1. Septuagint, Tobit, 14.15 (th cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylon and Babylonians, chronicles and inscriptions โข Babylonia โข Babylonian โข Exile Babylonian โข pain, suffering, in Babylonian and Egyptian poems
Found in books: Gera (2014) 117; Stuckenbruck (2007) 115; Toloni (2022) 69, 111, 133
| 14.15. But before he died he heard of the destruction of Nineveh, which Nebuchadnezzar and Ahasuerus had captured. Before his death he rejoiced over Nineveh.' '. None |
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2. Hebrew Bible, Deuteronomy, 1.16, 6.5, 6.7, 7.3-7.5, 11.14, 12.3, 18.9, 18.14, 23.7, 28.15, 28.49, 28.63, 28.67-28.68, 31.9-31.13, 32.11 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Aramaic, Babylonian Jewish โข Babylon and Babylonians โข Babylon and Babylonians, chronicles and inscriptions โข Babylon, Babylonia โข Babylon, Babylonian โข Babylonia โข Babylonia and Iraq โข Babylonia, conquest by โข Babylonian Talmud (BT), on Janneuss wife โข Babylonian โmini-tractate of conversionโ (immersion and conversion), fourth (conversion court / witnesses) โข Babylonian, ancient, Jews โข Babylonian, ancient, rabbinic texts โข Babylonians โข Bavli (Babylonian Talmud), editorial layers โข Berossus, Babylonian historian, used by Josephus โข Exile Babylonian โข Jerusalem, conquest by Babylonians โข Magic bowls, Babylonian Jewish Aramaic โข Talmud, Babylonian โข Talmud, Babylonian, Palestinian rabbinic traditions in โข Talmud, Babylonian, abstraction as a sign of lateness in โข Talmud, Babylonian, anonymous portions of, xi โข Tehom (deep), as transformation of the Babylonian Tiamat โข astrology, Babylonian rabbinic attitudes toward โข baraita, Babylonian โข baraita, Babylonian, pseudo-baraita (midrash-halakhahstyle) โข exile, Babylonian โข harmonization, Babylonian โข rabbis, Babylonian, connections with East โข reading, Babylonia
Found in books: Avery Peck et al. (2014) 72; Faรbeck and Killebrew (2016) 335; Feldman (2006) 324; Gera (2014) 162, 163; Kalmin (2014) 186; Kaplan (2015) 66; Kosman (2012) 167; Lavee (2017) 264; Levine (2005) 38; Nikolsky and Ilan (2014) 53, 90, 91, 310; Nissinen and Uro (2008) 224; Noam (2018) 139; Reif (2006) 111, 121, 210; Salvesen et al (2020) 151, 152, 389; Schiffman (1983) 142; Secunda (2014) 44, 45, 73, 74; Sigal (2007) 38; Stern (2004) 33; Stuckenbruck (2007) 268
1.16. ืึธืึฒืฆึทืึผึถื ืึถืชึพืฉืึนืคึฐืึตืืึถื ืึผึธืขึตืช ืึทืึดืื ืึตืืึนืจ ืฉืึธืึนืขึท ืึผึตืืึพืึฒืึตืืึถื ืึผืฉืึฐืคึทืึฐืชึผึถื ืฆึถืึถืง ืึผึตืืึพืึดืืฉื ืึผืึตืืึพืึธืึดืื ืึผืึตืื ืึผึตืจืึนื
6.5. ืึฐืึธืึทืึฐืชึผึธ ืึตืช ืึฐืืึธื ืึฑืึนืึถืืึธ ืึผึฐืึธืึพืึฐืึธืึฐืึธ ืึผืึฐืึธืึพื ึทืคึฐืฉืึฐืึธ ืึผืึฐืึธืึพืึฐืึนืึถืึธื
6.7. ืึฐืฉืึดื ึผึทื ึฐืชึผึธื ืึฐืึธื ึถืืึธ ืึฐืึดืึผึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ืึผึธื ืึผึฐืฉืึดืึฐืชึผึฐืึธ ืึผึฐืึตืืชึถืึธ ืึผืึฐืึถืึฐืชึผึฐืึธ ืึทืึผึถืจึถืึฐ ืึผืึฐืฉืึธืึฐืึผึฐืึธ ืึผืึฐืงืึผืึถืึธื
7.3. ืึฐืึนื ืชึดืชึฐืึทืชึผึตื ืึผึธื ืึผึดืชึผึฐืึธ ืึนืึพืชึดืชึผึตื ืึดืึฐื ืึน ืึผืึดืชึผืึน ืึนืึพืชึดืงึผึทื ืึดืึฐื ึถืึธื 7.4. ืึผึดืึพืึธืกึดืืจ ืึถืชึพืึผึดื ึฐืึธ ืึตืึทืึฒืจึทื ืึฐืขึธืึฐืืึผ ืึฑืึนืึดืื ืึฒืึตืจึดืื ืึฐืึธืจึธื ืึทืฃึพืึฐืืึธื ืึผึธืึถื ืึฐืึดืฉืึฐืึดืืึฐืึธ ืึทืึตืจื 7.5. ืึผึดืึพืึดืึพืึผึนื ืชึทืขึฒืฉืืึผ ืึธืึถื ืึดืึฐืึผึฐืึนืชึตืืึถื ืชึผึดืชึผึนืฆืึผ ืึผืึทืฆึผึตืึนืชึธื ืชึผึฐืฉืึทืึผึตืจืึผ ืึทืึฒืฉืึตืืจึตืึถื ืชึผึฐืึทืึผึตืขืึผื ืึผืคึฐืกึดืืึตืืึถื ืชึผึดืฉืึฐืจึฐืคืึผื ืึผึธืึตืฉืื
11.14. ืึฐื ึธืชึทืชึผึดื ืึฐืึทืจึพืึทืจึฐืฆึฐืึถื ืึผึฐืขึดืชึผืึน ืืึนืจึถื ืึผืึทืึฐืงืึนืฉื ืึฐืึธืกึทืคึฐืชึผึธ ืึฐืึธื ึถืึธ ืึฐืชึดืืจึนืฉืึฐืึธ ืึฐืึดืฆึฐืึธืจึถืึธื
12.3. ืึดืฉืึผึธืึถืจ ืึฐืึธ ืคึผึถืึพืชึผึดื ึผึธืงึตืฉื ืึทืึฒืจึตืืึถื ืึทืึฒืจึตื ืึดืฉืึผึธืึฐืึธื ืึดืคึผึธื ึถืืึธ ืึผืคึถืึพืชึผึดืึฐืจึนืฉื ืึตืืึนืึตืืึถื ืึตืืึนืจ ืึตืืึธื ืึทืขึทืึฐืืึผ ืึทืึผืึนืึดื ืึธืึตืึผึถื ืึถืชึพืึฑืึนืึตืืึถื ืึฐืึถืขึฑืฉืึถืึพืึผึตื ืึผึทืึพืึธื ึดืื
12.3. ืึฐื ึดืชึผึทืฆึฐืชึผึถื ืึถืชึพืึดืึฐืึผืึนืชึธื ืึฐืฉืึดืึผึทืจึฐืชึผึถื ืึถืชึพืึทืฆึผึตืึนืชึธื ืึทืึฒืฉืึตืจึตืืึถื ืชึผึดืฉืึฐืจึฐืคืึผื ืึผึธืึตืฉื ืึผืคึฐืกึดืืึตื ืึฑืึนืึตืืึถื ืชึผึฐืึทืึผึตืขืึผื ืึฐืึดืึผึทืึฐืชึผึถื ืึถืชึพืฉืึฐืึธื ืึดืึพืึทืึผึธืงืึนื ืึทืืึผืื
18.9. ืึผึดื ืึทืชึผึธื ืึผึธื ืึถืึพืึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถืจึพืึฐืืึธื ืึฑืึนืึถืืึธ ื ึนืชึตื ืึธืึฐ ืึนืึพืชึดืึฐืึทื ืึทืขึฒืฉืืึนืช ืึผึฐืชืึนืขึฒืึนืช ืึทืึผืึนืึดื ืึธืึตืื
18.14. ืึผึดื ืึทืึผืึนืึดื ืึธืึตืึผึถื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึทืชึผึธื ืืึนืจึตืฉื ืืึนืชึธื ืึถืึพืึฐืขึนื ึฐื ึดืื ืึฐืึถืึพืงึนืกึฐืึดืื ืึดืฉืึฐืึธืขืึผ ืึฐืึทืชึผึธื ืึนื ืึตื ื ึธืชึทื ืึฐืึธ ืึฐืืึธื ืึฑืึนืึถืืึธื
23.7. ืึนืึพืชึดืึฐืจึนืฉื ืฉืึฐืึนืึธื ืึฐืึนืึธืชึธื ืึผึธืึพืึธืึถืืึธ ืึฐืขืึนืึธืื
28.15. ืึฐืึธืึธื ืึดืึพืึนื ืชึดืฉืึฐืึทืข ืึผึฐืงืึนื ืึฐืืึธื ืึฑืึนืึถืืึธ ืึดืฉืึฐืึนืจ ืึทืขึฒืฉืืึนืช ืึถืชึพืึผึธืึพืึดืฆึฐืึบืชึธืื ืึฐืึปืงึผึนืชึธืื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึธื ึนืึดื ืึฐืฆึทืึผึฐืึธ ืึทืึผืึนื ืึผืึธืืึผ ืขึธืึถืืึธ ืึผึธืึพืึทืงึผึฐืึธืืึนืช ืึธืึตืึผึถื ืึฐืึดืฉืึผึดืืืึผืึธื
28.49. ืึดืฉืึผึธื ืึฐืืึธื ืขึธืึถืืึธ ืึผืึนื ืึตืจึธืืึนืง ืึดืงึฐืฆึตื ืึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึผึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึดืึฐืึถื ืึทื ึผึธืฉืึถืจ ืึผืึนื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึนืึพืชึดืฉืึฐืึทืข ืึฐืฉืึนื ืึนื
28.63. ืึฐืึธืึธื ืึผึทืึฒืฉืึถืจึพืฉืึธืฉื ืึฐืืึธื ืขึฒืึตืืึถื ืึฐืึตืืึดืื ืึถืชึฐืึถื ืึผืึฐืึทืจึฐืึผืึนืช ืึถืชึฐืึถื ืึผึตื ืึธืฉืึดืืฉื ืึฐืืึธื ืขึฒืึตืืึถื ืึฐืึทืึฒืึดืื ืึถืชึฐืึถื ืึผืึฐืึทืฉืึฐืึดืื ืึถืชึฐืึถื ืึฐื ึดืกึผึทืึฐืชึผึถื ืึตืขึทื ืึธืึฒืึธืึธื ืึฒืฉืึถืจึพืึทืชึผึธื ืึธืึพืฉืึธืึผึธื ืึฐืจึดืฉืึฐืชึผึธืึผื
28.67. ืึผึทืึผึนืงึถืจ ืชึผึนืืึทืจ ืึดืึพืึดืชึผึตื ืขึถืจึถื ืึผืึธืขึถืจึถื ืชึผึนืืึทืจ ืึดืึพืึดืชึผึตื ืึผึนืงึถืจ ืึดืคึผึทืึทื ืึฐืึธืึฐืึธ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืชึผึดืคึฐืึธื ืึผืึดืึผึทืจึฐืึตื ืขึตืื ึถืืึธ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืชึผึดืจึฐืึถืื 28.68. ืึถืึฑืฉืึดืืึฐืึธ ืึฐืืึธื ืึดืฆึฐืจึทืึดื ืึผึธืึณื ึดืึผืึนืช ืึผึทืึผึถืจึถืึฐ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึธืึทืจึฐืชึผึดื ืึฐืึธ ืึนืึพืชึนืกึดืืฃ ืขืึนื ืึดืจึฐืึนืชึธืึผ ืึฐืึดืชึฐืึทืึผึทืจึฐืชึผึถื ืฉืึธื ืึฐืึนืึฐืึถืืึธ ืึทืขึฒืึธืึดืื ืึฐืึดืฉืึฐืคึธืืึนืช ืึฐืึตืื ืงึนื ึถืื
31.9. ืึทืึผึดืึฐืชึผึนื ืึนืฉืึถื ืึถืชึพืึทืชึผืึนืจึธื ืึทืึผึนืืช ืึทืึผึดืชึผึฐื ึธืึผ ืึถืึพืึทืึผึนืึฒื ึดืื ืึผึฐื ึตื ืึตืึดื ืึทื ึผึนืฉืึฐืึดืื ืึถืชึพืึฒืจืึนื ืึผึฐืจึดืืช ืึฐืืึธื ืึฐืึถืึพืึผึธืึพืึดืงึฐื ึตื ืึดืฉืึฐืจึธืึตืื' '31.11. ืึผึฐืืึนื ืึธืึพืึดืฉืึฐืจึธืึตื ืึตืจึธืืึนืช ืึถืชึพืคึผึฐื ึตื ืึฐืืึธื ืึฑืึนืึถืืึธ ืึผึทืึผึธืงืึนื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึดืึฐืึธืจ ืชึผึดืงึฐืจึธื ืึถืชึพืึทืชึผืึนืจึธื ืึทืึผึนืืช ื ึถืึถื ืึผึธืึพืึดืฉืึฐืจึธืึตื ืึผึฐืึธืึฐื ึตืืึถืื 31.12. ืึทืงึฐืึตื ืึถืชึพืึธืขึธื ืึธืึฒื ึธืฉืึดืื ืึฐืึทื ึผึธืฉืึดืื ืึฐืึทืึผึทืฃ ืึฐืึตืจึฐืึธ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึผึดืฉืึฐืขึธืจึถืืึธ ืึฐืึทืขึทื ืึดืฉืึฐืึฐืขืึผ ืึผืึฐืึทืขึทื ืึดืึฐืึฐืืึผ ืึฐืึธืจึฐืืึผ ืึถืชึพืึฐืืึธื ืึฑืึนืึตืืึถื ืึฐืฉืึธืึฐืจืึผ ืึทืขึฒืฉืืึนืช ืึถืชึพืึผึธืึพืึผึดืึฐืจึตื ืึทืชึผืึนืจึธื ืึทืึผึนืืชื 31.13. ืึผืึฐื ึตืืึถื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึนืึพืึธืึฐืขืึผ ืึดืฉืึฐืึฐืขืึผ ืึฐืึธืึฐืืึผ ืึฐืึดืจึฐืึธื ืึถืชึพืึฐืืึธื ืึฑืึนืึตืืึถื ืึผึธืึพืึทืึผึธืึดืื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึทืชึผึถื ืึทืึผึดืื ืขึทืึพืึธืึฒืึธืึธื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึทืชึผึถื ืขึนืึฐืจึดืื ืึถืชึพืึทืึผึทืจึฐืึผึตื ืฉืึธืึผึธื ืึฐืจึดืฉืึฐืชึผึธืึผื
32.11. ืึผึฐื ึถืฉืึถืจ ืึธืขึดืืจ ืงึดื ึผืึน ืขึทืึพืึผืึนืึธืึธืื ืึฐืจึทืึตืฃ ืึดืคึฐืจึนืฉื ืึผึฐื ึธืคึธืื ืึดืงึผึธืึตืืึผ ืึดืฉืึผึธืึตืืึผ ืขึทืึพืึถืึฐืจึธืชืึนื''. None | 1.16. And I charged your judges at that time, saying: โHear the causes between your brethren, and judge righteously between a man and his brother, and the stranger that is with him.
6.5. And thou shalt love the LORD thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might.
6.7. and thou shalt teach them diligently unto thy children, and shalt talk of them when thou sittest in thy house, and when thou walkest by the way, and when thou liest down, and when thou risest up.
7.3. neither shalt thou make marriages with them: thy daughter thou shalt not give unto his son, nor his daughter shalt thou take unto thy son. 7.4. For he will turn away thy son from following Me, that they may serve other gods; so will the anger of the LORD be kindled against you, and He will destroy thee quickly. 7.5. But thus shall ye deal with them: ye shall break down their altars, and dash in pieces their pillars, and hew down their Asherim, and burn their graven images with fire.
11.14. that I will give the rain of your land in its season, the former rain and the latter rain, that thou mayest gather in thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil.
12.3. And ye shall break down their altars, and dash in pieces their pillars, and burn their Asherim with fire; and ye shall hew down the graven images of their gods; and ye shall destroy their name out of that place.
18.9. When thou art come into the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, thou shalt not learn to do after the abominations of those nations.
18.14. For these nations, that thou art to dispossess, hearken unto soothsayers, and unto diviners; but as for thee, the LORD thy God hath not suffered thee so to do.
23.7. Thou shalt not seek their peace nor their prosperity all thy days for ever.
28.15. But it shall come to pass, if thou wilt not hearken unto the voice of the LORD thy God, to observe to do all His commandments and His statutes which I command thee this day; that all these curses shall come upon thee, and overtake thee.
28.49. The LORD will bring a nation against thee from far, from the end of the earth, as the vulture swoopeth down; a nation whose tongue thou shalt not understand;
28.63. And it shall come to pass, that as the LORD rejoiced over you to do you good, and to multiply you; so the LORD will rejoice over you to cause you to perish, and to destroy you; and ye shall be plucked from off the land whither thou goest in to possess it.
28.67. In the morning thou shalt say: โWould it were even! โ and at even thou shalt say: โWould it were morning! โ for the fear of thy heart which thou shalt fear, and for the sight of thine eyes which thou shalt see. 28.68. And the LORD shall bring thee back into Egypt in ships, by the way whereof I said unto thee: โThou shalt see it no more againโ; and there ye shall sell yourselves unto your enemies for bondmen and for bondwoman, and no man shall buy you.
31.9. And Moses wrote this law, and delivered it unto the priests the sons of Levi, that bore the ark of the covet of the LORD, and unto all the elders of Israel. 31.10. And Moses commanded them, saying: โAt the end of every seven years, in the set time of the year of release, in the feast of tabernacles, 31.11. when all Israel is come to appear before the LORD thy God in the place which He shall choose, thou shalt read this law before all Israel in their hearing. 31.12. Assemble the people, the men and the women and the little ones, and thy stranger that is within thy gates, that they may hear, and that they may learn, and fear the LORD your God, and observe to do all the words of this law; 31.13. and that their children, who have not known, may hear, and learn to fear the LORD your God, as long as ye live in the land whither ye go over the Jordan to possess it.โ
32.11. As an eagle that stirreth up her nest, Hovereth over her young, Spreadeth abroad her wings, taketh them, Beareth them on her pinionsโ''. None |
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3. Hebrew Bible, Esther, 8.15 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylon and Babylonians โข Babylonian Talmud
Found in books: Allen and Dunne (2022) 229; Gera (2014) 141
8.15. ืึผืึธืจึฐืึผึณืึทื ืึธืฆึธื ืึดืึผึดืคึฐื ึตื ืึทืึผึถืึถืึฐ ืึผึดืึฐืืึผืฉื ืึทืึฐืืึผืช ืชึผึฐืึตืึถืช ืึธืืึผืจ ืึทืขึฒืึถืจึถืช ืึธืึธื ืึผึฐืืึนืึธื ืึฐืชึทืึฐืจึดืืึฐ ืึผืึผืฅ ืึฐืึทืจึฐืึผึธืึธื ืึฐืึธืขึดืืจ ืฉืืึผืฉืึธื ืฆึธืึฒืึธื ืึฐืฉืึธืึตืึธืื''. None | 8.15. And Mordecai went forth from the presence of the king in royal apparel of blue and white, and with a great crown of gold, and with a rob of fine linen and purple; and the city of Shushan shouted and was glad.''. None |
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4. Hebrew Bible, Exodus, 22.20-22.21, 32.13 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Amoraim, Babylonian, attitude to Moses, Torah โข Babylon and Babylonians โข Babylonian rabbis, sages, comments on Moses โข Babylonian โmini-tractate of conversionโ (immersion and conversion) โข Babylonians โข Talmud, Babylonian โข baraita (baraitot), Babylonian โข harmonization, Babylonian
Found in books: Gera (2014) 261; Iricinschi et al. (2013) 415; Kalmin (1998) 99; Lavee (2017) 178, 179, 251; Salvesen et al (2020) 151; Schwartz (2008) 136
22.21. ืึผึธืึพืึทืึฐืึธื ึธื ืึฐืึธืชืึนื ืึนื ืชึฐืขึทื ึผืึผืื
32.13. ืึฐืึนืจ ืึฐืึทืึฐืจึธืึธื ืึฐืึดืฆึฐืึธืง ืึผืึฐืึดืฉืึฐืจึธืึตื ืขึฒืึธืึถืืึธ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื ึดืฉืึฐืึผึทืขึฐืชึผึธ ืึธืึถื ืึผึธืึฐ ืึทืชึผึฐืึทืึผึตืจ ืึฒืึตืึถื ืึทืจึฐืึผึถื ืึถืชึพืึทืจึฐืขึฒืึถื ืึผึฐืืึนืึฐืึตื ืึทืฉืึผึธืึธืึดื ืึฐืึธืึพืึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึทืึผึนืืช ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึธืึทืจึฐืชึผึดื ืึถืชึผึตื ืึฐืึทืจึฐืขึฒืึถื ืึฐื ึธืึฒืืึผ ืึฐืขึนืึธืื' '. None | 22.20. And a stranger shalt thou not wrong, neither shalt thou oppress him; for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt. 22.21. Ye shall not afflict any widow, or fatherless child.
32.13. Remember Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, Thy servants, to whom Thou didst swear by Thine own self, and saidst unto them: I will multiply your seed as the stars of heaven, and all this land that I have spoken of will I give unto your seed, and they shall inherit it for ever.โ' '. None |
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5. Hebrew Bible, Genesis, 1.1-1.4, 1.26, 10.10-10.11, 11.1-11.9, 12.1, 12.5, 15.3, 15.5, 17.14, 19.26, 34.3, 39.11 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Abraham, Babylonian science โข Alexander the Great, in the Babylonian Talmud โข Assyrian-Babylonian, tradition โข Babylon, Babylonians โข Babylon/Babylonian/Assyro-Babylonian โข Babylon/Babylonians โข Babylonia โข Babylonia, Babylonian โข Babylonia, Nebuchadnezzar in โข Babylonian โข Babylonian Talmud โข Babylonians โข Build/Building Activity, Tower in Babylonia โข Exile Babylonian โข Land of Israel, as center, versus Babylonia as periphery โข Land of Israel, as motherโs bosom, versus Babylonia as Gentile womanโs bosom โข Land, of Babylonia โข Pharisees, in the Babylonian Talmud โข Septuagint, legend of the composition of, in Babylonian rabbinic sources โข Talmud of Babylonia โข Talmud, Babylonian, Palestinian rabbinic traditions in โข Talmud, Babylonian, anonymous portions of, xi โข Talmud, Babylonian, attitudes of, toward earthly striving โข Tehom (deep), as transformation of the Babylonian Tiamat โข astrology, Babylonian rabbinic attitudes toward โข harmonization, Babylonian โข rabbis, Babylonian, and the value of Torah study โข rabbis, Babylonian, attitudes of, toward nonrabbis
Found in books: Allen and Dunne (2022) 138, 249; Gruen (2020) 173; Kalmin (2014) 82, 165, 183, 211, 212; Kosman (2012) 124, 166, 167; Lavee (2017) 176, 203, 223; Lidonnici and Lieber (2007) 147; Neusner (2004) 288; Potter Suh and Holladay (2021) 126; Rohmann (2016) 178, 258; Ruzer (2020) 77, 86, 176; Salvesen et al (2020) 151; Schwartz (2008) 136; Stern (2004) 89; Stuckenbruck (2007) 377, 634; Taylor (2012) 231; Tellbe Wasserman and Nyman (2019) 28; Toloni (2022) 153
1.1. ืึผึฐืจึตืืฉืึดืืช ืึผึธืจึธื ืึฑืึนืึดืื ืึตืช ืึทืฉืึผึธืึทืึดื ืึฐืึตืช ืึธืึธืจึถืฅื
1.1. ืึทืึผึดืงึฐืจึธื ืึฑืึนืึดืื ืึทืึผึทืึผึธืฉืึธื ืึถืจึถืฅ ืึผืึฐืึดืงึฐืึตื ืึทืึผึทืึดื ืงึธืจึธื ืึทืึผึดืื ืึทืึผึทืจึฐื ืึฑืึนืึดืื ืึผึดืึพืืึนืื 1.2. ืึฐืึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึธืึฐืชึธื ืชึนืืึผ ืึธืึนืืึผ ืึฐืึนืฉืึถืึฐ ืขึทืึพืคึผึฐื ึตื ืชึฐืืึนื ืึฐืจืึผืึท ืึฑืึนืึดืื ืึฐืจึทืึถืคึถืช ืขึทืึพืคึผึฐื ึตื ืึทืึผึธืึดืื 1.2. ืึทืึผึนืืึถืจ ืึฑืึนืึดืื ืึดืฉืึฐืจึฐืฆืึผ ืึทืึผึทืึดื ืฉืึถืจึถืฅ ื ึถืคึถืฉื ืึทืึผึธื ืึฐืขืึนืฃ ืึฐืขืึนืคึตืฃ ืขึทืึพืึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืขึทืึพืคึผึฐื ึตื ืจึฐืงึดืืขึท ืึทืฉืึผึธืึธืึดืื 1.3. ืึทืึผึนืืึถืจ ืึฑืึนืึดืื ืึฐืึดื ืืึนืจ ืึทืึฐืึดืึพืืึนืจื 1.3. ืึผืึฐืึธืึพืึทืึผึทืช ืึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึผืึฐืึธืึพืขืึนืฃ ืึทืฉืึผึธืึทืึดื ืึผืึฐืึนื ืจืึนืึตืฉื ืขึทืึพืึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถืจึพืึผืึน ื ึถืคึถืฉื ืึทืึผึธื ืึถืชึพืึผึธืึพืึถืจึถืง ืขึตืฉืึถื ืึฐืึธืึฐืึธื ืึทืึฐืึดืึพืึตืื 1.4. ืึทืึผึทืจึฐื ืึฑืึนืึดืื ืึถืชึพืึธืืึนืจ ืึผึดืึพืืึนื ืึทืึผึทืึฐืึผึตื ืึฑืึนืึดืื ืึผึตืื ืึธืืึนืจ ืึผืึตืื ืึทืึนืฉืึถืึฐื
1.26. ืึทืึผึนืืึถืจ ืึฑืึนืึดืื ื ึทืขึฒืฉืึถื ืึธืึธื ืึผึฐืฆึทืึฐืึตื ืึผ ืึผึดืึฐืืึผืชึตื ืึผ ืึฐืึดืจึฐืึผืึผ ืึดืึฐืึทืช ืึทืึผึธื ืึผืึฐืขืึนืฃ ืึทืฉืึผึธืึทืึดื ืึผืึทืึผึฐืึตืึธื ืึผืึฐืึธืึพืึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึผืึฐืึธืึพืึธืจึถืึถืฉื ืึธืจึนืึตืฉื ืขึทืึพืึธืึธืจึถืฅื' '10.11. ืึดืึพืึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึทืึดืื ืึธืฆึธื ืึทืฉืึผืึผืจ ืึทืึผึดืึถื ืึถืชึพื ึดืื ึฐืึตื ืึฐืึถืชึพืจึฐืึนืึนืช ืขึดืืจ ืึฐืึถืชึพืึผึธืึทืื 1
1.1. ืึตืึผึถื ืชึผืึนืึฐืึนืช ืฉืึตื ืฉืึตื ืึผึถืึพืึฐืึทืช ืฉืึธื ึธื ืึทืึผืึนืึถื ืึถืชึพืึทืจึฐืคึผึทืึฐืฉืึธื ืฉืึฐื ึธืชึทืึดื ืึทืึทืจ ืึทืึผึทืึผืึผืื 1
1.1. ืึทืึฐืึดื ืึธืึพืึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืฉืึธืคึธื ืึถืึธืช ืึผืึฐืึธืจึดืื ืึฒืึธืึดืืื 11.2. ืึทืึฐืึดื ืึผึฐื ึธืกึฐืขึธื ืึดืงึผึถืึถื ืึทืึผึดืึฐืฆึฐืืึผ ืึดืงึฐืขึธื ืึผึฐืึถืจึถืฅ ืฉืึดื ึฐืขึธืจ ืึทืึผึตืฉืึฐืืึผ ืฉืึธืื 11.2. ืึทืึฐืึดื ืจึฐืขืึผ ืฉืึฐืชึผึทืึดื ืึผืฉืึฐืึนืฉืึดืื ืฉืึธื ึธื ืึทืึผืึนืึถื ืึถืชึพืฉืึฐืจืึผืื 11.3. ืึทืึผึนืืึฐืจืึผ ืึดืืฉื ืึถืึพืจึตืขึตืืึผ ืึธืึธื ื ึดืึฐืึผึฐื ึธื ืึฐืึตื ึดืื ืึฐื ึดืฉืึฐืจึฐืคึธื ืึดืฉืึฐืจึตืคึธื ืึทืชึผึฐืึดื ืึธืึถื ืึทืึผึฐืึตื ึธื ืึฐืึธืึถื ืึฐืึทืึตืึธืจ ืึธืึธื ืึธืึถื ืึทืึนืึถืจื 11.3. ืึทืชึผึฐืึดื ืฉืึธืจึทื ืขึฒืงึธืจึธื ืึตืื ืึธืึผ ืึธืึธืื 11.4. ืึทืึผึนืืึฐืจืึผ ืึธืึธื ื ึดืึฐื ึถืึพืึผึธื ืึผ ืขึดืืจ ืึผืึดืึฐืึผึธื ืึฐืจึนืืฉืืึน ืึทืฉืึผึธืึทืึดื ืึฐื ึทืขึฒืฉืึถืึพืึผึธื ืึผ ืฉืึตื ืคึผึถืึพื ึธืคืึผืฅ ืขึทืึพืคึผึฐื ึตื ืึธืึพืึธืึธืจึถืฅื 11.5. ืึทืึผึตืจึถื ืึฐืืึธื ืึดืจึฐืึนืช ืึถืชึพืึธืขึดืืจ ืึฐืึถืชึพืึทืึผึดืึฐืึผึธื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึผึธื ืึผ ืึผึฐื ึตื ืึธืึธืึธืื 11.6. ืึทืึผึนืืึถืจ ืึฐืืึธื ืึตื ืขึทื ืึถืึธื ืึฐืฉืึธืคึธื ืึทืึทืช ืึฐืึปืึผึธื ืึฐืึถื ืึทืึดืึผึธื ืึทืขึฒืฉืืึนืช ืึฐืขึทืชึผึธื ืึนืึพืึดืึผึธืฆึตืจ ืึตืึถื ืึผึนื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึธืึฐืืึผ ืึทืขึฒืฉืืึนืชื 11.7. ืึธืึธื ื ึตืจึฐืึธื ืึฐื ึธืึฐืึธื ืฉืึธื ืฉืึฐืคึธืชึธื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึนื ืึดืฉืึฐืึฐืขืึผ ืึดืืฉื ืฉืึฐืคึทืช ืจึตืขึตืืึผื 11.8. ืึทืึผึธืคึถืฅ ืึฐืืึธื ืึนืชึธื ืึดืฉืึผึธื ืขึทืึพืคึผึฐื ึตื ืึธืึพืึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึทืึผึทืึฐืึผึฐืืึผ ืึดืึฐื ึนืช ืึธืขึดืืจื 11.9. ืขึทืึพืึผึตื ืงึธืจึธื ืฉืึฐืึธืึผ ืึผึธืึถื ืึผึดืึพืฉืึธื ืึผึธืึทื ืึฐืืึธื ืฉืึฐืคึทืช ืึผึธืึพืึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึผืึดืฉืึผึธื ืึฑืคึดืืฆึธื ืึฐืืึธื ืขึทืึพืคึผึฐื ึตื ืึผึธืึพืึธืึธืจึถืฅื
12.1. ืึทืึฐืึดื ืจึธืขึธื ืึผึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึทืึผึตืจึถื ืึทืึฐืจึธื ืึดืฆึฐืจึทืึฐืึธื ืึธืืึผืจ ืฉืึธื ืึผึดืึพืึธืึตื ืึธืจึธืขึธื ืึผึธืึธืจึถืฅื
12.1. ืึทืึผึนืืึถืจ ืึฐืืึธื ืึถืึพืึทืึฐืจึธื ืึถืึฐึพืึฐืึธ ืึตืึทืจึฐืฆึฐืึธ ืึผืึดืึผืึนืึทืึฐืชึผึฐืึธ ืึผืึดืึผึตืืช ืึธืึดืืึธ ืึถืึพืึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึทืจึฐืึถืึผึธื
12.5. ืึทืึผึดืงึผึทื ืึทืึฐืจึธื ืึถืชึพืฉืึธืจึทื ืึดืฉืึฐืชึผืึน ืึฐืึถืชึพืืึนื ืึผึถืึพืึธืึดืื ืึฐืึถืชึพืึผึธืึพืจึฐืืึผืฉืึธื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืจึธืึธืฉืืึผ ืึฐืึถืชึพืึทื ึผึถืคึถืฉื ืึฒืฉืึถืจึพืขึธืฉืืึผ ืึฐืึธืจึธื ืึทืึผึตืฆึฐืืึผ ืึธืึถืึถืช ืึทืจึฐืฆึธื ืึผึฐื ึทืขึทื ืึทืึผึธืึนืืึผ ืึทืจึฐืฆึธื ืึผึฐื ึธืขึทืื
15.3. ืึทืึผึนืืึถืจ ืึทืึฐืจึธื ืึตื ืึดื ืึนื ื ึธืชึทืชึผึธื ืึธืจึทืข ืึฐืึดื ึผึตื ืึถืึพืึผึตืืชึดื ืืึนืจึตืฉื ืึนืชึดืื
15.5. ืึทืึผืึนืฆึตื ืึนืชืึน ืึทืืึผืฆึธื ืึทืึผึนืืึถืจ ืึทืึผึถืึพื ึธื ืึทืฉืึผึธืึทืึฐืึธื ืึผืกึฐืคึนืจ ืึทืึผืึนืึธืึดืื ืึดืึพืชึผืึผืึทื ืึดืกึฐืคึผึนืจ ืึนืชึธื ืึทืึผึนืืึถืจ ืืึน ืึผึนื ืึดืึฐืึถื ืึทืจึฐืขึถืึธื
17.14. ืึฐืขึธืจึตื ืึธืึธืจ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึนืึพืึดืึผืึนื ืึถืชึพืึผึฐืฉืึทืจ ืขึธืจึฐืึธืชืึน ืึฐื ึดืึฐืจึฐืชึธื ืึทื ึผึถืคึถืฉื ืึทืึดืื ืึตืขึทืึผึถืืึธ ืึถืชึพืึผึฐืจึดืืชึดื ืึตืคึทืจื
19.26. ืึทืชึผึทืึผึตื ืึดืฉืึฐืชึผืึน ืึตืึทืึฒืจึธืื ืึทืชึผึฐืึดื ื ึฐืฆึดืื ืึถืึทืื
34.3. ืึทืึผึนืืึถืจ ืึทืขึฒืงึนื ืึถืึพืฉืึดืึฐืขืึนื ืึฐืึถืึพืึตืึดื ืขึฒืึทืจึฐืชึผึถื ืึนืชึดื ืึฐืึทืึฐืึดืืฉืึตื ึดื ืึผึฐืึนืฉืึตื ืึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึผึทืึผึฐื ึทืขึฒื ึดื ืึผืึทืคึผึฐืจึดืึผึดื ืึทืึฒื ึดื ืึฐืชึตื ืึดืกึฐืคึผึธืจ ืึฐื ึถืึถืกึฐืคืึผ ืขึธืึทื ืึฐืึดืึผืึผื ึดื ืึฐื ึดืฉืึฐืึทืึฐืชึผึดื ืึฒื ึดื ืึผืึตืืชึดืื
34.3. ืึทืชึผึดืึฐืึผึทืง ื ึทืคึฐืฉืืึน ืึผึฐืึดืื ึธื ืึผึทืชึพืึทืขึฒืงึนื ืึทืึผึถืึฑืึทื ืึถืชึพืึทื ึผึทืขึฒืจึธ ืึทืึฐืึทืึผึตืจ ืขึทืึพืึตื ืึทื ึผึทืขึฒืจึธื
39.11. ืึทืึฐืึดื ืึผึฐืึทืึผืึนื ืึทืึผึถื ืึทืึผึธืึนื ืึทืึผึทืึฐืชึธื ืึทืขึฒืฉืืึนืช ืึฐืึทืืึฐืชึผืึน ืึฐืึตืื ืึดืืฉื ืึตืึทื ึฐืฉืึตื ืึทืึผึทืึดืช ืฉืึธื ืึผึทืึผึธืึดืชื''. None | 1.1. In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. 1.2. Now the earth was unformed and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the spirit of God hovered over the face of the waters. 1.3. And God said: โLet there be light.โ And there was light. 1.4. And God saw the light, that it was good; and God divided the light from the darkness.
1.26. And God said: โLet us make man in our image, after our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.โ
10.10. And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar. 10.11. Out of that land went forth Asshur, and builded Nineveh, and Rehoboth-ir, and Calah, 1
1.1. And the whole earth was of one language and of one speech. 11.2. And it came to pass, as they journeyed east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. 11.3. And they said one to another: โCome, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly.โ And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for mortar. 11.4. And they said: โCome, let us build us a city, and a tower, with its top in heaven, and let us make us a name; lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.โ 11.5. And the LORD came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded. 11.6. And the LORD said: โBehold, they are one people, and they have all one language; and this is what they begin to do; and now nothing will be withholden from them, which they purpose to do. 11.7. Come, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one anotherโs speech.โ 11.8. So the LORD scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth; and they left off to build the city. 11.9. Therefore was the name of it called Babel; because the LORD did there aconfound the language of all the earth; and from thence did the LORD scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth.
12.1. Now the LORD said unto Abram: โGet thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred, and from thy fatherโs house, unto the land that I will show thee.
12.5. And Abram took Sarai his wife, and Lot his brotherโs son, and all their substance that they had gathered, and the souls that they had gotten in Haran; and they went forth to go into the land of Canaan; and into the land of Canaan they came.
15.3. And Abram said: โBehold, to me Thou hast given no seed, and, lo, one born in my house is to be mine heir.โ
15.5. And He brought him forth abroad, and said: โLook now toward heaven, and count the stars, if thou be able to count themโ; and He said unto him: โSo shall thy seed be.โ
17.14. And the uncircumcised male who is not circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin, that soul shall be cut off from his people; he hath broken My covet.โ
19.26. But his wife looked back from behind him, and she became a pillar of salt.
34.3. And his soul did cleave unto Dinah the daughter of Jacob, and he loved the damsel, and spoke comfortingly unto the damsel.
