even clean of body; “nor shall he act as an advocate for the state,” he says, “nor shall ever hold any office whatsoever, at home or abroad,whether filled by lot or by election; nor shall he be a herald or an ambassador” 1.20. —nor shall he prosecute men who have served as ambassadors, nor shall he be a hired slanderer— “nor ever address senate or assembly,” not even though he be the most eloquent orator in Athens. And if any one contrary to these prohibitions, the lawgiver has provided for criminal process on the charge of prostitution, and has prescribed the heaviest penalties therefor. Read to the jury this law also, that you may know, gentlemen, in the face of what established laws of yours, so good and so moral, Timarchus has had the effrontery to speak before the people—a man whose character is so notorious.
3.187. Again, in the Metroön you may see the reward that you gave to the band from Phyle , who brought the people back from exile. For Archinus of Coele, one of the men who brought back the people, was the author of the resolution. He moved, first, to give them for sacrifice and dedicatory offerings a thousand drachmas, less than ten drachmas per man; then that they be crowned each with a crown of olive (not of gold, for then the crown of olive was prized, but today even a crown of gold is held in disdain). And not even this will he allow to be done carelessly, but only after careful examination by the Senate, to determine who of them actually stood siege at Phyle when the Lacedaemonians and the Thirty made their attack, not those who deserted their post—as at Chaeroneia—in the face of the advancing enemy. As proof of what I say, the clerk shall read the resolution to you. Resolution as to the Reward of the Band from Phyle''. None
10. None, None, nan (4th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Areopagite council • Areopagus Council • Areopagus, council of • Council (boule) • Council of the Five Hundred, Bouleutic Oath • Council of the Five Hundred, composition • Council of the Five Hundred, discursive parameters • Council of the Five Hundred, eligibility • Council of the Five Hundred, frequency of sessions • Council of the Five Hundred, meeting place • Council of the Five Hundred, origins • Council of the Five Hundred, pay • Council of the Five Hundred, powers • Council of the Five Hundred, prytaneis • Council, pre-Kleisthenic, lists • Council, pre-Kleisthenic, quota • boule (Council) • council • council,, Chian • council,, Spartan (gerousia) • council,, of five hundred • council,, of four hundred

 Found in books: Barbato (2020) 43, 44, 45, 74; Csapo (2022) 203; Henderson (2020) 32; Humphreys (2018) 730, 731, 776, 786, 793; Liddel (2020) 33; Mikalson (2016) 209; Raaflaub Ober and Wallace (2007) 4, 60, 64, 66, 67, 80, 82, 109, 143
11. None, None, nan (4th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Areopagos Council • Areopagus, council of • boule (Council) • council,, of four hundred

 Found in books: Henderson (2020) 180; Raaflaub Ober and Wallace (2007) 82
12. Septuagint, 2 Maccabees, 11.27, 13.13, 13.21 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Council of Elders • Gerousia, see also Council of Elders • councils and conferences

 Found in books: Gera (2014) 137, 179; Schwartz (2008) 404, 453, 487


11.27. To the nation the king's letter was as follows:'King Antiochus to the senate of the Jews and to the other Jews, greeting.'" "
13.13. After consulting privately with the elders, he determined to march out and decide the matter by the help of God before the king's army could enter Judea and get possession of the city.'" "
13.21. But Rhodocus, a man from the ranks of the Jews, gave secret information to the enemy; he was sought for, caught, and put in prison.'"". None
13. None, None, nan (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Elders/Council of Elders • Qumran literature, councils

 Found in books: Flatto (2021) 72; Fraade (2011) 224, 295
14. None, None, nan (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Council • Elders/Council of Elders • Qumran literature, councils • Qumran literature, councils and community

 Found in books: Flatto (2021) 74; Fraade (2011) 224; Putthoff (2016) 110, 114, 120
15. Josephus Flavius, Jewish Antiquities, 4.129-4.130, 4.218, 4.224, 5.234, 6.35-6.36, 6.84-6.85 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Elders/Council of Elders • Gerousia (council of elders) • councils and conferences

 Found in books: Flatto (2021) 37, 84, 85, 88, 91, 92; Fraade (2011) 224, 295, 341; Gera (2014) 214