39.11. And it came to pass on a certain day, when he went into the house to do his work, and there was none of the men of the house there within,' '. None |
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6. Hebrew Bible, Jonah, 1.2 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylon and Babylonians, chronicles and inscriptions โข Babylonia
Found in books: Gera (2014) 117; Sigal (2007) 68
1.2. ืงืึผื ืึตืึฐ ืึถืึพื ึดืื ึฐืึตื ืึธืขึดืืจ ืึทืึผึฐืืึนืึธื ืึผืงึฐืจึธื ืขึธืึถืืึธ ืึผึดืึพืขึธืึฐืชึธื ืจึธืขึธืชึธื ืึฐืคึธื ึธืื''. None | 1.2. โArise, go to Nineveh, that great city, and proclaim against it; for their wickedness is come up before Me.โ''. None |
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7. Hebrew Bible, Leviticus, 1.4, 25.23, 25.29, 25.39-25.47 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylon/Babylonian/Assyro-Babylonian โข Babylonia โข Babylonia, sacred land in โข Berossus, Babylonian historian, used by Josephus โข Talmud, Babylonian โข Talmud, Babylonian, anonymous voice of โข Talmud, Babylonian, exegetical methodology of โข Talmud, Babylonian, reworking of earlier Palestinian material โข sacred land, outside Judea, in Babylonia
Found in books: Feldman (2006) 324; Gordon (2020) 30, 31; Kanarek (2014) 48, 85, 86, 87; Keddie (2019) 78; Poorthuis Schwartz and Turner (2009) 106; Tellbe Wasserman and Nyman (2019) 48
1.4. ืึฐืกึธืึทืึฐ ืึธืืึน ืขึทื ืจึนืืฉื ืึธืขึนืึธื ืึฐื ึดืจึฐืฆึธื ืืึน ืึฐืึทืคึผึตืจ ืขึธืึธืืื
25.23. ืึฐืึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึนื ืชึดืึผึธืึตืจ ืึดืฆึฐืึดืชึปืช ืึผึดืึพืึดื ืึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึผึดืึพืึตืจึดืื ืึฐืชืึนืฉืึธืึดืื ืึทืชึผึถื ืขึดืึผึธืึดืื
25.29. ืึฐืึดืืฉื ืึผึดืึพืึดืึฐืึผึนืจ ืึผึตืืชึพืืึนืฉืึทื ืขึดืืจ ืืึนืึธื ืึฐืึธืึฐืชึธื ืึผึฐืึปืึผึธืชืึน ืขึทืึพืชึผึนื ืฉืึฐื ึทืช ืึดืึฐืึผึธืจืึน ืึธืึดืื ืชึผึดืึฐืึถื ืึฐืึปืึผึธืชืึนื
25.39. ืึฐืึดืึพืึธืืึผืึฐ ืึธืึดืืึธ ืขึดืึผึธืึฐ ืึฐื ึดืึฐืึผึทืจึพืึธืึฐ ืึนืึพืชึทืขึฒืึนื ืึผืึน ืขึฒืึนืึทืช ืขึธืึถืื' '25.41. ืึฐืึธืฆึธื ืึตืขึดืึผึธืึฐ ืืึผื ืึผืึธื ึธืื ืขึดืึผืึน ืึฐืฉืึธื ืึถืึพืึดืฉืึฐืคึผึทืึฐืชึผืึน ืึฐืึถืึพืึฒืึปืึผึทืช ืึฒืึนืชึธืื ืึธืฉืืึผืื 25.42. ืึผึดืึพืขึฒืึธืึทื ืึตื ืึฒืฉืึถืจึพืืึนืฆึตืืชึดื ืึนืชึธื ืึตืึถืจึถืฅ ืึดืฆึฐืจึธืึดื ืึนื ืึดืึผึธืึฐืจืึผ ืึดืึฐืึผึถืจึถืช ืขึธืึถืื 25.43. ืึนืึพืชึดืจึฐืึผึถื ืืึน ืึผึฐืคึธืจึถืึฐ ืึฐืึธืจึตืืชึธ ืึตืึฑืึนืึถืืึธื 25.44. ืึฐืขึทืึฐืึผึฐืึธ ืึทืึฒืึธืชึฐืึธ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึดืึฐืืึผึพืึธืึฐ ืึตืึตืช ืึทืึผืึนืึดื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืกึฐืึดืืึนืชึตืืึถื ืึตืึถื ืชึผึดืงึฐื ืึผ ืขึถืึถื ืึฐืึธืึธืื 25.45. ืึฐืึทื ืึดืึผึฐื ึตื ืึทืชึผืึนืฉืึธืึดืื ืึทืึผึธืจึดืื ืขึดืึผึธืึถื ืึตืึถื ืชึผึดืงึฐื ืึผ ืึผืึดืึผึดืฉืึฐืคึผึทืึฐืชึผึธื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืขึดืึผึธืึถื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืืึนืึดืืืึผ ืึผึฐืึทืจึฐืฆึฐืึถื ืึฐืึธืืึผ ืึธืึถื ืึทืึฒืึปืึผึธืื 25.46. ืึฐืึดืชึฐื ึทืึฒืึฐืชึผึถื ืึนืชึธื ืึดืึฐื ึตืืึถื ืึทืึฒืจึตืืึถื ืึธืจึถืฉืึถืช ืึฒืึปืึผึธื ืึฐืขึนืึธื ืึผึธืึถื ืชึผึทืขึฒืึนืืึผ ืึผืึฐืึทืึตืืึถื ืึผึฐื ึตืึพืึดืฉืึฐืจึธืึตื ืึดืืฉื ืึผึฐืึธืึดืื ืึนืึพืชึดืจึฐืึผึถื ืืึน ืึผึฐืคึธืจึถืึฐื 25.47. ืึฐืึดื ืชึทืฉืึผึดืื ืึทื ืึผึตืจ ืึฐืชืึนืฉืึธื ืขึดืึผึธืึฐ ืึผืึธืึฐ ืึธืึดืืึธ ืขึดืึผืึน ืึฐื ึดืึฐืึผึทืจ ืึฐืึตืจ ืชึผืึนืฉืึธื ืขึดืึผึธืึฐ ืืึน ืึฐืขึตืงึถืจ ืึดืฉืึฐืคึผึทืึทืช ืึผึตืจื''. None | 1.4. And he shall lay his hand upon the head of the burnt-offering; and it shall be accepted for him to make atonement for him.
25.23. And the land shall not be sold in perpetuity; for the land is Mine; for ye are strangers and settlers with Me.
25.29. And if a man sell a dwelling-house in a walled city, then he may redeem it within a whole year after it is sold; for a full year shall he have the right of redemption.
25.39. And if thy brother be waxen poor with thee, and sell himself unto thee, thou shalt not make him to serve as a bondservant. 25.40. As a hired servant, and as a settler, he shall be with thee; he shall serve with thee unto the year of jubilee. 25.41. Then shall he go out from thee, he and his children with him, and shall return unto his own family, and unto the possession of his fathers shall he return. 25.42. For they are My servants, whom I brought forth out of the land of Egypt; they shall not be sold as bondmen. 25.43. Thou shalt not rule over him with rigour; but shalt fear thy God. 25.44. And as for thy bondmen, and thy bondmaids, whom thou mayest have: of the nations that are round about you, of them shall ye buy bondmen and bondmaids. 25.45. Moreover of the children of the strangers that do sojourn among you, of them may ye buy, and of their families that are with you, which they have begotten in your land; and they may be your possession. 25.46. And ye may make them an inheritance for your children after you, to hold for a possession: of them may ye take your bondmen for ever; but over your brethren the children of Israel ye shall not rule, one over another, with rigour. 25.47. And if a stranger who is a settler with thee be waxen rich, and thy brother be waxen poor beside him, and sell himself unto the stranger who is a settler with thee, or to the offshoot of a strangerโs family,' '. None |
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8. Hebrew Bible, Numbers, 12.8, 15.16 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylon/Babylonian/Assyro-Babylonian โข Babylonian โmini-tractate of conversionโ (immersion and conversion) โข Isaiah, criticism of, in the Babylonian Talmud โข Isaiah, execution of, in the Babylonian Talmud โข Talmud, Babylonian, Palestinian rabbinic traditions in โข baraita, Babylonian โข chronological perspective, Babylonian โข circumcision, Babylonian conceptual framework and
Found in books: Kalmin (2014) 43, 44; Lavee (2017) 66, 278, 279; Nikolsky and Ilan (2014) 87; Tellbe Wasserman and Nyman (2019) 48
12.8. ืคึผึถื ืึถืึพืคึผึถื ืึฒืึทืึผึถืจึพืึผืึน ืึผืึทืจึฐืึถื ืึฐืึนื ืึฐืึดืืึนืช ืึผืชึฐืึปื ึทืช ืึฐืืึธื ืึทืึผึดืื ืึผืึทืึผืึผืขึท ืึนื ืึฐืจึตืืชึถื ืึฐืึทืึผึตืจ ืึผึฐืขึทืึฐืึผึดื ืึฐืึนืฉืึถืื
15.16. ืชึผืึนืจึธื ืึทืึทืช ืึผืึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื ืึถืึธื ืึดืึฐืึถื ืึธืึถื ืึฐืึทืึผึตืจ ืึทืึผึธืจ ืึดืชึผึฐืึถืื''. None | 12.8. with him do I speak mouth to mouth, even manifestly, and not in dark speeches; and the similitude of the LORD doth he behold; wherefore then were ye not afraid to speak against My servant, against Moses?โ
15.16. One law and one ordice shall be both for you, and for the stranger that sojourneth with you.''. None |
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9. Hebrew Bible, Proverbs, 10.2, 11.4 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Talmud, Babylonian โข Talmud, Babylonian, Palestinian rabbinic traditions in โข Talmud, Babylonian, anonymous portions of, xi โข astrology, Babylonian rabbinic attitudes toward โข rabbis, Babylonian, encounters of, with non-Jews โข tsedaqah/tzdaka, as charity in the Babylonian Talmud
Found in books: Gardner (2015) 185; Kalmin (2014) 178, 182; Toloni (2022) 151
10.2. ืึผึถืกึถืฃ ื ึดืึฐืึธืจ ืึฐืฉืืึนื ืฆึทืึผึดืืง ืึตื ืจึฐืฉืึธืขึดืื ืึผึดืึฐืขึธืื
10.2. ืึนืึพืืึนืขึดืืืึผ ืืึนืฆึฐืจืึนืช ืจึถืฉืึทืข ืึผืฆึฐืึธืงึธื ืชึผึทืฆึผึดืื ืึดืึผึธืึถืชื
11.4. ืึนืึพืืึนืขึดืื ืืึนื ืึผึฐืืึนื ืขึถืึฐืจึธื ืึผืฆึฐืึธืงึธื ืชึผึทืฆึผึดืื ืึดืึผึธืึถืชื''. None | 10.2. Treasures of wickedness profit nothing; but righteousness delivereth from death.
11.4. Riches profit not in the day of wrath; But righteousness delivereth from death.''. None |
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10. Hebrew Bible, Psalms, 2.4, 104.18 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylonia, Babylonian โข Babylonia, Greece associated with โข Babylonian Talmud โข Babylonians โข Exile Babylonian
Found in books: Allen and Dunne (2022) 33; Ruzer (2020) 83; Stern (2004) 106; Stuckenbruck (2007) 268, 288
2.4. ืืึนืฉืึตื ืึผึทืฉืึผึธืึทืึดื ืึดืฉืึฐืึธืง ืึฒืึนื ึธื ืึดืึฐืขึทืึพืึธืืึนื
104.18. ืึธืจึดืื ืึทืึผึฐืึนืึดืื ืึทืึผึฐืขึตืึดืื ืกึฐืึธืขึดืื ืึทืึฐืกึถื ืึทืฉืึฐืคึทื ึผึดืืื' '. None | 2.4. He that sitteth in heaven laugheth, the Lord hath them in derision.
104.18. The high mountains are for the wild goats; The rocks are a refuge for the conies.' '. None |
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11. None, None, nan (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Academies, Babylonian โข Babylonian exile โข pain, suffering, in Babylonian and Egyptian poems
Found in books: Fishbane (2003) 203; Toloni (2022) 93; Waldner et al (2016) 171
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12. Hebrew Bible, 1 Kings, 17.20 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylon and Babylonians โข Babylonian rabbis, sages, relations with exilarchate โข Elijah, Babylonian, Palestinian approaches distinguished
Found in books: Gera (2014) 261; Kalmin (1998) 18
| 17.20. And he cried unto the LORD, and said: โO LORD my God, hast Thou also brought evil upon the widow with whom I sojourn, by slaying her son?โ''. None |
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13. Hebrew Bible, 2 Kings, 18.21, 18.24, 18.35, 19.35-19.36, 24.12, 24.15, 25.8-25.9 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylon and Babylonians โข Babylonia โข Babylonia, Nebuchadnezzar in โข Babylonian โข Babylonian Chronicles โข Babylonian exile, โข Babylonians โข Babylonians, Jewry โข Deportations Babylonian Exile โข Exile Babylonian โข Names, Babylonian โข astrology, Babylonian rabbinic attitudes toward
Found in books: Bay (2022) 169; Bickerman and Tropper (2007) 990; Gera (2014) 116, 214, 221; Kalmin (2014) 191; Salvesen et al (2020) 151; Schwartz (2008) 546; Stern (2004) 29; Stuckenbruck (2007) 117; Toloni (2022) 119
18.21. ืขึทืชึผึธื ืึดื ึผึตื ืึธืึทืึฐืชึผึธ ืึผึฐืึธ ืขึทืึพืึดืฉืึฐืขึถื ึถืช ืึทืงึผึธื ึถื ืึธืจึธืฆืึผืฅ ืึทืึผึถื ืขึทืึพืึดืฆึฐืจึทืึดื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึดืกึผึธืึตืึฐ ืึดืืฉื ืขึธืึธืื ืึผืึธื ืึฐืึทืคึผืึน ืึผื ึฐืงึธืึธืึผ ืึผึตื ืคึผึทืจึฐืขึนื ืึถืึถืึฐึพืึดืฆึฐืจึทืึดื ืึฐืึธืึพืึทืึผึนืึฐืึดืื ืขึธืึธืืื
18.24. ืึฐืึตืืึฐ ืชึผึธืฉืึดืื ืึตืช ืคึผึฐื ึตื ืคึทืึทืช ืึทืึทื ืขึทืึฐืึตื ืึฒืึนื ึดื ืึทืงึผึฐืึทื ึผึดืื ืึทืชึผึดืึฐืึทื ืึฐืึธ ืขึทืึพืึดืฆึฐืจึทืึดื ืึฐืจึถืึถื ืึผืึฐืคึธืจึธืฉืึดืืื
18.35. ืึดื ืึผึฐืึธืึพืึฑืึนืึตื ืึธืึฒืจึธืฆืึนืช ืึฒืฉืึถืจึพืึดืฆึผึดืืืึผ ืึถืชึพืึทืจึฐืฆึธื ืึดืึผึธืึดื ืึผึดืึพืึทืฆึผึดืื ืึฐืืึธื ืึถืชึพืึฐืจืึผืฉืึธืึทึดื ืึดืึผึธืึดืื
19.35. ืึทืึฐืึดื ืึผึทืึผึทืึฐืึธื ืึทืืึผื ืึทืึผึตืฆึตื ืึทืึฐืึทืึฐ ืึฐืืึธื ืึทืึผึทืึฐ ืึผึฐืึทืึฒื ึตื ืึทืฉืึผืึผืจ ืึตืึธื ืฉืึฐืืึนื ึดืื ืึทืึฒืึดืฉืึผึธื ืึธืึถืฃ ืึทืึผึทืฉืึฐืึผึดืืืึผ ืึทืึผึนืงึถืจ ืึฐืึดื ึผึตื ืึปืึผึธื ืคึผึฐืึธืจึดืื ืึตืชึดืืื 19.36. ืึทืึผึดืกึผึทืข ืึทืึผึตืึถืึฐ ืึทืึผึธืฉืึธื ืกึทื ึฐืึตืจึดืื ืึถืึถืึฐึพืึทืฉืึผืึผืจ ืึทืึผึตืฉืึถื ืึผึฐื ึดืื ึฐืึตืื
24.12. ืึทืึผึตืฆึตื ืึฐืืึนืึธืึดืื ืึถืึถืึฐึพืึฐืืึผืึธื ืขึทืึพืึถืึถืึฐ ืึผึธืึถื ืืึผื ืึฐืึดืึผืึน ืึทืขึฒืึธืึธืื ืึฐืฉืึธืจึธืื ืึฐืกึธืจึดืืกึธืื ืึทืึผึดืงึผึทื ืึนืชืึน ืึถืึถืึฐ ืึผึธืึถื ืึผึดืฉืึฐื ึทืช ืฉืึฐืึนื ึถื ืึฐืึธืึฐืืึนื
24.15. ืึทืึผึถืึถื ืึถืชึพืึฐืืึนืึธืึดืื ืึผึธืึถืึธื ืึฐืึถืชึพืึตื ืึทืึผึถืึถืึฐ ืึฐืึถืชึพื ึฐืฉืึตื ืึทืึผึถืึถืึฐ ืึฐืึถืชึพืกึธืจึดืืกึธืื ืึฐืึตืช ืืืื ืึตืืึตื ืึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืืึนืึดืืึฐ ืึผืึนืึธื ืึดืืจืึผืฉืึธืึทึดื ืึผึธืึถืึธืื
25.8. ืึผืึทืึนืึถืฉื ืึทืึฒืึดืืฉืึดื ืึผึฐืฉืึดืึฐืขึธื ืึทืึนืึถืฉื ืึดืื ืฉืึฐื ึทืช ืชึผึฐืฉืึทืขึพืขึถืฉืึฐืจึตื ืฉืึธื ึธื ืึทืึผึถืึถืึฐ ื ึฐืึปืึทืึฐื ึถืืฆึผึทืจ ืึถืึถืึฐึพืึผึธืึถื ืึผึธื ื ึฐืืึผืึทืจึฐืึฒืึธื ืจึทืึพืึทืึผึธืึดืื ืขึถืึถื ืึถืึถืึฐึพืึผึธืึถื ืึฐืจืึผืฉืึธืึธึดืื 25.9. ืึทืึผึดืฉืึฐืจึนืฃ ืึถืชึพืึผึตืืชึพืึฐืืึธื ืึฐืึถืชึพืึผึตืืช ืึทืึผึถืึถืึฐ ืึฐืึตืช ืึผึธืึพืึผึธืชึผึตื ืึฐืจืึผืฉืึธืึทึดื ืึฐืึถืชึพืึผึธืึพืึผึตืืช ืึผึธืืึนื ืฉืึธืจึทืฃ ืึผึธืึตืฉืื''. None | 18.21. Now, behold, thou trustest upon the staff of this bruised reed, even upon Egypt; whereon if a man lean, it will go into his hand, and pierce it; so is Pharaoh king of Egypt unto all that trust on him.
18.24. How then canst thou turn away the face of one captain, even of the least of my masters servants? and yet thou puttest thy trust on Egypt for chariots and for horsemen!
18.35. Who are they among all the gods of the countries, that have delivered their country out of my hand, that the LORD should deliver Jerusalem out of my hand?โ
19.35. And it came to pass that night, that the angel of the LORD went forth, and smote in the camp of the Assyrians a hundred fourscore and five thousand; and when men arose early in the morning, behold, they were all dead corpses. 19.36. So Sennacherib king of Assyria departed, and went and returned, and dwelt at Nineveh.
24.12. And Jehoiachin the king of Judah went out to the king of Babylon, he, and his mother, and his servants, and his princes, and his officers; and the king of Babylon took him in the eighth year of his reign.
24.15. And he carried away Jehoiachin to Babylon; and the kingโs mother, and the kingโs wives, and his officers, and the chief men of the land, carried he into captivity from Jerusalem to Babylon.
25.8. Now in the fifth month, on the seventh day of the month, which was the nineteenth year of king Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, came Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard, a servant of the king of Babylon, unto Jerusalem. 25.9. And he burnt the house of the LORD, and the kingโs house; and all the houses of Jerusalem, even every great manโs house, burnt he with fire.''. None |
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14. Hebrew Bible, 2 Samuel, 1.23 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylonian exile, โข Exile Babylonian
Found in books: Bay (2022) 169; Stuckenbruck (2007) 288
1.23. ืฉืึธืืึผื ืึดืืืึนื ึธืชึธื ืึทื ึผึถืึฑืึธืึดืื ืึฐืึทื ึผึฐืขึดืืึดื ืึผึฐืึทืึผึตืืึถื ืึผืึฐืืึนืชึธื ืึนื ื ึดืคึฐืจึธืืึผ ืึดื ึผึฐืฉืึธืจึดืื ืงึทืึผืึผ ืึตืึฒืจึธืืึนืช ืึผึธืึตืจืึผื''. None | 1.23. Shaแพฝul and Yehonatan were loved and dear in their lives, and in their death they were not divided: they were swifter than eagles, they were stronger than lions.''. None |
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15. Hebrew Bible, Habakkuk, 1.8 (8th cent. BCE - 6th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylon, Babylonia โข Babylonian empire
Found in books: Nissinen and Uro (2008) 224; van Maaren (2022) 201
1.8. ืึฐืงึทืึผืึผ ืึดื ึผึฐืึตืจึดืื ืกืึผืกึธืื ืึฐืึทืึผืึผ ืึดืึผึฐืึตืึตื ืขึถืจึถื ืึผืคึธืฉืืึผ ืคึผึธืจึธืฉืึธืื ืึผืคึธืจึธืฉืึธืื ืึตืจึธืืึนืง ืึธืึนืืึผ ืึธืขึปืคืึผ ืึผึฐื ึถืฉืึถืจ ืึธืฉื ืึถืึฑืืึนืื''. None | 1.8. Their horses also are swifter than leopards, And are more fierce than the wolves of the desert; And their horsemen spread themselves; Yea, their horsemen come from far, They fly as a vulture that hasteth to devour.''. None |
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16. Hebrew Bible, Isaiah, 2.2, 6.3, 7.3, 36.6-36.9, 41.2, 44.28, 45.1, 47.1, 54.4, 54.6-54.8, 54.10, 58.13 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylon and Babylonians โข Babylon, Babylonia โข Babylon/Babylonian/Assyro-Babylonian โข Babylonia โข Babylonia and Iraq โข Babylonia, Torah lectionary system in โข Babylonia, conquest by โข Babylonia, exile in โข Babylonian โข Babylonian exile (golah) โข Babylonian rite โข Babylonians โข Babylonians, โข Exile Babylonian โข Jerusalem, conquest by Babylonians โข Names, Babylonian โข Talmud, Babylonian, Palestinian rabbinic traditions in โข Talmud, Babylonian, anonymous portions of, xi โข Talmud, Babylonian, appropriation of Eastern Roman culture โข astrology, Babylonian rabbinic attitudes toward โข baraita, Babylonian โข prayer, Babylonia
Found in books: Allen and Dunne (2022) 138; Bay (2022) 308; Berglund Crostini and Kelhoffer (2022) 442; Bickerman and Tropper (2007) 988; Gera (2014) 205, 221, 261; Kalmin (2014) 184; Klein and Wienand (2022) 175; Levine (2005) 572; Nikolsky and Ilan (2014) 174; Nissinen and Uro (2008) 224, 237; Reif (2006) 89; Salvesen et al (2020) 29, 38, 151; Sigal (2007) 37, 68; Stern (2004) 21, 33, 53, 127; Stuckenbruck (2007) 115; Tellbe Wasserman and Nyman (2019) 24
2.2. ืึผึทืึผืึนื ืึทืืึผื ืึทืฉืึฐืึดืืึฐ ืึธืึธืึธื ืึตืช ืึฑืึดืืึตื ืึทืกึฐืคึผืึน ืึฐืึตืช ืึฑืึดืืึตื ืึฐืึธืืึน ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืขึธืฉืืึผึพืืึน ืึฐืึดืฉืึฐืชึผึทืึฒืึบืช ืึทืึฐืคึผึนืจ ืคึผึตืจืึนืช ืึฐืึธืขึฒืึทืึผึตืคึดืืื
2.2. ืึฐืึธืึธื ืึผึฐืึทืึฒืจึดืืช ืึทืึผึธืึดืื ื ึธืืึนื ืึดืึฐืึถื ืึทืจ ืึผึตืืชึพืึฐืืึธื ืึผึฐืจึนืืฉื ืึถืึธืจึดืื ืึฐื ึดืฉืึผึธื ืึดืึผึฐืึธืขืึนืช ืึฐื ึธืึฒืจืึผ ืึตืึธืื ืึผึธืึพืึทืึผืึนืึดืื
6.3. ืึฐืงึธืจึธื ืึถื ืึถืึพืึถื ืึฐืึธืึทืจ ืงึธืืึนืฉื ืงึธืืึนืฉื ืงึธืืึนืฉื ืึฐืืึธื ืฆึฐืึธืืึนืช ืึฐืึนื ืึธืึพืึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึผึฐืืึนืืึนื
7.3. ืึทืึผึนืืึถืจ ืึฐืืึธื ืึถืึพืึฐืฉืึทืขึฐืึธืืึผ ืฆึตืึพื ึธื ืึดืงึฐืจึทืืช ืึธืึธื ืึทืชึผึธื ืึผืฉืึฐืึธืจ ืึธืฉืืึผื ืึผึฐื ึถืึธ ืึถืึพืงึฐืฆึตื ืชึผึฐืขึธืึทืช ืึทืึผึฐืจึตืึธื ืึธืขึถืึฐืืึนื ึธื ืึถืึพืึฐืกึดืึผึทืช ืฉืึฐืึตื ืืึนืึตืกื
36.6. ืึดื ึผึตื ืึธืึทืึฐืชึผึธ ืขึทืึพืึดืฉืึฐืขึถื ึถืช ืึทืงึผึธื ึถื ืึธืจึธืฆืึผืฅ ืึทืึผึถื ืขึทืึพืึดืฆึฐืจึทืึดื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึดืกึผึธืึตืึฐ ืึดืืฉื ืขึธืึธืื ืึผืึธื ืึฐืึทืคึผืึน ืึผื ึฐืงึธืึธืึผ ืึผึตื ืคึผึทืจึฐืขึนื ืึถืึถืึฐึพืึดืฆึฐืจึทืึดื ืึฐืึธืึพืึทืึผึนืึฐืึดืื ืขึธืึธืืื 36.7. ืึฐืึดืึพืชึนืืึทืจ ืึตืึทื ืึถืึพืึฐืืึธื ืึฑืึนืึตืื ืึผ ืึผึธืึธืึฐื ืึผ ืึฒืืึนืึพืืึผื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึตืกึดืืจ ืึดืึฐืงึดืึผึธืืึผ ืึถืชึพืึผึธืึนืชึธืื ืึฐืึถืชึพืึดืึฐืึผึฐืึนืชึธืื ืึทืึผึนืืึถืจ ืึดืืืึผืึธื ืึฐืึดืืจืึผืฉืึธืึทึดื ืึดืคึฐื ึตื ืึทืึผึดืึฐืึผึตืึท ืึทืึผึถื ืชึผึดืฉืึฐืชึผึทืึฒืืึผื 36.8. ืึฐืขึทืชึผึธื ืึดืชึฐืขึธืจึถื ื ึธื ืึถืชึพืึฒืึนื ึดื ืึทืึผึถืึถืึฐ ืึทืฉืึผืึผืจ ืึฐืึถืชึผึฐื ึธื ืึฐืึธ ืึทืึฐืคึผึทืึดื ืกืึผืกึดืื ืึดืึพืชึผืึผืึทื ืึธืชึถืช ืึฐืึธ ืจึนืึฐืึดืื ืขึฒืึตืืึถืื 36.9. ืึฐืึตืืึฐ ืชึผึธืฉืึดืื ืึตืช ืคึผึฐื ึตื ืคึทืึทืช ืึทืึทื ืขึทืึฐืึตื ืึฒืึนื ึดื ืึทืงึฐืึทื ึผึดืื ืึทืชึผึดืึฐืึทื ืึฐืึธ ืขึทืึพืึดืฆึฐืจึทืึดื ืึฐืจึถืึถื ืึผืึฐืคึธืจึธืฉืึดืืื
41.2. ืึฐืึทืขึทื ืึดืจึฐืืึผ ืึฐืึตืึฐืขืึผ ืึฐืึธืฉืึดืืืึผ ืึฐืึทืฉืึฐืึผึดืืืึผ ืึทืึฐืึผึธื ืึผึดื ืึทืึพืึฐืืึธื ืขึธืฉืึฐืชึธื ืึผึนืืช ืึผืงึฐืืึนืฉื ืึดืฉืึฐืจึธืึตื ืึผึฐืจึธืึธืึผื
41.2. ืึดื ืึตืขึดืืจ ืึดืึผึดืึฐืจึธื ืฆึถืึถืง ืึดืงึฐืจึธืึตืืึผ ืึฐืจึทืึฐืืึน ืึดืชึผึตื ืึฐืคึธื ึธืื ืึผืึนืึดื ืึผืึฐืึธืึดืื ืึทืจึฐืึผึฐ ืึดืชึผึตื ืึผึถืขึธืคึธืจ ืึทืจึฐืึผืึน ืึผึฐืงึทืฉื ื ึดืึผึธืฃ ืงึทืฉืึฐืชึผืึนื
44.28. ืึธืึนืึตืจ ืึฐืืึนืจึถืฉื ืจึนืขึดื ืึฐืึธืึพืึถืคึฐืฆึดื ืึทืฉืึฐืึดื ืึฐืึตืืึนืจ ืึดืืจืึผืฉืึธืึทึดื ืชึผึดืึผึธื ึถื ืึฐืึตืืึธื ืชึผึดืึผึธืกึตืื
45.1. ืืึนื ืึนืึตืจ ืึฐืึธื ืึทืึพืชึผืึนืึดืื ืึผืึฐืึดืฉืึผึธื ืึทืึพืชึผึฐืึดืืึดืืื
45.1. ืึผึนืึพืึธืึทืจ ืึฐืืึธื ืึดืึฐืฉืึดืืืึน ืึฐืืึนืจึถืฉื ืึฒืฉืึถืจึพืึถืึฑืึทืงึฐืชึผึดื ืึดืืึดืื ืึน ืึฐืจึทืึพืึฐืคึธื ึธืื ืึผืึนืึดื ืึผืึธืชึฐื ึตื ืึฐืึธืึดืื ืึฒืคึทืชึผึตืึท ืึดืคึฐืชึผึนืึท ืึฐืคึธื ึธืื ืึผึฐืึธืชึทืึดื ืึผืฉืึฐืขึธืจึดืื ืึนื ืึดืกึผึธืึตืจืึผื
47.1. ืึทืชึผึดืึฐืึฐืึดื ืึฐืจึธืขึธืชึตืึฐ ืึธืึทืจึฐืชึผึฐ ืึตืื ืจึนืึธื ึดื ืึธืึฐืึธืชึตืึฐ ืึฐืึทืขึฐืชึผึตืึฐ ืึดืื ืฉืืึนืึฐืึธืชึถืึฐ ืึทืชึผึนืืึฐืจึดื ืึฐืึดืึผึตืึฐ ืึฒื ึดื ืึฐืึทืคึฐืกึดื ืขืึนืื
47.1. ืจึฐืึดื ืึผืฉืึฐืึดื ืขึทืึพืขึธืคึธืจ ืึผึฐืชืึผืึทืช ืึผึทืชึพืึผึธืึถื ืฉืึฐืึดืึพืึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึตืืึพืึผึดืกึผึตื ืึผึทืชึพืึผึทืฉืึฐืึผึดืื ืึผึดื ืึนื ืชืึนืกึดืืคึดื ืึดืงึฐืจึฐืืึผึพืึธืึฐ ืจึทืึผึธื ืึทืขึฒื ึปืึผึธืื"
54.4. ืึทืึพืชึผึดืืจึฐืึดื ืึผึดืึพืึนื ืชึตืืึนืฉืึดื ืึฐืึทืึพืชึผึดืึผึธืึฐืึดื ืึผึดื ืึนื ืชึทืึฐืคึผึดืืจึดื ืึผึดื ืึนืฉืึถืช ืขึฒืืึผืึทืึดืึฐ ืชึผึดืฉืึฐืึผึธืึดื ืึฐืึถืจึฐืคึผึทืช ืึทืึฐืึฐื ืึผืชึทืึดืึฐ ืึนื ืชึดืึฐืึผึฐืจึดืึพืขืึนืื
54.6. ืึผึดืึพืึฐืึดืฉืึผึธื ืขึฒืืึผืึธื ืึทืขึฒืฆืึผืึทืช ืจืึผืึท ืงึฐืจึธืึธืึฐ ืึฐืืึธื ืึฐืึตืฉืึถืช ื ึฐืขืึผืจึดืื ืึผึดื ืชึดืึผึธืึตืก ืึธืึทืจ ืึฑืึนืึธืึดืึฐื 54.7. ืึผึฐืจึถืึทืข ืงึธืึนื ืขึฒืึทืึฐืชึผึดืืึฐ ืึผืึฐืจึทืึฒืึดืื ืึผึฐืึนืึดืื ืึฒืงึทืึผึฐืฆึตืึฐื 54.8. ืึผึฐืฉืึถืฆึถืฃ ืงึถืฆึถืฃ ืึดืกึฐืชึผึทืจึฐืชึผึดื ืคึธื ึทื ืจึถืึทืข ืึดืึผึตืึฐ ืึผืึฐืึถืกึถื ืขืึนืึธื ืจึดืึทืึฐืชึผึดืืึฐ ืึธืึทืจ ืึผึนืึฒืึตืึฐ ืึฐืืึธืื' '
58.13. ืึดืึพืชึผึธืฉืึดืื ืึดืฉืึผึทืึผึธืช ืจึทืึฐืึถืึธ ืขึฒืฉืืึนืช ืึฒืคึธืฆึถืืึธ ืึผึฐืืึนื ืงึธืึฐืฉืึดื ืึฐืงึธืจึธืืชึธ ืึทืฉืึผึทืึผึธืช ืขึนื ึถื ืึดืงึฐืืึนืฉื ืึฐืืึธื ืึฐืึปืึผึธื ืึฐืึดืึผึทืึฐืชึผืึน ืึตืขึฒืฉืืึนืช ืึผึฐืจึธืึถืืึธ ืึดืึผึฐืฆืึนื ืึถืคึฐืฆึฐืึธ ืึฐืึทืึผึตืจ ืึผึธืึธืจื''. None | 2.2. And it shall come to pass in the end of days, That the mountain of the LORDโS house Shall be established as the top of the mountains, And shall be exalted above the hills; And all nations shall flow unto it.
6.3. And one called unto another, and said: Holy, holy, holy, is the LORD of hosts; The whole earth is full of His glory.
7.3. Then said the LORD unto Isaiah: โGo forth now to meet Ahaz, thou, and Shear-jashub thy son, at the end of the conduit of the upper pool, in the highway of the fullersโfield;
36.6. Behold, thou trustest upon the staff of this bruised reed, even upon Egypt; whereon if a man lean, it will go into his hand, and pierce it; so is Pharaoh king of Egypt to all that trust on him. 36.7. But if thou say unto me: We trust in the LORD our God; is not that He, whose high places and whose altars Hezekiah hath taken away, and hath said to Judah and to Jerusalem: Ye shall worship before this altar? 36.8. Now therefore, I pray thee, make a wager with my master, the king of Assyria, and I will give thee two thousand horses, if thou be able on thy part to set riders upon them. 36.9. How then canst thou turn away the face of one captain, even of the least of my masterโs servants? yet thou puttest thy trust on Egypt for chariots and for horsemen!
41.2. Who hath raised up one from the east, At whose steps victory attendeth? He giveth nations before him, And maketh him rule over kings; His sword maketh them as the dust, His bow as the driven stubble.
44.28. That saith of Cyrus: โHe is My shepherd, And shall perform all My pleasureโ; Even saying of Jerusalem: โShe shall be builtโ; And to the temple: โMy foundation shall be laid.โ
45.1. Thus saith the LORD to His anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have holden, to subdue nations before him, and to loose the loins of kings; to open the doors before him, and that the gates may not be shut:
47.1. Come down, and sit in the dust, O virgin daughter of Babylon, Sit on the ground without a throne, O daughter of the Chaldeans; For thou shalt no more be called Tender and delicate."
54.4. Fear not, for thou shalt not be ashamed. Neither be thou confounded, for thou shalt not be put to shame; For thou shalt forget the shame of thy youth, And the reproach of thy widowhood shalt thou remember no more.
54.6. For the LORD hath called thee As a wife forsaken and grieved in spirit; And a wife of youth, can she be rejected? Saith thy God. 54.7. For a small moment have I forsaken thee; But with great compassion will I gather thee. 54.8. In a little wrath I hid My face from thee for a moment; But with everlasting kindness will I have compassion on thee, Saith the LORD thy Redeemer.
54.10. For the mountains may depart, and the hills be removed; but My kindness shall not depart from thee, neither shall My covet of peace be removed, saith the LORD that hath compassion on thee.
58.13. If thou turn away thy foot because of the sabbath, From pursuing thy business on My holy day; And call the sabbath a delight, And the holy of the LORD honourable; And shalt honour it, not doing thy wonted ways, Nor pursuing thy business, nor speaking thereof;' '. None |
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17. Hebrew Bible, Jeremiah, 4.13, 10.2, 27.5 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylon and Babylonians โข Babylon, Babylonia โข Babylonia โข Babylonia, Nebuchadnezzar in โข Babylonian exile, โข Babylonians โข Deportations Babylonian Exile โข Exile Babylonian โข Talmud of Babylonia โข Talmud, Babylonian โข Talmud, Babylonian, Palestinian rabbinic traditions in โข Talmud, Babylonian, anonymous portions of, xi โข Talmud, Babylonian, appropriation of Eastern Roman culture โข astrology, Babylonian rabbinic attitudes toward โข rabbis, Babylonian, connections with East
Found in books: Bay (2022) 306; Gera (2014) 124; Grabbe (2010) 2; Kalmin (2014) 185; Neusner (2004) 288; Nissinen and Uro (2008) 224; Salvesen et al (2020) 152, 161, 368; Schwartz (2008) 136; Stern (2004) 92; Stuckenbruck (2007) 117, 288, 377
4.13. ืึดื ึผึตื ืึผึทืขึฒื ึธื ึดืื ืึทืขึฒืึถื ืึฐืึทืกึผืึผืคึธื ืึทืจึฐืึผึฐืืึนืชึธืื ืงึทืึผืึผ ืึดื ึผึฐืฉืึธืจึดืื ืกืึผืกึธืื ืืึนื ืึธื ืึผ ืึผึดื ืฉืึปืึผึธืึฐื ืึผื
10.2. ืึธืึณืึดื ืฉืึปืึผึธื ืึฐืึธืึพืึตืืชึธืจึทื ื ึดืชึผึธืงืึผ ืึผึธื ึทื ืึฐืฆึธืึปื ึดื ืึฐืึตืื ึธื ืึตืืึพื ึนืึถื ืขืึนื ืึธืึณืึดื ืึผืึตืงึดืื ืึฐืจึดืืขืึนืชึธืื
10.2. ืึผึนื ืึธืึทืจ ืึฐืืึธื ืึถืึพืึผึถืจึถืึฐ ืึทืึผืึนืึดื ืึทืึพืชึผึดืึฐืึธืืึผ ืึผืึตืึนืชืึนืช ืึทืฉืึผึธืึทืึดื ืึทืึพืชึผึตืึธืชึผืึผ ืึผึดืึพืึตืึทืชึผืึผ ืึทืึผืึนืึดื ืึตืึตืึผึธืื
27.5. ืึธื ึนืึดื ืขึธืฉืึดืืชึดื ืึถืชึพืึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึถืชึพืึธืึธืึธื ืึฐืึถืชึพืึทืึผึฐืึตืึธื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืขึทืึพืคึผึฐื ึตื ืึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึผึฐืึนืึดื ืึทืึผึธืืึนื ืึผืึดืึฐืจืึนืขึดื ืึทื ึผึฐืืึผืึธื ืึผื ึฐืชึทืชึผึดืืึธ ืึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึธืฉืึทืจ ืึผึฐืขึตืื ึธืื' '. None | 4.13. Behold, he cometh up as clouds, and his chariots are as the whirlwind; his horses are swifter than eagles.โ โWoe unto us! for we are undone.โโ
10.2. thus saith the LORD: Learn not the way of the nations, And be not dismayed at the signs of heaven; For the nations are dismayed at them.
27.5. I have made the earth, the man and the beast that are upon the face of the earth, by My great power and by My outstretched arm; and I give it unto whom it seemeth right unto Me.' '. None |
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18. Hebrew Bible, Lamentations, 1.1, 1.5, 2.7, 4.11, 4.19 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylon and Babylonians โข Babylon, Babylonia โข Babylonia, conquest by โข Babylonia, exile in โข Exile Babylonian โข Names, Babylonian โข Talmud, Babylonian โข Talmud, Babylonian, redaction of
Found in books: Bickerman and Tropper (2007) 991; Boustan Janssen and Roetzel (2010) 226; Gera (2014) 261; Kanarek (2014) 16; Nissinen and Uro (2008) 224; Stern (2004) 31, 33, 127; Stuckenbruck (2007) 288
1.1. ืึตืืึธื ืึธืฉืึฐืึธื ืึธืึธื ืึธืขึดืืจ ืจึทืึผึธืชึดื ืขึธื ืึธืึฐืชึธื ืึผึฐืึทืึฐืึธื ึธื ืจึผึทืึผึธืชึดื ืึทืึผืึนืึดื ืฉืึธืจึธืชึดื ืึผึทืึผึฐืึดืื ืึนืช ืึธืึฐืชึธื ืึธืึทืกื"
1.1. ืึธืืึน ืคึผึธืจึทืฉื ืฆึธืจ ืขึทื ืึผึธืึพืึทืึฒืึทืึผึถืืึธ ืึผึดืึพืจึธืึฒืชึธื ืืึนืึดื ืึผึธืืึผ ืึดืงึฐืึผึธืฉืึธืึผ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืฆึดืึผึดืืชึธื ืึนืึพืึธืึนืืึผ ืึทืงึผึธืึธื ืึธืึฐื
1.5. ืึธืืึผ ืฆึธืจึถืืึธ ืึฐืจึนืืฉื ืึนืึฐืึถืืึธ ืฉืึธืืึผ ืึผึดืึพืึฐืืึธื ืืึนืึธืึผ ืขึทื ืจึนืึพืคึผึฐืฉืึธืขึถืืึธ ืขืึนืึธืึถืืึธ ืึธืึฐืืึผ ืฉืึฐืึดื ืึดืคึฐื ึตืึพืฆึธืจื
2.7. ืึธื ึทื ืึฒืึนื ึธื ืึดืึฐืึผึฐืืึน ื ึดืึตืจ ืึดืงึฐืึผึธืฉืืึน ืึดืกึฐืึผึดืืจ ืึผึฐืึทืึพืืึนืึตื ืืึนืึนืช ืึทืจึฐืึฐื ืึนืชึถืืึธ ืงืึนื ื ึธืชึฐื ืึผ ืึผึฐืึตืืชึพืึฐืืึธื ืึผึฐืืึนื ืืึนืขึตืื
4.11. ืึผึดืึผึธื ืึฐืืึธื ืึถืชึพืึฒืึธืชืึน ืฉืึธืคึทืึฐ ืึฒืจืึนื ืึทืคึผืึน ืึทืึผึทืฆึผึถืชึพืึตืฉื ืึผึฐืฆึดืึผืึนื ืึทืชึผึนืืึทื ืึฐืกืึนืึนืชึถืืึธื
4.19. ืงึทืึผึดืื ืึธืืึผ ืจึนืึฐืคึตืื ืึผ ืึดื ึผึดืฉืึฐืจึตื ืฉืึธืึธืึดื ืขึทืึพืึถืึธืจึดืื ืึผึฐืึธืงึปื ืึผ ืึผึทืึผึดืึฐืึผึธืจ ืึธืจึฐืืึผ ืึธื ืึผื''. None | 1.1. O how has the city that was once so populous remained lonely! She has become like a widow! She that was great among the nations, a princess among the provinces, has become tributary."
1.5. Her adversaries have become the head, her enemies are at ease; for the Lord has afflicted her because of the multitude of her sins; her young children went into captivity before the enemy. (PAUSE FOR REFLECTIONS)
2.7. The Lord hath cast off His altar, He hath abhorred His sanctuary, He hath given up into the hand of the enemy The walls of her palaces; They have made a noise in the house of the LORD, As in the day of a solemn assembly.
4.11. The LORD hath accomplished His fury, He hath poured out His fierce anger; And He hath kindled a fire in Zion, Which hath devoured the foundations thereof.
4.19. Our pursuers were swifter Than the eagles of the heaven; They chased us upon the mountains, They lay in wait for us in the wilderness.''. None |
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19. Hebrew Bible, Ezekiel, 23.20 (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylon and Babylonians โข Babylon and Babylonians, city walls โข Babylon, Babylonia โข Babylon, Babylonian โข Babylon/Babylonian/Assyro-Babylonian โข Babylonia โข Babylonians โข harmonization, Babylonian
Found in books: Faรbeck and Killebrew (2016) 333; Gera (2014) 120; Klein and Wienand (2022) 175; Lavee (2017) 165, 222; Nissinen and Uro (2008) 224; Salvesen et al (2020) 151; Sigal (2007) 68; Tellbe Wasserman and Nyman (2019) 28
| 23.20. And she doted upon concubinage with them, whose flesh is as the flesh of asses, and whose issue is like the issue of horses.' '. None |
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20. Hebrew Bible, 1 Chronicles, 17.7-17.8 (5th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylonian empire โข reading, Babylonia
Found in books: Levine (2005) 38; van Maaren (2022) 123
17.7. ืึฐืขึทืชึผึธื ืึผึนืึพืชึนืืึทืจ ืึฐืขึทืึฐืึผึดื ืึฐืึธืึดืื ืึผึนื ืึธืึทืจ ืึฐืืึธื ืฆึฐืึธืืึนืช ืึฒื ึดื ืึฐืงึทืึฐืชึผึดืืึธ ืึดืึพืึทื ึผึธืึถื ืึดืึพืึทืึฒืจึตื ืึทืฆึผึนืื ืึดืึฐืืึนืช ื ึธืึดืื ืขึทื ืขึทืึผึดื ืึดืฉืึฐืจึธืึตืื 17.8. ืึธืึถืึฐืึถื ืขึดืึผึฐืึธ ืึผึฐืึนื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึธืึทืึฐืชึผึธ ืึธืึทืึฐืจึดืืช ืึถืชึพืึผึธืึพืืึนืึฐืึถืืึธ ืึดืคึผึธื ึถืืึธ ืึฐืขึธืฉืึดืืชึดื ืึฐืึธ ืฉืึตื ืึผึฐืฉืึตื ืึทืึผึฐืืึนืึดืื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึผึธืึธืจึถืฅื''. None | 17.7. Now therefore thus shalt thou say unto My servant David: Thus saith the LORD of hosts: I took thee from the sheepcote, from following the sheep, that thou shouldest be prince over My people Israel; 17.8. and I have been with thee whithersoever thou wentest, and have cut off all thine enemies from before thee; and I will make thee a name, like unto the name of the great ones that are in the earth.''. None |
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21. Hebrew Bible, 2 Chronicles, 36.21 (5th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylon and Babylonians โข Babylon and Babylonians, city walls โข Babylonia โข Babylonian Exile โข Babylonian exile, โข Exile Babylonian
Found in books: Bay (2022) 306; Gera (2014) 120; Klein and Wienand (2022) 222; Stuckenbruck (2007) 55
36.21. ืึฐืึทืึผึนืืืช ืึผึฐืึทืจึพืึฐืืึธื ืึผึฐืคึดื ืึดืจึฐืึฐืึธืืึผ ืขึทืึพืจึธืฆึฐืชึธื ืึธืึธืจึถืฅ ืึถืชึพืฉืึทืึผึฐืชืึนืชึถืืึธ ืึผึธืึพืึฐืึตื ืึธืฉืึผึทืึผึธื ืฉืึธืึธืชึธื ืึฐืึทืึผึนืืืช ืฉืึดืึฐืขึดืื ืฉืึธื ึธืื' '. None | 36.21. to fulfil the word of the LORD by the mouth of Jeremiah, until the land had been paid her sabbaths; for as long as she lay desolate she kept sabbath, to fulfil threescore and ten years.' '. None |
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22. Hebrew Bible, Ezra, 2.2 (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Names, Babylonian โข exile, Babylonian
Found in books: Bickerman and Tropper (2007) 993; Witter et al. (2021) 50
2.2. ืึฒืฉืึถืจึพืึผึธืืึผ ืขึดืึพืึฐืจึปืึผึธืึถื ืึตืฉืืึผืขึท ื ึฐืึถืึฐืึธื ืฉืึฐืจึธืึธื ืจึฐืขึตืึธืึธื ืึธืจึฐืึผึณืึทื ืึผึดืึฐืฉืึธื ืึดืกึฐืคึผึธืจ ืึผึดืึฐืึทื ืจึฐืืึผื ืึผึทืขึฒื ึธื ืึดืกึฐืคึผึทืจ ืึทื ึฐืฉืึตื ืขึทื ืึดืฉืึฐืจึธืึตืื'
2.2. ืึผึฐื ึตื ืึดืึผึธืจ ืชึผึดืฉืึฐืขึดืื ืึทืึฒืึดืฉืึผึธืื '. None | 2.2. who came with Zerubbabel, Jeshua, Nehemiah, Seraiah, Reelaiah, Mordecai, Bilshan, Mispar, Bigvai, Rehum, Baanah. The number of the men of the people of Israel: .''. None |
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23. Hebrew Bible, Nehemiah, 8.1, 8.4, 13.7-13.22, 13.24 (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylonia โข Babylonia and Iraq โข Babylonia, Jews deported to โข Babylonian empire โข animals, sacred, in Babylonia
Found in books: Bar Kochba (1997) 87; Gordon (2020) 110; Grabbe (2010) 4; Reif (2006) 213; Sigal (2007) 38, 130; van Maaren (2022) 123
8.1. ืึทืึผึตืึธืกึฐืคืึผ ืึธืึพืึธืขึธื ืึผึฐืึดืืฉื ืึถืึธื ืึถืึพืึธืจึฐืืึนื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึดืคึฐื ึตื ืฉืึทืขึทืจึพืึทืึผึธืึดื ืึทืึผึนืืึฐืจืึผ ืึฐืขึถืึฐืจึธื ืึทืกึผึนืคึตืจ ืึฐืึธืึดืื ืึถืชึพืกึตืคึถืจ ืชึผืึนืจึทืช ืึนืฉืึถื ืึฒืฉืึถืจึพืฆึดืึผึธื ืึฐืืึธื ืึถืชึพืึดืฉืึฐืจึธืึตืื
8.1. ืึทืึผึนืืึถืจ ืึธืึถื ืึฐืืึผ ืึดืึฐืืึผ ืึทืฉืึฐืึทื ึผึดืื ืึผืฉืึฐืชืึผ ืึทืึฐืชึทืงึผึดืื ืึฐืฉืึดืึฐืืึผ ืึธื ืึนืช ืึฐืึตืื ื ึธืืึนื ืืึน ืึผึดืึพืงึธืืึนืฉื ืึทืึผืึนื ืึทืึฒืึนื ึตืื ืึผ ืึฐืึทืึพืชึผึตืขึธืฆึตืืึผ ืึผึดืึพืึถืึฐืึทืช ืึฐืืึธื ืึดืื ืึธืขึปืึผึฐืึถืื
8.4. ืึทืึผึทืขึฒืึนื ืขึถืึฐืจึธื ืึทืกึผึนืคึตืจ ืขึทืึพืึดืึฐืึผึทืึพืขึตืฅ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืขึธืฉืืึผ ืึทืึผึธืึธืจ ืึทืึผึทืขึฒืึนื ืึถืฆึฐืืึน ืึทืชึผึดืชึฐืึธื ืึฐืฉืึถืึทืข ืึทืขึฒื ึธืึธื ืึฐืืึผืจึดืึผึธื ืึฐืึดืึฐืงึดืึผึธื ืึผืึทืขึฒืฉืึตืึธื ืขึทืึพืึฐืึดืื ืึน ืึผืึดืฉืึผึฐืึนืืืึน ืคึผึฐืึธืึธื ืึผืึดืืฉืึธืึตื ืึผืึทืึฐืึผึดืึผึธื ืึฐืึธืฉืึปื ืึฐืึทืฉืึฐืึผึทืึผึธื ึธื ืึฐืึทืจึฐืึธื ืึฐืฉืึปืึผึธืื
13.7. ืึธืึธืืึนื ืึดืืจืึผืฉืึธืึธึดื ืึธืึธืึดืื ึธื ืึธืจึธืขึธื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืขึธืฉืึธื ืึถืึฐืึธืฉืึดืื ืึฐืืึนืึดืึผึธื ืึทืขึฒืฉืืึนืช ืืึน ื ึดืฉืึฐืึผึธื ืึผึฐืึทืฆึฐืจึตื ืึผึตืืช ืึธืึฑืึนืึดืืื 13.8. ืึทืึผึตืจึทืข ืึดื ืึฐืึนื ืึธืึทืฉืึฐืึดืืึธื ืึถืชึพืึผึธืึพืึผึฐืึตื ืึตืืชึพืืึนืึดืึผึธื ืึทืืึผืฅ ืึดืึพืึทืึผึดืฉืึฐืึผึธืื 13.9. ืึธืึนืึฐืจึธื ืึทืึฐืึทืึฒืจืึผ ืึทืึผึฐืฉืึธืืึนืช ืึธืึธืฉืึดืืึธื ืฉืึผึธื ืึผึฐืึตื ืึผึตืืช ืึธืึฑืึนืึดืื ืึถืชึพืึทืึผึดื ึฐืึธื ืึฐืึทืึผึฐืืึนื ึธืื' '13.11. ืึธืึธืจึดืืึธื ืึถืชึพืึทืกึผึฐืึธื ึดืื ืึธืึนืึฐืจึธื ืึทืึผืึผืขึท ื ึถืขึฑืึทื ืึผึตืืชึพืึธืึฑืึนืึดืื ืึธืึถืงึฐืึผึฐืฆึตื ืึธืึทืขึฒืึดืึตื ืขึทืึพืขึธืึฐืึธืื 13.12. ืึฐืึธืึพืึฐืืึผืึธื ืึตืึดืืืึผ ืึทืขึฐืฉืึทืจ ืึทืึผึธืึธื ืึฐืึทืชึผึดืืจืึนืฉื ืึฐืึทืึผึดืฆึฐืึธืจ ืึธืืึนืฆึธืจืึนืชื 13.13. ืึธืืึนืฆึฐืจึธื ืขึทืึพืืึนืฆึธืจืึนืช ืฉืึถืึถืึฐืึธื ืึทืึผึนืึตื ืึฐืฆึธืืึนืง ืึทืกึผืึนืคึตืจ ืึผืคึฐืึธืึธื ืึดืึพืึทืึฐืึดืึผึดื ืึฐืขึทืึพืึธืึธื ืึธื ึธื ืึผึถืึพืึทืึผืึผืจ ืึผึถืึพืึทืชึผึทื ึฐืึธื ืึผึดื ื ึถืึฑืึธื ึดืื ื ึถืึฐืฉืึธืืึผ ืึทืขึฒืึตืืึถื ืึทืึฒืึนืง ืึทืึฒืึตืืึถืื 13.14. ืึธืึฐืจึธืึพืึผึดื ืึฑืึนืึทื ืขึทืึพืึนืืช ืึฐืึทืึพืชึผึถืึทื ืึฒืกึธืึทื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืขึธืฉืึดืืชึดื ืึผึฐืึตืืช ืึฑืึนืึทื ืึผืึฐืึดืฉืึฐืึธืจึธืืื 13.15. ืึผึทืึผึธืึดืื ืึธืึตืึผึธื ืจึธืึดืืชึดื ืึดืืืึผืึธื ืึผึนืจึฐืึดืืึพืึผึดืชึผืึนืช ืึผึทืฉืึผึทืึผึธืช ืึผืึฐืึดืืึดืื ืึธืขึฒืจึตืืึนืช ืึฐืขึนืึฐืกึดืื ืขึทืึพืึทืึฒืึนืจึดืื ืึฐืึทืฃึพืึทืึดื ืขึฒื ึธืึดืื ืึผืชึฐืึตื ึดืื ืึฐืึธืึพืึทืฉืึผึธื ืึผืึฐืึดืืึดืื ืึฐืจืึผืฉืึธืึทึดื ืึผึฐืืึนื ืึทืฉืึผึทืึผึธืช ืึธืึธืขึดืื ืึผึฐืืึนื ืึดืึฐืจึธื ืฆึธืึดืื 13.16. ืึฐืึทืฆึผึนืจึดืื ืึธืฉืึฐืืึผ ืึธืึผ ืึฐืึดืืึดืื ืึผึธืื ืึฐืึธืึพืึถืึถืจ ืึผืึนืึฐืจึดืื ืึผึทืฉืึผึทืึผึธืช ืึดืึฐื ึตื ืึฐืืึผืึธื ืึผืึดืืจืึผืฉืึธืึธึดืื 13.17. ืึธืึธืจึดืืึธื ืึตืช ืึนืจึตื ืึฐืืึผืึธื ืึธืึนืึฐืจึธื ืึธืึถื ืึธืึพืึทืึผึธืึธืจ ืึธืจึธืข ืึทืึผึถื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึทืชึผึถื ืขึนืฉืึดืื ืึผืึฐืึทืึผึฐืึดืื ืึถืชึพืืึนื ืึทืฉืึผึทืึผึธืชื 13.18. ืึฒืืึนื ืึนื ืขึธืฉืืึผ ืึฒืึนืชึตืืึถื ืึทืึผึธืึตื ืึฑืึนืึตืื ืึผ ืขึธืึตืื ืึผ ืึตืช ืึผึธืึพืึธืจึธืขึธื ืึทืึผึนืืช ืึฐืขึทื ืึธืขึดืืจ ืึทืึผึนืืช ืึฐืึทืชึผึถื ืืึนืกึดืืคึดืื ืึธืจืึนื ืขึทืึพืึดืฉืึฐืจึธืึตื ืึฐืึทืึผึตื ืึถืชึพืึทืฉืึผึทืึผึธืชื 13.19. ืึทืึฐืึดื ืึผึทืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืฆึธืึฒืืึผ ืฉืึทืขึฒืจึตื ืึฐืจืึผืฉืึธืึทึดื ืึดืคึฐื ึตื ืึทืฉืึผึทืึผึธืช ืึธืึนืึฐืจึธื ืึทืึผึดืกึผึธืึฐืจืึผ ืึทืึผึฐืึธืชืึนืช ืึธืึนืึฐืจึธื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึนื ืึดืคึฐืชึผึธืืึผื ืขึทื ืึทืึทืจ ืึทืฉืึผึทืึผึธืช ืึผืึดื ึผึฐืขึธืจึทื ืึถืขึฑืึทืึฐืชึผึดื ืขึทืึพืึทืฉืึผึฐืขึธืจึดืื ืึนืึพืึธืืึนื ืึทืฉืึผึธื ืึผึฐืืึนื ืึทืฉืึผึทืึผึธืชื 13.21. ืึธืึธืขึดืืึธื ืึธืึถื ืึธืึนืึฐืจึธื ืึฒืึตืืึถื ืึทืึผืึผืขึท ืึทืชึผึถื ืึตื ึดืื ื ึถืึถื ืึทืืึนืึธื ืึดืึพืชึผึดืฉืึฐื ืึผ ืึธื ืึถืฉืึฐืึทื ืึผึธืึถื ืึดืึพืึธืขึตืช ืึทืึดืื ืึนืึพืึธืืึผ ืึผึทืฉืึผึทืึผึธืชื 13.22. ืึธืึนืึฐืจึธื ืึทืึฐืึดืึผึดื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึดืึฐืืึผ ืึดืึผึทืึฒืจึดืื ืึผืึธืึดืื ืฉืึนืึฐืจึดืื ืึทืฉืึผึฐืขึธืจึดืื ืึฐืงึทืึผึตืฉื ืึถืชึพืืึนื ืึทืฉืึผึทืึผึธืช ืึผึทืึพืึนืืช ืึธืึฐืจึธืึพืึผึดื ืึฑืึนืึทื ืึฐืืึผืกึธื ืขึธืึทื ืึผึฐืจึนื ืึทืกึฐืึผึถืึธื
13.24. ืึผืึฐื ึตืืึถื ืึฒืฆึดื ืึฐืึทืึผึตืจ ืึทืฉืึฐืึผืึนืึดืืช ืึฐืึตืื ึธื ืึทืึผึดืืจึดืื ืึฐืึทืึผึตืจ ืึฐืืึผืึดืืช ืึฐืึดืึฐืฉืืึนื ืขึทื ืึธืขึธืื''. None | 8.1. all the people gathered themselves together as one man into the broad place that was before the water gate; and they spoke unto Ezra the scribe to bring the book of the Law of Moses, which the LORD had commanded to Israel.
8.4. And Ezra the scribe stood upon a pulpit of wood, which they had made for the purpose; and beside him stood Mattithiah, and Shema, and Anaiah, and Uriah, and Hilkiah, and Maaseiah, on his right hand; and on his left hand, Pedaiah, and Mishael, and Malchijah, and Hashum, and Hashbaddanah, Zechariah, and Meshullam.
13.7. and I came to Jerusalem, and understood the evil that Eliashib had done for Tobiah, in preparing him a chamber in the courts of the house of God. 13.8. And it grieved me sore; therefore I cast forth all the household stuff of Tobiah out of the chamber. 13.9. Then I commanded, and they cleansed the chambers; and thither brought I again the vessels of the house of God, with the meal-offerings and the frankincense. 13.10. And I perceived that the portions of the Levites had not been given them; so that the Levites and the singers, that did the work, were fled every one to his field. 13.11. Then contended I with the rulers, and said: โWhy is the house of God forsaken?โ And I gathered them together, and set them in their place. 13.12. Then brought all Judah the tithe of the corn and the wine and the oil unto the treasuries. 13.13. And I made treasurers over the treasuries, Shelemiah the priest, and Zadok the scribe, and of the Levites, Pedaiah; and next to them was Ha the son of Zaccur, the son of Mattaniah; for they were counted faithful, and their office was to distribute unto their brethren. 13.14. Remember me, O my God, concerning this, and wipe not out my good deeds that I have done for the house of my God, and for the wards thereof. 13.15. In those days saw I in Judah some treading winepresses on the sabbath, and bringing in heaps of corn, and lading asses therewith; as also wine, grapes, and figs, and all manner of burdens, which they brought into Jerusalem on the sabbath day; and I forewarned them in the day wherein they sold victuals. 13.16. There dwelt men of Tyre also therein, who brought in fish, and all manner of ware, and sold on the sabbath unto the children of Judah, and in Jerusalem. 13.17. Then I contended with the nobles of Judah, and said unto them: โWhat evil thing is this that ye do, and profane the sabbath day? 13.18. Did not your fathers thus, and did not our God bring all this evil upon us, and upon this city? yet ye bring more wrath upon Israel by profaning the sabbath.โ 13.19. And it came to pass that, when the gates of Jerusalem began to be dark before the sabbath, I commanded that the doors should be shut, and commanded that they should not be opened till after the sabbath; and some of my servants set I over the gates, that there should no burden be brought in on the sabbath day. 13.20. So the merchants and sellers of all kind of ware lodged without Jerusalem once or twice. 13.21. Then I forewarned them, and said unto them: โWhy lodge ye about the wall? if ye do so again, I will lay hands on you.โ From that time forth came they no more on the sabbath. 13.22. And I commanded the Levites that they should purify themselves, and that they should come and keep the gates, to sanctify the sabbath day. Remember unto me, O my God, this also, and spare me according to the greatness of Thy mercy.
13.24. and their children spoke half in the speech of Ashdod, and could not speak in the Jewsโlanguage, but according to the language of each people.''. None |
|
24. Herodotus, Histories, 1.8-1.12, 1.56-1.58, 1.93, 1.106, 1.181-1.185, 1.187, 1.198-1.199, 2.29-2.31, 2.42, 2.54-2.57, 2.64, 2.100, 2.111, 2.150, 2.155-2.156, 2.158, 2.161, 4.1, 4.5-4.82, 4.162-4.167, 4.172, 4.181, 8.109, 8.143 (5th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylon and Babylonians โข Babylon and Babylonians, chronicles and inscriptions โข Babylon, Babylonia โข Babylon, Babylonians โข Babylon/Babylonians โข Babylonia โข Babylonian โข Babylonians โข Berossus the Babylonian โข Nitocris, Babylonian queen
Found in books: Bar Kochba (1997) 192; Bernabe et al (2013) 264; Bianchetti et al (2015) 11; Bosak-Schroeder (2020) 40; Fabre-Serris et al (2021) 207; Gera (2014) 71, 116, 162, 205; Kingsley Monti and Rood (2022) 143; Mikalson (2003) 143, 180; Nissinen and Uro (2008) 315, 316, 319; Torok (2014) 43, 49, 50
1.8. ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฯ ฮดแฝด แฝฆฮฝ แฝ ฮฮฑฮฝฮดฮฑฯฮปฮทฯ แผ ฯฮฌฯฮธฮท ฯแฟฯ แผฯฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑฮนฮบฯฯ, แผฯฮฑฯฮธฮตแฝถฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮฝฯฮผฮนฮถฮญ ฮฟแผฑ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑแฟฮบฮฑ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮญฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮปฮปฮฏฯฯฮทฮฝ. แฝฅฯฯฮต ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮฝฮฟฮผฮฏฮถฯฮฝ, แผฆฮฝ ฮณฮฌฯ ฮฟแผฑ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฑแผฐฯฮผฮฟฯฯฯฯฮฝ ฮฯฮณฮทฯ แฝ ฮฮฑฯฮบฯฮปฮฟฯ
แผฯฮตฯฮบฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฮผฮฌฮปฮนฯฯฮฑ, ฯฮฟฯฯแฟณ ฯแฟท ฮฯฮณแฟ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝฐ ฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮดฮฑฮนฮญฯฯฮตฯฮฑ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฯฮทฮณฮผฮฌฯฯฮฝ แฝฯฮตฯฮตฯฮฏฮธฮตฯฮฟ แฝ ฮฮฑฮฝฮดฮฑฯฮปฮทฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดแฝด ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธ ฮตแผถฮดฮฟฯ ฯแฟฯ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑฮนฮบแฝธฯ แฝฯฮตฯฮตฯฮฑฮนฮฝฮญฯฮฝ. ฯฯฯฮฝฮฟฯ
ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแฝ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฟแฟฆ ฮดฮนฮตฮปฮธฯฮฝฯฮฟฯ สฝฯฯแฟฮฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮฮฑฮฝฮดฮฑฯฮปแฟ ฮณฮตฮฝฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑฮบแฟถฯฬ แผฮปฮตฮณฮต ฯฯแฝธฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฯฮณฮทฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮฌฮดฮต. โฮฯฮณฮท, ฮฟแฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯฮต ฮดฮฟฮบฮญฯ ฯฮตฮฏฮธฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮผฮฟฮน ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮน ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮตแผดฮดฮตฮฟฯ ฯแฟฯ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑฮนฮบฯฯ สฝแฝฆฯฮฑ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯฯ
ฮณฯฮฌฮฝฮตฮน แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฮฟฮนฯฮน แผฯฮฝฯฮฑ แผฯฮนฯฯฯฯฮตฯฮฑ แฝฯฮธฮฑฮปฮผแฟถฮฝฬ, ฯฮฟฮฏฮตฮต แฝ
ฮบฯฯ แผฮบฮตฮฏฮฝฮทฮฝ ฮธฮตฮฎฯฮตฮฑฮน ฮณฯ
ฮผฮฝฮฎฮฝ.โ แฝ ฮดสผ แผฮผฮฒฯฯฮฑฯ ฮตแผถฯฮต โฮดฮญฯฯฮฟฯฮฑ, ฯฮฏฮฝฮฑ ฮปฮญฮณฮตฮนฯ ฮปฯฮณฮฟฮฝ ฮฟแฝฮบ แฝฮณฮนฮญฮฑ, ฮบฮตฮปฮตฯฯฮฝ ฮผฮต ฮดฮญฯฯฮฟฮนฮฝฮฑฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฮผแฝดฮฝ ฮธฮตฮฎฯฮฑฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮณฯ
ฮผฮฝฮฎฮฝ; แผ
ฮผฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮนฮธแฟถฮฝฮน แผฮบฮดฯ
ฮฟฮผฮญฮฝแฟณ ฯฯ
ฮฝฮตฮบฮดฯฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฑแผฐฮดแฟถ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฎ. ฯฮฌฮปฮฑฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฝฐ ฮบฮฑฮปแฝฐ แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฮฟฮนฯฮน แผฮพฮตฯฯฮทฯฮฑฮน, แผฮบ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮผฮฑฮฝฮธฮฌฮฝฮตฮนฮฝ ฮดฮตแฟยท แผฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฮฝ ฯฯฮดฮต แผฯฯฮฏ, ฯฮบฮฟฯฮญฮตฮนฮฝ ฯฮนฮฝแฝฐ ฯแฝฐ แผฯฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ. แผฮณแฝผ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮตฮฏฮธฮฟฮผฮฑฮน แผฮบฮตฮฏฮฝฮทฮฝ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฯฮฑฯฮญฯฮฝ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑฮนฮบแฟถฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮปฮปฮฏฯฯฮทฮฝ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮญฮฟ ฮดฮญฮฟฮผฮฑฮน ฮผแฝด ฮดฮญฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฮฝฯฮผฯฮฝ.โ 1.9. แฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฮปฮญฮณฯฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ แผฯฮตฮผฮฌฯฮตฯฮฟ, แผฯฯฯฮดฮญฯฮฝ ฮผแฝด ฯฮฏ ฮฟแผฑ แผฮพ ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ ฮณฮญฮฝฮทฯฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑฮบฯฮฝ, แฝ ฮดสผ แผฮผฮตฮฏฮฒฮตฯฮฟ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮนฮดฮต. โฮธฮฌฯฯฮตฮต, ฮฯฮณฮท, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮผแฝด ฯฮฟฮฒฮตแฟฆ ฮผฮฎฯฮต แผฮผฮญ, แฝกฯ ฯฮญฮฟ ฯฮตฮนฯฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ 1 ฮปฮญฮณฯ ฮปฯฮณฮฟฮฝ ฯฯฮฝฮดฮต, ฮผฮฎฯฮต ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑแฟฮบฮฑ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฮผฮฎฮฝ, ฮผแฝด ฯแฝถ ฯฮฟฮน แผฮพ ฮฑแฝฯแฟฯ ฮณฮญฮฝฮทฯฮฑฮน ฮฒฮปฮฌฮฒฮฟฯ. แผฯฯฮฎฮฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ แผฮณแฝผ ฮผฮทฯฮฑฮฝฮฎฯฮฟฮผฮฑฮน ฮฟแฝฯฯ แฝฅฯฯฮต ฮผฮทฮดฮญ ฮผฮฑฮธฮตแฟฮฝ ฮผฮนฮฝ แฝฯฮธฮตแฟฯฮฑฮฝ แฝฯแฝธ ฯฮตแฟฆ. แผฮณแฝผ ฮณฮฌฯ ฯฮต แผฯ ฯแฝธ ฮฟแผดฮบฮทฮผฮฑ แผฮฝ ฯแฟท ฮบฮฟฮนฮผฯฮผฮตฮธฮฑ แฝฯฮนฯฮธฮต ฯแฟฯ แผฮฝฮฟฮนฮณฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮทฯ ฮธฯฯฮทฯ ฯฯฮฎฯฯ. ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ ฮดสผ แผฮผแฝฒ แผฯฮตฮปฮธฯฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฮฑฯฮญฯฯฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผก ฮณฯ
ฮฝแฝด แผก แผฮผแฝด แผฯ ฮบฮฟแฟฯฮฟฮฝ. ฮบฮตแฟฯฮฑฮน ฮดแฝฒ แผฮณฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯแฟฯ แผฯฯฮดฮฟฯ
ฮธฯฯฮฝฮฟฯยท แผฯแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฑฮผฮฑฯฮฏฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ แผฮฝ แผฮบฮฑฯฯฮฟฮฝ แผฮบฮดฯฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑ ฮธฮฎฯฮตฮน, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮบฮฑฯสผ แผกฯฯ
ฯฮฏฮทฮฝ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฝดฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮญฮพฮตฮน ฯฮฟฮน ฮธฮตฮฎฯฮฑฯฮธฮฑฮน. แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฮดฮญ แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮธฯฯฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฯฮตฮฏฯแฟ แผฯแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮตแฝฮฝฮฎฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฮฝฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮต ฮฑแฝฯแฟฯ ฮณฮญฮฝแฟ, ฯฮฟแฝถ ฮผฮตฮปฮญฯฯ ฯแฝธ แผฮฝฮธฮตแฟฆฯฮตฮฝ แฝ
ฮบฯฯ ฮผแฝด ฯฮต แฝฯฮตฯฮฑฮน แผฐฯฮฝฯฮฑ ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฮธฯ
ฯฮญฯฮฝ.โ 1.10. แฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด แฝกฯ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฮดฯฮฝฮฑฯฮฟ ฮดฮนฮฑฯฯ
ฮณฮตแฟฮฝ, แผฆฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮนฮผฮฟฯยท แฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฮฑฮฝฮดฮฑฯฮปฮทฯ, แผฯฮตแฝถ แผฮดฯฮบฮตฮต แฝฅฯฮท ฯแฟฯ ฮบฮฟฮฏฯฮทฯ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน, แผคฮณฮฑฮณฮต ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฯฮณฮตฮฑ แผฯ ฯแฝธ ฮฟแผดฮบฮทฮผฮฑ. ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮฑแฝฯฮฏฮบฮฑ ฯฮฑฯแฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผก ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฎ. แผฯฮตฮปฮธฮฟแฟฆฯฮฑฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮนฮธฮตแฟฯฮฑฮฝ ฯแฝฐ ฮตแผตฮผฮฑฯฮฑ แผฮธฮทฮตแฟฯฮฟ แฝ ฮฯฮณฮทฯ. แฝกฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฮฝฯฯฮฟฯ
แผฮณฮญฮฝฮตฯฮฟ แผฐฮฟฯฯฮทฯ ฯแฟฯ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑฮนฮบฯฯ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮบฮฟฮฏฯฮทฮฝ, แฝฯฮตฮบฮดแฝบฯ แผฯฯฯฮตฮต แผฮพฯ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผก ฮณฯ
ฮฝแฝด แผฯฮฟฯแพท ฮผฮนฮฝ แผฮพฮนฯฮฝฯฮฑ. ฮผฮฑฮธฮฟแฟฆฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฝธ ฯฮฟฮนฮทฮธฮญฮฝ แผฮบ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฮฝฮดฯแฝธฯ ฮฟแฝฯฮต แผฮฝฮญฮฒฯฯฮต ฮฑแผฐฯฯฯ
ฮฝฮธฮตแฟฯฮฑ ฮฟแฝฯฮต แผฮดฮฟฮพฮต ฮผฮฑฮธฮตแฟฮฝ, แผฮฝ ฮฝฮฟแฟถ แผฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑ ฯฮฏฯฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฮฑฮฝฮดฮฑฯฮปฮตฮฑ. ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮฯ
ฮดฮฟแฟฯฮน, ฯฯฮตฮดแฝธฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฮปฮปฮฟฮนฯฮน ฮฒฮฑฯฮฒฮฌฯฮฟฮนฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮฝฮดฯฮฑ แฝฯฮธแฟฮฝฮฑฮน ฮณฯ
ฮผฮฝฯฮฝ แผฯ ฮฑแผฐฯฯฯฮฝฮทฮฝ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮทฮฝ ฯฮญฯฮตฮน. 1.11. ฯฯฯฮต ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฮฟแฝฮดฮญฮฝ ฮดฮทฮปฯฯฮฑฯฮฑ แผกฯฯ
ฯฮฏฮทฮฝ ฮตแผถฯฮต. แฝกฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผกฮผฮญฯฮท ฯฮฌฯฮนฯฯฮฑ แผฮณฮตฮณฯฮฝฮตฮต, ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮตฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮผฮฌฮปฮนฯฯฮฑ แฝฅฯฮฑ ฯฮนฯฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฯฮฝฯฮฑฯ แผฯฯ
ฯแฟ, แผฯฮฟฮฏฮผฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮฟฮนฮทฯฮฑฮผฮญฮฝฮท แผฮบฮฌฮปฮตฮต ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฯฮณฮตฮฑ. แฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒฮฝ ฮดฮฟฮบฮญฯฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯฮฎฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฯฮทฯฮธฮญฮฝฯฯฮฝ แผฯฮฏฯฯฮฑฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฆฮปฮธฮต ฮบฮฑฮปฮตฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯยท แผฯฮธฮตฮต ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฯฯฮธฮต, แฝ
ฮบฯฯ แผก ฮฒฮฑฯฮฏฮปฮตฮนฮฑ ฮบฮฑฮปฮญฮฟฮน, ฯฮฟฮนฯแพถฮฝ. แฝกฯ ฮดแฝฒ แฝ ฮฯฮณฮทฯ แผฯฮฏฮบฮตฯฮฟ, แผฮปฮตฮณฮต แผก ฮณฯ
ฮฝแฝด ฯฮฌฮดฮต. โฮฝแฟฆฮฝ ฯฮฟฮฏ ฮดฯ
แฟถฮฝ แฝฮดแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮตฮฟฯ
ฯฮญฯฮฝ ฮฯฮณฮท ฮดฮฏฮดฯฮผฮฏ ฮฑแผตฯฮตฯฮนฮฝ, แฝฮบฮฟฯฮญฯฮทฮฝ ฮฒฮฟฯฮปฮตฮฑฮน ฯฯฮฑฯฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน. แผข ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮฮฑฮฝฮดฮฑฯฮปฮตฮฑ แผฯฮฟฮบฯฮตฮฏฮฝฮฑฯ แผฮผฮญ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮทฮฏฮทฮฝ แผฯฮต ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฯ
ฮดแฟถฮฝ, แผข ฮฑแฝฯฯฮฝ ฯฮต ฮฑแฝฯฮฏฮบฮฑ ฮฟแฝฯฯ แผฯฮฟฮธฮฝฮฎฯฮบฮตฮนฮฝ ฮดฮตแฟ, แฝกฯ แผฮฝ ฮผแฝด ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฮตฮนฮธฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฮฮฑฮฝฮดฮฑฯฮปแฟ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮปฮฟฮนฯฮฟแฟฆ แผดฮดแฟฯ ฯแฝฐ ฮผแฝด ฯฮต ฮดฮตแฟ. แผฮปฮปสผ แผคฯฮฟฮน ฮบฮตแฟฮฝฯฮฝ ฮณฮต ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮฒฮฟฯ
ฮปฮตฯฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฑ ฮดฮตแฟ แผฯฯฮปฮปฯ
ฯฮธฮฑฮน, แผข ฯฮต ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฮผแฝฒ ฮณฯ
ฮผฮฝฮฎฮฝ ฮธฮตฮทฯฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟฮนฮฎฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฑ ฮฟแฝ ฮฝฮฟฮผฮนฮถฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฑ.โ แฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฯฮณฮทฯ ฯฮญฯฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฯฮตฮธฯฮผฮฑฮถฮต ฯแฝฐ ฮปฮตฮณฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฑ, ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ แผฑฮบฮญฯฮตฯ
ฮต ฮผแฝด ฮผฮนฮฝ แผฮฝฮฑฮณฮบฮฑฮฏแฟ แผฮฝฮดฮญฮตฮนฮฝ ฮดฮนฮฑฮบฯแฟฮฝฮฑฮน ฯฮฟฮนฮฑฯฯฮทฮฝ ฮฑแผตฯฮตฯฮนฮฝ. ฮฟแฝฮบฯฮฝ ฮดแฝด แผฯฮตฮนฮธฮต, แผฮปฮปสผ แฝฅฯฮฑ แผฮฝฮฑฮณฮบฮฑฮฏฮทฮฝ แผฮปฮทฮธฮญฯฯ ฯฯฮฟฮบฮตฮนฮผฮญฮฝฮทฮฝ แผข ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮดฮตฯฯฯฯฮตฮฑ แผฯฮฟฮปฮปฯฮฝฮฑฮน แผข ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฮฝ แฝฯสผ แผฮปฮปฯฮฝ แผฯฯฮปฮปฯ
ฯฮธฮฑฮนยท ฮฑแผฑฯฮญฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฯ ฯฮตฯฮนฮตแฟฮฝฮฑฮน. แผฯฮตฮนฯฯฯฮฑ ฮดแฝด ฮปฮญฮณฯฮฝ ฯฮฌฮดฮต. โแผฯฮตฮฏ ฮผฮต แผฮฝฮฑฮณฮบฮฌฮถฮตฮนฯ ฮดฮตฯฯฯฯฮตฮฑ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฮผแฝธฮฝ ฮบฯฮตฮฏฮฝฮตฮนฮฝ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฮธฮญฮปฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ, ฯฮญฯฮต แผฮบฮฟฯฯฯ ฯฮญแฟณ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฯฯแฟณ แผฯฮนฯฮตฮนฯฮฎฯฮฟฮผฮตฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฟท.โ แผฃ ฮดแฝฒ แฝฯฮฟฮปฮฑฮฒฮฟแฟฆฯฮฑ แผฯฮท โแผฮบ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฯฯฮฏฮฟฯ
แผก แฝฯฮผฮฎ แผฯฯฮฑฮน แฝ
ฮธฮตฮฝ ฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮบฮตแฟฮฝฮฟฯ แผฮผฮญ แผฯฮตฮดฮญฮพฮฑฯฮฟ ฮณฯ
ฮผฮฝฮฎฮฝ, แฝฯฮฝฯฮผฮญฮฝแฟณ ฮดแฝฒ แผก แผฯฮนฯฮตฮฏฯฮทฯฮนฯ แผฯฯฮฑฮน.โ 1.12. แฝกฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผคฯฯฯ
ฯฮฑฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฮนฮฒฮฟฯ
ฮปฮฎฮฝ, ฮฝฯ
ฮบฯแฝธฯ ฮณฮตฮฝฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮทฯ สฝฮฟแฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ แผฮผฮตฯฮฏฮตฯฮฟ แฝ ฮฯฮณฮทฯ, ฮฟแฝฮดฮญ ฮฟแผฑ แผฆฮฝ แผฯฮฑฮปฮปฮฑฮณแฝด ฮฟแฝฮดฮตฮผฮฏฮฑ, แผฮปฮปสผ แผฮดฮตฮต แผค ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮปฯฮปฮญฮฝฮฑฮน แผข ฮฮฑฮฝฮดฮฑฯฮปฮตแผ ฮตแผตฯฮตฯฮฟ แผฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮธฮฌฮปฮฑฮผฮฟฮฝ ฯแฟ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑฮนฮบฮฏ, ฮบฮฑฮฏ ฮผฮนฮฝ แผฮบฮตฮฏฮฝฮท, แผฮณฯฮตฮนฯฮฏฮดฮนฮฟฮฝ ฮดฮฟแฟฆฯฮฑ, ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮบฯฯฯฯฮตฮน แฝฯแฝธ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฝดฮฝ ฮธฯฯฮทฮฝ. ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ แผฮฝฮฑฯฮฑฯ
ฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฮฮฑฮฝฮดฮฑฯฮปฮตฯ แฝฯฮตฮบฮดฯฯ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮฟฮบฯฮตฮฏฮฝฮฑฯ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑแฟฮบฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮทฮฏฮทฮฝ ฮฯฮณฮทฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฯฮฏฮปฮฟฯฮฟฯ แฝ ฮ ฮฌฯฮนฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฯฯฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮณฮตฮฝฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ แผฮฝ แผฐฮฌฮผฮฒแฟณ ฯฯฮนฮผฮญฯฯแฟณ แผฯฮตฮผฮฝฮฎฯฮธฮท. 1