4.129. ὑμεῖς δ' εἰ νίκην τινὰ πρὸς βραχὺν καιρὸν κατ' αὐτῶν κερδᾶναι ποθεῖτε, τύχοιτ' ἂν αὐτῆς ταῦτα ποιήσαντες: τῶν θυγατέρων τὰς μάλιστα εὐπρεπεῖς καὶ βιάσασθαι καὶ νικῆσαι τὴν τῶν ὁρώντων σωφροσύνην ἱκανὰς διὰ τὸ κάλλος ἀσκήσαντες τὴν εὐμορφίαν αὐτῶν ἐπὶ τὸ μᾶλλον εὐπρεπὲς πέμψατε πλησίον ἐσομένας τοῦ ἐκείνων στρατοπέδου, καὶ δεομένοις συνεῖναι τοῖς νεανίαις αὐτῶν προστάξατε." "
4.218. ἂν δ' οἱ δικασταὶ μὴ νοῶσι περὶ τῶν ἐπ' αὐτοὺς παρατεταγμένων ἀποφήνασθαι, συμβαίνει δὲ πολλὰ τοιαῦτα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις, ἀναπεμπέτωσαν τὴν δίκην εἰς τὴν ἱερὰν πόλιν, καὶ συνελθόντες ὅ τε ἀρχιερεὺς καὶ ὁ προφήτης καὶ ἡ γερουσία τὸ δοκοῦν ἀποφαινέσθωσαν." "
4.224. παραχωροίη δὲ οὗτος τοῖς μὲν νόμοις καὶ τῷ θεῷ τὰ πλείονα τοῦ φρονεῖν, πρασσέτω δὲ μηδὲν δίχα τοῦ ἀρχιερέως καὶ τῆς τῶν γερουσιαστῶν γνώμης γάμοις τε μὴ πολλοῖς χρώμενος μηδὲ πλῆθος διώκων χρημάτων μηδ' ἵππων, ὧν αὐτῷ παραγενομένων ὑπερήφανος ἂν τῶν νόμων ἔσοιτο. κωλυέσθω δ', εἰ τούτων τι διὰ σπουδῆς ἔχοι, γίγνεσθαι τοῦ συμφέροντος ὑμῖν δυνατώτερος." '
5.234. ἀφικνεῖται σὺν αὐτοῖς εἰς τὸν πατρῷον οἶκον καὶ κτείνει πάντας τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς πλὴν ̓Ιωθάμου: σώζεται γὰρ οὗτος διαφυγεῖν εὐτυχήσας. ̓Αβιμέλεχος δὲ εἰς τυραννίδα τὰ πράγματα μεθίστησι κύριον αὑτὸν ὅ τι βούλεται ποιεῖν ἀντὶ τῶν νομίμων ἀποδείξας καὶ δεινῶς πρὸς τοὺς τοῦ δικαίου προϊσταμένους ἐκπικραινόμενος.' "
6.35. ̔Ο δὲ λαὸς ἐξυβριζόντων εἰς τὴν προτέραν κατάστασιν καὶ πολιτείαν τῶν τοῦ προφήτου παίδων χαλεπῶς τε τοῖς πραττομένοις ἔφερε καὶ πρὸς αὐτὸν συντρέχουσι, διέτριβε δ' ἐν ̓Αρμαθᾶ πόλει, καὶ τάς τε τῶν υἱῶν παρανομίας ἔλεγον καὶ ὅτι γηραιὸς ὢν αὐτὸς ἤδη καὶ παρειμένος ὑπὸ τοῦ χρόνου τῶν πραγμάτων οὐκέτι τὸν αὐτὸν προεστάναι δύναται τρόπον: ἐδέοντό τε καὶ ἱκέτευον ἀποδεῖξαί τινα αὐτῶν βασιλέα, ὃς ἄρξει τοῦ ἔθνους καὶ τιμωρήσεται Παλαιστίνους ὀφείλοντας ἔτ' αὐτοῖς δίκας τῶν προτέρων ἀδικημάτων." "
6.35. ἔτι τούτων πλείω περὶ Σαούλου καὶ τῆς εὐψυχίας λέγειν ἠδυνάμην ὕλην ἡμῖν χορηγησάσης τῆς ὑποθέσεως, ἀλλ' ἵνα μὴ φανῶμεν ἀπειροκάλως αὐτοῦ χρῆσθαι τοῖς ἐπαίνοις, ἐπάνειμι πάλιν ἀφ' ὧν εἰς τούτους ἐξέβην." '6.36. ἐλύπησαν δὲ σφόδρα τὸν Σαμουῆλον οἱ λόγοι διὰ τὴν σύμφυτον δικαιοσύνην καὶ τὸ πρὸς τοὺς βασιλέας μῖσος: ἥττητο γὰρ δεινῶς τῆς ἀριστοκρατίας ὡς θείας καὶ μακαρίους ποιούσης τοὺς χρωμένους αὐτῆς τῇ πολιτείᾳ.' "6.36. τοῦ δ' ἀρχιερέως διώκειν κελεύσαντος ἐκπηδήσας μετὰ τῶν ἑξακοσίων ὁπλιτῶν εἵπετο τοῖς πολεμίοις: παραγενόμενος δ' ἐπί τινα χειμάρρουν Βάσελον λεγόμενον καὶ πλανωμένῳ τινὶ περιπεσὼν Αἰγυπτίῳ μὲν τὸ γένος ὑπ' ἐνδείας δὲ καὶ λιμοῦ παρειμένῳ, τρισὶ γὰρ ἡμέραις ἐν τῇ ἐρημίᾳ πλανώμενος ἄσιτος διεκαρτέρησε, πρῶτον αὐτὸν ποτῷ καὶ τροφῇ παραστησάμενος καὶ ἀναλαβὼν ἐπύθετο, τίς τε εἴη καὶ πόθεν." '
6.84. ἐπὶ γὰρ Μωυσέος καὶ τοῦ μαθητοῦ αὐτοῦ ̓Ιησοῦ, ὃς ἦν στρατηγὸς, ἀριστοκρατούμενοι διετέλουν: μετὰ δὲ τὴν ἐκείνου τελευτὴν ἔτεσι τοῖς πᾶσι δέκα καὶ πρὸς τούτοις ὀκτὼ τὸ πλῆθος αὐτῶν ἀναρχία κατέσχε.' "6.85. μετὰ ταῦτα δ' εἰς τὴν προτέραν ἐπανῆλθον πολιτείαν τῷ κατὰ πόλεμον ἀρίστῳ δόξαντι γεγενῆσθαι καὶ κατ' ἀνδρείαν περὶ τῶν ὅλων δικάζειν ἐπιτρέποντες: καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον τῆς πολιτείας κριτῶν ἐκάλεσαν." ". None		4.129. So that if you have a mind to gain a victory over them for a short space of time, you will obtain it by following my directions:—Do you therefore set out the handsomest of such of your daughters as are most eminent for beauty, and proper to force and conquer the modesty of those that behold them, and these decked and trimmed to the highest degree you are able. Then do you send them to be near the Israelites’ camp, and give them in charge, that when the young men of the Hebrews desire their company, they allow it them;
4.218. But if these judges be unable to give a just sentence about the causes that come before them, (which case is not unfrequent in human affairs,) let them send the cause undetermined to the holy city, and there let the high priest, the prophet, and the sanhedrim, determine as it shall seem good to them.
4.224. let him submit to the laws, and esteem God’s commands to be his highest wisdom; but let him do nothing without the high priest and the votes of the senators: let him not have a great number of wives, nor pursue after abundance of riches, nor a multitude of horses, whereby he may grow too proud to submit to the laws. And if he affect any such things, let him be restrained, lest he become so potent that his state be inconsistent with your welfare.
5.234. and when he had got money of such of them as were eminent for many instances of injustice, he came with them to his father’s house, and slew all his brethren, except Jotham, for he had the good fortune to escape and be preserved; but Abimelech made the government tyrannical, and constituted himself a lord, to do what he pleased, instead of obeying the laws; and he acted most rigidly against those that were the patrons of justice.
6.35. 3. But the people, upon these injuries offered to their former constitution and government by the prophet’s sons, were very uneasy at their actions, and came running to the prophet, who then lived at the city Ramah, and informed him of the transgressions of his sons; and said, That as he was himself old already, and too infirm by that age of his to oversee their affairs in the manner he used to do,
6.35. I could say more than this about Saul and his courage, the subject affording matter sufficient; but that I may not appear to run out improperly in his commendation, I return again to that history from which I made this digression. 6.36. And when the high priest bade him to pursue after them, he marched apace, with his four hundred men, after the enemy; and when he was come to a certain brook called Besor, and had lighted upon one that was wandering about, an Egyptian by birth, who was almost dead with want and famine, (for he had continued wandering about without food in the wilderness three days,) he first of all gave him sustece, both meat and drink, and thereby refreshed him. He then asked him to whom he belonged, and whence he came. 6.36. o they begged of him, and entreated him, to appoint some person to be king over them, who might rule over the nation, and avenge them of the Philistines, who ought to be punished for their former oppressions. These words greatly afflicted Samuel, on account of his innate love of justice, and his hatred to kingly government, for he was very fond of an aristocracy, as what made the men that used it of a divine and happy disposition;
6.84. for in the days of Moses, and his disciple Joshua, who was their general, they continued under an aristocracy; but after the death of Joshua, for eighteen years in all, the multitude had no settled form of government, but were in an anarchy; 6.85. after which they returned to their former government, they then permitted themselves to be judged by him who appeared to be the best warrior and most courageous, whence it was that they called this interval of their government the Judges.' '. None
16. Josephus Flavius, Against Apion, 2.164-2.165, 2.184-2.187, 2.194 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Elders/Council of Elders • Gerousia (council of elders)