1.56. ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฮนฯฮน แผฮปฮธฮฟแฟฆฯฮน ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฯฮตฯฮน แฝ ฮฯฮฟแฟฯฮฟฯ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฯฮฝ ฯฮน ฮผฮฌฮปฮนฯฯฮฑ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฯฮฝ แผฅฯฮธฮท, แผฮปฯฮฏฮถฯฮฝ แผกฮผฮฏฮฟฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮฟแฝฮดฮฑฮผแฝฐ แผฮฝฯสผ แผฮฝฮดฯแฝธฯ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตฯฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฮฮฎฮดฯฮฝ, ฮฟแฝฮดสผ แฝฆฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฯ ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแผฑ แผฮพ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฑฯฯฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮบฮฟฯแฝฒ ฯแฟฯ แผฯฯแฟฯ. ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ แผฯฯฯฮฝฯฮนฮถฮต แผฑฯฯฮฟฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฮฝ แผฮปฮปฮฎฮฝฯฮฝ ฮดฯ
ฮฝฮฑฯฯฯฮฌฯฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฯฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฯฯฮฟฯฮบฯฮฎฯฮฑฮนฯฮฟ ฯฮฏฮปฮฟฯ
ฯ, แผฑฯฯฮฟฯฮญฯฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮตแฝฯฮนฯฮบฮต ฮฮฑฮบฮตฮดฮฑฮนฮผฮฟฮฝฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮธฮทฮฝฮฑฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฯฮฟฮญฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฯฯฮนฮบฮฟแฟฆ ฮณฮญฮฝฮตฮฟฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผธฯฮฝฮนฮบฮฟแฟฆ. ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮณแฝฐฯ แผฆฮฝ ฯแฝฐ ฯฯฮฟฮบฮตฮบฯฮนฮผฮญฮฝฮฑ, แผฯฮฝฯฮฑ ฯแฝธ แผฯฯฮฑแฟฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝธ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮ ฮตฮปฮฑฯฮณฮนฮบแฝธฮฝ ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮปฮปฮทฮฝฮนฮบแฝธฮฝ แผฮธฮฝฮฟฯ. ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮฟแฝฮดฮฑฮผแฟ ฮบฯ แผฮพฮตฯฯฯฮทฯฮต, ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฮปฯ
ฯฮปฮฌฮฝฮทฯฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฌฯฯฮฑ. แผฯแฝถ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮฮตฯ
ฮบฮฑฮปฮฏฯฮฝฮฟฯ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮฟฯ ฮฟแผดฮบฮตฮต ฮณแฟฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฆฮธฮนแฟถฯฮนฮฝ, แผฯแฝถ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฮปฮปฮทฮฝฮฟฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แฝฯแฝธ ฯแฝดฮฝ แฝฯฯฮฑฮฝ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธฮฝ แฝฮปฯ
ฮผฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฯฯฮทฮฝ, ฮบฮฑฮปฮตฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮทฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผนฯฯฮนฮฑฮนแฟถฯฮนฮฝยท แผฮบ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟฯ แผนฯฯฮนฮฑฮนฯฯฮนฮดฮฟฯ แฝกฯ แผฮพฮฑฮฝฮญฯฯฮท แฝฯแฝธ ฮฮฑฮดฮผฮตฮฏฯฮฝ, ฮฟแผดฮบฮตฮต แผฮฝ ฮ ฮฏฮฝฮดแฟณ ฮฮฑฮบฮตฮดฮฝแฝธฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮปฮตฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝยท แผฮฝฮธฮตแฟฆฯฮตฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯฮนฯ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฯฯ
ฮฟฯฮฏฮดฮฑ ฮผฮตฯฮญฮฒฮท ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮบ ฯแฟฯ ฮฯฯ
ฮฟฯฮฏฮดฮฟฯ ฮฟแฝฯฯ แผฯ ฮ ฮตฮปฮฟฯฯฮฝฮฝฮทฯฮฟฮฝ แผฮปฮธแฝธฮฝ ฮฯฯฮนฮบแฝธฮฝ แผฮบฮปฮฎฮธฮท. 1.57. แผฅฮฝฯฮนฮฝฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฮณฮปแฟถฯฯฮฑฮฝ แผตฮตฯฮฑฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ ฮ ฮตฮปฮฑฯฮณฮฟฮฏ, ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฯฯ แผฯฯฮตฮบฮญฯฯ ฮตแผฐฯฮตแฟฮฝ. ฮตแผฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯฮตฯฮฝ แผฯฯฮน ฯฮตฮบฮผฮฑฮนฯฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮปฮญฮณฮตฮนฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮฝแฟฆฮฝ แผฯฮน แผฮฟแฟฆฯฮน ฮ ฮตฮปฮฑฯฮณแฟถฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ แฝฯแฝฒฯ ฮคฯ
ฯฯฮทฮฝแฟถฮฝ ฮฯฮทฯฯแฟถฮฝฮฑ ฯฯฮปฮนฮฝ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮตฯฮฝฯฯฮฝ, ฮฟแผณ แฝ
ฮผฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟฮน ฮบฮฟฯแฝฒ แผฆฯฮฑฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮฝแฟฆฮฝ ฮฯฯฮนฮตแฟฆฯฮน ฮบฮฑฮปฮตฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฮนฯฮน สฝฮฟแผดฮบฮตฮฟฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮทฮฝฮนฮบฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮณแฟฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฝแฟฆฮฝ ฮฮตฯฯฮฑฮปฮนแฟถฯฮนฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮปฮตฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮทฮฝฬ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮ ฮปฮฑฮบฮฏฮทฮฝ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮปฮฌฮบฮทฮฝ ฮ ฮตฮปฮฑฯฮณแฟถฮฝ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮทฯฮฌฮฝฯฯฮฝ แผฮฝ แผฮปฮปฮทฯฯฯฮฝฯแฟณ, ฮฟแผณ ฯฯฮฝฮฟฮนฮบฮฟฮน แผฮณฮญฮฝฮฟฮฝฯฮฟ แผฮธฮทฮฝฮฑฮฏฮฟฮนฯฮน, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝ
ฯฮฑ แผฮปฮปฮฑ ฮ ฮตฮปฮฑฯฮณฮนฮบแฝฐ แผฯฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฮฟฮปฮฏฯฮผฮฑฯฮฑ ฯแฝธ ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฮผฮตฯฮญฮฒฮฑฮปฮตยท ฮตแผฐ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฮนฯฮน ฯฮตฮบฮผฮฑฮนฯฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮดฮตแฟ ฮปฮญฮณฮตฮนฮฝ, แผฆฯฮฑฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ ฮ ฮตฮปฮฑฯฮณฮฟแฝถ ฮฒฮฌฯฮฒฮฑฯฮฟฮฝ ฮณฮปแฟถฯฯฮฑฮฝ แผฑฮญฮฝฯฮตฯ. ฮตแผฐ ฯฮฟฮฏฮฝฯ
ฮฝ แผฆฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแพถฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฯแฝธ ฮ ฮตฮปฮฑฯฮณฮนฮบฯฮฝ, ฯแฝธ แผฯฯฮนฮบแฝธฮฝ แผฮธฮฝฮฟฯ แผแฝธฮฝ ฮ ฮตฮปฮฑฯฮณฮนฮบแฝธฮฝ แผ
ฮผฮฑ ฯแฟ ฮผฮตฯฮฑฮฒฮฟฮปแฟ ฯแฟ แผฯ แผฮปฮปฮทฮฝฮฑฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮณฮปแฟถฯฯฮฑฮฝ ฮผฮตฯฮญฮผฮฑฮธฮต. ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮดแฝด ฮฟแฝฯฮต ฮฟแผฑ ฮฯฮทฯฯฯฮฝฮนแฟฯฮฑฮน ฮฟแฝฮดฮฑฮผฮฟแฟฯฮน ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฝแฟฆฮฝ ฯฯฮญฮฑฯ ฯฮตฯฮนฮฟฮนฮบฮตฯฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฮตแผฐฯแฝถ แฝฮผฯฮณฮปฯฯฯฮฟฮน ฮฟแฝฯฮต ฮฟแผฑ ฮ ฮปฮฑฮบฮนฮทฮฝฮฟฮฏ, ฯฯฮฏฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ แฝฮผฯฮณฮปฯฯฯฮฟฮนยท ฮดฮทฮปฮฟแฟฆฯฮฏ ฯฮต แฝ
ฯฮน ฯแฝธฮฝ แผ ฮฝฮตฮฏฮบฮฑฮฝฯฮฟ ฮณฮปฯฯฯฮทฯ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮบฯแฟฯฮฑ ฮผฮตฯฮฑฮฒฮฑฮฏฮฝฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฯ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฯแฝฐ ฯฯฯฮฏฮฑ, ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผฮฝ ฯฯ
ฮปฮฑฮบแฟ. 1.58. ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮปฮปฮทฮฝฮนฮบแฝธฮฝ ฮณฮปฯฯฯแฟ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฯฮตฮฏฯฮต แผฮณฮญฮฝฮตฯฮฟ ฮฑแผฐฮตฮฏ ฮบฮฟฯฮต ฯแฟ ฮฑแฝฯแฟ ฮดฮนฮฑฯฯแพถฯฮฑฮน, แฝกฯ แผฮผฮฟแฝถ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฮฑฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮนยท แผฯฮฟฯฯฮนฯฮธแฝฒฮฝ ฮผฮญฮฝฯฮฟฮน แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮ ฮตฮปฮฑฯฮณฮนฮบฮฟแฟฆ แผฯฮฝ แผฯฮธฮตฮฝฮญฯ, แผฯฯ ฯฮผฮนฮบฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮตฮฟ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฯแฝดฮฝ แฝฯฮผฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮฑแฝฮพฮทฯฮฑฮน แผฯ ฯฮปแฟฮธฮฟฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮธฮฝฮญฯฮฝ, ฮ ฮตฮปฮฑฯฮณแฟถฮฝ ฮผฮฌฮปฮนฯฯฮฑ ฯฯฮฟฯฮบฮตฯฯฯฮทฮบฯฯฯฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฟท ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮปฮปฯฮฝ แผฮธฮฝฮญฯฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮฒฮฌฯฯฮฝ ฯฯ
ฯฮฝแฟถฮฝ. ฯฯฯฯฮธฮต ฮดแฝฒ แฝฆฮฝ แผฮผฮฟฮนฮณฮต ฮดฮฟฮบฮญฮตฮน ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒ ฯแฝธ ฮ ฮตฮปฮฑฯฮณฮนฮบแฝธฮฝ แผฮธฮฝฮฟฯ, แผแฝธฮฝ ฮฒฮฌฯฮฒฮฑฯฮฟฮฝ, ฮฟแฝฮดฮฑฮผแฝฐ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฯฯ ฮฑแฝฮพฮทฮธแฟฮฝฮฑฮน.
1.93. ฮธฯฮผฮฑฯฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฮณแฟ แผก ฮฯ
ฮดฮฏฮท แผฯ ฯฯ
ฮณฮณฯฮฑฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฟแฝ ฮผฮฌฮปฮฑ แผฯฮตฮน, ฮฟแผทฮฌ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮปฮปฮท ฯฯฯฮท, ฯฮฌฯฮตฮพ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฮบ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮคฮผฯฮปฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฮตฯฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮฎฮณฮผฮฑฯฮฟฯ. แผฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮณฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฝธฮฝ ฮผฮญฮณฮนฯฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮญฯฮตฯฮฑฮน ฯฯฯแฝถฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮต ฮแผฐฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฏฯฮฝ แผฯฮณฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฮฑฮฒฯ
ฮปฯฮฝฮฏฯฮฝยท แผฯฯฮน ฮฑแฝฯฯฮธฮน แผฮปฯ
ฮฌฯฯฮตฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฯฮฟฮฏฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฯฯแฝธฯ ฯแฟฮผฮฑ, ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผก ฮบฯฮทฯแฝถฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฯฯแฝถ ฮปฮฏฮธฯฮฝ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฯฮฝ, ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮปฮปฮฟ ฯแฟฮผฮฑ ฯแฟถฮผฮฑ ฮณแฟฯ. แผฮพฮตฯฮณฮฌฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฟ ฮดฮญ ฮผฮนฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ แผฮณฮฟฯฮฑแฟฮฟฮน แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฮฟฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแผฑ ฯฮตฮนฯฯฮฝฮฑฮบฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฑแผฑ แผฮฝฮตฯฮณฮฑฮถฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฑฮน ฯฮฑฮนฮดฮฏฯฮบฮฑฮน. ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮญฮฝฯฮต แผฯฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯ แผฮผแฝฒ แผฆฯฮฑฮฝ แผฯแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฎฮผฮฑฯฮฟฯ แผฮฝฯ, ฮบฮฑฮฏ ฯฯฮน ฮณฯฮฌฮผฮผฮฑฯฮฑ แผฮฝฮตฮบฮตฮบฯฮปฮฑฯฯฮฟ ฯแฝฐ แผฮบฮฑฯฯฮฟฮน แผฮพฮตฯฮณฮฌฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฟ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮฑฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮฟ ฮผฮตฯฯฮตฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝธ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฑฮนฮดฮนฯฮบฮญฯฮฝ แผฯฮณฮฟฮฝ แผแฝธฮฝ ฮผฮญฮณฮนฯฯฮฟฮฝ. ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮดแฝด ฮฯ
ฮดแฟถฮฝ ฮดฮฎฮผฮฟฯ
ฮฑแผฑ ฮธฯ
ฮณฮฑฯฮญฯฮตฯ ฯฮฟฯฮฝฮตฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฯแพถฯฮฑฮน, ฯฯ
ฮปฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฮน ฯฯฮฏฯฮน ฯฮตฯฮฝฮฌฯ, แผฯ แฝ แผฮฝ ฯฯ
ฮฝฮฟฮนฮบฮฎฯฯฯฮน ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฯฮฟฮนฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฮนยท แผฮบฮดฮนฮดฮฟแฟฆฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯฮฑแฝถ แผฯฯ
ฯฮฌฯ. แผก ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฯฮตฯฮฏฮฟฮดฮฟฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฎฮผฮฑฯฯฯ ฮตแผฐฯแฝถ ฯฯฮฌฮดฮนฮฟฮน แผฮพ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดฯฮฟ ฯฮปฮญฮธฯฮฑ, ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ ฮตแฝฯฮฟฯ แผฯฯแฝถ ฯฮปฮญฮธฯฮฑ ฯฯฮฏฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดฮญฮบฮฑ. ฮปฮฏฮผฮฝฮท ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮตฯฮฑฮน ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฎฮผฮฑฯฮฟฯ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮท, ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฯ
ฮดฮฟแฝถ แผฮตฮฏฮฝฮฑฮฟฮฝ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮนยท ฮบฮฑฮปฮญฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯฮท ฮฯ
ฮณฮฑฮฏฮท. ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฯฮฟฮนฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ แผฯฯฮฏ.
1.106. แผฯแฝถ ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ แฝฮบฯแฝผ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮตแผดฮบฮฟฯฮน แผฯฮตฮฑ แผฆฯฯฮฟฮฝ ฯแฟฯ แผฯฮฏฮทฯ ฮฟแผฑ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝฐ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฯฮน แฝฯฯ ฯฮต แฝฮฒฯฮนฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝฮปฮนฮณฯฯฮฏฮทฯ แผฮฝฮฌฯฯฮฑฯฮฑ แผฆฮฝยท ฯฯฯแฝถฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯฯฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฯฮทฯฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฑฯสผ แผฮบฮฌฯฯฯฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฮบฮฌฯฯฮฟฮนฯฮน แผฯฮญฮฒฮฑฮปฮปฮฟฮฝ, ฯฯฯแฝถฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฯฯฮฟฯ
แผฅฯฯฮฑฮถฮฟฮฝ ฯฮตฯฮนฮตฮปฮฑฯฮฝฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ แฝ
ฯฮน แผฯฮฟฮนฮตฮฝ แผฮบฮฑฯฯฮฟฮน. ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฮปฮตแฟฆฮฝฮฑฯ ฮฯ
ฮฑฮพฮฌฯฮทฯ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮแฟฮดฮฟฮน ฮพฮตฮนฮฝฮฏฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮผฮตฮธฯฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮตฯฯฮฝฮตฯ
ฯฮฑฮฝ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแฝฯฯ แผฮฝฮตฯฯฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฟ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฯแฝดฮฝ ฮแฟฮดฮฟฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮตฮบฯฮฌฯฮตฮฟฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฎฮฝ ฯฮต ฮฮฏฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮตแผทฮปฮฟฮฝ สฝแฝกฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮตแผทฮปฮฟฮฝ แผฮฝ แผฯฮญฯฮฟฮนฯฮน ฮปฯฮณฮฟฮนฯฮน ฮดฮทฮปฯฯแฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฯฯฯ
ฯฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯ แฝฯฮฟฯฮตฮนฯฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฯฮฟฮนฮฎฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฟ ฯฮปแฝดฮฝ ฯแฟฯ ฮฮฑฮฒฯ
ฮปฯฮฝฮฏฮทฯ ฮผฮฟฮฏฯฮทฯ.
1.181. ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฯแฝธ ฯฮตแฟฯฮฟฯ ฮธฯฯฮทฮพ แผฯฯฮฏ, แผฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฯฮธฮตฮฝ ฯฮตแฟฯฮฟฯ ฯฮตฯฮนฮธฮญฮตฮน, ฮฟแฝ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฟท ฯฮตแฟณ แผฯฮธฮตฮฝฮญฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฯฮญฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮตฮฏฯฮตฮฟฯ, ฯฯฮตฮนฮฝฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฮดฮญ. แผฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฌฯฯฮตฯ แผฮบฮฑฯฮญฯแฟณ ฯแฟฯ ฯฯฮปฮนฮฟฯ แผฯฮตฯฮตฮฏฯฮนฯฯฮฟ แผฮฝ ฮผฮญฯแฟณ แผฮฝ ฯแฟท ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯแฝฐ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮฎฮนฮฑ ฯฮตฯฮนฮฒฯฮปแฟณ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปแฟณ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฐฯฯฯ
ฯแฟท, แผฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟท แผฯฮญฯแฟณ ฮฮนแฝธฯ ฮฮฎฮปฮฟฯ
แผฑฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฑฮปฮบฯฯฯ
ฮปฮฟฮฝ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯ แผฮผแฝฒ แผฯฮน ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ แผฯฮฝ, ฮดฯฮฟ ฯฯฮฑฮดฮฏฯฮฝ ฯฮฌฮฝฯแฟ, แผแฝธฮฝ ฯฮตฯฯฮฌฮณฯฮฝฮฟฮฝ. แผฮฝ ฮผฮญฯแฟณ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฑฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฯฯฮณฮฟฯ ฯฯฮตฯฮตแฝธฯ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮฟฮดฯฮผฮทฯฮฑฮน, ฯฯฮฑฮดฮฏฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธ ฮผแฟฮบฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธ ฮตแฝฯฮฟฯ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯแฝถ ฯฮฟฯฯแฟณ ฯแฟท ฯฯฯฮณแฟณ แผฮปฮปฮฟฯ ฯฯฯฮณฮฟฯ แผฯฮนฮฒฮญฮฒฮทฮบฮต, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮตฯฮฟฯ ฮผฮฌฮปฮฑ แผฯแฝถ ฯฮฟฯฯแฟณ, ฮผฮญฯฯฮน ฮฟแฝ แฝฮบฯแฝผ ฯฯฯฮณฯฮฝ. แผฮฝฮฌฮฒฮฑฯฮนฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฮพฯฮธฮตฮฝ ฮบฯฮบฮปแฟณ ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฯฯฮณฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑ ฯฮตฯฮฟฮฏฮทฯฮฑฮน. ฮผฮตฯฮฟแฟฆฮฝฯฮน ฮดฮญ ฮบฮฟฯ
ฯแฟฯ แผฮฝฮฑฮฒฮฌฯฮนฮฟฯ แผฯฯแฝถ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮณฯฮณฮฎ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮธแฟถฮบฮฟฮน แผฮผฯฮฑฯ
ฯฯฮฎฯฮนฮฟฮน, แผฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮบฮฑฯฮฏฮถฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฮผฯฮฑฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฮฟแผฑ แผฮฝฮฑฮฒฮฑฮฏฮฝฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ. แผฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟท ฯฮตฮปฮตฯ
ฯฮฑฮฏแฟณ ฯฯฯฮณแฟณ ฮฝฮทแฝธฯ แผฯฮตฯฯฮน ฮผฮญฮณฮฑฯยท แผฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟท ฮฝฮทแฟท ฮบฮปฮฏฮฝฮท ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮท ฮบฮญฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮตแฝ แผฯฯฯฯฮผฮญฮฝฮท, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแผฑ ฯฯฮฌฯฮตฮถฮฑ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮบฮญฮตฯฮฑฮน ฯฯฯ
ฯฮญฮท. แผฮณฮฑฮปฮผฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฮฝฮน ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯฯฮธฮน แผฮฝฮนฮดฯฯ
ฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฮฝ, ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒ ฮฝฯฮบฯฮฑ ฮฟแฝฮดฮตแฝถฯ แผฮฝฮฑฯ
ฮปฮฏฮถฮตฯฮฑฮน แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฯฮฝ แฝ
ฯฮน ฮผแฝด ฮณฯ
ฮฝแฝด ฮผฮฟฯฮฝฮท ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฯฮนฯฯฯฮฏฯฮฝ, ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฮฝ แฝ ฮธฮตแฝธฯ แผฮปฮทฯฮฑฮน แผฮบ ฯฮฑฯฮญฯฮฝ, แฝกฯ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฟแผฑ ฮงฮฑฮปฮดฮฑแฟฮฟฮน แผฯฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฑฯฮญฮตฯ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮธฮตฮฟแฟฆ. 1.182. ฯฮฑฯแฝถ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแผฑ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฝถ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน, แผฮผฮฟแฝถ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮฟแฝ ฯฮนฯฯแฝฐ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ, ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮธฮตแฝธฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฯแพถฮฝ ฯฮต แผฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฝฮทแฝธฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮผฯฮฑฯฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฯแฝถ ฯแฟฯ ฮบฮปฮฏฮฝฮทฯ, ฮบฮฑฯฮฌ ฯฮตฯ แผฮฝ ฮฮฎฮฒแฟฯฮน ฯแฟฯฮน ฮแผฐฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฏแฟฯฮน ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฯฯฯฮฟฮฝ, แฝกฯ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฟแผฑ ฮแผฐฮณฯฯฯฮนฮฟฮนยท ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮดแฝด แผฮบฮตแฟฮธฮน ฮบฮฟฮนฮผแพถฯฮฑฮน แผฮฝ ฯแฟท ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮนแฝธฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮทฮฒฮฑฮนฮญฮฟฯ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฎ, แผฮผฯฯฯฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯฮฑฮน ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน แผฮฝฮดฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฟแฝฮดฮฑฮผแฟถฮฝ แผฯ แฝฮผฮนฮปฮฏฮทฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฯแพถฮฝยท ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮบฮฑฯฮฌ ฯฮตฯ แผฮฝ ฮ ฮฑฯฮฌฯฮฟฮนฯฮน ฯแฟฯ ฮฯ
ฮบฮฏฮทฯ แผก ฯฯฯฮผฮฑฮฝฯฮนฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮธฮตฮฟแฟฆ, แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฮณฮญฮฝฮทฯฮฑฮนยท ฮฟแฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ แฝฆฮฝ ฮฑแผฐฮตฮฏ แผฯฯฮน ฯฯฮทฯฯฮฎฯฮนฮฟฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯฯฮธฮนยท แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮณฮญฮฝฮทฯฮฑฮน ฯฯฯฮต แฝฆฮฝ ฯฯ
ฮณฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮบฮปฮทฮฏฮตฯฮฑฮน ฯแฝฐฯ ฮฝฯฮบฯฮฑฯ แผฯฯ แผฮฝ ฯแฟท ฮฝฮทแฟท. 1.183. แผฯฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฮฝ ฮฮฑฮฒฯฮปแฟถฮฝฮน แผฑฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮปฮปฮฟฯ ฮบฮฌฯฯ ฮฝฮทฯฯ, แผฮฝฮธฮฑ แผฮณฮฑฮปฮผฮฑ ฮผฮญฮณฮฑ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮนแฝธฯ แผฮฝฮน ฮบฮฑฯฮฎฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฯฯฯฯฮตฮฟฮฝ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแผฑ ฯฯฮฌฯฮตฮถฮฑ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮท ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮบฮญฮตฯฮฑฮน ฯฯฯ
ฯฮญฮท, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธ ฮฒฮฌฮธฯฮฟฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝ ฮธฯฯฮฝฮฟฯ ฯฯฯฯฮตฮฟฯ แผฯฯฮฏยท ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝกฯ แผฮปฮตฮณฮฟฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ ฮงฮฑฮปฮดฮฑแฟฮฟฮน, ฯฮฑฮปฮฌฮฝฯฯฮฝ แฝฮบฯฮฑฮบฮฟฯฮฏฯฮฝ ฯฯฯ
ฯฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯฮตฯฮฟฮฏฮทฯฮฑฮน ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ. แผฮพฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฝฮทฮฟแฟฆ ฮฒฯฮผฯฯ แผฯฯฮน ฯฯฯฯฮตฮฟฯ, แผฯฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮปฮปฮฟฯ ฮฒฯฮผแฝธฯ ฮผฮญฮณฮฑฯ, แผฯสผ ฮฟแฝ ฮธฯฮตฯฮฑฮน ฯแฝฐ ฯฮญฮปฮตฮฑ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฮฒฮฌฯฯฮฝยท แผฯแฝถ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฯฯ
ฯฮญฮฟฯ
ฮฒฯฮผฮฟแฟฆ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฮพฮตฯฯฮน ฮธฯฮตฮนฮฝ แฝ
ฯฮน ฮผแฝด ฮณฮฑฮปฮฑฮธฮทฮฝแฝฐ ฮผฮฟฯฮฝแพณ, แผฯแฝถ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮผฮญฮถฮฟฮฝฮฟฯ ฮฒฯฮผฮฟแฟฆ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮณฮฏฮถฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮปฮนฮฒฮฑฮฝฯฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฏฮปฮนฮฑ ฯฮฌฮปฮฑฮฝฯฮฑ แผฯฮตฮฟฯ แผฮบฮฌฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮฟแผฑ ฮงฮฑฮปฮดฮฑแฟฮฟฮน ฯฯฯฮต แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ แฝฯฯแฝดฮฝ แผฮณฯฯฮน ฯแฟท ฮธฮตแฟท ฯฮฟฯฯแฟณ. แผฆฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮฝ ฯแฟท ฯฮตฮผฮญฮฝฮตฯ ฯฮฟฯฯแฟณ แผฯฮน ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฯฯฮฝฮฟฮฝ แผฮบฮตแฟฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮฝฮดฯฮนแฝฐฯ ฮดฯ
ฯฮดฮตฮบฮฑ ฯฮทฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฯฯฯฮตฮฟฯ ฯฯฮตฯฮตฯฯยท แผฮณแฝผ ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮผฮนฮฝ ฮฟแฝฮบ ฮตแผถฮดฮฟฮฝ, ฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฮปฮญฮณฮตฯฮฑฮน แฝฯแฝธ ฮงฮฑฮปฮดฮฑฮฏฯฮฝ, ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮปฮญฮณฯ. ฯฮฟฯฯแฟณ ฯแฟท แผฮฝฮดฯฮนฮฌฮฝฯฮน ฮฮฑฯฮตแฟฮฟฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แฝ แฝฯฯฮฌฯฯฮตฮฟฯ แผฯฮนฮฒฮฟฯ
ฮปฮตฯฯฮฑฯ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฯฯฮปฮผฮทฯฮต ฮปฮฑฮฒฮตแฟฮฝ, ฮฮญฯฮพฮทฯ ฮดแฝฒ แฝ ฮฮฑฯฮตฮฏฮฟฯ
แผฮปฮฑฮฒฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฑฯฮญฮฑ แผฯฮญฮบฯฮตฮนฮฝฮต แผฯฮฑฮณฮฟฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฮผแฝด ฮบฮนฮฝฮญฮตฮนฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฮฝฮดฯฮนฮฌฮฝฯฮฑ. ฯแฝธ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด แผฑฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฮบฮตฮบฯฯฮผฮทฯฮฑฮน, แผฯฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผดฮดฮนฮฑ แผฮฝฮฑฮธฮฎฮผฮฑฯฮฑ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฌ. 1.184. ฯแฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฮฑฮฒฯ
ฮปแฟถฮฝฮฟฯ ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฯ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฟแฝถ ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮบฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮปฮปฮฟฮน แผฮณฮญฮฝฮฟฮฝฯฮฟ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮตฯ, ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฯฯฯ
ฯฮฏฮฟฮนฯฮน ฮปฯฮณฮฟฮนฯฮน ฮผฮฝฮฎฮผฮทฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮฎฯฮฟฮผฮฑฮน, ฮฟแผณ ฯแฝฐ ฯฮตฮฏฯฮตฮฌ ฯฮต แผฯฮตฮบฯฯฮผฮทฯฮฑฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝฐ แผฑฯฮฌ, แผฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮดแฝด ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑแฟฮบฮตฯ ฮดฯฮฟ. แผก ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฯฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮพฮฑฯฮฑ, ฯแฟฯ แฝฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฮณฮตฮฝฮตแฟฯฮน ฯฮญฮฝฯฮต ฯฯฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฮณฮตฮฝฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮท, ฯแฟ ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ แผฆฮฝ ฮฃฮตฮผฮฏฯฮฑฮผฮนฯ, ฮฑแฝฯฮท ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฯฮตฮดฮญฮพฮฑฯฮฟ ฯฯฮผฮฑฯฮฑ แผฮฝแฝฐ ฯแฝธ ฯฮตฮดฮฏฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮฝฯฮฑ แผฮพฮนฮฟฮธฮญฮทฯฮฑยท ฯฯฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮธฮตฮต แฝ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฯ แผฮฝแฝฐ ฯแฝธ ฯฮตฮดฮฏฮฟฮฝ ฯแพถฮฝ ฯฮตฮปฮฑฮณฮฏฮถฮตฮนฮฝ. 1.185. แผก ฮดแฝฒ ฮดแฝด ฮดฮตฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฮณฮตฮฝฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮท ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฯ ฮฒฮฑฯฮฏฮปฮตฮนฮฑ, ฯแฟ ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ แผฆฮฝ ฮฮฏฯฯฮบฯฮนฯ, ฮฑแฝฯฮท ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯ
ฮฝฮตฯฯฯฮญฯฮท ฮณฮตฮฝฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮท ฯแฟฯ ฯฯฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮพฮฌฯฮทฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮผฮฝฮทฮผฯฯฯ
ฮฝฮฑ แผฮปฮฏฯฮตฯฮฟ ฯแฝฐ แผฮณแฝผ แผฯฮทฮณฮฎฯฮฟฮผฮฑฮน, ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฮฎฮดฯฮฝ แฝฯแฟถฯฮฑ แผฯฯแฝดฮฝ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮทฮฝ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฯฯฮตฮผฮฏฮถฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฮฝ, แผฮปฮปสผ แผฮปฮปฮฑ ฯฮต แผฯฮฑฮนฯฮทฮผฮญฮฝฮฑ แผฯฯฮตฮฑ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฯฮน, แผฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮดแฝด ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฮฏฮฝฮฟฮฝ, ฯฯฮฟฮตฯฯ
ฮปฮฌฮพฮฑฯฮฟ แฝ
ฯฮฑ แผฮดฯฮฝฮฑฯฮฟ ฮผฮฌฮปฮนฯฯฮฑ. ฯฯแฟถฯฮฑ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮแฝฯฯฮฎฯฮทฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฮฝ แฟฅฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฯฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ แผฐฮธฯฮฝ, แฝ
ฯ ฯฯฮน ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฯแฟฯ ฯฯฮปฮนฮฟฯ ฮผฮญฯฮทฯ แฟฅฮญฮตฮน, ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ แผฮฝฯฮธฮตฮฝ ฮดฮนฯฯฯ
ฯฮฑฯ แฝฯฯฮพฮฑฯฮฑ ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฮดฮฎ ฯฮน แผฯฮฟฮฏฮทฯฮต ฯฮบฮฟฮปฮนแฝธฮฝ แฝฅฯฯฮต ฮดแฝด ฯฯแฝถฯ แผฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮนฮฝฮฑ ฮบฯฮผฮญฯฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮฝ ฯแฟ แผฯฯฯ
ฯฮฏแฟ แผฯฮนฮบฮฝฮญฮตฯฮฑฮน แฟฅฮญฯฮฝยท ฯแฟ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฯฮผแฟ ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ แผฯฯฮฏ, แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฮนฮบฮฝฮญฮตฯฮฑฮน แฝ ฮแฝฯฯฮฎฯฮทฯ, แผฯฮดฮญฯฮนฮบฮบฮฑ. ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฝแฟฆฮฝ ฮฟแผณ แผฮฝ ฮบฮฟฮผฮฏฮถฯฮฝฯฮฑฮน แผฯแฝธ ฯแฟฯฮดฮต ฯแฟฯ ฮธฮฑฮปฮฌฯฯฮทฯ แผฯ ฮฮฑฮฒฯ
ฮปแฟถฮฝฮฑ, ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฮปฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮแฝฯฯฮฎฯฮทฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฮฝ ฯฯฮฏฯ ฯฮต แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฮฝ ฮบฯฮผฮทฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮณฮฏฮฝฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮฝ ฯฯฮนฯแฝถ แผกฮผฮญฯแฟฯฮน. ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฯฮฟฮนฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮฏฮทฯฮต, ฯแฟถฮผฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฑฯฮญฯฯฯฮต ฯฮฑฯสผ แผฮบฮฌฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผฮฟแฟฆ ฯแฝธ ฯฮตแฟฮปฮฟฯ แผฮพฮนฮฟฮฝ ฮธฯฮผฮฑฯฮฟฯ ฮผฮญฮณฮฑฮธฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝฯฮฟฯ แฝ
ฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮน แผฯฯฮฏ. ฮบฮฑฯฯฯฮตฯฮธฮต ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฟท ฮฮฑฮฒฯ
ฮปแฟถฮฝฮฟฯ แฝคฯฯ
ฯฯฮต แผฮปฯ
ฯฯฮฟฮฝ ฮปฮฏฮผฮฝแฟ, แฝฮปฮฏฮณฮฟฮฝ ฯฮน ฯฮฑฯฮฑฯฮตฮฏฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑ แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผฮฟแฟฆ, ฮฒฮฌฮธฮฟฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฯ ฯแฝธ แฝฮดฯฯ ฮฑแผฐฮตแฝถ แฝฯฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑ, ฮตแฝฯฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฝธ ฯฮตฯฮฏฮผฮตฯฯฮฟฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฟฮนฮตแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮตแผดฮบฮฟฯฮฏ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮตฯฯฮฑฮบฮฟฯฮฏฯฮฝ ฯฯฮฑฮดฮฏฯฮฝยท ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แฝฯฯ
ฯฯฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆฮฝ แผฮบ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ แฝฯฯฮณฮผฮฑฯฮฟฯ แผฮฝฮฑฮนฯฮฏฮผฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯแฝฐ ฯฮตฮฏฮปฮตฮฑ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฯฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑ. แผฯฮตฮฏฯฮต ฮดฮญ ฮฟแผฑ แฝฯฯฯฯ
ฮบฯฮฟ, ฮปฮฏฮธฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฮณฮฑฮณฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮท ฮบฯฮทฯแฟฮดฮฑ ฮบฯฮบฮปแฟณ ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฮฑแฝฯแฝดฮฝ แผคฮปฮฑฯฮต. แผฯฮฟฮฏฮตฮต ฮดแฝฒ แผฮผฯฯฯฮตฯฮฑ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ, ฯฯฮฝ ฯฮต ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฮฝ ฯฮบฮฟฮปฮนแฝธฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธ แฝฯฯ
ฮณฮผฮฑ ฯแพถฮฝ แผฮปฮฟฯ, แฝกฯ แฝ
ฯฮต ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฯ ฮฒฯฮฑฮดฯฯฮตฯฮฟฯ ฮตแผดฮท ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฮบฮฑฮผฯแฝฐฯ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฝฐฯ แผฮณฮฝฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแผฑ ฯฮปฯฮฟฮน แผฯฯฮน ฯฮบฮฟฮปฮนฮฟแฝถ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฮฑฮฒฯ
ฮปแฟถฮฝฮฑ, แผฮบ ฯฮต ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮปฯฯฮฝ แผฮบฮดฮญฮบฮทฯฮฑฮน ฯฮตฯฮฏฮฟฮดฮฟฯ ฯแฟฯ ฮปฮฏฮผฮฝฮทฯ ฮผฮฑฮบฯฮฎ. ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮณฮฌฮถฮตฯฮฟ ฯแฟฯ ฯฯฯฮทฯ ฯแฟ ฮฑแผต ฯฮต แผฯฮฒฮฟฮปฮฑแฝถ แผฆฯฮฑฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝฐ ฯฯฮฝฯฮฟฮผฮฑ ฯแฟฯ แผฮบ ฮฮฎฮดฯฮฝ แฝฮดฮฟแฟฆ, แผตฮฝฮฑ ฮผแฝด แผฯฮนฮผฮนฯฮณฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน ฮฟแผฑ ฮแฟฮดฮฟฮน แผฮบฮผฮฑฮฝฮธฮฌฮฝฮฟฮนฮตฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฟฯ ฯแฝฐ ฯฯฮฎฮณฮผฮฑฯฮฑ.
1.187. แผก ฮดสผ ฮฑแฝฯแฝด ฮฑแฝฯฮท ฮฒฮฑฯฮฏฮปฮตฮนฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮฌฯฮทฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮฎฮฝฮดฮต ฯฮนฮฝแฝฐ แผฮผฮทฯฮฑฮฝฮฎฯฮฑฯฮฟยท แฝฯฮตฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮผฮฌฮปฮนฯฯฮฑ ฮปฮตฯฯฯฯฯฮฝ ฯฯ
ฮปฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฯฯฮตฮฟฯ ฯฮฌฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฯ
ฯแฟ ฮบฮฑฯฮตฯฮบฮตฯ
ฮฌฯฮฑฯฮฟ ฮผฮตฯฮญฯฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮนฯฮฟฮปแฟฯ ฮฑแฝฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฯ
ฮปฮญฯฮฝ, แผฮฝฮตฮบฯฮปฮฑฯฮต ฮดแฝฒ แผฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฌฯฮฟฮฝ ฮณฯฮฌฮผฮผฮฑฯฮฑ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฮฌฮดฮต. โฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮนฯ แผฮผฮตแฟฆ แฝฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฮณฮนฮฝฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฯฮฝ ฮฮฑฮฒฯ
ฮปแฟถฮฝฮฟฯ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฯฮฝ แผขฮฝ ฯฯฮฑฮฝฮฏฯแฟ ฯฯฮทฮผฮฌฯฯฮฝ, แผฮฝฮฟฮฏฮพฮฑฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฌฯฮฟฮฝ ฮปฮฑฮฒฮญฯฯ แฝฮบฯฯฮฑ ฮฒฮฟฯฮปฮตฯฮฑฮน ฯฯฮฎฮผฮฑฯฮฑยท ฮผแฝด ฮผฮญฮฝฯฮฟฮน ฮณฮต ฮผแฝด ฯฯฮฑฮฝฮฏฯฮฑฯ ฮณฮต แผฮปฮปฯฯ แผฮฝฮฟฮฏฮพแฟยท ฮฟแฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ แผฮผฮตฮนฮฝฮฟฮฝยทโ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฯ แฝ ฯฮฌฯฮฟฯ แผฆฮฝ แผฮบฮฏฮฝฮทฯฮฟฯ ฮผฮญฯฯฮน ฮฟแฝ แผฯ ฮฮฑฯฮตแฟฮฟฮฝ ฯฮตฯฮนแฟฮปฮธฮต แผก ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮทฮฏฮทยท ฮฮฑฯฮตฮฏแฟณ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดฮตฮนฮฝแฝธฮฝ แผฮดฯฮบฮตฮต ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฯแฟฯฮน ฯฯฮปแฟฯฮน ฯฮฑฯฯแฟฯฮน ฮผฮทฮดแฝฒฮฝ ฯฯแพถฯฮธฮฑฮน, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฮทฮผฮฌฯฯฮฝ ฮบฮตฮนฮผฮญฮฝฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮณฯฮฑฮผฮผฮฌฯฯฮฝ แผฯฮนฮบฮฑฮปฮตฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฯฮฝ, ฮผแฝด ฮฟแฝ ฮปฮฑฮฒฮตแฟฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯฮฌยท ฯแฟฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯฮปแฟฯฮน ฯฮฑฯฯแฟฯฮน ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒฮฝ แผฯฯแพถฯฮฟ ฯฮฟแฟฆฮดฮต ฮตแผตฮฝฮตฮบฮฑ, แฝ
ฯฮน แฝฯฮตฯ ฮบฮตฯฮฑฮปแฟฯ ฮฟแผฑ แผฮณฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮฟ แฝ ฮฝฮตฮบฯแฝธฯ ฮดฮนฮตฮพฮตฮปฮฑฯฮฝฮฟฮฝฯฮน. แผฮฝฮฟฮฏฮพฮฑฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฌฯฮฟฮฝ ฮตแฝฯฮต ฯฯฮฎฮผฮฑฯฮฑ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮฟแฝ, ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฝฮตฮบฯแฝธฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮณฯฮฌฮผฮผฮฑฯฮฑ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฮฌฮดฮตยท โฮตแผฐ ฮผแฝด แผฯฮปฮทฯฯฯฯ ฯฮต แผฮฑฯ ฯฯฮทฮผฮฌฯฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฑแผฐฯฯฯฮฟฮบฮตฯฮดฮฎฯ, ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฮฝ ฮฝฮตฮบฯแฟถฮฝ ฮธฮฎฮบฮฑฯ แผฮฝฮญแฟณฮณฮตฯ.โ ฮฑแฝฯฮท ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ แผก ฮฒฮฑฯฮฏฮปฮตฮนฮฑ ฯฮฟฮนฮฑฯฯฮท ฯฮนฯ ฮปฮญฮณฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮณฮตฮฝฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน.
1.198. ฯฮฑฯฮฑแฝถ ฮดฮญ ฯฯฮน แผฮฝ ฮผฮญฮปฮนฯฮน, ฮธฯแฟฮฝฮฟฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฯฮปฮฎฯฮนฮฟฮน ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฮฝ ฮแผฐฮณฯฯฯแฟณ. แฝฯฮฌฮบฮนฯ ฮดสผ แผฮฝ ฮผฮนฯฮธแฟ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑฮนฮบแฝถ ฯแฟ แผฯฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฮฝแฝดฯ ฮฮฑฮฒฯ
ฮปฯฮฝฮนฮฟฯ, ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฮธฯ
ฮผฮฏฮทฮผฮฑ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮณฮนฮถฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ แผตฮถฮตฮน, แผฯฮญฯฯฮธฮน ฮดแฝฒ แผก ฮณฯ
ฮฝแฝด ฯแฝ ฯ
ฯแฝธ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฯฮฟฮนฮญฮตฮน, แฝฯฮธฯฮฟฯ
ฮดแฝฒ ฮณฮตฮฝฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฮปฮฟแฟฆฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮผฯฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮนยท แผฮณฮณฮตฮฟฯ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮฟแฝฮดฮตฮฝแฝธฯ แผ
ฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฯฯแฝถฮฝ แผฮฝ ฮปฮฟฯฯฯฮฝฯฮฑฮน. ฯฮฑแฝฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮฌฮฒฮนฮฟฮน ฯฮฟฮนฮตแฟฆฯฮน. 1.199. 1 แฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮดแฝด ฮฑแผดฯฯฮนฯฯฮฟฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฝฯฮผฯฮฝ แผฯฯแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮฮฑฮฒฯ
ฮปฯฮฝฮฏฮฟฮนฯฮน แฝ
ฮดฮตยท ฮดฮตแฟ ฯแพถฯฮฑฮฝ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑแฟฮบฮฑ แผฯฮนฯฯฯฮฏฮทฮฝ แผฑฮถฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮทฮฝ แผฯ แผฑฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฯฮฟฮดฮฏฯฮทฯ แผ
ฯฮฑฮพ แผฮฝ ฯแฟ ฮถฯแฟ ฮผฮนฯฮธแฟฮฝฮฑฮน แผฮฝฮดฯแฝถ ฮพฮตฮฏฮฝแฟณ. ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฑแฝถ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฮพฮนฮฟฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฑฮน แผฮฝฮฑฮผฮฏฯฮณฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯแฟฯฮน แผฮปฮปแฟฯฮน, ฮฟแผทฮฑ ฯฮปฮฟฯฯแฟณ แฝฯฮตฯฯฯฮฟฮฝฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฮน, แผฯแฝถ ฮถฮตฯ
ฮณฮญฯฮฝ แผฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮผฮฌฯแฟฯฮน แผฮปฮฌฯฮฑฯฮฑฮน ฯฯแฝธฯ ฯแฝธ แผฑฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฯแพถฯฮนยท ฮธฮตฯฮฑฯฮทฮฏฮท ฮดฮญ ฯฯฮน แฝฯฮนฯฮธฮต แผฯฮตฯฮฑฮน ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฎ. ฮฑแผฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮปฮตแฟฆฮฝฮตฯ ฯฮฟฮนฮตแฟฆฯฮน แฝงฮดฮตยท แผฮฝ ฯฮตฮผฮญฮฝฮตฯ แผฯฯฮฟฮดฮฏฯฮทฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮญฮฑฯฮฑฮน ฯฯฮญฯฮฑฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฯแฟฯฮน ฮบฮตฯฮฑฮปแฟฯฮน แผฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฮน ฮธฯฮผฮนฮณฮณฮฟฯ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฑแฝถ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑแฟฮบฮตฯยท ฮฑแผณ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯฯฮฟฯฮญฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน, ฮฑแผณ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮญฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน. ฯฯฮฟฮนฮฝฮฟฯฮตฮฝฮญฮตฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮดฮนฮญฮพฮฟฮดฮฟฮน ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฯฯฯฮฟฮฝ แฝฮดแฟถฮฝ แผฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑฮนฮบแฟถฮฝ, ฮดฮนสผ แฝงฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ ฮพฮตแฟฮฝฮฟฮน ฮดฮนฮตฮพฮนฯฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฮบฮปฮญฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮนยท แผฮฝฮธฮฑ แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ แผตฮถฮทฯฮฑฮน ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฎ, ฮฟแฝ ฯฯฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮฑฮปฮปฮฌฯฯฮตฯฮฑฮน แผฯ ฯแฝฐ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮฏฮฑ แผค ฯฮฏฯ ฮฟแผฑ ฮพฮตฮฏฮฝฯฮฝ แผฯฮณฯฯฮนฮฟฮฝ แผฮผฮฒฮฑฮปแฝผฮฝ แผฯ ฯแฝฐ ฮณฮฟฯฮฝฮฑฯฮฑ ฮผฮนฯฮธแฟ แผฮพฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฑฯฮฟแฟฆยท แผฮผฮฒฮฑฮปฯฮฝฯฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฮดฮตแฟ ฮตแผฐฯฮตแฟฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฝฮดฮตยท โแผฯฮนฮบฮฑฮปฮญฯ ฯฮฟฮน ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮธฮตแฝธฮฝ ฮฯฮปฮนฯฯฮฑ.โ ฮฯฮปฮนฯฯฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑฮปฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฯฮฟฮดฮฏฯฮทฮฝ แผฯฯฯฯฮนฮฟฮน. ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮณฯฯฮนฮฟฮฝ ฮผฮญฮณฮฑฮธฮฟฯ แผฯฯแฝถ แฝ
ฯฮฟฮฝ แฝฆฮฝยท ฮฟแฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮผแฝด แผฯฯฯฮทฯฮฑฮนยท ฮฟแฝ ฮณฮฌฯ ฮฟแผฑ ฮธฮญฮผฮนฯ แผฯฯฮฏยท ฮณฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮณแฝฐฯ แผฑฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฯแฝธ แผฯฮณฯฯฮนฮฟฮฝ. ฯแฟท ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯฯฯแฟณ แผฮผฮฒฮฑฮปฯฮฝฯฮน แผฯฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮฟฮดฮฟฮบฮนฮผแพท ฮฟแฝฮดฮญฮฝฮฑ. แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮผฮนฯฮธแฟ, แผฯฮฟฯฮนฯฯฮฑฮผฮญฮฝฮท ฯแฟ ฮธฮตแฟท แผฯฮฑฮปฮปฮฌฯฯฮตฯฮฑฮน แผฯ ฯแฝฐ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮฏฮฑ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝ ฯแฝธ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮฟแฝฮบ ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฮผฮญฮณฮฑ ฯฮฏ ฮฟแผฑ ฮดฯฯฮตฮนฯ แฝฅฯ ฮผฮนฮฝ ฮปฮฌฮผฯฮตฮฑฮน. แฝ
ฯฯฮฑฮน ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ ฮตแผดฮดฮตฯฯ ฯฮต แผฯฮฑฮผฮผฮญฮฝฮฑฮน ฮตแผฐฯแฝถ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮธฮตฮฟฯ, ฯฮฑฯแฝบ แผฯฮฑฮปฮปฮฌฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน, แฝ
ฯฮฑฮน ฮดแฝฒ แผฮผฮฟฯฯฮฟฮน ฮฑแฝฯฮญฯฮฝ ฮตแผฐฯฮฏ, ฯฯฯฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฝธฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฯฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฟแฝ ฮดฯ
ฮฝฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฑฮน ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฝฯฮผฮฟฮฝ แผฮบฯฮปแฟฯฮฑฮนยท ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯฯฮนฮญฯฮตฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮตฯฯฮฑฮญฯฮตฮฑ ฮผฮตฯฮตฮพฮญฯฮตฯฮฑฮน ฯฯฯฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮน. แผฮฝฮนฮฑฯแฟ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟฯ ฮฯฯฯฮฟฯ
แผฯฯแฝถ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฯฮปฮฎฯฮนฮฟฯ ฯฮฟฯฯแฟณ ฮฝฯฮผฮฟฯ.
2.29. แผฮปฮปฮฟฯ
ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแฝฮดฮตฮฝแฝธฯ ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒฮฝ แผฮดฯ
ฮฝฮฌฮผฮทฮฝ ฯฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน. แผฮปฮปแฝฐ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฝฮดฮต ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฮปฮปฮฟ แผฯแฝถ ฮผฮฑฮบฯฯฯฮฑฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฯ
ฮธฯฮผฮทฮฝ, ฮผฮญฯฯฮน ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฮปฮตฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฏฮฝฮทฯ ฯฯฮปฮนฮฟฯ ฮฑแฝฯฯฯฯฮทฯ แผฮปฮธฯฮฝ, ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
แผฮบฮฟแฟ แผคฮดฮท แผฑฯฯฮฟฯฮญฯฮฝ. แผฯแฝธ แผฮปฮตฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฏฮฝฮทฯ ฯฯฮปฮนฮฟฯ แผฮฝฯ แผฐฯฮฝฯฮน แผฮฝฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฯฯแฝถ ฯฯฯฮฏฮฟฮฝยท ฯฮฑฯฯแฟ แฝฆฮฝ ฮดฮตแฟ ฯแฝธ ฯฮปฮฟแฟฮฟฮฝ ฮดฮนฮฑฮดฮฎฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฑฯ แผฮผฯฮฟฯฮญฯฯฮธฮตฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮฌ ฯฮตฯ ฮฒฮฟแฟฆฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฮตฯฮตฯฮธฮฑฮนยท แผขฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮฟฯฯฮฑฮณแฟ ฯแฝธ ฯฮปฮฟแฟฮฟฮฝ ฮฟแผดฯฮตฯฮฑฮน ฯฮตฯฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ แฝฯแฝธ แผฐฯฯฯฮฟฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แฟฅฯฮฟฯ
. ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯฯฮฏฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ แผฯฯแฝถ แผฯสผ แผกฮผฮญฯฮฑฯ ฯฮญฯฯฮตฯฮฑฯ ฯฮปฯฮฟฯ, ฯฮบฮฟฮปฮนแฝธฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฑฯฯแฟ ฮบฮฑฯฮฌ ฯฮตฯ แฝ ฮฮฑฮฏฮฑฮฝฮดฯฮฟฯ แผฯฯแฝถ แฝ ฮฮตแฟฮปฮฟฯยท ฯฯฮฟแฟฮฝฮฟฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮดฯ
ฯฮดฮตฮบฮฑ ฮตแผฐฯแฝถ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮดฮตแฟ ฯฮฟฯฯแฟณ ฯแฟท ฯฯฯฯแฟณ ฮดฮนฮตฮบฯฮปแฟถฯฮฑฮน. ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฑ แผฯฮฏฮพฮตฮฑฮน แผฯ ฯฮตฮดฮฏฮฟฮฝ ฮปฮตแฟฮฟฮฝ, แผฮฝ ฯแฟท ฮฝแฟฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮตฯฮนฯฯฮญฮตฮน แฝ ฮฮตแฟฮปฮฟฯยท ฮคฮฑฯฮฟฮผฯแฝผ ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฮฑแฝฯแฟ แผฯฯฮน. ฮฟแผฐฮบฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฝฐ แผฯแฝธ แผฮปฮตฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฏฮฝฮทฯ แผฮฝฯ ฮแผฐฮธฮฏฮฟฯฮตฯ แผคฮดฮท ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟฯ ฮฝฮฎฯฮฟฯ
ฯแฝธ แผฅฮผฮนฯฯ
, ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ แผฅฮผฮนฯฯ
ฮแผฐฮณฯฯฯฮนฮฟฮน. แผฯฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟฯ ฮฝฮฎฯฮฟฯ
ฮปฮฏฮผฮฝฮทฮฝ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮท, ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฮญฯฮนฮพ ฮฝฮฟฮผฮฌฮดฮตฯ ฮแผฐฮธฮฏฮฟฯฮตฯ ฮฝฮญฮผฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮนยท ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮดฮนฮตฮบฯฮปฯฯฮฑฯ แผฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮตฮฏฮปฮฟฯ
ฯแฝธ แฟฅฮญฮตฮธฯฮฟฮฝ แผฅฮพฮตฮนฯ, ฯแฝธ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮปฮฏฮผฮฝฮทฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฮฝ แผฮบฮดฮนฮดฮฟแฟ. ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฑ แผฯฮฟฮฒแฝฐฯ ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฮฝ แฝฮดฮฟฮนฯฮฟฯฮฏฮทฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮฎฯฮตฮฑฮน แผกฮผฮตฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮตฯฯฮตฯฮฌฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮฑยท ฯฮบฯฯฮตฮปฮฟฮฏ ฯฮต ฮณแฝฐฯ แผฮฝ ฯแฟท ฮฮตฮฏฮปแฟณ แฝฮพฮญฮตฯ แผฮฝฮญฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟฮนฯฮฌฮดฮตฯ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฑฮฏ ฮตแผฐฯฮน, ฮดฮนสผ แฝงฮฝ ฮฟแฝฮบ ฮฟแผทฮฌ ฯฮต แผฯฯแฝถ ฯฮปฮญฮตฮนฮฝ. ฮดฮนฮตฮพฮตฮปฮธแฝผฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮฝ ฯแฟฯฮน ฯฮตฯฯฮตฯฮฌฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ แผกฮผฮญฯแฟฯฮน ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฯแฝธ ฯฯฯฮฏฮฟฮฝ, ฮฑแฝฯฮนฯ แผฯ แผฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮปฮฟแฟฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮฒแฝฐฯ ฮดฯ
ฯฮดฮตฮบฮฑ แผกฮผฮญฯฮฑฯ ฯฮปฮตฯฯฮตฮฑฮน, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฑ แผฅฮพฮตฮนฯ แผฯ ฯฯฮปฮนฮฝ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮทฮฝ ฯแฟ ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ แผฯฯแฝถ ฮฮตฯฯฮทยท ฮปฮญฮณฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯฮท แผก ฯฯฮปฮนฯ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฮผฮทฯฯฯฯฮฟฮปฮนฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮปฮปฯฮฝ ฮแผฐฮธฮนฯฯฯฮฝ. ฮฟแผฑ ฮดสผ แผฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฯแฟ ฮฮฏฮฑ ฮธฮตแฟถฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฮนฯฮฝฯ
ฯฮฟฮฝ ฮผฮฟฯฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮญฮฒฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน, ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮต ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฯฯ ฯฮนฮผแฟถฯฮน, ฮบฮฑฮฏ ฯฯฮน ฮผฮฑฮฝฯฮฎฮนฮฟฮฝ ฮฮนแฝธฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮญฯฯฮทฮบฮตยท ฯฯฯฮฑฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮตฮฌฮฝ ฯฯฮตฮฑฯ แฝ ฮธฮตแฝธฯ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฯ ฮบฮตฮปฮตฯแฟ ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฮธฮตฯฯฮนฯฮผฮฌฯฯฮฝ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟ แผฮฝ ฮบฮตฮปฮตฯแฟ, แผฮบฮตแฟฯฮต. 2.30. แผฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฯ ฯแฟฯ ฯฯฮปฮนฮฟฯ ฯฮปฮญฯฮฝ แผฮฝ แผดฯแฟณ ฯฯฯฮฝแฟณ แผฮปฮปแฟณ แผฅฮพฮตฮนฯ แผฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟฮผฯฮปฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฮฝ แฝ
ฯแฟณ ฯฮตฯ แผฮพ แผฮปฮตฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฏฮฝฮทฯ แผฆฮปฮธฮตฯ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮผฮทฯฯฯฯฮฟฮปฮนฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮแผฐฮธฮนฯฯฯฮฝ. ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟฮผฯฮปฮฟฮนฯฮน ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฮนฯฮน ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ แผฯฯแฝถ แผฯฮผฮฌฯ, ฮดฯฮฝฮฑฯฮฑฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฯแฝธ แผฯฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฮปฮปฮฎฮฝฯฮฝ ฮณฮปแฟถฯฯฮฑฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ แผฮพ แผฯฮนฯฯฮตฯแฟฯ ฯฮตฮนฯแฝธฯ ฯฮฑฯฮนฯฯฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮน. แผฯฮญฯฯฮทฯฮฑฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯฮฑฮน ฯฮญฯฯฮตฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮตแผดฮบฮฟฯฮน ฮผฯ
ฯฮนฮฌฮดฮตฯ ฮแผฐฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฏฯฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮผฮฑฯฮฏฮผฯฮฝ แผฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮแผฐฮธฮฏฮฟฯฮฑฯ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮดฮนสผ ฮฑแผฐฯฮฏฮทฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮฎฮฝฮดฮต. แผฯแฝถ ฮจฮฑฮผฮผฮทฯฮฏฯฮฟฯ
ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮฟฯ ฯฯ
ฮปฮฑฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮบฮฑฯฮญฯฯฮทฯฮฑฮฝ แผฮฝ ฯฮต แผฮปฮตฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฏฮฝแฟ ฯฯฮปฮน ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮแผฐฮธฮนฯฯฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮฝ ฮฮฌฯฮฝแฟฯฮน ฯแฟฯฮน ฮ ฮทฮปฮฟฯ
ฯฮฏแฟฯฮน แผฮปฮปฮท ฯฯแฝธฯ แผฯฮฑฮฒฮฏฯฮฝ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฯฯ
ฯฮฏฯฮฝ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮฝ ฮฮฑฯฮญแฟ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮฮนฮฒฯฮทฯ แผฮปฮปฮท. แผฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ แผฯสผ แผฮผฮตแฟฆ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮ ฮตฯฯฮญฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯฮฑแฝฯแฝฐ ฮฑแผฑ ฯฯ
ฮปฮฑฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แฝกฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯแฝถ ฮจฮฑฮผฮผฮทฯฮฏฯฮฟฯ
แผฆฯฮฑฮฝยท ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮณแฝฐฯ แผฮฝ แผฮปฮตฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฏฮฝแฟ ฮ ฮญฯฯฮฑฮน ฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮฝ ฮฮฌฯฮฝแฟฯฮน. ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แฝฆฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฮแผฐฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฯฮฏฮฑ แผฯฮตฮฑ ฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฎฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฑฯ แผฯฮญฮปฯ
ฮต ฮฟแฝฮดฮตแฝถฯ ฯแฟฯ ฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯแฟฯยท ฮฟแผณ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฒฮฟฯ
ฮปฮตฯ
ฯฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮบฮฟฮนฮฝแฟท ฮปฯฮณแฟณ ฯฯฮทฯฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮจฮฑฮผฮผฮทฯฮฏฯฮฟฯ
แผฯฮฟฯฯฮฌฮฝฯฮตฯ แผคฮนฯฮฑฮฝ แผฯ ฮแผฐฮธฮนฮฟฯฮฏฮทฮฝ. ฮจฮฑฮผฮผฮฎฯฮนฯฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯ
ฮธฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ แผฮดฮฏฯฮบฮตยท แฝกฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑฯฮญฮปฮฑฮฒฮต, แผฮดฮญฮตฯฮฟ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฝฐ ฮปฮญฮณฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮฏ ฯฯฮตฮฑฯ ฮธฮตฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฮฑฯฯฯฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฯฮฟฮปฮนฯฮตแฟฮฝ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮญฮบฮฝฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑแฟฮบฮฑฯ. ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮนฮฝแฝฐ ฮปฮญฮณฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮดฮญฮพฮฑฮฝฯฮฑ ฯแฝธ ฮฑแผฐฮดฮฟแฟฮฟฮฝ ฮตแผฐฯฮตแฟฮฝ, แผฮฝฮธฮฑ แผฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ แพ, แผฯฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฮฝฮธฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮญฮบฮฝฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑแฟฮบฮฑฯ. ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน แผฯฮตฮฏฯฮต แผฯ ฮแผฐฮธฮนฮฟฯฮฏฮทฮฝ แผฯฮฏฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮฟ, ฮดฮนฮดฮฟแฟฆฯฮน ฯฯฮญฮฑฯ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯแฟท ฮแผฐฮธฮนฯฯฯฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮน, แฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯฮญฮฑฯ ฯแฟทฮดฮต แผฮฝฯฮนฮดฯฯฮญฮตฯฮฑฮนยท แผฆฯฮฌฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ ฮดฮนฮฌฯฮฟฯฮฟฮน ฯฮนฮฝแฝฒฯ ฮณฮตฮณฮฟฮฝฯฯฮตฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮแผฐฮธฮนฯฯฯฮฝยท ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฮบฮญฮปฮตฯ
ฮต แผฮพฮตฮปฯฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฮบฮตฮฏฮฝฯฮฝ ฮณแฟฮฝ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮญฮตฮนฮฝ. ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮฟฮนฮบฮนฯฮธฮญฮฝฯฯฮฝ แผฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮแผฐฮธฮฏฮฟฯฮฑฯ แผกฮผฮตฯฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮน ฮณฮตฮณฯฮฝฮฑฯฮน ฮแผฐฮธฮฏฮฟฯฮตฯ, แผคฮธฮตฮฑ ฮผฮฑฮธฯฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮแผฐฮณฯฯฯฮนฮฑ. 2.31. ฮผฮญฯฯฮน ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ ฯฮตฯฯฮญฯฯฮฝ ฮผฮทฮฝแฟถฮฝ ฯฮปฯฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝฮดฮฟแฟฆ ฮณฮนฮฝฯฯฮบฮตฯฮฑฮน แฝ ฮฮตแฟฮปฮฟฯ ฯฮฌฯฮตฮพ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฮฝ ฮแผฐฮณฯฯฯแฟณ แฟฅฮตฯฮผฮฑฯฮฟฯยท ฯฮฟฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮน ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯฯ
ฮผฮฒฮฑฮปฮปฮฟฮผฮญฮฝแฟณ ฮผแฟฮฝฮตฯ ฮตแฝฯฮฏฯฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน แผฮฝฮฑฮนฯฮนฮผฮฟฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน แผฮพ แผฮปฮตฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฏฮฝฮทฯ ฯฮฟฯฮตฯ
ฮฟฮผฮญฮฝแฟณ แผฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟฮผฯฮปฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ. แฟฅฮญฮตฮน ฮดแฝฒ แผฯแฝธ แผฯฯฮญฯฮทฯ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผกฮปฮฏฮฟฯ
ฮดฯ
ฯฮผฮญฯฮฝ. ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฟแฟฆฮดฮต ฮฟแฝฮดฮตแฝถฯ แผฯฮตฮน ฯฮฑฯฮญฯฯ ฯฯฮฌฯฮฑฮนยท แผฯฮทฮผฮฟฯ ฮณแฝฐฯ แผฯฯแฝถ แผก ฯฯฯฮท ฮฑแฝฯฮท แฝฯแฝธ ฮบฮฑฯฮผฮฑฯฮฟฯ.
2.42. แฝ
ฯฮฟฮน ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฮฮนแฝธฯ ฮฮทฮฒฮฑฮนฮญฮฟฯ แผตฮดฯฯ
ฮฝฯฮฑฮน แผฑฯแฝธฮฝ แผค ฮฝฮฟฮผฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮทฮฒฮฑฮฏฮฟฯ
ฮตแผฐฯฮฏ, ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮตฯ แฝฮฏฯฮฝ แผฯฮตฯฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน ฮฑแผถฮณฮฑฯ ฮธฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน. ฮธฮตฮฟแฝบฯ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮดแฝด ฮฟแฝ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผ
ฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ แฝฮผฮฟฮฏฯฯ ฮแผฐฮณฯฯฯฮนฮฟฮน ฯฮญฮฒฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน, ฯฮปแฝดฮฝ แผผฯฮนฯฯ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝฯฮฏฯฮนฮฟฯ, ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฮฮนฯฮฝฯ
ฯฮฟฮฝ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮนยท ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮดแฝฒ แฝฮผฮฟฮฏฯฯ แผ
ฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯฮญฮฒฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน. แฝ
ฯฮฟฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮญฮฝฮดฮทฯฮฟฯ แผฮบฯฮทฮฝฯฮฑฮน แผฑฯแฝธฮฝ แผข ฮฝฮฟฮผฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮตฮฝฮดฮทฯฮฏฮฟฯ
ฮตแผฐฯฮฏ, ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแผฐฮณแฟถฮฝ แผฯฮตฯฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน แฝฮนฯ ฮธฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน. ฮฮทฮฒฮฑแฟฮฟฮน ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝ
ฯฮฟฮน ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ แฝฮฏฯฮฝ แผฯฮญฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน, ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฯฮฌฮดฮต ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฝฯฮผฮฟฮฝ ฯฯฮฝฮดฮต ฯฯฮฏฯฮน ฯฮตฮธแฟฮฝฮฑฮน. แผฉฯฮฑฮบฮปฮญฮฑ ฮธฮตฮปแฟฯฮฑฮน ฯฮฌฮฝฯฯฯ แผฐฮดฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฮฏฮฑ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฮธฮญฮปฮตฮนฮฝ แฝฯฮธแฟฮฝฮฑฮน แฝฯสผ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฆยท ฯฮญฮปฮฟฯ ฮดฮญ, แผฯฮตฮฏฯฮต ฮปฮนฯฮฑฯฮญฮตฮนฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฉฯฮฑฮบฮปฮญฮฑ, ฯฮฌฮดฮต ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฮฏฮฑ ฮผฮทฯฮฑฮฝฮฎฯฮฑฯฮธฮฑฮนยท ฮบฯฮนแฝธฮฝ แผฮบฮดฮตฮฏฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฯฮฟฯฯฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฮต ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮบฮตฯฮฑฮปแฝดฮฝ แผฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผฯฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮบฯฮนฮฟแฟฆ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮฝฮดฯฮฝฯฮฑ ฯแฝธ ฮฝฮฌฮบฮฟฯ ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฮฟแผฑ แผฯฯ
ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฮนฮดฮญฮพฮฑฮน. แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮบฯฮนฮฟฯฯฯฯฯฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮนแฝธฯ ฯแฝคฮณฮฑฮปฮผฮฑ ฯฮฟฮนฮตแฟฆฯฮน ฮแผฐฮณฯฯฯฮนฮฟฮน, แผฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ ฮแผฐฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฏฯฮฝ แผฮผฮผฯฮฝฮนฮฟฮน, แผฯฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮแผฐฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฏฯฮฝ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮแผฐฮธฮนฯฯฯฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮนฮบฮฟฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฮฝแฝดฮฝ ฮผฮตฯฮฑฮพแฝบ แผฮผฯฮฟฯฮญฯฯฮฝ ฮฝฮฟฮผฮฏฮถฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ. ฮดฮฟฮบฮญฮตฮนฮฝ ฮดฮญ ฮผฮฟฮน, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธ ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ แผฮผฮผฯฮฝฮนฮฟฮน แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฟแฟฆฮดฮต ฯฯฮฏฯฮน ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฯฮฝฯ
ฮผฮฏฮทฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮนฮฎฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฟยท แผฮผฮฟแฟฆฮฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮแผฐฮณฯฯฯฮนฮฟฮน ฮบฮฑฮปฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฮฏฮฑ. ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฯฮนฮฟแฝบฯ ฮฟแฝ ฮธฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฮทฮฒฮฑแฟฮฟฮน, แผฮปฮปสผ ฮตแผฐฯฮฏ ฯฯฮน แผฑฯฮฟแฝถ ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ. ฮผฮนแฟ ฮดแฝฒ แผกฮผฮญฯแฟ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฮฝฮนฮฑฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ, แผฮฝ แฝฯฯแฟ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮนฯฯ, ฮบฯฮนแฝธฮฝ แผฮฝฮฑ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮบฯฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮฟฮดฮตฮฏฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯแฝ ฯ
ฯแฝธ แผฮฝฮดฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯแฝคฮณฮฑฮปฮผฮฑ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮนฯฯ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฑ แผฮปฮปฮฟ แผฮณฮฑฮปฮผฮฑ แผฉฯฮฑฮบฮปฮญฮฟฯ ฯฯฮฟฯฮฌฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮฑแฝฯฯ. ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฮนฮฎฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯฯฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฮฟแผฑ ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฯแฝธ แผฑฯแฝธฮฝ แผ
ฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮบฯฮนแฝธฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฑ แผฮฝ แผฑฯแฟ ฮธฮฎฮบแฟ ฮธฮฌฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฑแฝฯฯฮฝ.
2.54. ฯฯฮทฯฯฮทฯฮฏฯฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮญฯฮน ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮต แผฮฝ แผฮปฮปฮทฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฮฝ ฮฮนฮฒฯแฟ ฯฯฮฝฮดฮต ฮแผฐฮณฯฯฯฮนฮฟฮน ฮปฯฮณฮฟฮฝ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน. แผฯฮฑฯฮฑฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ แผฑฯฮญฮตฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮทฮฒฮฑฮนฮญฮฟฯ ฮฮนแฝธฯ ฮดฯฮฟ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑแฟฮบฮฑฯ แผฑฯฮตฮฏฮฑฯ แผฮบ ฮฮทฮฒฮญฯฮฝ แผฮพฮฑฯฮธแฟฮฝฮฑฮน แฝฯแฝธ ฮฆฮฟฮนฮฝฮฏฮบฯฮฝ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฯ ฮฮนฮฒฯฮทฮฝ ฯฯฮทฮธฮตแฟฯฮฑฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฮปฮปฮทฮฝฮฑฯยท ฯฮฑฯฯฮฑฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฝฐฯ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑแฟฮบฮฑฯ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฯแฝฐฯ แผฑฮดฯฯ
ฯฮฑฮผฮญฮฝฮฑฯ ฯแฝฐ ฮผฮฑฮฝฯฮฎฮนฮฑ ฯฯฯฯฮฑฯ แผฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮตแผฐฯฮทฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฮนฯฮน แผฮธฮฝฮตฯฮน. ฮตแผฐฯฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฮดฮญ ฮผฮตฯ
แฝฮบฯฮธฮตฮฝ ฮฟแฝฯฯ แผฯฯฮตฮบฮญฯฯ แผฯฮนฯฯฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน, แผฯฮฑฯฮฑฮฝ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮถฮฎฯฮทฯฮนฮฝ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮทฮฝ แผฯแฝธ ฯฯฮญฯฮฝ ฮณฮตฮฝฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑฮนฮบแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮญฯฮฝ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮฝฮตฯ
ฯฮตแฟฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฯฮญฮฑฯ ฮฟแฝ ฮดฯ
ฮฝฮฑฯฮฟแฝถ ฮณฮตฮฝฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน, ฯฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮดแฝฒ แฝฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฮฑแฝฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮฌ ฯฮตฯ ฮดแฝด แผฮปฮตฮณฮฟฮฝ. 2.55. ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮฝ ฮฮฎฮฒแฟฯฮน แผฑฯฮญฯฮฝ แผคฮบฮฟฯ
ฮฟฮฝ, ฯฮฌฮดฮต ฮดแฝฒ ฮฯฮดฯฮฝฮฑฮฏฯฮฝ ฯฮฑฯแฝถ ฮฑแผฑ ฯฯฮฟฮผฮฌฮฝฯฮนฮตฯยท ฮดฯฮฟ ฯฮตฮปฮตฮนฮฌฮดฮฑฯ ฮผฮตฮปฮฑฮฏฮฝฮฑฯ แผฮบ ฮฮทฮฒฮญฯฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮแผฐฮณฯ
ฯฯฮนฮญฯฮฝ แผฮฝฮฑฯฯฮฑฮผฮญฮฝฮฑฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯฮญฯฮฝ แผฯ ฮฮนฮฒฯฮทฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯฯฮญฮฑฯ แผฯฮนฮบฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน, แผฑฮถฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮทฮฝ ฮดฮญ ฮผฮนฮฝ แผฯแฝถ ฯฮทฮณแฝธฮฝ ฮฑแฝฮดฮฌฮพฮฑฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฯฮฝแฟ แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฮทฮฏแฟ แฝกฯ ฯฯฮตแฝธฮฝ ฮตแผดฮท ฮผฮฑฮฝฯฮฎฮนฮฟฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯฯฮธฮน ฮฮนแฝธฯ ฮณฮตฮฝฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฝบฯ แฝฯฮฟฮปฮฑฮฒฮตแฟฮฝ ฮธฮตแฟฮฟฮฝ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฯแฝธ แผฯฮฑฮณฮณฮตฮปฮปฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฯฮน, ฮบฮฑฮฏ ฯฯฮตฮฑฯ แผฮบ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟฮนแฟฯฮฑฮน. ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮฮฏฮฒฯ
ฮฑฯ ฮฟแผฐฯฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮทฮฝ ฯฮตฮปฮตฮนฮฌฮดฮฑ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผฮผฮผฯฮฝฮฟฯ ฯฯฮทฯฯฮฎฯฮนฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮตฮปฮตแฟฆฯฮฑฮน ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮฮฏฮฒฯ
ฮฑฯ ฯฮฟฮนฮญฮตฮนฮฝยท แผฯฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฮฮนฯฯ. ฮฯฮดฯฮฝฮฑฮฏฯฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแผฑ แผฑฯฮตแฟฮฑฮน, ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯแฟ ฯฯฮตฯฮฒฯ
ฯฮฌฯแฟ ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ แผฆฮฝ ฮ ฯฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮตฮนฮฑ, ฯแฟ ฮดแฝฒ ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฮฝ ฮคฮนฮผฮฑฯฮญฯฮท, ฯแฟ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฝฮตฯฯฮฌฯแฟ ฮฮนฮบฮฌฮฝฮดฯฮท, แผฮปฮตฮณฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑยท ฯฯ
ฮฝฯฮผฮฟฮปฯฮณฮตฮฟฮฝ ฮดฮญ ฯฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแผฑ แผฮปฮปฮฟฮน ฮฯฮดฯฮฝฮฑแฟฮฟฮน ฮฟแผฑ ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฯแฝธ แผฑฯฯฮฝ. 2.56. แผฮณแฝผ ฮดสผ แผฯฯ ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ ฮณฮฝฯฮผฮทฮฝ ฯฮฎฮฝฮดฮตยท ฮตแผฐ แผฮปฮทฮธฮญฯฯ ฮฟแผฑ ฮฆฮฟฮฏฮฝฮนฮบฮตฯ แผฮพฮฎฮณฮฑฮณฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝฐฯ แผฑฯแฝฐฯ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑแฟฮบฮฑฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯฮญฯฮฝ แผฯ ฮฮนฮฒฯฮทฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฮปฮปฮฌฮดฮฑ แผฯฮญฮดฮฟฮฝฯฮฟ, ฮดฮฟฮบฮญฮตฮน แผฮผฮฟฮฏ แผก ฮณฯ
ฮฝแฝด ฮฑแฝฯฮท ฯแฟฯ ฮฝแฟฆฮฝ แผฮปฮปฮฌฮดฮฟฯ, ฯฯฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮ ฮตฮปฮฑฯฮณฮฏฮทฯ ฮบฮฑฮปฮตฯ
ฮผฮญฮฝฮทฯ ฯแฟฯ ฮฑแฝฯแฟฯ ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฯ, ฯฯฮทฮธแฟฮฝฮฑฮน แผฯ ฮฮตฯฯฯฯฯฮฟฯฯ, แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฑ ฮดฮฟฯ
ฮปฮตฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑ ฮฑแฝฯฯฮธฮน แผฑฮดฯฯฯฮฑฯฮธฮฑฮน แฝฯแฝธ ฯฮทฮณแฟท ฯฮตฯฯ
ฮบฯ
ฮฏแฟ แผฑฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฮนฯฯ, แฝฅฯฯฮตฯ แผฆฮฝ ฮฟแผฐฮบแฝธฯ แผฮผฯฮนฯฮฟฮปฮตฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฮฝ แผฮฝ ฮฮฎฮฒแฟฯฮน แผฑฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฮนฯฯ, แผฮฝฮธฮฑ แผฯฮฏฮบฮตฯฮฟ, แผฮฝฮธฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮผฮฝฮฎฮผฮทฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฯฮตฮนฮฝยท แผฮบ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฯฮทฯฯฮฎฯฮนฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮทฮณฮฎฯฮฑฯฮฟ, แผฯฮตฮฏฯฮต ฯฯ
ฮฝฮญฮปฮฑฮฒฮต ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฮปฮปฮฌฮดฮฑ ฮณฮปแฟถฯฯฮฑฮฝยท ฯฮฌฮฝฮฑฮน ฮดฮญ ฮฟแผฑ แผฮดฮตฮปฯฮตแฝดฮฝ แผฮฝ ฮฮนฮฒฯแฟ ฯฮตฯฯแฟฯฮธฮฑฮน แฝฯแฝธ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฆฮฟฮนฮฝฮฏฮบฯฮฝ แฝฯสผ แฝงฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฑแฝฯแฝด แผฯฯฮฎฮธฮท. 2.57. ฯฮตฮปฮตฮนฮฌฮดฮตฯ ฮดฮญ ฮผฮฟฮน ฮดฮฟฮบฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮบฮปฮทฮธแฟฮฝฮฑฮน ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮฯฮดฯฮฝฮฑฮฏฯฮฝ แผฯแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฆฮดฮต ฮฑแผฑ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑแฟฮบฮตฯ, ฮดฮนฯฯฮน ฮฒฮฌฯฮฒฮฑฯฮฟฮน แผฆฯฮฑฮฝ, แผฮดฯฮบฮตฮฟฮฝ ฮดฮญ ฯฯฮน แฝฮผฮฟฮฏฯฯ แฝฯฮฝฮนฯฮน ฯฮธฮญฮณฮณฮตฯฮธฮฑฮนยท ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯฯฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฮตฮปฮตฮนฮฌฮดฮฑ แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฮทฮฏแฟ ฯฯฮฝแฟ ฮฑแฝฮดฮฌฮพฮฑฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน, แผฯฮตฮฏฯฮต ฯฯ
ฮฝฮตฯฮฌ ฯฯฮน ฮทแฝฮดฮฑ แผก ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฎยท แผฯฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮฒฮฑฯฮฒฮฌฯฮนฮถฮต, แฝฯฮฝฮนฮธฮฟฯ ฯฯฯฯฮฟฮฝ แผฮดฯฮบฮตฮญ ฯฯฮน ฯฮธฮญฮณฮณฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน, แผฯฮตแฝถ ฯฮญแฟณ แผฮฝ ฯฯฯฯแฟณ ฯฮตฮปฮตฮนฮฌฯ ฮณฮต แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฮทฮฏแฟ ฯฯฮฝแฟ ฯฮธฮญฮณฮพฮฑฮนฯฮฟ; ฮผฮญฮปฮฑฮนฮฝฮฑฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฮตฮปฮตฮนฮฌฮดฮฑ ฯฮทฮผฮฑฮฏฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แฝ
ฯฮน ฮแผฐฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฏฮท แผก ฮณฯ
ฮฝแฝด แผฆฮฝ. แผก ฮดแฝฒ ฮผฮฑฮฝฯฮทฮฏฮท แผฅ ฯฮต แผฮฝ ฮฮฎฮฒแฟฯฮน ฯแฟฯฮน ฮแผฐฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฏแฟฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮฝ ฮฯฮดฯฮฝแฟ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฯฮปฮฎฯฮนฮฑฮน แผฮปฮปฮฎฮปแฟฯฮน ฯฯ
ฮณฯฮฌฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผฮฟแฟฆฯฮฑฮน. แผฯฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฑฯแฟถฮฝ แผก ฮผฮฑฮฝฯฮนฮบแฝด แผฯสผ ฮแผฐฮณฯฯฯฮฟฯ
แผฯฮนฮณฮผฮญฮฝฮท.
2.64. ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธ ฮผแฝด ฮผฮฏฯฮณฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑฮนฮพแฝถ แผฮฝ แผฑฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮผฮทฮดแฝฒ แผฮปฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฯแฝธ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑฮนฮบแฟถฮฝ แผฯ แผฑฯแฝฐ แผฯฮนฮญฮฝฮฑฮน ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน ฮตแผฐฯแฝถ ฮฟแผฑ ฯฯแฟถฯฮฟฮน ฮธฯฮทฯฮบฮตฯฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ. ฮฟแผฑ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ แผฮปฮปฮฟฮน ฯฯฮตฮดแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฮฟฮน, ฯฮปแฝดฮฝ ฮแผฐฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฏฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮปฮปฮฎฮฝฯฮฝ, ฮผฮฏฯฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน แผฮฝ แผฑฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯแฝธ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑฮนฮบแฟถฮฝ แผฮฝฮนฯฯฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน แผฮปฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟฮน แผฯฮญฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน แผฯ แผฑฯฯฮฝ, ฮฝฮฟฮผฮฏฮถฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑฯฮฌ ฯฮตฯ ฯแฝฐ แผฮปฮปฮฑ ฮบฯฮฎฮฝฮตฮฑยท ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯแฝฐ แผฮปฮปฮฑ ฮบฯฮฎฮฝฮตฮฑ แฝฯแพถฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝฯฮฝฮฏฮธฯฮฝ ฮณฮญฮฝฮตฮฑ แฝฯฮตฯ
ฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฑ แผฮฝ ฯฮต ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮฝฮทฮฟแฟฯฮน ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮธฮตแฟถฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฯฮตฮผฮญฮฝฮตฯฮนยท ฮตแผฐ แฝฆฮฝ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฯแฟท ฮธฮตแฟท ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฮผแฝด ฯฮฏฮปฮฟฮฝ, ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฮฝ ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒ ฯแฝฐ ฮบฯฮฎฮฝฮตฮฑ ฯฮฟฮนฮญฮตฮนฮฝ. ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ แผฯฮนฮปฮญฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯฮฟฮนฮตแฟฆฯฮน แผฮผฮฟฮนฮณฮต ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฯฮตฯฯฮฌยท
2.100. ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮญฮปฮตฮณฮฟฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ แผฑฯฮญฮตฯ แผฮบ ฮฒฯฮฒฮปฮฟฯ
แผฮปฮปฯฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฯฮฝ ฯฯฮนฮทฮบฮฟฯฮฏฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฮนฮฎฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฮฟแฝฮฝฯฮผฮฑฯฮฑ. แผฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฯฯแฟฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮณฮตฮฝฮตแฟฯฮน แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฯฮฝ แฝฮบฯฯฮบฮฑฮฏฮดฮตฮบฮฑ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮแผฐฮธฮฏฮฟฯฮตฯ แผฆฯฮฑฮฝ, ฮผฮฏฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฮณฯ
ฮฝแฝด แผฯฮนฯฯฯฮฏฮท, ฮฟแผฑ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮปฮปฮฟฮน แผฮฝฮดฯฮตฯ ฮแผฐฮณฯฯฯฮนฮฟฮน. ฯแฟ ฮดแฝฒ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑฮนฮบแฝถ ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ แผฆฮฝ, แผฅฯฮนฯ แผฮฒฮฑฯฮฏฮปฮตฯ
ฯฮต, ฯฯ ฯฮตฯ ฯแฟ ฮฮฑฮฒฯ
ฮปฯฮฝฮฏแฟ, ฮฮฏฯฯฮบฯฮนฯยท ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฮปฮตฮณฮฟฮฝ ฯฮนฮผฯฯฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฮฝ แผฮดฮตฮปฯฮตแฟท, ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮแผฐฮณฯฯฯฮนฮฟฮน ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฯฮญฯฮฝ แผฯฮญฮบฯฮตฮนฮฝฮฑฮฝ, แผฯฮฟฮบฯฮตฮฏฮฝฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแฝฯฯ แผฮบฮตฮฏฮฝแฟ แผฯฮญฮดฮฟฯฮฑฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮทฮฏฮทฮฝ, ฯฮฟฯฯแฟณ ฯฮนฮผฯฯฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฮฝ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฟแฝบฯ ฮแผฐฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฏฯฮฝ ฮดฮนฮฑฯฮธฮตแฟฯฮฑฮน ฮดฯฮปแฟณ. ฯฮฟฮนฮทฯฮฑฮผฮญฮฝฮทฮฝ ฮณฮฌฯ ฮผฮนฮฝ ฮฟแผดฮบฮทฮผฮฑ ฯฮตฯฮฏฮผฮทฮบฮตฯ แฝฯฯฮณฮฑฮนฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮนฮฝฮฟแฟฆฮฝ ฯแฟท ฮปฯฮณแฟณ, ฮฝฯแฟณ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮปฮปฮฑ ฮผฮทฯฮฑฮฝแพถฯฮธฮฑฮนยท ฮบฮฑฮปฮญฯฮฑฯฮฑฮฝ ฮดฮญ ฮผฮนฮฝ ฮแผฐฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฏฯฮฝ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮผฮฌฮปฮนฯฯฮฑ ฮผฮตฯฮฑฮนฯฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฯฮฝฮฟฯ
แพฮดฮตฮต ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฟแฝบฯ แผฑฯฯฮนแพถฮฝ, ฮดฮฑฮนฮฝฯ
ฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฮนฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮตแฟฮฝฮฑฮน ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฮฝ ฮดฮนสผ ฮฑแฝฮปแฟถฮฝฮฟฯ ฮบฯฯ
ฯฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮฟฯ
. ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฮญฯฮน ฯฮฟฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ แผฮปฮตฮณฮฟฮฝ, ฯฮปแฝดฮฝ แฝ
ฯฮน ฮฑแฝฯฮฎฮฝ ฮผฮนฮฝ, แฝกฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ แผฮพฮญฯฮณฮฑฯฯฮฟ, แฟฅฮฏฯฮฑฮน แผฯ ฮฟแผดฮบฮทฮผฮฑ ฯฯฮฟฮดฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮปฮญฮฟฮฝ, แฝ
ฮบฯฯ แผฯฮนฮผฯฯฮทฯฮฟฯ ฮณฮญฮฝฮทฯฮฑฮน.
2.111. ฮฃฮตฯฯฯฯฯฮนฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮตฮปฮตฯ
ฯฮฎฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฟฯ แผฮบฮดฮญฮพฮฑฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฮปฮตฮณฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮทฮฏฮทฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฑแฟฮดฮฑ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฆฮตฯแฟถฮฝ, ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮดฮญฮพฮฑฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮฟแฝฮดฮตฮผฮฏฮฑฮฝ ฯฯฯฮฑฯฮทฮฏฮทฮฝ, ฯฯ
ฮฝฮตฮฝฮตฮนฯฮธแฟฮฝฮฑฮน ฮดฮญ ฮฟแผฑ ฯฯ
ฯฮปแฝธฮฝ ฮณฮตฮฝฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฯฮฟฮนฯฮฝฮดฮต ฯฯแฟฮณฮผฮฑ. ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผฮฟแฟฆ ฮบฮฑฯฮตฮปฮธฯฮฝฯฮฟฯ ฮผฮญฮณฮนฯฯฮฑ ฮดแฝด ฯฯฯฮต แผฯสผ แฝฮบฯฯฮบฮฑฮฏฮดฮตฮบฮฑ ฯฮฎฯฮตฮฑฯ, แฝกฯ แฝฯฮตฯฮญฮฒฮฑฮปฮต ฯแฝฐฯ แผฯฮฟฯฯฮฑฯ, ฯฮฝฮตฯฮผฮฑฯฮฟฯ แผฮผฯฮตฯฯฮฝฯฮฟฯ ฮบฯ
ฮผฮฑฯฮฏฮทฯ แฝ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฯ แผฮณฮญฮฝฮตฯฮฟยท ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮฑ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮฑฯฮธฮฑฮปฮฏแฟ ฯฯฮทฯฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ, ฮปฮฑฮฒฯฮฝฯฮฑ ฮฑแผฐฯฮผแฝดฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฮปฮตแฟฮฝ แผฯ ฮผฮญฯฮฑฯ ฯแฝฐฯ ฮดฮฏฮฝฮฑฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผฮฟแฟฆ, ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯฮฏฮบฮฑ ฮบฮฑฮผฯฮฝฯฮฑ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แฝฯฮธฮฑฮปฮผฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฯ
ฯฮปฯฮธแฟฮฝฮฑฮน. ฮดฮญฮบฮฑ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด แผฯฮตฮฑ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮฏ ฮผฮนฮฝ ฯฯ
ฯฮปฯฮฝ, แผฮฝฮดฮตฮบฮฌฯแฟณ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮตฯ แผฯฮนฮบฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮฟแผฑ ฮผฮฑฮฝฯฮฎฮนฮฟฮฝ แผฮบ ฮฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆฯ ฯฯฮปฮนฮฟฯ แฝกฯ แผฮพฮฎฮบฮตฮน ฯฮญ ฮฟแผฑ แฝ ฯฯฯฮฝฮฟฯ ฯแฟฯ ฮถฮทฮผฮฏฮทฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮฝฮฑฮฒฮปฮญฯฮตฮน ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑฮนฮบแฝธฯ ฮฟแฝฯแฟณ ฮฝฮนฯฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แฝฯฮธฮฑฮปฮผฮฟฯฯ, แผฅฯฮนฯ ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฯ
ฯแฟฯ แผฮฝฮดฯฮฑ ฮผฮฟแฟฆฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฯฮตฯฮฟฮฏฯฮทฮบฮต, แผฮปฮปฯฮฝ แผฮฝฮดฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮฟแฟฆฯฮฑ แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฟฯ. ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฯฯฯฮทฯ ฯแฟฯ แผฯฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑฮนฮบแฝธฯ ฯฮตฮนฯแพถฯฮธฮฑฮน, ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ ฮดฮญ, แฝกฯ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฮฝฮญฮฒฮปฮตฯฮต, แผฯฮตฮพแฟฯ ฯฮฑฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮตฮนฯแพถฯฮธฮฑฮนยท แผฮฝฮฑฮฒฮปฮญฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯ
ฮฝฮฑฮณฮฑฮณฮตแฟฮฝ ฯแฝฐฯ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑแฟฮบฮฑฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฎฮธฮท, ฯฮปแฝดฮฝ แผข ฯแฟฯ ฯแฟท ฮฟแฝฯแฟณ ฮฝฮนฯฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ แผฮฝฮญฮฒฮปฮตฯฮต, แผฯ ฮผฮฏฮฑฮฝ ฯฯฮปฮนฮฝ, แผฃ ฮฝแฟฆฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮปฮญฮตฯฮฑฮน แผฯฯ
ฮธฯแฝด ฮฒแฟถฮปฮฟฯยท แผฯ ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฮฝ ฯฯ
ฮฝฮฑฮปฮฏฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฑ แฝฯฮฟฯฯแฟฯฮฑฮน ฯฮฌฯฮฑฯ ฯแฝบฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฟ ฯแฟ ฯฯฮปฮนยท ฯแฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฝฮนฯฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฯแฟท ฮฟแฝฯแฟณ แผฮฝฮญฮฒฮปฮตฯฮต, ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฯฮต ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฯ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑแฟฮบฮฑ. แผฮฝฮฑฮธฮฎฮผฮฑฯฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮฟฯฯ
ฮณแฝผฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฮฌฮธฮทฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ แฝฯฮธฮฑฮปฮผแฟถฮฝ แผฮปฮปฮฑ ฯฮต แผฮฝแฝฐ ฯแฝฐ แผฑฯแฝฐ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮฑ ฯแฝฐ ฮปฯฮณฮนฮผฮฑ แผฮฝฮญฮธฮทฮบฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮณฮต ฮปฯฮณฮฟฮฝ ฮผฮฌฮปฮนฯฯฮฑ แผฮพฮนฮฟฮฝ แผฯฯแฝถ แผฯฮตฮนฮฝ, แผฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฉฮปฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯแฝธ แผฑฯแฝธฮฝ แผฮพฮนฮฟฮธฮญฮทฯฮฑ แผฮฝฮญฮธฮทฮบฮต แผฯฮณฮฑ, แฝฮฒฮตฮปฮฟแฝบฯ ฮดฯฮฟ ฮปฮนฮธฮฏฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ, แผฮพ แผฮฝแฝธฯ แผฯฮฝฯฮฑ แผฮบฮฌฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฮปฮฏฮธฮฟฯ
, ฮผแฟฮบฮฟฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฮบฮฌฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮทฯฮญฯฮฝ แผฮบฮฑฯฯฮฝ, ฮตแฝฯฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ แฝฮบฯแฝผ ฯฮทฯฮญฯฮฝ.
2.150. แผฮปฮตฮณฮฟฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแผฑ แผฯฮนฯฯฯฮนฮฟฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝกฯ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฃฯฯฯฮนฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯ ฮฮนฮฒฯฮทฮฝ แผฮบฮดฮนฮดฮฟแฟ แผก ฮปฮฏฮผฮฝฮท ฮฑแฝฯฮท แฝฯแฝธ ฮณแฟฮฝ, ฯฮตฯฯฮฑฮผฮผฮญฮฝฮท ฯแฝธ ฯฯแฝธฯ แผฯฯฮญฯฮทฮฝ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮผฮตฯฯฮณฮฑฮนฮฑฮฝ ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯแฝธ แฝฯฮฟฯ ฯแฝธ แฝฯแฝฒฯ ฮฮญฮผฯฮนฮฟฯ. แผฯฮตฮฏฯฮต ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แฝฯฯฮณฮผฮฑฯฮฟฯ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮฟแฝฮบ แฝฅฯฯฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆฮฝ ฮฟแฝฮดฮฑฮผฮฟแฟฆ แผฯฮฝฯฮฑ, แผฯฮนฮผฮตฮปแฝฒฯ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮดฮฎ ฮผฮฟฮน แผฆฮฝ, ฮตแผฐฯฯฮผฮทฮฝ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฮณฯฮนฯฯฮฑ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฯแฟฯ ฮปฮฏฮผฮฝฮทฯ แฝ
ฮบฮฟฯ
ฮตแผดฮท แฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯ แฝ แผฮพฮฟฯฯ
ฯฮธฮตฮฏฯ. ฮฟแผณ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฯฮฑฯฮฌฮฝ ฮผฮฟฮน แผตฮฝฮฑ แผฮพฮตฯฮฟฯฮฎฮธฮท, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮตแฝฯฮตฯฮญฯฯ แผฯฮตฮนฮธฮฟฮฝยท แพฮดฮตฮฑ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮปฯฮณแฟณ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮฝ ฮฮฏฮฝแฟณ ฯแฟ แผฯฯฯ
ฯฮฏฯฮฝ ฯฯฮปฮน ฮณฮตฮฝฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ. ฯแฝฐ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮฃฮฑฯฮดฮฑฮฝฮฑฯฮฌฮปฮปฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮฏฮฝฮฟฯ
ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮฟฯ แผฯฮฝฯฮฑ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮฑ ฯฯฮฎฮผฮฑฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯ
ฮปฮฑฯฯฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฑ แผฮฝ ฮธฮทฯฮฑฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮณฮฑฮฏฮฟฮนฯฮน แผฯฮตฮฝฯฮทฯฮฑฮฝ ฮบฮปแฟถฯฮตฯ แผฮบฯฮฟฯแฟฯฮฑฮน. แผฮบ ฮดแฝด แฝฆฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฯฮตฯฮญฯฯฮฝ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮฏฯฮฝ แผฯฮพฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน ฮฟแผฑ ฮบฮปแฟถฯฮตฯ แฝฯแฝธ ฮณแฟฮฝ ฯฯฮฑฮธฮผฮตฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน แผฯ ฯแฝฐ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮฎฮนฮฑ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮฏฮฑ แฝคฯฯ
ฯฯฮฟฮฝ, ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฮบฯฮฟฯฮตฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ แผฮบ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แฝฯฯฮณฮผฮฑฯฮฟฯ, แฝ
ฮบฯฯ ฮณฮญฮฝฮฟฮนฯฮฟ ฮฝฯฮพ, แผฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮคฮฏฮณฯฮทฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฯฯฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฮฏฮฝฮฟฮฝ แผฮพฮตฯฯฯฮตฮฟฮฝ, แผฯ แฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮตฯฮณฮฌฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฟ แฝ
ฯฮน แผฮฒฮฟฯฮปฮฟฮฝฯฮฟ. ฯฮฟฮนฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ แผคฮบฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯแฝธ ฯแฟฯ แผฮฝ ฮแผฐฮณฯฯฯแฟณ ฮปฮฏฮผฮฝฮทฯ แฝฯฯ
ฮณฮผฮฑ ฮณฮตฮฝฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน, ฯฮปแฝดฮฝ ฮฟแฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮบฯแฝธฯ แผฮปฮปแฝฐ ฮผฮตฯสผ แผกฮผฮญฯฮทฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮตฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝยท แฝฯฯฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆฮฝ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮแผฐฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฮตแฟฮปฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฮญฮตฮนฮฝยท แฝ ฮดแฝฒ แฝฯฮฟฮปฮฑฮผฮฒฮฌฮฝฯฮฝ แผฮผฮตฮปฮปฮต ฮดฮนฮฑฯฮญฮตฮนฮฝ. แผก ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ ฮปฮฏฮผฮฝฮท ฮฑแฝฯฮท ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฮปฮญฮณฮตฯฮฑฮน แฝฯฯ
ฯฮธแฟฮฝฮฑฮนยท
2.155. ฮจฮฑฮผฮผฮฎฯฮนฯฮฟฯ ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ ฮฟแฝฯฯ แผฯฯฮต ฮแผดฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฟฮฝ. ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯฮทฯฯฮทฯฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฮฝ ฮแผฐฮณฯฯฯแฟณ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฝฐ แผฯฮตฮผฮฝฮฎฯฮธฮทฮฝ แผคฮดฮท, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดแฝด ฮปฯฮณฮฟฮฝ ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฆ แฝกฯ แผฮพฮฏฮฟฯ
แผฯฮฝฯฮฟฯ ฯฮฟฮนฮฎฯฮฟฮผฮฑฮน. ฯแฝธ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯฯฮทฯฯฮฎฯฮนฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฯแฝธ แผฮฝ ฮแผฐฮณฯฯฯแฟณ แผฯฯแฝถ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮฮทฯฮฟแฟฆฯ แผฑฯฯฮฝ, แผฮฝ ฯฯฮปฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปแฟ แผฑฮดฯฯ
ฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯแฝธ ฮฃฮตฮฒฮตฮฝฮฝฯ
ฯฮนฮบแฝธฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮปฮตฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฯฯฯฮผฮฑ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮตฮฏฮปฮฟฯ
, แผฮฝฮฑฯฮปฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮน แผฯแฝธ ฮธฮฑฮปฮฌฯฯฮทฯ แผฮฝฯ. ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟ ฯฯฮปฮน ฯฮฑฯฯแฟ แฝ
ฮบฮฟฯ
ฯแฝธ ฯฯฮทฯฯฮฎฯฮนฮฟฮฝ แผฯฯแฝถ ฮฮฟฯ
ฯฯ, แฝกฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ แฝ ฮฝฯฮผฮฑฯฯฮฑฮฏ ฮผฮฟฮน. แผฑฯแฝธฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฯแฝถ แผฮฝ ฯแฟ ฮฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟแฟ ฯฮฑฯฯแฟ แผฯฯฮปฮปฯฮฝฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฯฮญฮผฮนฮดฮฟฯ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝ
ฮณฮต ฮฝฮทแฝธฯ ฯแฟฯ ฮฮทฯฮฟแฟฆฯ, แผฮฝ ฯแฟท ฮดแฝด ฯแฝธ ฯฯฮทฯฯฮฎฯฮนฮฟฮฝ แผฮฝฮน, ฮฑแฝฯฯฯ ฯฮต ฯฯ
ฮณฯฮฌฮฝฮตฮน แผแฝผฮฝ ฮผฮญฮณฮฑฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝฐ ฯฯฮฟฯฯฮปฮฑฮนฮฑ แผฯฮตฮน แผฯ แฝฯฮฟฯ ฮดฮญฮบฮฑ แฝฯฮณฯ
ฮนฮญฯฮฝ. ฯแฝธ ฮดฮญ ฮผฮฟฮน ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฑฮฝฮตฯแฟถฮฝ แผฆฮฝ ฮธแฟถฮผฮฑ ฮผฮญฮณฮนฯฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮตฯฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ, ฯฯฮฌฯฯยท แผฯฯฮน แผฮฝ ฯแฟท ฯฮตฮผฮญฮฝฮตฯ ฯฮฟฯฯแฟณ ฮฮทฯฮฟแฟฆฯ ฮฝฮทแฝธฯ แผฮพ แผฮฝแฝธฯ ฮปฮฏฮธฮฟฯ
ฯฮตฯฮฟฮนฮทฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ แผฯ ฯฮต แฝฯฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯ ฮผแฟฮบฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮฟฯ แผฮบฮฑฯฯฮฟฯ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฮนฯฮน แผดฯฮฟฯ ฯฮตฯฯฮตฯฮฌฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฮทฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ แผฮบฮฑฯฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฯฮฏ, ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฯฮญฮณฮฑฯฮผฮฑ ฯแฟฯ แฝฯฮฟฯแฟฯ แผฮปฮปฮฟฯ แผฯฮฏฮบฮตฮนฯฮฑฮน ฮปฮฏฮธฮฟฯ, แผฯฯฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฯฯฮฟฯฮฏฮดฮฑ ฯฮตฯฯฮฌฯฮทฯฯ
ฮฝ. 2.156. ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ แฝ ฮฝฮทแฝธฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฑฮฝฮตฯแฟถฮฝ ฮผฮฟฮน ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฯแฝธ แผฑฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฯแฝถ ฮธฯฮผฮฑฯฯฯฯฮฑฯฮฟฮฝ, ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮดฮตฯ
ฯฮญฯฯฮฝ ฮฝแฟฯฮฟฯ แผก ฮงฮญฮผฮผฮนฯ ฮบฮฑฮปฮตฯ
ฮผฮญฮฝฮทยท แผฯฯฮน ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฮฝ ฮปฮฏฮผฮฝแฟ ฮฒฮฑฮธฮญแฟ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮปฮฑฯฮญแฟ ฮบฮตฮนฮผฮญฮฝฮท ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯแฝธ แผฮฝ ฮฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟแฟ แผฑฯฯฮฝ, ฮปฮญฮณฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮดแฝฒ แฝฯสผ ฮแผฐฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฏฯฮฝ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฮฑแฝฯฮท แผก ฮฝแฟฯฮฟฯ ฯฮปฯฯฮฎ. ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฮณฯฮณฮต ฮฟแฝฯฮต ฯฮปฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฮฝ ฮฟแฝฯฮต ฮบฮนฮฝฮทฮธฮตแฟฯฮฑฮฝ ฮตแผถฮดฮฟฮฝ, ฯฮญฮธฮทฯฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮบฮฟฯฯฮฝ ฮตแผฐ ฮฝแฟฯฮฟฯ แผฮปฮทฮธฮญฯฯ แผฯฯแฝถ ฯฮปฯฯฮฎ. แผฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แฝฆฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฯแฟ ฮฝฮทฯฯ ฯฮต แผฯฯฮปฮปฯฮฝฮฟฯ ฮผฮญฮณฮฑฯ แผฮฝฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฒฯฮผฮฟแฝถ ฯฯฮนฯฮฌฯฮนฮฟฮน แผฮฝฮนฮดฯฯฮฑฯฮฑฮน, แผฮผฯฮตฯฯฮบฮฑฯฮน ฮดสผ แผฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฟ ฯฮฟฮฏฮฝฮนฮบฮตฯ ฯฯ
ฯฮฝฮฟแฝถ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮปฮปฮฑ ฮดฮญฮฝฮดฯฮตฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮบฮฑฯฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮฟฯฮฑ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฌ. ฮปฯฮณฮฟฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯฮฝฮดฮต แผฯฮนฮปฮญฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮฟแผฑ ฮแผฐฮณฯฯฯฮนฮฟฮน ฯฮฑฯแฝถ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฮฑแฝฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฮปฯฯฮฎฮฝ, แฝกฯ แผฮฝ ฯแฟ ฮฝฮฎฯแฟณ ฯฮฑฯฯแฟ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฮฟฯฯแฟ ฯฯฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮปฯฯแฟ ฮฮทฯฯ, แผฮฟแฟฆฯฮฑ ฯแฟถฮฝ แฝฮบฯแฝผ ฮธฮตแฟถฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฯฯฯฯฮฝ ฮณฮตฮฝฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฯฮฝ, ฮฟแผฐฮบฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮฝ ฮฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟแฟ ฯฯฮปฮน, แผตฮฝฮฑ ฮดฮฎ ฮฟแผฑ ฯแฝธ ฯฯฮทฯฯฮฎฯฮนฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ แผฯฯฮฏ, แผฯฯฮปฮปฯฮฝฮฑ ฯฮฑฯสผ แผผฯฮนฮฟฯ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮธฮฎฮบฮทฮฝ ฮดฮตฮพฮฑฮผฮญฮฝฮท ฮดฮนฮญฯฯฯฮต ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮบฯฯฯฮฑฯฮฑ แผฮฝ ฯแฟ ฮฝแฟฆฮฝ ฯฮปฯฯแฟ ฮปฮตฮณฮฟฮผฮญฮฝแฟ ฮฝฮฎฯแฟณ, แฝ
ฯฮต ฯแฝธ ฯแพถฮฝ ฮดฮนฮถฮฎฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ แฝ ฮคฯ
ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฯแฟฮปฮธฮต, ฮธฮญฮปฯฮฝ แผฮพฮตฯ
ฯฮตแฟฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แฝฯฮฏฯฮนฮฟฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฑแฟฮดฮฑ. แผฯฯฮปฮปฯฮฝฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฯฮตฮผฮนฮฝ ฮฮนฮฟฮฝฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผผฯฮนฮฟฯ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฯฮฑแฟฮดฮฑฯ, ฮฮทฯฮฟแฟฆฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯฮฟฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฯฮตฮนฯฮฑฮฝ ฮณฮตฮฝฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน. ฮแผฐฮณฯ
ฯฯฮนฯฯแฝถ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฯฮปฮปฯฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แฝฎฯฮฟฯ, ฮฮทฮผฮฎฯฮทฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผพฯฮนฯ, แผฯฯฮตฮผฮนฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฮฟฯฮฒฮฑฯฯฮนฯ. แผฮบ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮปฯฮณฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแฝฮดฮตฮฝแฝธฯ แผฮปฮปฮฟฯ
ฮแผฐฯฯฯฮปฮฟฯ แฝ ฮแฝฯฮฟฯฮฏฯฮฝฮฟฯ แผฅฯฯฮฑฯฮต ฯแฝธ แผฮณแฝผ ฯฯฮฌฯฯ, ฮผฮฟแฟฆฮฝฮฟฯ ฮดแฝด ฯฮฟฮนฮทฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฮณฮตฮฝฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฯฮฝยท แผฯฮฟฮฏฮทฯฮต ฮณแฝฐฯ แผฯฯฮตฮผฮนฮฝ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฮธฯ
ฮณฮฑฯฮญฯฮฑ ฮฮฎฮผฮทฯฯฮฟฯ. ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฝแฟฯฮฟฮฝ ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฮณฮตฮฝฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฮปฯฯฮฎฮฝ. ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน.
2.158. ฮจฮฑฮผฮผฮทฯฮฏฯฮฟฯ
ฮดแฝฒ ฮฮตฮบแฟถฯ ฯฮฑแฟฯ แผฮณฮญฮฝฮตฯฮฟ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮฒฮฑฯฮฏฮปฮตฯ
ฯฮต ฮแผฐฮณฯฯฯฮฟฯ
, แฝฯ ฯแฟ ฮดฮนฯฯฯ
ฯฮน แผฯฮตฯฮตฮฏฯฮทฯฮต ฯฯแฟถฯฮฟฯ ฯแฟ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฯ
ฮธฯแฝดฮฝ ฮธฮฌฮปฮฑฯฯฮฑฮฝ ฯฮตฯฮฟฯฯแฟ, ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฮฑฯฮตแฟฮฟฯ แฝ ฮ ฮญฯฯฮทฯ ฮดฮตฯฯฮตฯฮฑ ฮดฮนฯฯฯ
ฮพฮตยท ฯแฟฯ ฮผแฟฮบฮฟฯ แผฯฯแฝถ ฯฮปฯฮฟฯ แผกฮผฮญฯฮฑฮน ฯฮญฯฯฮตฯฮตฯ, ฮตแฝฯฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ แฝ ฯฯฯฮธฮท แฝฅฯฯฮต ฯฯฮนฮฎฯฮตฮฑฯ ฮดฯฮฟ ฯฮปฮญฮตฮนฮฝ แฝฮผฮฟแฟฆ แผฮปฮฑฯฯฯฮตฯ
ฮผฮญฮฝฮฑฯ. แผฆฮบฯฮฑฮน ฮดแฝฒ แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮตฮฏฮปฮฟฯ
ฯแฝธ แฝฮดฯฯ แผฯ ฮฑแฝฯฮฎฮฝยท แผฆฮบฯฮฑฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑฯฯฯฮตฯฮธฮต แฝฮปฮฏฮณฮฟฮฝ ฮฮฟฯ
ฮฒฮฌฯฯฮนฮฟฯ ฯฯฮปฮนฮฟฯ ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฮ ฮฌฯฮฟฯ
ฮผฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฮฑฮฒฮฏฮทฮฝ ฯฯฮปฮนฮฝ, แผฯฮญฯฮตฮน ฮดแฝฒ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฯ
ฮธฯแฝดฮฝ ฮธฮฌฮปฮฑฯฯฮฑฮฝ. แฝฯฯฯฯ
ฮบฯฮฑฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯแฟถฯฮฟฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮตฮดฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮแผฐฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯแฝฐ ฯฯแฝธฯ แผฯฮฑฮฒฮฏฮทฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑยท แผฯฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑฯฯฯฮตฯฮธฮต ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮตฮดฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯแฝธ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฮฮญฮผฯฮนฮฝ ฯฮตแฟฮฝฮฟฮฝ แฝฯฮฟฯ, แผฮฝ ฯแฟท ฮฑแผฑ ฮปฮนฮธฮฟฯฮฟฮผฮฏฮฑฮน แผฮฝฮตฮนฯฮนยท ฯฮฟแฟฆ แฝฆฮฝ ฮดแฝด แฝฯฮตฮฟฯ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯแฝดฮฝ แฝฯฯฯฮตฮฑฮฝ แผฆฮบฯฮฑฮน แผก ฮดฮนแฟถฯฯ
ฮพ แผฯสผ แผฯฯฮญฯฮทฯ ฮผฮฑฮบฯแฝด ฯฯแฝธฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผ แฟถ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฑ ฯฮตฮฏฮฝฮตฮน แผฯ ฮดฮนฮฑฯฯฮฌฮณฮฑฯ, ฯฮญฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑ แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แฝฯฮตฮฟฯ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮผฮตฯฮฑฮผฮฒฯฮฏฮทฮฝ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฝฯฯฮฟฮฝ แผฮฝฮตฮผฮฟฮฝ แผฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮบฯฮปฯฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฮฌฮฒฮนฮฟฮฝ. ฯแฟ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮปฮฌฯฮนฯฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฯแฝถ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯ
ฮฝฯฮฟฮผฯฯฮฑฯฮฟฮฝ แผฮบ ฯแฟฯ ฮฒฮฟฯฮทฮฏฮทฯ ฮธฮฑฮปฮฌฯฯฮทฯ แฝฯฮตฯฮฒแฟฮฝฮฑฮน แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฝฮฟฯฮฏฮทฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฯ
ฮธฯแฝดฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮปฮตฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮทฮฝ, แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮฑฯฮฏฮฟฯ
แฝฯฮตฮฟฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฟแฝฯฮฏฮถฮฟฮฝฯฮฟฯ ฮแผดฮณฯ
ฯฯฯฮฝ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฃฯ
ฯฮฏฮทฮฝ, แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮตแผฐฯแฝถ ฯฯฮฌฮดฮนฮฟฮน แผฯฮฑฯฯแฝถ ฯฮฏฮปฮนฮฟฮน แผฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฮฌฮฒฮนฮฟฮฝ ฮบฯฮปฯฮฟฮฝ. ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯแฝธ ฯฯ
ฮฝฯฮฟฮผฯฯฮฑฯฮฟฮฝ, แผก ฮดแฝฒ ฮดฮนแฟถฯฯ
ฮพ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฟท ฮผฮฑฮบฯฮฟฯฮญฯฮท, แฝ
ฯแฟณ ฯฮบฮฟฮปฮนฯฯฮญฯฮท แผฯฯฮฏยท ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯแฝถ ฮฮตฮบแฟถ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮฟฯ แฝฯฯฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮแผฐฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฏฯฮฝ แผฯฯฮปฮฟฮฝฯฮฟ ฮดฯ
ฯฮดฮตฮบฮฑ ฮผฯ
ฯฮนฮฌฮดฮตฯ. ฮฮตฮบแฟถฯ ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ ฮผฮตฯฮฑฮพแฝบ แฝฯฯฯฯฯฮฝ แผฯฮฑฯฯฮฑฯฮฟ ฮผฮฑฮฝฯฮทฮฏฮฟฯ
แผฮผฯฮฟฮดฮฏฮฟฯ
ฮณฮตฮฝฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟฮนฮฟแฟฆฮดฮต, ฯแฟท ฮฒฮฑฯฮฒฮฌฯแฟณ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฮตฯฮณฮฌฮถฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน. ฮฒฮฑฯฮฒฮฌฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฮฟแผฑ ฮแผฐฮณฯฯฯฮนฮฟฮน ฮบฮฑฮปฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮผแฝด ฯฯฮฏฯฮน แฝฮผฮฟฮณฮปฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ.