 Found in books: Flatto (2021) 102; Fraade (2011) 341


2.164. οὐκοῦν ἄπειροι μὲν αἱ κατὰ μέρος τῶν ἐθῶν καὶ τῶν νόμων παρὰ τοῖς ἅπασιν ἀνθρώποις διαφοραί, * κεφαλαιωδῶς ἂν ἐπίοι τις: οἱ μὲν γὰρ μοναρχίαις, οἱ δὲ ταῖς ὀλίγων δυναστείαις, ἄλλοι δὲ' "2.165. τοῖς πλήθεσιν ἐπέτρεψαν τὴν ἐξουσίαν τῶν πολιτευμάτων. ὁ δ' ἡμέτερος νομοθέτης εἰς μὲν τούτων οὐδοτιοῦν ἀπεῖδεν, ὡς δ' ἄν τις εἴποι βιασάμενος τὸν λόγον θεοκρατίαν ἀπέδειξε τὸ πολίτευμα" "
2.184. ̔Ημῖν δὲ τοῖς πεισθεῖσιν ἐξ ἀρχῆς τεθῆναι τὸν νόμον κατὰ θεοῦ βούλησιν οὐδ' εὐσεβὲς ἦν τοῦτον μὴ φυλάττειν: τί γὰρ αὐτοῦ τις ἂν μετακινήσειεν ἢ τί κάλλιον ἐξεῦρεν ἢ τί παρ' ἑτέρων ὡς ἄμεινον μετήνεγκεν; ἆρά γε τὴν ὅλην κατάστασιν τοῦ πολιτεύματος;" '2.185. καὶ τίς ἂν καλλίων ἢ δικαιοτέρα γένοιτο τῆς θεὸν μὲν ἡγεμόνα τῶν ὅλων πεποιημένης, τοῖς ἱερεῦσι δὲ κοινῇ μὲν τὰ μέγιστα διοικεῖν ἐπιτρεπούσης, τῷ δὲ πάντων ἀρχιερεῖ πάλιν αὖ πεπιστευκυίας' "2.186. τὴν τῶν ἄλλων ἱερέων ἡγεμονίαν; οὓς οὐ κατὰ πλοῦτον οὐδέ τισιν ἄλλαις προύχοντας αὐτομάτοις πλεονεξίαις τὸ πρῶτον εὐθὺς ὁ νομοθέτης ἐπὶ τὴν τιμὴν ἔταξεν, ἀλλ' ὅσοι τῶν μετ' αὐτοῦ πειθοῖ τε καὶ σωφροσύνῃ τῶν ἄλλων διέφερον, τούτοις τὴν περὶ τὸν" "2.187. θεὸν μάλιστα θεραπείαν ἐνεχείρισεν. τοῦτο δ' ἦν καὶ τοῦ νόμου καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἐπιτηδευμάτων ἀκριβὴς ἐπιμέλεια: καὶ γὰρ ἐπόπται πάντων καὶ δικασταὶ τῶν ἀμφισβητουμένων καὶ κολασταὶ τῶν κατεγνωσμένων οἱ ἱερεῖς ἐτάχθησαν." '
2.194. οὗτος μετὰ τῶν συνιερέων θύσει τῷ θεῷ, φυλάξει τοὺς νόμους, δικάσει περὶ τῶν ἀμφισβητουμένων, κολάσει τοὺς ἐλεγχθέντας. ὁ τούτῳ μὴ πειθόμενος ὑφέξει δίκην ὡς εἰς θεὸν αὐτὸν ἀσεβῶν.''. None		2.164. Now there are innumerable differences in the particular customs and laws that are among all mankind, which a man may briefly reduce under the following heads:—Some legislators have permitted their governments to be under monarchies, others put them under oligarchies, and others under a republican form; 2.165. but our legislator had no regard to any of these forms, but he ordained our government to be what, by a strained expression, may be termed a Theocracy, by ascribing the authority and the power to God,
2.184. 22. But while we are ourselves persuaded that our law was made agreeably to the will of God, it would be impious for us not to observe the same, for what is there in it that any body would change! and what can be invented that is better! or what can we take out of other people’s laws that will exceed it? Perhaps some would have the entire settlement of our government altered. 2.185. And where shall we find a better or more righteous constitution than ours, while this makes us esteem God to be the governor of the universe, and permits the priests in general to be the administrators of the principal affairs, and withal intrusts the government over the other priests to the chief high priest himself! 2.186. which priests our legislator, at their first appointment, did not advance to that dignity for their riches, or any abundance of other possessions, or any plenty they had as the gifts of fortune; but he intrusted the principal management of divine worship to those that exceeded others in an ability to persuade men, and in prudence of conduct. 2.187. These men had the main care of the law and of the other parts of the people’s conduct committed to them; for they were the priests who were ordained to be the inspectors of all, and the judges in doubtful cases, and the punishers of those that were condemned to suffer punishment.

2.194. His business must be to offer sacrifices to God, together with those priests that are joined with him, to see that the laws be observed, to determine controversies, and to punish those that are convicted of injustice; while he that does not submit to him shall be subject to the same punishment, as if he had been guilty of impiety towards God himself. ''. None
17. Mishnah, Sanhedrin, 2.2 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Elders/Council of Elders • Gerousia (council of elders)

 Found in books: Flatto (2021) 156; Fraade (2011) 303, 327, 332


2.2. הַמֶּלֶךְ לֹא דָן וְלֹא דָנִין אוֹתוֹ, לֹא מֵעִיד וְלֹא מְעִידִין אוֹתוֹ, לֹא חוֹלֵץ וְלֹא חוֹלְצִין לְאִשְׁתּוֹ. לֹא מְיַבֵּם וְלֹא מְיַבְּמִין לְאִשְׁתּוֹ. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, אִם רָצָה לַחֲלֹץ אוֹ לְיַבֵּם, זָכוּר לָטוֹב. אָמְרוּ לוֹ, אֵין שׁוֹמְעִין לוֹ. וְאֵין נוֹשְׂאִין אַלְמָנָתוֹ. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, נוֹשֵׂא הַמֶּלֶךְ אַלְמָנָתוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ, שֶׁכֵּן מָצִינוּ בְדָוִד שֶׁנָּשָׂא אַלְמָנָתוֹ שֶׁל שָׁאוּל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל ב יב) וָאֶתְּנָה לְךָ אֶת בֵּית אֲדֹנֶיךָ וְאֶת נְשֵׁי אֲדֹנֶיךָ בְּחֵיקֶךָ:' '. None		2.2. The king can neither judge nor be judged, he cannot testify and others cannot testify against him. He may not perform halitzah, nor may others perform halitzah for his wife. He may not contract levirate marriage nor may his brothers contract levirate marriage with his wife. Rabbi Judah says: “If he wished to perform halitzah or to contract levirate marriage his memory is a blessing.” They said to him: “They should not listen to him.” None may marry his widow. Rabbi Judah says: “The king may marry the widow of a king, for so have we found it with David, who married the widow of Saul, as it says, “And I gave you my master’s house and my master’s wives into your embrace” (II Samuel 12:8).' '. None
18. Mishnah, Yadayim, 3.5 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Council of Jamnia • Writings (Ketubim, canonical division), Yabneh, council of