2.161. ฯฮฌฮผฮผฮนฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮพ แผฯฮตฮฑ ฮผฮฟแฟฆฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตฯฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฟฯ ฮแผฐฮณฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฯฮฑฯฮตฯ
ฯฮฑฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
แผฯ ฮแผฐฮธฮนฮฟฯฮฏฮทฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮผฮตฯฮฑฯ
ฯฮฏฮบฮฑ ฯฮตฮปฮตฯ
ฯฮฎฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฟฯ แผฮพฮตฮดฮญฮพฮฑฯฮฟ แผฯฯฮฏฮทฯ แฝ ฮจฮฌฮผฮผฮนฮฟฯยท แฝฯ ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ ฮจฮฑฮผฮผฮฎฯฮนฯฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฯฮฟฯฮฌฯฮฟฯฮฑ แผฮณฮญฮฝฮตฯฮฟ ฮตแฝฮดฮฑฮนฮผฮฟฮฝฮญฯฯฮฑฯฮฟฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฯฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฯฮฝ, แผฯสผ แผฯฮตฮฑ ฯฮญฮฝฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮตแผดฮบฮฟฯฮน แผฯฮพฮฑฯ, แผฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฯฮฏ ฯฮต ฮฃฮนฮดแฟถฮฝฮฑ ฯฯฯฮฑฯแฝธฮฝ แผคฮปฮฑฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮฝฮฑฯ
ฮผฮฌฯฮทฯฮต ฯแฟท ฮคฯ
ฯฮฏแฟณ. แผฯฮตแฝถ ฮดฮญ ฮฟแผฑ แผฮดฮตฮต ฮบฮฑฮบแฟถฯ ฮณฮตฮฝฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน, แผฮณฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮฟ แผฯแฝธ ฯฯฮฟฯฮฌฯฮนฮฟฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฮณแฝผ ฮผฮตฮถฯฮฝฯฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮฮนฮฒฯ
ฮบฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮปฯฮณฮฟฮนฯฮน แผฯฮทฮณฮฎฯฮฟฮผฮฑฮน, ฮผฮตฯฯฮฏฯฯ ฮดสผ แผฮฝ ฯแฟท ฯฮฑฯฮตฯฮฝฯฮน. แผฯฮฟฯฮญฮผฯฮฑฯ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯฯฯฮฌฯฮตฯ
ฮผฮฑ แฝ แผฯฯฮฏฮทฯ แผฯแฝถ ฮฯ
ฯฮทฮฝฮฑฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮผฮตฮณฮฑฮปฯฯฯแฝถ ฯฯฮฟฯฮญฯฯฮฑฮนฯฮต, ฮแผฐฮณฯฯฯฮนฮฟฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ แผฯฮนฮผฮตฮผฯฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน แผฯฮญฯฯฮทฯฮฑฮฝ แผฯสผ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฆ, ฮดฮฟฮบฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฯฮฏฮทฮฝ แผฮบ ฯฯฮฟฮฝฮฟฮฏฮทฯ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฯฮฟฯฮญฮผฯฮฑฮน แผฯ ฯฮฑฮนฮฝฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮบฯฮฝ, แผตฮฝฮฑ ฮดแฝด ฯฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮธฮฟฯแฝด ฮณฮญฮฝฮทฯฮฑฮน, ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮปฮฟฮนฯแฟถฮฝ ฮแผฐฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฏฯฮฝ แผฯฯฮฑฮปฮญฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฯฮฟฮน. ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฮดฮตฮนฮฝแฝฐ ฯฮฟฮนฮตฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮฏ ฯฮต ฮฟแผฑ แผฯฮฟฮฝฮฟฯฯฮฎฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแผฑ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮปฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฯฮฝ ฯฮฏฮปฮฟฮน แผฯฮญฯฯฮทฯฮฑฮฝ แผฮบ ฯแฟฯ แผฐฮธฮญฮทฯ.
4.1. ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฮฑฮฒฯ
ฮปแฟถฮฝฮฟฯ ฮฑแผตฯฮตฯฮนฮฝ แผฮณฮญฮฝฮตฯฮฟ แผฯแฝถ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฯ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮฑฯฮตฮฏฮฟฯ
แผฮปฮฑฯฮนฯยท แผฮฝฮธฮตฯฯฮทฯ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯแฟฯ แผฯฮฏฮทฯ แผฮฝฮดฯฮฌฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฮทฮผฮฌฯฯฮฝ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฯฮฝ ฯฯ
ฮฝฮนฯฮฝฯฯฮฝ, แผฯฮตฮธฯฮผฮทฯฮต แฝ ฮฮฑฯฮตแฟฮฟฯ ฯฮฏฯฮฑฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฯ, แฝ
ฯฮน แผฮบฮตแฟฮฝฮฟฮน ฯฯฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮน แผฯฮฒฮฑฮปฯฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฮทฮดฮนฮบแฝดฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฝฮนฮบฮฎฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮผฮฌฯแฟ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฮฝฯฮนฮฟฯ
ฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ แฝฯแฟฯฮพฮฑฮฝ แผฮดฮนฮบฮฏฮทฯ. ฯแฟฯ ฮณแฝฐฯ แผฮฝฯ แผฯฮฏฮทฯ แผฆฯฮพฮฑฮฝ, แฝกฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฮผฮฟฮน ฮตแผดฯฮทฯฮฑฮน, ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฯฮตฮฑ ฮดฯ
แฟถฮฝ ฮดฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฯฮนฮฎฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ. ฮฮนฮผฮผฮตฯฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮณแฝฐฯ แผฯฮนฮดฮนฯฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฯฮญฮฒฮฑฮปฮฟฮฝ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฮฏฮทฮฝ, ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฮฑฯฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯแฟฯ แผฯฯแฟฯ ฮฮฎฮดฮฟฯ
ฯยท ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯฯแฝถฮฝ แผข ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฯ แผฯฮนฮบฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฆฯฯฮฟฮฝ ฯแฟฯ แผฯฮฏฮทฯ. ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฯ แผฯฮฟฮดฮทฮผฮฎฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฑฯ แฝฮบฯแฝผ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮตแผดฮบฮฟฯฮน แผฯฮตฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฯฯฯฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฑฯฮนฯฮฝฯฮฑฯ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฯฮตฯฮญฯฮทฮฝ แผฮพฮตฮดฮญฮพฮฑฯฮฟ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฮปฮฌฯฯฯฮฝ ฯฯฮฝฮฟฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮทฮดฮนฮบฮฟแฟฆยท ฮตแฝฯฮฟฮฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ แผฮฝฯฮนฮฟฯ
ฮผฮญฮฝฮทฮฝ ฯฯฮฏฯฮน ฯฯฯฮฑฯฮนฮฎฮฝ ฮฟแฝฮบ แฝฮปฮฏฮณฮทฮฝ. ฮฑแผฑ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑแฟฮบฮตฯ, แฝฅฯ ฯฯฮน ฮฟแผฑ แผฮฝฮดฯฮตฯ แผฯแฟฯฮฑฮฝ ฯฯฯฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฯฮฝ, แผฯฮฟฮฏฯฮตฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮดฮฟฯฮปฮฟฯ
ฯ.
4.5. แฝฃฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน, ฮฝฮตฯฯฮฑฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฯฮฝ แผฮธฮฝฮญฯฮฝ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฯแฝธ ฯฯฮญฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ, ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฮดแฝฒ ฮณฮตฮฝฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน แฝงฮดฮต. แผฮฝฮดฯฮฑ ฮณฮตฮฝฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฯแฟถฯฮฟฮฝ แผฮฝ ฯแฟ ฮณแฟ ฯฮฑฯฯแฟ แผฮฟฯฯแฟ แผฯฮฎฮผแฟณ ฯแฟณ ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฮคฮฑฯฮณฮนฯฮฌฮฟฮฝยท ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮดแฝฒ ฮคฮฑฯฮณฮนฯฮฌฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฮฟฮบฮญฮฑฯ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน, แผฮผฮฟแฝถ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮฟแฝ ฯฮนฯฯแฝฐ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ, ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮดสผ แฝฆฮฝ, ฮฮฏฮฑ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฮฟฯฯ
ฯฮธฮญฮฝฮตฮฟฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผฮฟแฟฆ ฮธฯ
ฮณฮฑฯฮญฯฮฑ. ฮณฮญฮฝฮตฮฟฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮดแฝด ฯฮนฮฝฮฟฯ ฮณฮตฮฝฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮคฮฑฯฮณฮนฯฮฌฮฟฮฝ, ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮดแฝฒ ฮณฮตฮฝฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฮฑแฟฮดฮฑฯ ฯฯฮตแฟฯ, ฮฮนฯฯฮพฮฑฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฯฯฮพฮฑฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฝฮตฯฯฮฑฯฮฟฮฝ ฮฮฟฮปฮฌฮพฮฑฮนฮฝ. แผฯแฝถ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ แผฯฯฯฮฝฯฯฮฝ แผฮบ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฟแฝฯฮฑฮฝฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮตฯฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฑ ฯฯฯฯฮตฮฑ ฯฮฟฮนฮฎฮผฮฑฯฮฑ, แผฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮถฯ
ฮณฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฌฮณฮฑฯฮนฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮนฮฌฮปฮทฮฝ, ฯฮตฯฮตแฟฮฝ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮนฮบฮฎฮฝยท ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฐฮดฯฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฯแฟถฯฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฯฮตฯฮฒฯฯฮฑฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฯฮฟฮฝ แผฐฮญฮฝฮฑฮน ฮฒฮฟฯ
ฮปฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฝฐ ฮปฮฑฮฒฮตแฟฮฝ, ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯฯ
ฯฯฮฝ แผฯฮนฯฮฝฯฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑฮฏฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน. แผฯฮฑฮปฮปฮฑฯฮธฮญฮฝฯฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฯฮฟฯฮนฮญฮฝฮฑฮน ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮดฮตฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯฮนฯ ฯฮฑแฝฯแฝฐ ฯฮฟฮนฮญฮตฮนฮฝ. ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฮบฮฑฮนฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฯฯ
ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฯฯฮฑฯฮธฮฑฮน, ฯฯฮฏฯแฟณ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟท ฮฝฮตฯฯฮฌฯแฟณ แผฯฮตฮปฮธฯฮฝฯฮน ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฮฒแฟฮฝฮฑฮน, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮผฮนฮฝ แผฮบฮตแฟฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฟฮผฮฏฯฮฑฮน แผฯ แผฯฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆยท ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฯฮตฯฮฒฯ
ฯฮญฯฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฮดฮตฮปฯฮตฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฯฯ
ฮณฮณฮฝฯฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮทฮฏฮทฮฝ ฯแพถฯฮฑฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮดฮฟแฟฆฮฝฮฑฮน ฯแฟท ฮฝฮตฯฯฮฌฯแฟณ. 4.6. แผฯแฝธ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฮฮนฯฮฟฮพฮฌฮนฮฟฯ ฮณฮตฮณฮฟฮฝฮญฮฝฮฑฮน ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ ฮฟแผณ ฮแฝฯฮฌฯฮฑฮน ฮณฮญฮฝฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑฮปฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน, แผฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮผฮญฯฮฟฯ
แผฯฯฮฟฮพฮฌฮนฮฟฯ ฮฟแผณ ฮฮฑฯฮฏฮฑฯฮฟฮฏ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮคฯฮฌฯฯฮนฮตฯ ฮบฮฑฮปฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน, แผฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฝฮตฯฯฮฌฯฮฟฯ
ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮฟฯ ฮฟแผณ ฮบฮฑฮปฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฮ ฮฑฯฮฑฮปฮฌฯฮฑฮนยท ฯฯฮผฯฮฑฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฮฃฮบฮฟฮปฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ, ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮฟฯ แผฯฯฮฝฯ
ฮผฮฏฮทฮฝ. ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮปฮปฮทฮฝฮตฯ แฝ ฮฝฯฮผฮฑฯฮฑฮฝ. 4.7. ฮณฮตฮณฮฟฮฝฮญฮฝฮฑฮน ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ ฯฯฮญฮฑฯ แฝงฮดฮต ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฟแผฑ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน, แผฯฮตฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯฮฏฯฮน แผฯฮตฮฏฯฮต ฮณฮตฮณฯฮฝฮฑฯฮน ฯแฝฐ ฯฯฮผฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฑ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮฟฯ ฮคฮฑฯฮณฮนฯฮฌฮฟฯ
แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฮฑฯฮตฮฏฮฟฯ
ฮดฮนฮฌฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯแฝถ ฯฯฮญฮฑฯ ฯฮนฮปฮฏฯฮฝ ฮฟแฝ ฯฮปฮญฯ แผฮปฮปแฝฐ ฯฮฟฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ. ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯฯ
ฯฯฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฑฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฯ
ฮปฮฌฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฟแผฑ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮตฯ แผฯ ฯแฝฐ ฮผฮฌฮปฮนฯฯฮฑ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮธฯ
ฯฮฏแฟฯฮน ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปแฟฯฮน แผฑฮปฮฑฯฮบฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน ฮผฮตฯฮญฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน แผฮฝแฝฐ ฯแพถฮฝ แผฯฮฟฯ. แฝฯ ฮดสผ แผฮฝ แผฯฯฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฯฯ
ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฑฯแฝธฮฝ แผฮฝ ฯแฟ แฝฯฯแฟ แฝฯฮฑฮฏฮธฯฮนฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮบฮฟฮนฮผฮทฮธแฟ, ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฯ ฮปฮญฮณฮตฯฮฑฮน แฝฯแฝธ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ ฮฟแฝ ฮดฮนฮตฮฝฮนฮฑฯ
ฯฮฏฮถฮตฮนฮฝ. ฮดฮฏฮดฮฟฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮดฮญ ฮฟแผฑ ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ แฝ
ฯฮฑ แผฮฝ แผตฯฯฯ แผฮฝ แผกฮผฮญฯแฟ ฮผฮนแฟ ฯฮตฯฮนฮตฮปฮฌฯแฟ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฯ. ฯแฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯฯฮทฯ แผฮฟฯฯฮทฯ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮทฯ ฯฯฮนฯฮฑฯฮฏฮฑฯ ฯแฝฐฯ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮทฮฏฮฑฯ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฯฮฑฮนฯแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฯฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฯฮฎฯฮฑฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮฮฟฮปฮฌฮพฮฑฮนฮฝ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮญฯฮฝ ฮผฮฏฮฑฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนแฟฯฮฑฮน ฮผฮตฮณฮฏฯฯฮทฮฝ, แผฮฝ ฯแฟ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฯฯ
ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฯ
ฮปฮฌฯฯฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน. ฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑฯฯฯฮตฯฮธฮต ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮฒฮฟฯฮญฮทฮฝ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผฮฝฮตฮผฮฟฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ แฝฯฮตฯฮฟฮฏฮบฯฮฝ ฯแฟฯ ฯฯฯฮทฯ ฮฟแฝฮบ ฮฟแผทแฝฐ ฯฮต ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน แผฯฮน ฯฯฮฟฯฯฯฮญฯฯ ฮฟแฝฯฮต แฝฯแพถฮฝ ฮฟแฝฯฮต ฮดฮนฮตฮพฮนฮญฮฝฮฑฮน แฝฯแฝธ ฯฯฮตฯแฟถฮฝ ฮบฮตฯฯ
ฮผฮญฮฝฯฮฝยท ฯฯฮตฯแฟถฮฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฎฮฝ ฮณแฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผ ฮญฯฮฑ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฯฮปฮญฮฟฮฝ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฯแฝฐ แผฯฮฟฮบฮปฮทฮฏฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฯแฝดฮฝ แฝฯฮนฮฝ. 4.8. ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แฝงฮดฮต แฝฯฮตฯ ฯฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮต ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟฯ ฯฯฯฮทฯ ฯแฟฯ ฮบฮฑฯฯฯฮตฯฮธฮต ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน, แผฮปฮปฮฎฮฝฯฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแผฑ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮ ฯฮฝฯฮฟฮฝ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ แฝงฮดฮต. แผฉฯฮฑฮบฮปฮญฮฑ แผฮปฮฑฯฮฝฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฯแฝฐฯ ฮฮทฯฯ
ฯฮฝฮตฯ ฮฒฮฟแฟฆฯ แผฯฮนฮบฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฯ ฮณแฟฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฮฝ แผฮฟแฟฆฯฮฑฮฝ แผฯฮฎฮผฮทฮฝ, แผฅฮฝฯฮนฮฝฮฑ ฮฝแฟฆฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮฝฮญฮผฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน. ฮฮทฯฯ
ฯฮฝฮตฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮญฮตฮนฮฝ แผฮพฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮ ฯฮฝฯฮฟฯ
, ฮบฮฑฯฮฟฮนฮบฮทฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฮปฮปฮทฮฝฮญฯ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผฯฯฮธฮตฮนฮฑฮฝ ฮฝแฟฯฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮฮฑฮดฮตฮฏฯฮฟฮนฯฮน ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฮพฯ แผฉฯฮฑฮบฮปฮญฯฮฝ ฯฯฮทฮปฮญฯฮฝ แผฯแฝถ ฯแฟท แฝจฮบฮตฮฑฮฝแฟท. ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แฝจฮบฮตฮฑฮฝแฝธฮฝ ฮปฯฮณแฟณ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผฯแฝธ แผกฮปฮฏฮฟฯ
แผฮฝฮฑฯฮฟฮปฮญฯฮฝ แผฯฮพฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮณแฟฮฝ ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฯแพถฯฮฑฮฝ แฟฅฮญฮตฮนฮฝ, แผฯฮณแฟณ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฯฮฟฮดฮตฮนฮบฮฝแฟฆฯฮน. แผฮฝฮธฮตแฟฆฯฮตฮฝ ฯฯฮฝ แผฉฯฮฑฮบฮปฮญฮฑ แผฯฮนฮบฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฝแฟฆฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮฏฮทฮฝ ฯฯฯฮทฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮปฮตฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮทฮฝ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮปฮฑฮฒฮตแฟฮฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮตฮนฮผแฟถฮฝฮฑ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮบฯฯ
ฮผแฝธฮฝ, แผฯฮตฮนฯฯ
ฯฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮปฮตฮฟฮฝฯฮญฮทฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฯ
ฯฮฝแฟถฯฮฑฮน, ฯแฝฐฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแผฑ แผตฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯแฝฐฯ 1 แฝฯแฝธ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผ
ฯฮผฮฑฯฮฟฯ ฮฝฮตฮผฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฑฯ แผฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฯแฟณ ฯแฟณ ฯฯฯฮฝแฟณ แผฯฮฑฮฝฮนฯฮธแฟฮฝฮฑฮน ฮธฮตฮฏฮท ฯฯฯแฟ. 4.9. แฝฅฯ ฮดสผ แผฮณฮตฯฮธแฟฮฝฮฑฮน ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฉฯฮฑฮบฮปฮญฮฑ, ฮดฮฏฮถฮทฯฮธฮฑฮน, ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟฯ ฯฯฯฮทฯ แผฯฮตฮพฮตฮปฮธฯฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฮญฮปฮฟฯ แผฯฮนฮบฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แฝฮปฮฑฮฏฮทฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮปฮตฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮทฮฝ ฮณแฟฮฝยท แผฮฝฮธฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฮฝ ฮตแฝฯฮตแฟฮฝ แผฮฝ แผฮฝฯฯแฟณ ฮผฮนฮพฮฟฯฮฌฯฮธฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฯฮนฮฝฮฌ, แผฯฮนฮดฮฝฮฑฮฝ ฮดฮนฯฯ
ฮญฮฑ, ฯแฟฯ ฯแฝฐ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฮฝฯ แผฯแฝธ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮณฮปฮฟฯ
ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑฮนฮบฯฯ, ฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮฝฮตฯฮธฮต แฝฯฮนฮฟฯ. แผฐฮดฯฮฝฯฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮธฯฮผฮฌฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฑ แผฯฮตฮนฯฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮผฮนฮฝ ฮตแผด ฮบฮฟฯ
แผดฮดฮฟฮน แผตฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮปฮฑฮฝฯฮผฮญฮฝฮฑฯยท ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฌฮฝฮฑฮน แผฯฯ
ฯฮฎฮฝ แผฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฯฮฟฮดฯฯฮตฮนฮฝ แผฮบฮตฮฏฮฝแฟณ ฯฯแฝถฮฝ แผข ฮฟแผฑ ฮผฮนฯฮธแฟยท ฯฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฉฯฮฑฮบฮปฮญฮฑ ฮผฮนฯฮธแฟฮฝฮฑฮน แผฯแฝถ ฯแฟท ฮผฮนฯฮธแฟท ฯฮฟฯฯแฟณ. ฮบฮตฮฏฮฝฮทฮฝ ฯฮต ฮดแฝด แฝฯฮตฯฮฒฮฌฮปฮปฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฯฮดฮฟฯฮนฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผตฯฯฯฮฝ, ฮฒฮฟฯ
ฮปฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮทฮฝ แฝกฯ ฯฮปฮตแฟฯฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฯฯฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฯฯ
ฮฝฮตแฟฮฝฮฑฮน ฯแฟท แผฉฯฮฑฮบฮปฮตแฟ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮบฮฟฮผฮนฯฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ แผฮธฮญฮปฮตฮนฮฝ แผฯฮฑฮปฮปฮฌฯฯฮตฯฮธฮฑฮนยท ฯฮญฮปฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮฟฮดฮนฮดฮฟแฟฆฯฮฑฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฝดฮฝ ฮตแผฐฯฮตแฟฮฝ แผฝฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฯฮฑฯฯฮฑฯ แผฯฮนฮบฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฑฯ แผฮฝฮธฮฌฮดฮต แผฯฯฯฮฑ ฯฮฟแฝถ แผฮณฯ, ฯแฟถฯฯฯฮฌ ฯฮต ฯแฝบ ฯฮฑฯฮญฯฯฮตฯยท แผฮณแฝผ ฮณแฝฐฯ แผฮบ ฯฮตแฟฆ ฯฯฮตแฟฯ ฯฮฑแฟฮดฮฑฯ แผฯฯ. ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ, แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฮณฮญฮฝฯฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฯฯฯฯฮนฮตฯ, แฝ ฯฮน ฯฯแฝด ฯฮฟฮนฮญฮตฮนฮฝ, แผฮพฮทฮณฮญฮฟ ฯฯ, ฮตแผดฯฮต ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮบฮฑฯฮฟฮนฮบฮฏฮถฯ สฝฯฯฯฮทฯ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯแฟฯฮดฮต แผฯฯ ฯแฝธ ฮบฯฮฌฯฮฟฯ ฮฑแฝฯแผ ฮตแผดฯฮต แผฯฮฟฯฮญฮผฯฯ ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯฮญ. ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ แผฯฮตฮนฯฯฯแพถฮฝ, ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯฯแฝธฯ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮตแผฐฯฮตแฟฮฝ โแผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ แผฮฝฮดฯฯฮธฮญฮฝฯฮฑฯ แผดฮดแฟ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฮฑแฟฮดฮฑฯ, ฯฮฌฮดฮต ฯฮฟฮนฮตแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฮฝ แผฮผฮฑฯฯฮฌฮฝฮฟฮนฯยท ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฮฝ แฝฯแพทฯ ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฯฮดฮต ฯแฝธ ฯฯฮพฮฟฮฝ แฝงฮดฮต ฮดฮนฮฑฯฮตฮนฮฝฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟณ ฮถฯฯฯแฟฯฮน ฯแฟทฮดฮต ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯฮฌฮดฮต ฮถฯฮฝฮฝฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ, ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯแฟฯฮดฮต ฯแฟฯ ฯฯฯฮทฯ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮฎฯฮฟฯฮฑ ฯฮฟฮนฮตแฟฆยท แฝฯ ฮดสผ แผฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฯฮณฯฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮฝฯฮญฮปฮปฮฟฮผฮฑฮน ฮปฮตฮฏฯฮทฯฮฑฮน, แผฮบฯฮตฮผฯฮต แผฮบ ฯแฟฯ ฯฯฯฮทฯ. ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฯฮฟฮนฮตแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮฑแฝฯฮฎ ฯฮต ฮตแฝฯฯฮฑฮฝฮญฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝฐ แผฮฝฯฮตฯฮฑฮปฮผฮญฮฝฮฑ ฯฮฟฮนฮฎฯฮตฮนฯ.โ
4.10. ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฮตแผฐฯฯฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฑ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฯฮพฯฮฝ ฯแฝธ แผฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ สฝฮดฯฮฟ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮดแฝด ฯฮฟฯฮญฮตฮนฮฝ ฯฮญฯฯ แผฉฯฮฑฮบฮปฮญแผ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮถฯฯฯแฟฯฮฑ ฯฯฮฟฮดฮญฮพฮฑฮฝฯฮฑ, ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮดฮฟแฟฆฮฝฮฑฮน ฯแฝธ ฯฯฮพฮฟฮฝ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮถฯฯฯแฟฯฮฑ แผฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ แผฯสผ แผฮบฯฮทฯ ฯแฟฯ ฯฯ
ฮผฮฒฮฟฮปแฟฯ ฯฮนฮฌฮปฮทฮฝ ฯฯฯ
ฯฮญฮทฮฝ, ฮดฯฮฝฯฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮฑฮปฮปฮฌฯฯฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน. ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮดสผ, แผฯฮตแฝถ ฮฟแผฑ ฮณฮตฮฝฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฮฑแฟฮดฮฑฯ แผฮฝฮดฯฯฮธแฟฮฝฮฑฮน, ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฯฮน ฮฟแฝฮฝฯฮผฮฑฯฮฑ ฮธฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน, ฯแฟท ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฮณฮฌฮธฯ
ฯฯฮฟฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ, ฯแฟท ฮดสผ แผฯฮฟฮผฮญฮฝแฟณ ฮฮตฮปฯฮฝฯฮฝ, ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮทฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟท ฮฝฮตฯฯฮฌฯแฟณ, ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟฯ แผฯฮนฯฯฮฟฮปแฟฯ ฮผฮตฮผฮฝฮทฮผฮญฮฝฮทฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนแฟฯฮฑฮน ฯฮฌ แผฮฝฯฮตฯฮฑฮปฮผฮญฮฝฮฑ. ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดแฝด ฮดฯฮฟ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฑฮฏฮดฯฮฝ, ฯฯฮฝ ฯฮต แผฮณฮฌฮธฯ
ฯฯฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฮตฮปฯฮฝฯฮฝ, ฮฟแฝฮบ ฮฟแผตฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮต ฮณฮตฮฝฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฮพฮนฮบฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฯแฝธฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฮบฮตฮฏฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ แผฮตฮธฮปฮฟฮฝ, ฮฟแผดฯฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฮบ ฯแฟฯ ฯฯฯฮทฯ แผฮบฮฒฮปฮทฮธฮญฮฝฯฮฑฯ แฝฯแฝธ ฯแฟฯ ฮณฮตฮนฮฝฮฑฮผฮญฮฝฮทฯ, ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฝฮตฯฯฮฑฯฮฟฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮทฮฝ แผฯฮนฯฮตฮปฮญฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮผฮตแฟฮฝฮฑฮน แผฮฝ ฯแฟ ฯฯฯแฟ. ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯแฝธ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮตฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฉฯฮฑฮบฮปฮญฮฟฯ ฮณฮตฮฝฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮฑแผฐฮตแฝถ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮฑฯ ฮณฮนฮฝฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ, แผฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟฯ ฯฮนฮฌฮปฮทฯ แผฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯ ฯฯฮดฮต ฯฮนฮฌฮปฮฑฯ แผฮบ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮถฯฯฯฮฎฯฯฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฮญฮตฮนฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฯยท ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝด ฮผฮฟแฟฆฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮผฮทฯฮฑฮฝฮฎฯฮฑฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮผฮทฯฮญฯฮฑ ฮฃฮบฯฮธแฟ. 1 ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮปฮปฮฎฮฝฯฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮ ฯฮฝฯฮฟฮฝ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน.
4.11. แผฯฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮปฮปฮฟฯ ฮปฯฮณฮฟฯ แผฯฯฮฝ แฝงฮดฮต, ฯแฟท ฮผฮฌฮปฮนฯฯฮฑ ฮปฮตฮณฮฟฮผฮญฮฝแฟณ ฮฑแฝฯฯฯ ฯฯฯฯฮบฮตฮนฮผฮฑฮน, ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮฝฮฟฮผฮฌฮดฮฑฯ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฯ แผฮฝ ฯแฟ แผฯฮฏแฟ, ฯฮฟฮปฮญฮผแฟณ ฯฮนฮตฯฮธฮญฮฝฯฮฑฯ แฝฯแฝธ ฮฮฑฯฯฮฑฮณฮตฯฮญฯฮฝ, ฮฟแผดฯฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮดฮนฮฑฮฒฮฌฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฮฝ แผฯฮฌฮพฮทฮฝ แผฯแฝถ ฮณแฟฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฮนฮผฮผฮตฯฮฏฮทฮฝ สฝฯแฝดฮฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮฝแฟฆฮฝ ฮฝฮญฮผฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน, ฮฑแฝฯฮท ฮปฮญฮณฮตฯฮฑฮน ฯแฝธ ฯฮฑฮปฮฑฮนแฝธฮฝ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฮฮนฮผฮผฮตฯฮฏฯฮฝฬ, ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฮนฮผฮผฮตฯฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฯฮนฯฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ ฮฒฮฟฯ
ฮปฮตฯฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน แฝกฯ ฯฯฯฮฑฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฯฮนฯฮฝฯฮฟฯ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮฟฯ
, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดแฝด ฯแฝฐฯ ฮณฮฝฯฮผฮฑฯ ฯฯฮญฯฮฝ ฮบฮตฯฯฯฮนฯฮผฮญฮฝฮฑฯ, แผฮฝฯฯฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฮผฯฮฟฯฮญฯฮฑฯ, แผฮผฮตฮฏฮฝฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฯฮฝยท ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮดแฝด ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮดฮฎฮผฮฟฯ
ฯฮญฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฮณฮฝฯฮผฮทฮฝ แฝกฯ แผฯฮฑฮปฮปฮฌฯฯฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฯแฟฮณฮผฮฑ ฮตแผดฮท ฮผฮทฮดแฝฒ ฯฯแฝธ ฯฯฮฟฮดฮฟแฟฆ ฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฮบฮนฮฝฮดฯ
ฮฝฮตฯฮตฮนฮฝ, ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฯฮฝ ฮดฮนฮฑฮผฮฌฯฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฯแฟฯ ฯฯฯฮทฯ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฯฮนฮฟแฟฆฯฮน. ฮฟแฝฮบฯฮฝ ฮดแฝด แผฮธฮญฮปฮตฮนฮฝ ฯฮตฮฏฮธฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮฟแฝฯฮต ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตแฟฆฯฮน ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮดแฟฮผฮฟฮฝ ฮฟแฝฯฮต ฯแฟท ฮดฮฎฮผแฟณ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮฑฯยท ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด แผฯฮฑฮปฮปฮฌฯฯฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮฒฮฟฯ
ฮปฮตฯฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฮผฮฑฯฮทฯแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฯฯแฟฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮดฯฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฯฮนฮฟแฟฆฯฮนยท ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตแฟฆฯฮน ฮดฯฮพฮฑฮน แผฮฝ ฯแฟ แผฯฯ
ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮบฮตแฟฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฯฮฟฮธฮฑฮฝฯฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฮผฮทฮดแฝฒ ฯฯ
ฮผฯฮตฯฮณฮตฮนฮฝ ฯแฟท ฮดฮฎฮผแฟณ, ฮปฮฟฮณฮนฯฮฑฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ แฝ
ฯฮฑ ฯฮต แผฮณฮฑฮธแฝฐ ฯฮตฯฯฮฝฮธฮฑฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝ
ฯฮฑ ฯฮตฯฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฯ แผฮบ ฯแฟฯ ฯฮฑฯฯฮฏฮดฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑฮบแฝฐ แผฯฮฏฮดฮฟฮพฮฑ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮปฮฑฮผฮฒฮฌฮฝฮตฮนฮฝ. แฝกฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮดฯฮพฮฑฮน ฯฯฮน ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ, ฮดฮนฮฑฯฯฮฌฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮนฮธฮผแฝธฮฝ แผดฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮณฮตฮฝฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮผฮฌฯฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฯแฝธฯ แผฮปฮปฮฎฮปฮฟฯ
ฯ. ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮธฮฑฮฝฯฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮฑฯ แฝฯสผ แผฯฯ
ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮธฮฌฯฮฑฮน ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮดแฟฮผฮฟฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฮนฮผฮผฮตฯฮฏฯฮฝ ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฮฝ ฮคฯฯฮทฮฝ สฝฮบฮฑฮฏ ฯฯฮตฯฮฝ แผฯฮน ฮดแฟฮปฮฟฯ แผฯฯแฝถ แฝ ฯฮฌฯฮฟฯฬ, ฮธฮฌฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฮพฮฟฮดฮฟฮฝ แผฮบ ฯแฟฯ ฯฯฯฮทฯ ฯฮฟฮนฮญฮตฯฮธฮฑฮนยท ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮตฮปฮธฯฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฮปฮฑฮฒฮตแฟฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฯฯฮทฮฝ แผฯฮฎฮผฮทฮฝ.
4.12. ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฝแฟฆฮฝ แผฯฯฮน ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฮฝ ฯแฟ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮนฮบแฟ ฮฮนฮผฮผฮญฯฮนฮฑ ฯฮตฮฏฯฮตฮฑ, แผฯฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฯฮธฮผฮฎฮนฮฑ ฮฮนฮผฮผฮญฯฮนฮฑ, แผฯฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฯแฟ ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฮฮนฮผฮผฮตฯฮฏฮท, แผฯฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮฯฯฯฮฟฯฮฟฯ ฮฮนฮผฮผฮญฯฮนฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑฮปฮตฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯยท ฯฮฑฮฏฮฝฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแผฑ ฮฮนฮผฮผฮญฯฮนฮฟฮน ฯฮตฯฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฮฏฮทฮฝ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฮตฯฯฯฮฝฮทฯฮฟฮฝ ฮบฯฮฏฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ, แผฮฝ ฯแฟ ฮฝแฟฆฮฝ ฮฃฮนฮฝฯฯฮท ฯฯฮปฮนฯ แผฮปฮปแฝฐฯ ฮฟแผดฮบฮนฯฯฮฑฮน. ฯฮฑฮฝฮตฯฮฟแฝถ ฮดแฝฒ ฮตแผฐฯแฝถ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแผฑ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮดฮนฯฮพฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮฒฮฑฮปฯฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฯ ฮณแฟฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฮทฮดฮนฮบแฝดฮฝ, แผฮผฮฑฯฯฯฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯแฟฯ แฝฮดฮฟแฟฆยท ฮฟแผฑ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮฮนฮผฮผฮญฯฮนฮฟฮน ฮฑแผฐฮตแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฮธฮฌฮปฮฑฯฯฮฑฮฝ แผฯฮตฯ
ฮณฮฟฮฝ, ฮฟแผฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฮฝ ฮดฮตฮพฮนแฟ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฮฑฯฮบฮฑฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฮดฮฏฯฮบฮฟฮฝ แผฯ ฮฟแฝ แผฯฮญฮฒฮฑฮปฮฟฮฝ แผฯ ฮณแฟฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฮทฮดฮนฮบฮฎฮฝ, แผฯ ฮผฮตฯฯฮณฮฑฮนฮฑฮฝ ฯแฟฯ แฝฮดฮฟแฟฆ ฯฯฮฑฯฮธฮญฮฝฯฮตฯ. ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮปฮปฮฟฯ ฮพฯ
ฮฝแฝธฯ แผฮปฮปฮฎฮฝฯฮฝ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฒฮฑฯฮฒฮฌฯฯฮฝ ฮปฮตฮณฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฮปฯฮณฮฟฯ ฮตแผดฯฮทฯฮฑฮน.