 Found in books: Goodman (2006) 70; Jassen (2014) 58


3.5. סֵפֶר שֶׁנִּמְחַק וְנִשְׁתַּיֵּר בּוֹ שְׁמוֹנִים וְחָמֵשׁ אוֹתִיּוֹת, כְּפָרָשַׁת וַיְהִי בִּנְסֹעַ הָאָרֹן, מְטַמֵּא אֶת הַיָּדַיִם. מְגִלָּה שֶׁכָּתוּב בָּהּ שְׁמוֹנִים וְחָמֵשׁ אוֹתִיּוֹת כְּפָרָשַׁת וַיְהִי בִּנְסֹעַ הָאָרֹן, מְטַמָּא אֶת הַיָּדַיִם. כָּל כִּתְבֵי הַקֹּדֶשׁ מְטַמְּאִין אֶת הַיָּדַיִם. שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים וְקֹהֶלֶת מְטַמְּאִין אֶת הַיָּדַיִם. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים מְטַמֵּא אֶת הַיָּדַיִם, וְקֹהֶלֶת מַחֲלֹקֶת. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, קֹהֶלֶת אֵינוֹ מְטַמֵּא אֶת הַיָּדַיִם וְשִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים מַחֲלֹקֶת. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, קֹהֶלֶת מִקֻּלֵּי בֵית שַׁמַּאי וּמֵחֻמְרֵי בֵית הִלֵּל. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן עַזַּאי, מְקֻבָּל אֲנִי מִפִּי שִׁבְעִים וּשְׁנַיִם זָקֵן, בַּיּוֹם שֶׁהוֹשִׁיבוּ אֶת רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה בַּיְשִׁיבָה, שֶׁשִּׁיר הַשִּׁירִים וְקֹהֶלֶת מְטַמְּאִים אֶת הַיָּדַיִם. אָמַר רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, חַס וְשָׁלוֹם, לֹא נֶחֱלַק אָדָם מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל עַל שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים שֶׁלֹּא תְטַמֵּא אֶת הַיָּדַיִם, שֶׁאֵין כָּל הָעוֹלָם כֻּלּוֹ כְדַאי כַּיּוֹם שֶׁנִּתַּן בּוֹ שִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁכָּל הַכְּתוּבִים קֹדֶשׁ, וְשִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים קֹדֶשׁ קָדָשִׁים. וְאִם נֶחְלְקוּ, לֹא נֶחְלְקוּ אֶלָּא עַל קֹהֶלֶת. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן חָמִיו שֶׁל רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, כְּדִבְרֵי בֶן עַזַּאי, כָּךְ נֶחְלְקוּ וְכָךְ גָּמְרוּ:''. None		3.5. A scroll on which the writing has become erased and eighty-five letters remain, as many as are in the section beginning, \\"And it came to pass when the ark set forward\\" (Numbers 11:35-36) defiles the hands. A single sheet on which there are written eighty-five letters, as many as are in the section beginning, \\"And it came to pass when the ark set forward\\", defiles the hands. All the Holy Scriptures defile the hands. The Song of Songs and Kohelet (Ecclesiastes) defile the hands. Rabbi Judah says: the Song of Songs defiles the hands, but there is a dispute about Kohelet. Rabbi Yose says: Kohelet does not defile the hands, but there is a dispute about the Song of Songs. Rabbi Shimon says: the ruling about Kohelet is one of the leniencies of Bet Shammai and one of the stringencies of Bet Hillel. Rabbi Shimon ben Azzai said: I have received a tradition from the seventy-two elders on the day when they appointed Rabbi Elazar ben Azariah head of the academy that the Song of Songs and Kohelet defile the hands. Rabbi Akiba said: Far be it! No man in Israel disputed that the Song of Songs saying that it does not defile the hands. For the whole world is not as worthy as the day on which the Song of Songs was given to Israel; for all the writings are holy but the Song of Songs is the holy of holies. If they had a dispute, they had a dispute only about Kohelet. Rabbi Yoha ben Joshua the son of the father-in-law of Rabbi Akiva said in accordance with the words of Ben Azzai: so they disputed and so they reached a decision.''. None
19. New Testament, Acts, 14.8-14.10, 15.15-15.21, 15.28-15.29, 17.24-17.31 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Apostolic Council • Apostolic Council (= Acts • Council of Jerusalem • Council of the Areopagos • Jerusalem Council • Jerusalem Council, decree of • Lakoff, G., Latopolis, Council of • World Council of Churches • baptism, before Council of Nicaea • catechumenate, before Council of Nicaea • councils, Constantinople • councils/synods • worship, before Council of Nicaea

 Found in books: Breytenbach and Tzavella (2022) 4, 356; Dilley (2019) 162; Esler (2000) 480, 820; Humfress (2007) 154; Langworthy (2019) 156; Lieu (2015) 245, 247; Petropoulou (2012) 237, 238; Ruzer (2020) 62; Stanton (2021) 7, 218, 223; Visnjic (2021) 234


14.8. Καί τις ἀνὴρ ἀδύνατος ἐν Λύστροις τοῖς ποσὶν ἐκάθητο, χωλὸς ἐκ κοιλίας μητρὸς αὐτοῦ, ὃς οὐδέποτε περιεπάτησεν. 14.9. οὗτος ἤκουεν τοῦ Παύλου λαλοῦντος· ὃς ἀτενίσας αὐτῷ καὶ ἰδὼν ὅτι ἔχει πίστιν τοῦ σωθῆναι εἶπεν μεγάλῃ φωνῇ 14.10. Ἀνάστηθι ἐπὶ τοὺς πόδας σου ὀρθός· καὶ ἥλατο καὶ περιεπάτει.
15.15. καὶ τούτῳ συμφωνοῦσιν οἱ λόγοι τῶν προφητῶν, καθὼς γέγραπται 15.16. 15.18. 15.19. διὸ ἐγὼ κρίνω μὴ παρενοχλεῖν τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ἐθνῶν ἐπιστρέφουσιν ἐπὶ τὸν θεόν, 15.20. ἀλλὰ ἐπιστεῖλαι αὐτοῖς τοῦ ἀπέχεσθαι τῶν ἀλισγημάτων τῶν εἰδώλων καὶ τῆς πορνείας καὶ πνικτοῦ καὶ τοῦ αἵματος· 15.21. Μωυσῆς γὰρ ἐκ γενεῶν ἀρχαίων κατὰ πόλιν τοὺς κηρύσσοντας αὐτὸν ἔχει ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς κατὰ πᾶν σάββατον ἀναγινωσκόμενος.
15.28. ἔδοξεν γὰρ τῷ πνεύματι τῷ ἁγίῳ καὶ ἡμῖν μηδὲν πλέον ἐπιτίθεσθαι ὑμῖν βάρος πλὴν τούτων τῶν ἐπάναγκες, ἀπέχεσθαι εἰδωλοθύτων καὶ αἵματος καὶ πνικτῶν καὶ πορνείας· 15.29. ἐξ ὧν διατηροῦντες ἑαυτοὺς εὖ πράξετε. Ἔρρωσθε.
17.24. ὁ θεὸς ὁ ποιήσας τὸν κόσμον καὶ πάντατὰ ἐν αὐτῷ, οὗτος οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς ὑπάρχων κύριος οὐκ ἐν χειροποιήτοις ναοῖς κατοικεῖ 17.25. οὐδὲ ὑπὸ χειρῶν ἀνθρωπίνων θεραπεύεται προσδεόμενός τινος, αὐτὸςδιδοὺς πᾶσι ζωὴν καὶ πνοὴν καὶ τὰ πάντα· 17.26. ἐποίησέν τε ἐξ ἑνὸς πᾶν ἔθνος ανθρώπων κατοικεῖν ἐπὶ παντὸς προσώπου τῆς γῆς, ὁρίσας προστεταγμένους καιροὺς καὶ τὰς ὁροθεσίας τῆς κατοικίας αὐτῶν, 17.27. ζητεῖν τὸν θεὸν εἰ ἄρα γε ψηλαφήσειαν αὐτὸν καὶ εὕροιεν, καί γε οὐ μακρὰν ἀπὸ ἑνὸς ἑκάστου ἡμῶν ὑπάρχοντα. 17.28. ἐν αὐτῷ γὰρ ζῶμεν καὶ κινούμεθα καὶ ἐσμέν, ὡς καί τινες τῶν καθʼ ὑμᾶς ποιητῶν εἰρήκασιν 		14.8. At Lystra a certain man sat, impotent in his feet, a cripple from his mother's womb, who never had walked. " '14.9. He was listening to Paul speaking, who, fastening eyes on him, and seeing that he had faith to be made whole, 14.10. said with a loud voice, "Stand upright on your feet!" He leaped up and walked.
15.15. This agrees with the words of the prophets. As it is written, ' "15.16. 'After these things I will return. I will again build the tent of David, which has fallen. I will again build its ruins. I will set it up, " '15.17. That the rest of men may seek after the Lord; All the Gentiles who are called by my name, Says the Lord, who does all these things. ' "15.18. All his works are known to God from eternity.' " '15.19. "Therefore my judgment is that we don\'t trouble those from among the Gentiles who turn to God, 15.20. but that we write to them that they abstain from the pollution of idols, from sexual immorality, from what is strangled, and from blood. 15.21. For Moses from generations of old has in every city those who preach him, being read in the synagogues every Sabbath."
15.28. For it seemed good to the Holy Spirit, and to us, to lay no greater burden on you than these necessary things: 15.29. that you abstain from things sacrificed to idols, from blood, from things strangled, and from sexual immorality, from which if you keep yourselves, it will be well with you. Farewell."
17.24. The God who made the world and all things in it, he, being Lord of heaven and earth, dwells not in temples made with hands, ' "17.25. neither is he served by men's hands, as though he needed anything, seeing he himself gives to all life and breath, and all things. " '17.26. He made from one blood every nation of men to dwell on all the surface of the earth, having determined appointed seasons, and the bounds of their habitation, 17.27. that they should seek the Lord, if perhaps they might reach out for him and find him, though he is not far from each one of us. ' "17.28. 'For in him we live, and move, and have our being.' As some of your own poets have said, 'For we are also his offspring.' " '17.29. Being then the offspring of God, we ought not to think that the Divine Nature is like gold, or silver, or stone, engraved by art and device of man. 17.30. The times of ignorance therefore God overlooked. But now he commands that all men everywhere should repent, 17.31. because he has appointed a day in which he will judge the world in righteousness by the man whom he has ordained; whereof he has given assurance to all men, in that he has raised him from the dead."' ". None
20. New Testament, Galatians, 2.1-2.7, 2.11-2.14 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Apostolic Council (= Acts • Jerusalem Council • Jerusalem Council, decree of • councils, Constantinople

 Found in books: Langworthy (2019) 156; Lieu (2015) 245, 247; Petropoulou (2012) 238; Visnjic (2021) 234, 235


2.1. Ἔπειτα διὰ δεκατεσσάρων ἐτῶν πάλιν ἀνέβην εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα μετὰ Βαρνάβα, συνπαραλαβὼν καὶ Τίτον· ἀνέβην δὲ κατὰ ἀποκάλυψιν· 2.2. καὶ ἀνεθέμην αὐτοῖς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον ὃ κηρύσσω ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν, κατʼ ἰδίαν δὲ τοῖς δοκοῦσιν, μή πως εἰς κενὸν τρέχω ἢ ἔδραμον. 2.3. ἀλλʼ οὐδὲ Τίτος ὁ σὺν ἐμοί, Ἕλλην ὤν, ἠναγκάσθη περιτμηθῆναι· 2.4. διὰ δὲ τοὺς παρεισάκτους ψευδαδέλφους, οἵτινες παρεισῆλθον κατασκοπῆσαι τὴν ἐλευθερίαν ἡμῶν ἣν ἔχομεν ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ, ἵνα ἡμᾶς καταδουλώσουσιν, 2.5. — οἷς οὐδὲ πρὸς ὥραν εἴξαμεν τῇ ὑποταγῇ, ἵνα ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου διαμείνῃ πρὸς ὑμᾶς. 2.6. ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν δοκούντων εἶναί τι — ὁποῖοί ποτε ἦσαν οὐδέν μοι διαφέρει — πρόσωπον ὁ θεὸς ἀνθρώπου οὐ λαμβάνει — ἐμοὶ γὰρ οἱ δοκοῦντες οὐδὲν προσανέθεντο, 2.7. ἀλλὰ τοὐναντίον ἰδόντες ὅτι πεπίστευμαι τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς ἀκροβυστίας καθὼς Πέτρος τῆς περιτομῆς,

2.11. Ὅτε δὲ ἦλθεν Κηφᾶς εἰς Ἀντιόχειαν, κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτῷ ἀντέστην, ὅτι κατεγνωσμένος ἦν·
2.12. πρὸ τοῦ γὰρ ἐλθεῖν τινὰς ἀπὸ Ἰακώβου μετὰ τῶν ἐθνῶν συνήσθιεν· ὅτε δὲ ἦλθον, ὑπέστελλεν καὶ ἀφώριζεν ἑαυτόν, φοβούμενος τοὺς ἐκ περιτομῆς.
2.13. καὶ συνυπεκρίθησαν αὐτῷ καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ Ἰουδαῖοι, ὥστε καὶ Βαρνάβας συναπήχθη αὐτῶν τῇ ὑποκρίσει.
2.14. ἀλλʼ ὅτε εἶδον ὅτι οὐκ ὀρθοποδοῦσιν πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου, εἶπον τῷ Κηφᾷ ἔμπροσθεν πάντων Εἰ σὺ Ἰουδαῖος ὑπάρχων ἐθνικῶς καὶ οὐκ Ἰουδαϊκῶς ζῇς, πῶς τὰ ἔθνη ἀναγκάζεις Ἰουδαΐζειν;''. None		2.1. Then after a period of fourteen years I went up again toJerusalem with Barnabas, taking Titus also with me. 2.2. I went up byrevelation, and I laid before them the gospel which I preach among theGentiles, but privately before those who were respected, for fear thatI might be running, or had run, in vain. 2.3. But not even Titus, whowas with me, being a Greek, was compelled to be circumcised. 2.4. Thiswas because of the false brothers secretly brought in, who stole in tospy out our liberty which we have in Christ Jesus, that they mightbring us into bondage; 2.5. to whom we gave no place in the way ofsubjection, not for an hour, that the truth of the gospel mightcontinue with you. ' "2.6. But from those who were reputed to beimportant (whatever they were, it makes no difference to me; Goddoesn't show partiality to man) -- they, I say, who were respectedimparted nothing to me, " '2.7. but to the contrary, when they saw that Ihad been entrusted with the gospel for the uncircumcision, even asPeter with the gospel for the circumcision

2.11. But when Peter came to Antioch, I resisted him to the face,because he stood condemned.
2.12. For before some people came fromJames, he ate with the Gentiles. But when they came, he drew back andseparated himself, fearing those who were of the circumcision.
2.13. And the rest of the Jews joined him in his hypocrisy; so that evenBarnabas was carried away with their hypocrisy.
2.14. But when I sawthat they didn\'t walk uprightly according to the truth of the gospel, Isaid to Peter before them all, "If you, being a Jew, live as theGentiles do, and not as the Jews do, why do you compel the Gentiles tolive as the Jews do? ''. None
21. New Testament, Romans, 5.12 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Council of Carthage • Council of the Areopagos

 Found in books: Stanton (2021) 223; Wilson (2018) 279


5.12. Διὰ τοῦτο ὥσπερ διʼ ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου ἡ ἁμαρτία εἰς τὸν κόσμον εἰσῆλθεν καὶ διὰ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ὁ θάνατος, καὶ οὕτως εἰς πάντας ἀνθρώπους ὁ θάνατος διῆλθεν ἐφʼ ᾧ πάντες ἥμαρτον-.''. None		5.12. Therefore, as sin entered into the world through one man, and death through sin; and so death passed to all men, because all sinned. ''. None
22. Plutarch, Solon, 19.1-19.2 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Areopagite council • Areopagus, council of • Council of the Five Hundred, composition • Council of the Five Hundred, eligibility • Council of the Five Hundred, frequency of sessions • Council of the Five Hundred, meeting place • Council of the Five Hundred, origins • Council of the Five Hundred, pay • Council of the Five Hundred, prytaneis • council • council,, Chian • council,, Spartan (gerousia) • council,, of five hundred • council,, of four hundred

 Found in books: Barbato (2020) 43, 45; Csapo (2022) 212; Raaflaub Ober and Wallace (2007) 64, 82


19.1. συστησάμενος δὲ τὴν ἐν Ἀρείῳ πάγῳ βουλὴν ἐκ τῶν κατʼ ἐνιαυτὸν ἀρχόντων, ἧς διὰ τὸ ἄρξαι καὶ αὐτὸς μετεῖχεν, ἔτι δʼ ὁρῶν τὸν δῆμον οἰδοῦντα καὶ θρασυνόμενον τῇ τῶν χρεῶν ἀφέσει, δευτέραν προσκατένειμε βουλήν, ἀπὸ φυλῆς ἑκάστης, τεττάρων οὐσῶν, ἑκατὸν ἄνδρας ἐπιλεξάμενος, οὓς προβουλεύειν ἔταξε τοῦ δήμου καὶ μηδὲν ἐᾶν ἀπροβούλευτον εἰς ἐκκλησίαν εἰσφέρεσθαι. 19.2. τὴν δʼ ἄνω βουλὴν ἐπίσκοπον πάντων καὶ φύλακα τῶν νόμων ἐκάθισεν, οἰόμενος ἐπὶ δυσὶ βουλαῖς ὥσπερ ἀγκύραις ὁρμοῦσαν ἧττον ἐν σάλῳ τὴν πόλιν ἔσεσθαι καὶ μᾶλλον ἀτρεμοῦντα τὸν δῆμον παρέξειν. οἱ μὲν οὖν πλεῖστοι τὴν ἐξ Ἀρείου πάγου βουλήν, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, Σόλωνα συστήσασθαί φασι· καὶ μαρτυρεῖν αὐτοῖς δοκεῖ μάλιστα τὸ μηδαμοῦ τὸν Δράκοντα λέγειν μηδʼ ὀνομάζειν Ἀρεοπαγίτας, ἀλλὰ τοῖς ἐφέταις ἀεὶ διαλέγεσθαι περὶ τῶν φονικῶν.''. None		19.1. After he had established the council of the Areiopagus, consisting of those who had been archons year by year (and he himself was a member of this body since he had been archon), he observed that the common people were uneasy and bold in consequence of their release from debt, and therefore established another council besides, consisting of four hundred men, one hundred chosen from each of the four tribes. Cf. Aristot. Const. Ath. 8.4 . These were to deliberate on public matters before the people did, and were not to allow any matter to come before the popular assembly without such previous deliberation. 19.2. Then he made the upper council a general overseer in the state, and guardian of the laws, thinking that the city with its two councils, riding as it were at double anchor, would be less tossed by the surges, and would keep its populace in greater quiet. Now most writers say that the council of the Areiopagus, as I have stated, was established by Solon. And their view seems to be strongly supported by the fact that Draco nowhere makes any mention whatsoever of Areiopagites, but always addresses himself to the ephetai in cases of homicide.''. None
23. None, None, nan (2nd cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Councils • boule, local council

 Found in books: Bruun and Edmondson (2015) 253; Czajkowski et al (2020) 215
24. Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History, 4.26.10, 5.23 (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • church councils/gatherings(anti-Montanist), at Hierapolis • church councils/gatherings(anti-Montanist), at Laodicea ad Lycum • church councils/gatherings(anti-Montanist), at Sardis? • councils, and ecclesiastical succession • councils/synods

 Found in books: Breytenbach and Tzavella (2022) 4; Esler (2000) 320; Tabbernee (2007) 25, 367


4.26.10. But your pious fathers corrected their ignorance, having frequently rebuked in writing many who dared to attempt new measures against them. Among them your grandfather Hadrian appears to have written to many others, and also to Fundanus, the proconsul and governor of Asia. And your father, when you also were ruling with him, wrote to the cities, forbidding them to take any new measures against us; among the rest to the Larissaeans, to the Thessalonians, to the Athenians, and to all the Greeks.' '. None
25. Eusebius of Caesarea, Life of Constantine, 3.64-3.65, 4.24 (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Council of Nicaea in 325 • Council of Serdica • New Jerusalem, Nicaea ( znik), First Council of • church councils/gatherings(anti-Montanist) • church councils/gatherings(anti-Montanist), at Constantinople • church councils/gatherings(anti-Montanist), at Iconium • church councils/gatherings(anti-Montanist), at Laodicea ad Lycum • council, authority of • council, of Nicaea

 Found in books: Ando and Ruepke (2006) 121, 124; Dijkstra (2020) 53; Rohmann (2016) 33; Tabbernee (2007) 302, 310


3.64. Victor Constantinus, Maximus Augustus, to the heretics. Understand now, by this present statute, you Novatians, Valentinians, Marcionites, Paulians, you who are called Cataphrygians, and all you who devise and support heresies by means of your private assemblies, with what a tissue of falsehood and vanity, with what destructive and venomous errors, your doctrines are inseparably interwoven; so that through you the healthy soul is stricken with disease, and the living becomes the prey of everlasting death. You haters and enemies of truth and life, in league with destruction! All your counsels are opposed to the truth, but familiar with deeds of baseness; full of absurdities and fictions: and by these ye frame falsehoods, oppress the innocent, and withhold the light from them that believe. Ever trespassing under the mask of godliness, you fill all things with defilement: ye pierce the pure and guileless conscience with deadly wounds, while you withdraw, one may almost say, the very light of day from the eyes of men. But why should I particularize, when to speak of your criminality as it deserves demands more time and leisure than I can give? For so long and unmeasured is the catalogue of your offenses, so hateful and altogether atrocious are they, that a single day would not suffice to recount them all. And, indeed, it is well to turn one's ears and eyes from such a subject, lest by a description of each particular evil, the pure sincerity and freshness of one's own faith be impaired. Why then do I still bear with such abounding evil; especially since this protracted clemency is the cause that some who were sound have become tainted with this pestilent disease? Why not at once strike, as it were, at the root of so great a mischief by a public manifestation of displeasure? " '3.65. Forasmuch, then, as it is no longer possible to bear with your pernicious errors, we give warning by this present statute that none of you henceforth presume to assemble yourselves together. We have directed, accordingly, that you be deprived of all the houses in which you are accustomed to hold your assemblies: and our care in this respect extends so far as to forbid the holding of your superstitious and senseless meetings, not in public merely, but in any private house or place whatsoever. Let those of you, therefore, who are desirous of embracing the true and pure religion, take the far better course of entering the catholic Church, and uniting with it in holy fellowship, whereby you will be enabled to arrive at the knowledge of the truth. In any case, the delusions of your perverted understandings must entirely cease to mingle with and mar the felicity of our present times: I mean the impious and wretched double-mindedness of heretics and schismatics. For it is an object worthy of that prosperity which we enjoy through the favor of God, to endeavor to bring back those who in time past were living in the hope of future blessing, from all irregularity and error to the right path, from darkness to light, from vanity to truth, from death to salvation. And in order that this remedy may be applied with effectual power, we have commanded, as before said, that you be positively deprived of every gathering point for your superstitious meetings, I mean all the houses of prayer, if such be worthy of the name, which belong to heretics, and that these be made over without delay to the catholic Church; that any other places be confiscated to the public service, and no facility whatever be left for any future gathering; in order that from this day forward none of your unlawful assemblies may presume to appear in any public or private place. Let this edict be made public.
4.24. Hence it was not without reason that once, on the occasion of his entertaining a company of bishops, he let fall the expression, that he himself too was a bishop, addressing them in my hearing in the following words: You are bishops whose jurisdiction is within the Church: I also am a bishop, ordained by God to overlook whatever is external to the Church. And truly his measures corresponded with his words: for he watched over his subjects with an episcopal care, and exhorted them as far as in him lay to follow a godly life. '". None
26. None, None, nan (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Councils of the Church, Nicaea 325, Nicene creed, and Nicene theology • Nicaea, Council of • Nicaea, First Council of (325), Nicene creed, and Nicene theology

 Found in books: Esler (2000) 979; Goldhill (2022) 347
27. None, None, nan (5th cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Carthage, Council of 398 CE • Constantinople, Council of • Council of Carthage in 398 • Council of Chalcedon in 451 • Council of Ephesus in 431 • Council of Nicaea in 325 • Councils, Constantinople ( • Councils, Ephesus I ( • Ephesos, Council of • Ephesus, First Council of ( • Nicaea, Council of • council, of Constantinople • council, of Nicaea • council, of Rimini • councils/synods

 Found in books: Ando and Ruepke (2006) 121, 123; Breytenbach and Tzavella (2022) 148, 333; Esler (2000) 284; Farag (2021) 230; Huttner (2013) 295, 300; Kraemer (2020) 212, 255; Rohmann (2016) 33, 100, 115
28. Aeschines, Or., 1.19-1.20
 Tagged with subjects: • Council of the Five Hundred, composition • Council of the Five Hundred, eligibility • Council of the Five Hundred, frequency of sessions • Council of the Five Hundred, meeting place • Council of the Five Hundred, pay • Council of the Five Hundred, prytaneis • boule (Council)

 Found in books: Barbato (2020) 45; Henderson (2020) 32


1.19. And what does he say? “If any Athenian,” he says, “shall have prostituted his person, he shall not be permitted to become one of the nine archons,” because, no doubt, that official wears the wreath;The myrtle wreath was worn as sign of the sacred character of the office, and it protected the person from assault.“nor to discharge the office of priest,” as being not even clean of body; “nor shall he act as an advocate for the state,” he says, “nor shall ever hold any office whatsoever, at home or abroad,whether filled by lot or by election; nor shall he be a herald or an ambassador” 1.20. —nor shall he prosecute men who have served as ambassadors, nor shall he be a hired slanderer— “nor ever address senate or assembly,” not even though he be the most eloquent orator in Athens. And if any one contrary to these prohibitions, the lawgiver has provided for criminal process on the charge of prostitution, and has prescribed the heaviest penalties therefor. Read to the jury this law also, that you may know, gentlemen, in the face of what established laws of yours, so good and so moral, Timarchus has had the effrontery to speak before the people—a man whose character is so notorious. ''. None
29. Demosthenes, Orations, 21.115, 21.119, 24.149-24.151
 Tagged with subjects: • Areopagus Council • Areopagus Council, ephebic oath • Boule/Council • Council of the Five Hundred, origins • Council, cf. Boule councilors/bouleutai • boule (Council)

 Found in books: Barbato (2020) 43; Henderson (2020) 32; Mikalson (2016) 209; Riess (2012) 40; Sommerstein and Torrance (2014) 21, 38, 40


21.115. he suffered me as head of the Sacred Embassy to lead it in the name of the city to the Nemean shrine of Zeus; he raised no objection when I was chosen with two colleagues to inaugurate the sacrifice to the Dread Goddesses. The Eumenides (Furies), whose sanctuary was a cave under the Areopagus. Would he have allowed all this, if he had had one jot or tittle of proof for the charges that he was trumping up against me? I cannot believe it. So then this is conclusive proof that he was seeking in mere wanton spite to drive me from my native land.
21.119. I am going to call the witnesses now present in court to prove that my version of the facts is correct; that on the day before he told that tale to the Council, he had entered Aristarchus’s house and had a conversation with him; that on the next day-and this, men of Athens, this for vileness is impossible to beat—he went into his house and sat as close to him as this, and put his hand in his, in the presence of many witnesses, after that speech in the Council in which he had called Aristarchus a murderer and said the most terrible things of him; that he invoked utter destruction on himself if he had said a word in his disparagement; that he never thought twice about his perjury, though there were people present who knew the truth, and he actually begged him to use his influence to bring about a reconciliation with me.
24.149. The Oath of the Heliasts I will give verdict in accordance with the statutes and decrees of the People of Athens and of the Council of Five-hundred. I will not vote for tyranny or oligarchy. If any man try to subvert the Athenian democracy or make any speech or any proposal in contravention thereof I will not comply. I will not allow private debts to be cancelled, nor lands nor houses belonging to Athenian citizens to be redistributed. I will not restore exiles or persons under sentence of death. I will not expel, nor suffer another to expel, persons here resident in contravention of the statutes and decrees of the Athenian People or of the Council. 24.150. I will not confirm the appointment to any office of any person still subject to audit in respect of any other office, to wit the offices of the nine Archons or of the Recorder or any other office for which a ballot is taken on the same day as for the nine Archons, or the office of Marshal, or ambassador, or member of the Allied Congress. I will not suffer the same man to hold the same office twice, or two offices in the same year. I will not take bribes in respect of my judicial action, nor shall any other man or woman accept bribes for me with my knowledge by any subterfuge or trick whatsoever. 24.151. I am not less than thirty years old. I will give impartial hearing to prosecutor and defendant alike, and I will give my verdict strictly on the charge named in the prosecution. The juror shall swear by Zeus, Poseidon, and Demeter, and shall invoke destruction upon himself and his household if he in any way transgress this oath, and shall pray that his prosperity may depend upon his loyal observance thereof. The oath, gentlemen of the jury, does not contain the words I will not imprison any Athenian citizen. The courts alone decide every question brought to trial; and they have full authority to pass sentence of imprisonment, or any other sentence they please.''. None
30. Epigraphy, Ig I , 8
 Tagged with subjects: • Council (boule) • Council, pre-Kleisthenic, quota

 Found in books: Humphreys (2018) 952; Liddel (2020) 14


8. Fragment a . . . which . . . concerning these things . . . People or deme. Antibios proposed: in other respects as proposed by? Kallimachos . . . concerning (5) the money . . . for Poseidon . . . fee for the marines? in the following? . . . on the first days? . . . concerning the . . . (10) . . . . . . Fragment b . . . having inscribed this decree on a stone stele . . . the Sounians shall set it down in the place where? (15) they register (engraphosi) (?) . . . ; and the ships . . . . . . Sounion or those that anchor . . . Sounion shall pay . . . . . . obols in the trieteris . . . . . . render from the other ships, if they carry (20) up to 1000 talents, seven obols, those over 1000, seven obols per 1000; those who pay the . . . concerning the purification (?) (echsagiseos), it shall be for them . . . as for the Sounians. text from Attic Inscriptions Online, IG I3
8 - Harbour fees and the cult of Poseidon at Sounion ''. None
31. None, None, nan
 Tagged with subjects: • Councils, • Councils, Constantinople ( • Councils, Ephesus I ( • Councils, Nicea ( • New Jerusalem, Nicaea ( znik), First Council of • church councils/gatherings(anti-Montanist) • church councils/gatherings(anti-Montanist), at Constantinople • church councils/gatherings(anti-Montanist), at Iconium • church councils/gatherings(anti-Montanist), at Laodicea ad Lycum • church councils/gatherings(anti-Montanist), at Nicaea? • church councils/gatherings(anti-Montanist), at Sardica?

 Found in books: Huttner (2013) 287, 294, 300; Tabbernee (2007) 301, 302, 367, 370, 371, 394, 395
32. None, None, nan
 Tagged with subjects: • Areopagus Council, and Sparta • Boule/Council • Council, cf. Boule councilors/bouleutai

 Found in books: Riess (2012) 40; Sommerstein and Torrance (2014) 310
33. None, None, nan
 Tagged with subjects: • Areopagus, council of • Boule/Council • Council of the Five Hundred, composition • Council of the Five Hundred, eligibility • Council of the Five Hundred, frequency of sessions • Council of the Five Hundred, meeting place • Council of the Five Hundred, pay • Council of the Five Hundred, prytaneis • Council, pre-Kleisthenic, quota

 Found in books: Barbato (2020) 45; Humphreys (2018) 787; Raaflaub Ober and Wallace (2007) 66; Riess (2012) 249
34. None, None, nan
 Tagged with subjects: • assembly, council • keryx, of Areopagus Council

 Found in books: Mackil and Papazarkadas (2020) 98; Mikalson (2016) 59
35. None, None, nan
 Tagged with subjects: • Council of the Five Hundred, composition • Council of the Five Hundred, eligibility • Council of the Five Hundred, frequency of sessions • Council of the Five Hundred, meeting place • Council of the Five Hundred, pay • Council of the Five Hundred, prytaneis • council gods of

 Found in books: Barbato (2020) 45; Parker (2005) 405
36. None, None, nan
 Tagged with subjects: • Council (boule) • Council, pre-Kleisthenic, quota

 Found in books: Humphreys (2018) 952; Liddel (2020) 14



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