4.13. แผฯฮท ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮนฯฯฮญฮทฯ แฝ ฮฮฑฯฯฯฯฮฟฮฒฮฏฮฟฯ
แผฮฝแฝดฯ ฮ ฯฮฟฮบฮฟฮฝฮฝฮฎฯฮนฮฟฯ ฯฮฟฮนฮญฯฮฝ แผฯฮตฮฑ, แผฯฮนฮบฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฯ แผธฯฯฮทฮดฯฮฝฮฑฯ ฯฮฟฮนฮฒฯฮปฮฑฮผฯฯฮฟฯ ฮณฮตฮฝฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ, แผธฯฯฮทฮดฯฮฝฯฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แฝฯฮตฯฮฟฮนฮบฮญฮตฮนฮฝ แผฯฮนฮผฮฑฯฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฮฝฮดฯฮฑฯ ฮผฮฟฯ
ฮฝฮฟฯฮธฮฌฮปฮผฮฟฯ
ฯ แฝฯฮตฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฯฯ
ฯฮฟฯฯฮปฮฑฮบฮฑฯ ฮณฯแฟฆฯฮฑฯ, ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แฝฯฮตฯฮฒฮฟฯฮญฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮฎฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฯ แผฯแฝถ ฮธฮฌฮปฮฑฯฯฮฑฮฝ. ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ แฝฆฮฝ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฯฮปแฝดฮฝ แฝฯฮตฯฮฒฮฟฯฮญฯฮฝ, แผฯฮพฮฌฮฝฯฯฮฝ แผฯฮนฮผฮฑฯฯแฟถฮฝ, ฮฑแผฐฮตแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฯฮปฮทฯฮนฮฟฯฯฯฮฟฮนฯฮน แผฯฮนฯฮฏฮธฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝฯแฝธ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฯฮนฮผฮฑฯฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮพฯฮธฮญฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฮบ ฯแฟฯ ฯฯฯฮทฯ แผธฯฯฮทฮดฯฮฝฮฑฯ, แฝฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ แผธฯฯฮทฮดฯฮฝฯฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฯ, ฮฮนฮผฮผฮตฯฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฯ แผฯแฝถ ฯแฟ ฮฝฮฟฯฮฏแฟ ฮธฮฑฮปฮฌฯฯแฟ แฝฯแฝธ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮนฮตฮถฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฮบฮปฮตฮฏฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฯฯฮทฮฝ. ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฯ ฯฯ
ฮผฯฮญฯฮตฯฮฑฮน ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฯแฟฯ ฯฯฯฮทฯ ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฯ ฮฃฮบฯฮธแฟฯฮน.
4.14. ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝ
ฮธฮตฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฆฮฝ แผฯฮนฯฯฮญฮทฯ แฝ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮตแผดฯฮฑฯ, ฮตแผดฯฮทฮบฮฑ, ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฆ แผคฮบฮฟฯ
ฮฟฮฝ ฮปฯฮณฮฟฮฝ แผฮฝ ฮ ฯฮฟฮบฮฟฮฝฮฝฮฎฯแฟณ ฮบฮฑฮฏ ฮฯ
ฮถฮฏฮบแฟณ, ฮปฮญฮพฯ. แผฯฮนฯฯฮญฮทฮฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน, แผฯฮฝฯฮฑ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฯฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฟแฝฮดฮตฮฝแฝธฯ ฮณฮญฮฝฮฟฯ แฝฯฮฟฮดฮตฮญฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ, แผฯฮตฮปฮธฯฮฝฯฮฑ แผฯ ฮบฮฝฮฑฯฮฎฮนฮฟฮฝ แผฮฝ ฮ ฯฮฟฮบฮฟฮฝฮฝฮฎฯแฟณ แผฯฮฟฮธฮฑฮฝฮตแฟฮฝ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฮฝ ฮบฮฝฮฑฯฮญฮฑ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮบฮปฮทฮฏฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฑ ฯแฝธ แผฯฮณฮฑฯฯฮฎฯฮนฮฟฮฝ ฮฟแผดฯฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฮณฮณฮตฮปฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฯฯฮฟฯฮฎฮบฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯแฟท ฮฝฮตฮบฯแฟท. แผฯฮบฮตฮดฮฑฯฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฮดแฝฒ แผคฮดฮท ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮปฯฮณฮฟฯ
แผฮฝแฝฐ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฯฮปฮนฮฝ แฝกฯ ฯฮตฮธฮฝฮตฯฯ ฮตแผดฮท แฝ แผฯฮนฯฯฮญฮทฯ, แผฯ แผฮผฯฮนฯฮฒฮฑฯฮฏฮฑฯ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผฯฮนฮบฮฝฮญฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฮฝฮดฯฮฑ ฮฯ
ฮถฮนฮบฮทฮฝแฝธฮฝ แผฅฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ แผฮพ แผฯฯฮฌฮบฮทฯ ฯฯฮปฮนฮฟฯ, ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฯ
ฮฝฯฯ
ฯฮตแฟฮฝ ฯฮต ฮฟแผฑ แผฐฯฮฝฯฮน แผฯแฝถ ฮฯ
ฮถฮฏฮบฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯ ฮปฯฮณฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฯฮนฮบฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน. ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฮฝฯฮตฯฮฑฮผฮญฮฝฯฯ แผฮผฯฮนฯฮฒฮฑฯฮญฮตฮนฮฝ, ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯฮฟฯฮฎฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฯแฟท ฮฝฮตฮบฯแฟท แผฯแฝถ ฯแฝธ ฮบฮฝฮฑฯฮฎฮนฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮตแฟฮฝฮฑฮน แผฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฯแฝฐ ฯฯฯฯฯฮฟฯฮฑ แฝกฯ แผฮฝฮฑฮนฯฮทฯฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯยท แผฮฝฮฟฮนฯฮธฮญฮฝฯฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮฎฮผฮฑฯฮฟฯ ฮฟแฝฯฮต ฯฮตฮธฮฝฮตแฟถฯฮฑ ฮฟแฝฯฮต ฮถแฟถฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฮฑฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฯฮนฯฯฮญฮทฮฝ. ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮฒฮดฯฮผแฟณ แผฯฮตฮน ฯฮฑฮฝฮญฮฝฯฮฑ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯ ฮ ฯฮฟฮบฯฮฝฮฝฮทฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนแฟฯฮฑฮน ฯแฝฐ แผฯฮตฮฑ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฯแฝฐ ฮฝแฟฆฮฝ แฝฯสผ แผฮปฮปฮฎฮฝฯฮฝ แผฯฮนฮผฮฌฯฯฮตฮฑ ฮบฮฑฮปฮญฮตฯฮฑฮน, ฯฮฟฮนฮฎฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮฑฮฝฮนฯฮธแฟฮฝฮฑฮน ฯแฝธ ฮดฮตฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ.
4.15. ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮฑแผฑ ฯฯฮปฮนฮตฯ ฮฑแฝฯฮฑฮน ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน, ฯฮฌฮดฮต ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแผถฮดฮฑ ฮฮตฯฮฑฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฏฮฝฮฟฮนฯฮน ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฮฝ แผธฯฮฑฮปฮฏแฟ ฯฯ
ฮณฮบฯ
ฯฮฎฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฑ ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฮฌฮฝฮนฯฮนฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮดฮตฯ
ฯฮญฯฮทฮฝ แผฯฮนฯฯฮญฯ แผฯฮตฯฮน ฯฮตฯฯฮตฯฮฌฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดฮนฮทฮบฮฟฯฮฏฮฟฮนฯฮน, แฝกฯ แผฮณแฝผ ฯฯ
ฮผฮฒฮฑฮปฮปฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ แผฮฝ ฮ ฯฮฟฮบฮฟฮฝฮฝฮฎฯแฟณ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฮตฯฮฑฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฏแฟณ ฮตแฝฯฮนฯฮบฮฟฮฝ. ฮฮตฯฮฑฯฮฟฮฝฯแฟฮฝฮฟฮน ฯฮฑฯแฝถ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฮนฯฯฮญฮทฮฝ ฯฮฑฮฝฮญฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฯฮน แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฯฯฮทฮฝ ฮบฮตฮปฮตแฟฆฯฮฑฮน ฮฒฯฮผแฝธฮฝ แผฯฯฮปฮปฯฮฝฮฟฯ แผฑฮดฯฯฯฮฑฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮนฯฯฮญฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮ ฯฮฟฮบฮฟฮฝฮฝฮทฯฮฏฮฟฯ
แผฯฯฮฝฯ
ฮผฮฏฮทฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ แผฮฝฮดฯฮนฮฌฮฝฯฮฑ ฯแฝฐฯสผ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฮฝ แผฑฯฯฮฌฮฝฮฑฮนยท ฯฮฌฮฝฮฑฮน ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯฯฮน ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฯฮปฮปฯฮฝฮฑ แผธฯฮฑฮปฮนฯฯฮญฯฮฝ ฮผฮฟฯฮฝฮฟฮนฯฮน ฮดแฝด แผฯฮนฮบฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฯฯฮทฮฝ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฯ ฮฟแผฑ แผฯฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน แฝ ฮฝแฟฆฮฝ แผแฝผฮฝ แผฯฮนฯฯฮญฮทฯยท ฯฯฯฮต ฮดแฝฒ, แฝ
ฯฮต ฮตแผตฯฮตฯฮฟ ฯแฟท ฮธฮตแฟท, ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฮบฯฯฮฑฮพ. ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮตแผฐฯฯฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ แผฯฮฑฮฝฮนฯฮธแฟฮฝฮฑฮน, ฯฯฮญฮฑฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฮตฯฮฑฯฮฟฮฝฯแฟฮฝฮฟฮน ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผฯ ฮฮตฮปฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฮญฮผฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮธฮตแฝธฮฝ แผฯฮตฮนฯฯฯแพถฮฝ แฝ ฯฮน ฯแฝธ ฯฮฌฯฮผฮฑ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮตแผดฮท. ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮ ฯ
ฮธฮฏฮทฮฝ ฯฯฮญฮฑฯ ฮบฮตฮปฮตฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฯฮตฮฏฮธฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯแฟท ฯฮฌฯฮผฮฑฯฮน, ฯฮตฮนฮธฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฮนฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ แผฮผฮตฮนฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฯฯ
ฮฝฮฟฮฏฯฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน. ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฮญฮฑฯ ฮดฮตฮพฮฑฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฯฮฟฮนแฟฯฮฑฮน แผฯฮนฯฮตฮปฮญฮฑ. ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฝแฟฆฮฝ แผฯฯฮทฮบฮต แผฮฝฮดฯฮนแฝฐฯ แผฯฯฮฝฯ
ฮผฮฏฮทฮฝ แผฯฯฮฝ แผฯฮนฯฯฮญฯ ฯฮฑฯสผ ฮฑแฝฯแฟท ฯแฟท แผฮณฮฌฮปฮผฮฑฯฮน ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฯฯฮปฮปฯฮฝฮฟฯ, ฯฮญฯฮนฮพ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฮฝ ฮดฮฌฯฮฝฮฑฮน แผฯฯแพถฯฮนยท ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮณฮฑฮปฮผฮฑ แผฮฝ ฯแฟ แผฮณฮฟฯแฟ แผตฮดฯฯ
ฯฮฑฮน. แผฯฮนฯฯฮญฯ ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ ฯฮญฯฮน ฯฮฟฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮตแผฐฯฮฎฯฮธฯ.
4.16. ฯแฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮณแฟฯ, ฯแฟฯ ฯฮญฯฮน แฝ
ฮดฮต แฝ ฮปฯฮณฮฟฯ แฝ
ฯฮผฮทฯฮฑฮน ฮปฮญฮณฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน, ฮฟแฝฮดฮตแฝถฯ ฮฟแผถฮดฮต แผฯฯฮตฮบฮญฯฯ แฝ ฯฮน ฯแฝธ ฮบฮฑฯฯฯฮตฯฮธฮต แผฯฯฮฏยท ฮฟแฝฮดฮตฮฝแฝธฯ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮดแฝด ฮฑแฝฯฯฯฯฮตฯ ฮตแผฐฮดฮญฮฝฮฑฮน ฯฮฑฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฮดฯฮฝฮฑฮผฮฑฮน ฯฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮธฮฑฮนยท ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮนฯฯฮญฮทฯ, ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮตฯ แฝฮปฮฏฮณแฟณ ฯฯฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฮผฮฝฮฎฮผฮทฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮนฮตฯฮผฮทฮฝ, ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฯ ฯฯฮฟฯฯฯฮญฯฯ แผธฯฯฮทฮดฯฮฝฯฮฝ แผฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฯฮตฯฮน ฯฮฟฮนฮญฯฮฝ แผฯฮทฯฮต แผฯฮนฮบฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน, แผฮปฮปแฝฐ ฯแฝฐ ฮบฮฑฯฯฯฮตฯฮธฮต แผฮปฮตฮณฮต แผฮบฮฟแฟ, ฯฮฑฯสผ แผธฯฯฮทฮดฯฮฝฮฑฯ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฯ. แผฮปฮปสผ แฝ
ฯฮฟฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผกฮผฮตแฟฯ แผฯฯฮตฮบฮญฯฯ แผฯแฝถ ฮผฮฑฮบฯฯฯฮฑฯฮฟฮฝ ฮฟแผทฮฟฮน ฯฮต แผฮณฮตฮฝฯฮผฮตฮธฮฑ แผฮบฮฟแฟ แผฮพฮนฮบฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน, ฯแพถฮฝ ฮตแผฐฯฮฎฯฮตฯฮฑฮน.
4.17. แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮฟฯฯ
ฯฮธฮตฮฝฮตฮนฯฮญฯฮฝ แผฮผฯฮฟฯฮฏฮฟฯ
สฝฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮธฮฑฮปฮฑฯฯฮฏฯฮฝ ฮผฮตฯฮฑฮฏฯฮฑฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฯแฝถ ฯฮฌฯฮทฯ ฯแฟฯ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮฏฮทฯฬ, แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฯแฟถฯฮฟฮน ฮฮฑฮปฮปฮนฯฯฮฏฮดฮฑฮน ฮฝฮญฮผฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน แผฯฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฮปฮปฮทฮฝฮญฯ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน, แฝฯฮตฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ แผฮปฮปฮฟ แผฮธฮฝฮฟฯ ฮฟแผณ แผฮปฮฑฮถฯฮฝฮตฯ ฮบฮฑฮปฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน. ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแผฑ ฮฮฑฮปฮปฮนฯฯฮฏฮดฮฑฮน ฯแฝฐ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฮปฮปฮฑ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯฮฑแฝฯแฝฐ ฮฃฮบฯฮธแฟฯฮน แผฯฮฑฯฮบฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน, ฯแฟฯฮฟฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฮตฮฏฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮนฯฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮบฯฯฮผฮผฯ
ฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮบฯฯฮฟฮดฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฑฮบฮฟฯฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮบฮญฮณฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ. แฝฯฮตฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮปฮฑฮถฯฮฝฯฮฝ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฯฮฟฯแฟฯฮตฯ, ฮฟแผณ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฯแฝถ ฯฮนฯฮฎฯฮน ฯฯฮตฮฏฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯแฟฯฮฟฮฝ แผฮปฮปสผ แผฯแฝถ ฯฯฮฎฯฮน. ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑฯฯฯฮตฯฮธฮต ฮฟแผฐฮบฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฮตฯ
ฯฮฟฮฏ. ฮฮตฯ
ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฝธ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮฒฮฟฯฮญฮทฮฝ แผฮฝฮตฮผฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮทฮผฮฟฮฝ แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฯฮฝ, แฝ
ฯฮฟฮฝ แผกฮผฮตแฟฯ แผดฮดฮผฮตฮฝ.
4.18. ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯแฝธฮฝ แฝฯฮฑฮฝฮนฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฮฝ แผฯฯฮน แผฮธฮฝฮตฮฑ ฯฯแฝธฯ แผฯฯฮญฯฮทฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮฟฯฯ
ฯฮธฮญฮฝฮตฮฟฯยท แผฯแฝฐฯ ฮดฮนฮฑฮฒฮฌฮฝฯฮน ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฮฟฯฯ
ฯฮธฮญฮฝฮตฮฑ แผฯแฝธ ฮธฮฑฮปฮฌฯฯฮทฯ ฯฯแฟถฯฮฟฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แพ แฝฮปฮฑฮฏฮท, แผฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฯ แผฮฝฯ แผฐฯฮฝฯฮน ฮฟแผฐฮบฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮณฮตฯฯฮณฮฟฮฏ, ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฮปฮปฮทฮฝฮญฯ ฮฟแผฑ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฯแฝถ ฯแฟท แฝฯฮฌฮฝฮน ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฟท ฮบฮฑฮปฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฮฟฯฯ
ฯฮธฮตฮฝฮตฮฯฮฑฯ, ฯฯฮญฮฑฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฝบฯ แฝฮปฮฒฮนฮฟฯฮฟฮปฮฏฯฮฑฯ. ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน แฝฆฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ ฮณฮตฯฯฮณฮฟแฝถ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮฝฮญฮผฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฯแฝธ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผ แฟถ แผฯแฝถ ฯฯฮตแฟฯ แผกฮผฮญฯฮฑฯ แฝฮดฮฟแฟฆ, ฮบฮฑฯฮฎฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฯแฝถ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฮฝ ฯแฟท ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฮบฮตแฟฯฮฑฮน ฮ ฮฑฮฝฯฮนฮบฮฌฯฮทฯ, ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮฒฮฟฯฮญฮทฮฝ แผฮฝฮตฮผฮฟฮฝ ฯฮปฯฮฟฮฝ แผฮฝแฝฐ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฮฟฯฯ
ฯฮธฮญฮฝฮตฮฑ แผกฮผฮตฯฮญฯฮฝ แผฮฝฮดฮตฮบฮฑ. แผคฮดฮท ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑฯฯฯฮตฯฮธฮต ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ แพ แผฯฮทฮผฮฟฯ แผฯฯแฝถ แผฯแฝถ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฝธฮฝ. ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฮทฮผฮฟฮฝ แผฮฝฮดฯฮฟฯฮฌฮณฮฟฮน ฮฟแผฐฮบฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน, แผฮธฮฝฮฟฯ แผแฝธฮฝ แผดฮดฮนฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแฝฮดฮฑฮผแฟถฯ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮนฮบฯฮฝ. ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฯฯฮตฯฮธฮต แผฯฮทฮผฮฟฮฝ แผคฮดฮท แผฮปฮทฮธฮญฯฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮธฮฝฮฟฯ แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฯฮฝ ฮฟแฝฮดฮญฮฝ, แฝ
ฯฮฟฮฝ แผกฮผฮตแฟฯ แผดฮดฮผฮตฮฝ.
4.19. ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผ แฟถ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮณฮตฯฯฮณแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ, ฮดฮนฮฑฮฒฮฌฮฝฯฮน ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮ ฮฑฮฝฯฮนฮบฮฌฯฮทฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผฯฮฝ, ฮฝฮฟฮผฮฌฮดฮตฯ แผคฮดฮท ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮฝฮญฮผฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน, ฮฟแฝฯฮต ฯฮน ฯฯฮตฮฏฯฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮฟแฝฮดฮญฮฝ ฮฟแฝฯฮต แผฯฮฟแฟฆฮฝฯฮตฯยท ฯฮนฮปฮฎ ฮดฮญ ฮดฮตฮฝฮดฯฮญฯฮฝ แผก ฯแพถฯฮฑ ฮฑแฝฯฮท ฯฮปฮฎฮฝ ฯแฟฯ แฝฮปฮฑฮฏฮทฯ. ฮฟแผฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฝฮฟฮผฮฌฮดฮตฯ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน ฯแฝธ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผ แฟถ แผกฮผฮตฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮตฯฯฮญฯฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดฮญฮบฮฑ แฝฮดแฝธฮฝ ฮฝฮญฮผฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฯฯฯฮทฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฮตฮฏฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฮฝ แผฯแฝถ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฮฝ ฮฮญฯฯฮฟฮฝ. 4.20. ฯฮญฯฮทฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮญฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮดแฝด ฯแฝฐ ฮบฮฑฮปฮตฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฑ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮฎฮนฮฑ แผฯฯแฝถ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮฟแผฑ แผฯฮนฯฯฮฟฮฏ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮปฮตแฟฯฯฮฟฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฮปฮปฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮฝฮฟฮผฮฏฮถฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฯ ฮดฮฟฯฮปฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฯฮตฯฮญฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮนยท ฮบฮฑฯฮฎฮบฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน ฯแฝธ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮผฮตฯฮฑฮผฮฒฯฮฏฮทฮฝ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮคฮฑฯ
ฯฮนฮบฮฎฮฝ, ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯแฝธฯ แผ แฟถ แผฯฮฏ ฯฮต ฯฮฌฯฯฮฟฮฝ, ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฮฟแผฑ แผฮบ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฯ
ฯฮปแฟถฮฝ ฮณฮตฮฝฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน แฝคฯฯ
ฮพฮฑฮฝ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯแฝถ ฯแฟฯ ฮปฮฏฮผฮฝฮทฯ ฯแฟฯ ฮฮฑฮนฮฎฯฮนฮดฮฟฯ ฯแฝธ แผฮผฯฯฯฮนฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝธ ฮบฮฑฮปฮญฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮฯฮทฮผฮฝฮฟฮฏยท ฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮฎฮบฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผฯแฝถ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฮฝ ฮคฮฌฮฝฮฑฯฮฝ. ฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑฯฯฯฮตฯฮธฮต ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮฒฮฟฯฮญฮทฮฝ แผฮฝฮตฮผฮฟฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮทฮฏฯฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฮตฮปฮฌฮณฯฮปฮฑฮนฮฝฮฟฮน, แผฮปฮปฮฟ แผฮธฮฝฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแฝ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮนฮบแฝธฮฝ. ฮฮตฮปฮฑฮณฯฮปฮฑฮฏฮฝฯฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฝธ ฮบฮฑฯฯฯฮตฯฮธฮต ฮปฮฏฮผฮฝฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮทฮผฮฟฯ แผฯฯแฝถ แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฯฮฝ, ฮบฮฑฯสผ แฝ
ฯฮฟฮฝ แผกฮผฮตแฟฯ แผดฮดฮผฮตฮฝ. 4.21. ฮคฮฌฮฝฮฑฯฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฮฝ ฮดฮนฮฑฮฒฮฌฮฝฯฮน ฮฟแฝฮบฮญฯฮน ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮนฮบฮฎ, แผฮปฮปสผ แผก ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฯฯฯฮท ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮปฮฑฮพฮฏฯฮฝ ฮฃฮฑฯ
ฯฮฟฮผฮฑฯฮญฯฮฝ แผฯฯฮฏ, ฮฟแผณ แผฮบ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮผฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฯฮพฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน ฯแฟฯ ฮฮฑฮนฮฎฯฮนฮดฮฟฯ ฮปฮฏฮผฮฝฮทฯ ฮฝฮญฮผฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฯแฝธ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮฒฮฟฯฮญฮทฮฝ แผฮฝฮตฮผฮฟฮฝ แผกฮผฮตฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮตฮฝฯฮตฮบฮฑฮฏฮดฮตฮบฮฑ แฝฮดฯฮฝ, ฯแพถฯฮฑฮฝ แผฮฟแฟฆฯฮฑฮฝ ฯฮนฮปแฝดฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮณฯฮฏฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผกฮผฮญฯฯฮฝ ฮดฮตฮฝฮดฯฮญฯฮฝยท แฝฯฮตฯฮฟฮนฮบฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฮดฮตฯ
ฯฮญฯฮทฮฝ ฮปฮฌฮพฮนฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮฮฟฯ
ฮดแฟฮฝฮฟฮน, ฮณแฟฮฝ ฮฝฮตฮผฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน ฯแพถฯฮฑฮฝ ฮดฮฑฯฮญฮฑฮฝ แฝฮปฮท ฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฟฮฏแฟ. 4.22. ฮฮฟฯ
ฮดฮฏฮฝฯฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑฯฯฯฮตฯฮธฮต ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮฒฮฟฯฮญฮทฮฝ แผฯฯแฝถ ฯฯฯฯฮท ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฯฮทฮผฮฟฯ แผฯสผ แผกฮผฮตฯฮญฯฮฝ แผฯฯแฝฐ แฝฮดฯฮฝ, ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฮทฮผฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮบฮปฮฏฮฝฮฟฮฝฯฮน ฮผแพถฮปฮปฮฟฮฝ ฯฯแฝธฯ แผฯฮทฮปฮนฯฯฮทฮฝ แผฮฝฮตฮผฮฟฮฝ ฮฝฮญฮผฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฮฯ
ฯฯฮฑฮณฮญฯฮฑฮน, แผฮธฮฝฮฟฯ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฝธฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผดฮดฮนฮฟฮฝยท ฮถแฟถฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ แผฯแฝธ ฮธฮฎฯฮทฯ. ฯฯ
ฮฝฮตฯฮญฮตฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฮนฯฮน แผฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฯฯฯฮฟฮนฯฮน ฮบฮฑฯฮฟฮนฮบฮทฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฮน ฮตแผฐฯแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฮบฮตแฟฯฮฑฮน แผธฯฯฮบฮฑฮน, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน แผฯแฝธ ฮธฮฎฯฮทฯ ฮถแฟถฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯฯฯฯแฟณ ฯฮฟฮนแฟทฮดฮตยท ฮปฮฟฯแพท แผฯแฝถ ฮดฮญฮฝฮดฯฮตฮฟฮฝ แผฮฝฮฑฮฒฮฌฯ, ฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฯแฝถ ฯฯ
ฮบฮฝแฝฐ แผฮฝแฝฐ ฯแพถฯฮฑฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฯฯฮทฮฝยท แผตฯฯฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮบฮฌฯฯแฟณ ฮดฮตฮดฮนฮดฮฑฮณฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ แผฯแฝถ ฮณฮฑฯฯฮญฯฮฑ ฮบฮตแฟฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฮฑฯฮตฮนฮฝฯฯฮทฯฮฟฯ ฮตแผตฮฝฮตฮบฮฑ แผฯฮฟฮนฮผฮฟฯ แผฯฯแฝถ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮบฯฯฮฝยท แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮฏฮดแฟ ฯแฝธ ฮธฮทฯฮฏฮฟฮฝ แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮดฮตฮฝฮดฯฮญฮฟฯ
, ฯฮฟฮพฮตฯฯฮฑฯ แผฯฮนฮฒแฝฐฯ แผฯแฝถ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผตฯฯฮฟฮฝ ฮดฮนฯฮบฮตฮน, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝ ฮบฯฯฮฝ แผฯฮตฯฮฑฮน, แฝฯแฝฒฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฯแฝธ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผ แฟถ แผฯฮฟฮบฮปฮฏฮฝฮฟฮฝฯฮน ฮฟแผฐฮบฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฮปฮปฮฟฮน, แผฯแฝธ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮทฮฏฯฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ แผฯฮฟฯฯฮฌฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแฝฯฯ แผฯฮนฮบฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน แผฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯแฟถฯฮฟฮฝ. 4.23. ฮผฮญฯฯฮน ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฯแฟฯ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ ฯฯฯฮทฯ แผฯฯแฝถ แผก ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮปฮตฯฮธฮตแฟฯฮฑ ฯแพถฯฮฑ ฯฮตฮดฮนฮฌฯ ฯฮต ฮณแฟ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฒฮฑฮธฯฮณฮฑฮนฮฟฯ, ฯแฝธ ฮดสผ แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮปฮนฮธฯฮดฮทฯ ฯสผ แผฯฯแฝถ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฮทฯฮญฮฑ. ฮดฮนฮตฮพฮตฮปฮธฯฮฝฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟฯ ฯฯฮทฯฮญฮทฯ ฯฯฯฮทฯ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฝธฮฝ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แฝฯฯฯฮตฮฑฮฝ แฝฯฮญฯฮฝ แฝฯฮทฮปแฟถฮฝ แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฮฟฮน ฮปฮตฮณฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯฮฑฮปฮฑฮบฯฮฟแฝถ แผฮบ ฮณฮตฮฝฮตฯแฟฯ ฮณฮนฮฝฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฯฮตฮฝฮตฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮธฮฎฮปฮตฮฑฮน แฝฮผฮฟฮฏฯฯ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮนฮผฮฟแฝถ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮณฮญฮฝฮตฮนฮฑ แผฯฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮฑ, ฯฯฮฝแฝดฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฐฮดฮฏฮทฮฝ แผฑฮญฮฝฯฮตฯ, แผฯฮธแฟฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯฮตฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮนฮบแฟ, ฮถแฟถฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯแฝธ ฮดฮตฮฝฮดฯฮญฯฮฝ. ฯฮฟฮฝฯฮนฮบแฝธฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฯแฟท ฮดฮตฮฝฮดฯฮญแฟณ แผฯสผ ฮฟแฝ ฮถแฟถฯฮน, ฮผฮญฮณฮฑฮธฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯฯ
ฮบฮญฮทฮฝ ฮผฮฌฮปฮนฯฯฮฌ ฮบแฟ. ฮบฮฑฯฯแฝธฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฯฮญฮตฮน ฮบฯ
ฮฌฮผแฟณ แผดฯฮฟฮฝ, ฯฯ
ฯแฟฮฝฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮตฮน. ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฮณฮญฮฝฮทฯฮฑฮน ฯฮญฯฮฟฮฝ, ฯฮฑฮบฮบฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผฑฮผฮฑฯฮฏฮฟฮนฯฮน, แผฯฮฟฯฯฮญฮตฮน ฮดแฝฒ แผฯสผ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฑฯแฝบ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮผฮญฮปฮฑฮฝยท ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟท แผฯฮฟฯฯฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮน แผฯฯแฝถ แผฯฯฯ
ยท ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮปฮตฮฏฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮณฮฌฮปฮฑฮบฯฮน ฯฯ
ฮผฮผฮฏฯฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯฮฏฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮน, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯแฝธ ฯแฟฯ ฯฮฑฯฯฯฮทฯฮฟฯ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯแฟฯ ฯฯฯ
ฮณแฝธฯ ฯฮฑฮปฮฌฮธฮฑฯ ฯฯ
ฮฝฯฮนฮธฮตแฟฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฑฯฯฮฑฯ ฯฮนฯฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน. ฯฯฯฮฒฮฑฯฮฑ ฮณฮฌฯ ฯฯฮน ฮฟแฝ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฌ แผฯฯฮน. ฮฟแฝ ฮณฮฌฯ ฯฮน ฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮดฮฑแฟฮฑฮน ฮฑแผฑ ฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑแฝถ ฮฑแฝฯฯฮธฮน ฮตแผฐฯฮฏ. แฝฯแฝธ ฮดฮตฮฝฮดฯฮญแฟณ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮบฮฑฯฯฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮฟฮฏฮบฮทฯฮฑฮน, ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฮตฮนฮผแฟถฮฝฮฑ แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฯแฝธ ฮดฮญฮฝฮดฯฮตฮฟฮฝ ฯฮตฯฮนฮบฮฑฮปฯฯแฟ ฯฮฏฮปแฟณ ฯฯฮตฮณฮฝแฟท ฮปฮตฯ
ฮบแฟท, ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ ฮธฮญฯฮฟฯ แผฮฝฮตฯ
ฯฮฏฮปฮฟฯ
. ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮฟแฝฮดฮตแฝถฯ แผฮดฮนฮบฮญฮตฮน แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฯฮฝยท แผฑฯฮฟแฝถ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮนยท ฮฟแฝฮดฮญ ฯฮน แผฯฮฎฮนฮฟฮฝ แฝ
ฯฮปฮฟฮฝ แผฮบฯฮญฮฑฯฮฑฮน. ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฯฮตฯฮนฮฟฮนฮบฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน ฮตแผฐฯแฝถ ฮฟแผฑ ฯแฝฐฯ ฮดฮนฮฑฯฮฟฯแฝฐฯ ฮดฮนฮฑฮนฯฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ, ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฮดแฝฒ แฝฯ แผฮฝ ฯฮตฯฮณฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฯฮณแฟ แผฯ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ, แฝฯสผ ฮฟแฝฮดฮตฮฝแฝธฯ แผฮดฮนฮบฮญฮตฯฮฑฮนยท ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฮดฮญ ฯฯฮน แผฯฯแฝถ แผฯฮณฮนฯฯฮฑแฟฮฟฮน. 4.24. ฮผฮญฯฯฮน ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฑฮปฮฑฮบฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฝด ฯฮตฯฮนฯฮฑฮฝฮตฮฏฮท ฯแฟฯ ฯฯฯฮทฯ แผฯฯแฝถ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮผฯฯฮฟฯฮธฮต แผฮธฮฝฮญฯฮฝยท ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮนฮฝแฝฒฯ แผฯฮนฮบฮฝฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน แผฯ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟฯฯ, ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฟแฝ ฯฮฑฮปฮตฯฯฮฝ แผฯฯฮน ฯฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮปฮปฮฎฮฝฯฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮบ ฮฮฟฯฯ
ฯฮธฮญฮฝฮตฮฟฯ ฯฮต แผฮผฯฮฟฯฮฏฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮปฮปฯฮฝ ฮ ฮฟฮฝฯฮนฮบแฟถฮฝ แผฮผฯฮฟฯฮฏฯฮฝยท ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแผณ แผฮฝ แผฮปฮธฯฯฮน แผฯ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟฯฯ, ฮดฮนสผ แผฯฯแฝฐ แผฯฮผฮทฮฝฮญฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดฮนสผ แผฯฯแฝฐ ฮณฮปฯฯฯฮญฯฮฝ ฮดฮนฮฑฯฯฮฎฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน. 4.25. ฮผฮญฯฯฮน ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฮณฮนฮฝฯฯฮบฮตฯฮฑฮน, ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฑฮปฮฑฮบฯแฟถฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฯฯฮตฯฮธฮต ฮฟแฝฮดฮตแฝถฯ แผฯฯฮตฮบฮญฯฯ ฮฟแผถฮดฮต ฯฯฮฌฯฮฑฮน. แฝฯฮตฮฑ ฮณแฝฐฯ แฝฯฮทฮปแฝฐ แผฯฮฟฯฮฌฮผฮฝฮตฮน แผฮฒฮฑฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแฝฮดฮตฮฏฯ ฯฯฮตฮฑ แฝฯฮตฯฮฒฮฑฮฏฮฝฮตฮน. ฮฟแผฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฑฮปฮฑฮบฯฮฟแฝถ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน, แผฮผฮฟแฝถ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮฟแฝ ฯฮนฯฯแฝฐ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ, ฮฟแผฐฮบฮญฮตฮนฮฝ ฯแฝฐ แฝฯฮตฮฑ ฮฑแผฐฮณฮฏฯฮฟฮดฮฑฯ แผฮฝฮดฯฮฑฯ, แฝฯฮตฯฮฒฮฌฮฝฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฮปฮปฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮฟแผณ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฮพฮฌฮผฮทฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮตฯฮดฮฟฯ
ฯฮน. ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฮฝฮดฮญฮบฮฟฮผฮฑฮน ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฯฮฎฮฝ, แผฮปฮปแฝฐ ฯแฝธ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฯแฝธฯ แผ แฟถ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฑฮปฮฑฮบฯแฟถฮฝ ฮณฮนฮฝฯฯฮบฮตฯฮฑฮน แผฯฯฮตฮบฮญฯฯ แฝฯแฝธ แผธฯฯฮทฮดฯฮฝฯฮฝ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮตฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ, ฯแฝธ ฮผฮญฮฝฯฮฟฮน ฮบฮฑฯฯฯฮตฯฮธฮต ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮฒฮฟฯฮญฮทฮฝ แผฮฝฮตฮผฮฟฮฝ ฮฟแฝ ฮณฮนฮฝฯฯฮบฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮฟแฝฯฮต ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฑฮปฮฑฮบฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฟแฝฯฮต ฯแฟถฮฝ แผธฯฯฮทฮดฯฮฝฯฮฝ, ฮตแผฐ ฮผแฝด แฝ
ฯฮฑ ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฮปฮตฮณฯฮฝฯฯฮฝ. 4.26. ฮฝฯฮผฮฟฮนฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ แผธฯฯฮทฮดฯฮฝฮตฯ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮนฮดฮต ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฯฯแพถฯฮธฮฑฮน. แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ แผฮฝฮดฯแฝถ แผฯฮฟฮธฮฌฮฝแฟ ฯฮฑฯฮฎฯ, ฮฟแผฑ ฯฯฮฟฯฮฎฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯฯฮฟฯฮฌฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯฯฯฮฒฮฑฯฮฑ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฑ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮธฯฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฮฑฮผฯฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯแฝฐ ฮบฯฮญฮฑ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฮฌฮผฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮดฮตฮบฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮตฮธฮฝฮตแฟถฯฮฑ ฮณฮฟฮฝฮญฮฑ, แผฮฝฮฑฮผฮฏฮพฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮฑ ฯแฝฐ ฮบฯฮญฮฑ ฮดฮฑแฟฯฮฑ ฯฯฮฟฯฮฏฮธฮตฮฝฯฮฑฮนยท ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮตฯฮฑฮปแฝดฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮนฮปฯฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮบฮบฮฑฮธฮฎฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฯฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฑ แผ
ฯฮต แผฮณฮฌฮปฮผฮฑฯฮน ฯฯฮญฯฮฝฯฮฑฮน, ฮธฯ
ฯฮฏฮฑฯ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮฑฯ แผฯฮตฯฮตฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฯฮนฯฮตฮปฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ. ฯฮฑแฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฑฯฯแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฯฮฟฮนฮญฮตฮน, ฮบฮฑฯฮฌ ฯฮตฯ แผฮปฮปฮทฮฝฮตฯ ฯแฝฐ ฮณฮตฮฝฮญฯฮนฮฑ. แผฮปฮปฯฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮดฮฏฮบฮฑฮนฮฟฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน, แผฐฯฮฟฮบฯฮฑฯฮญฮตฯ ฮดแฝฒ แฝฮผฮฟฮฏฯฯ ฮฑแผฑ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑแฟฮบฮตฯ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฮฝฮดฯฮฌฯฮน. 4.27. ฮณฮนฮฝฯฯฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน, ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฯแฝธ ฮบฮฑฯฯฯฮตฯฮธฮต แผธฯฯฮทฮดฯฮฝฮตฯ ฮตแผฐฯแฝถ ฮฟแผฑ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮผฮฟฯ
ฮฝฮฟฯฮธฮฌฮปฮผฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฯ
ฯฮฟฯฯฮปฮฑฮบฮฑฯ ฮณฯแฟฆฯฮฑฯ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮนยท ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮปฮฑฮฒฯฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน, ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ แผกฮผฮตแฟฯ ฮฟแผฑ แผฮปฮปฮฟฮน ฮฝฮตฮฝฮฟฮผฮฏฮบฮฑฮผฮตฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฌฮถฮฟฮผฮตฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฮบฯ
ฮธฮนฯฯแฝถ แผฯฮนฮผฮฑฯฯฮฟฯฯยท แผฯฮนฮผฮฑ ฮณแฝฐฯ แผฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮปฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน, ฯฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮดแฝฒ แฝฯฮธฮฑฮปฮผฯฮฝ. 4.28. ฮดฯ
ฯฯฮตฮฏฮผฮตฯฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯฮท แผก ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮปฮตฯฮธฮตแฟฯฮฑ ฯแพถฯฮฑ ฯฯฯฮท ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฮดฮฎ ฯฮน แผฯฯฮฏ, แผฮฝฮธฮฑ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แฝฮบฯแฝผ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮผฮทฮฝแฟถฮฝ แผฯฯฯฮทฯฮฟฯ ฮฟแผทฮฟฯ ฮณฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮบฯฯ
ฮผฯฯ, แผฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แฝฮดฯฯ แผฮบฯฮญฮฑฯ ฯฮทฮปแฝธฮฝ ฮฟแฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮฎฯฮตฮนฯ, ฯแฟฆฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮฝฮฑฮบฮฑฮฏฯฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮฎฯฮตฮนฯ ฯฮทฮปฯฮฝยท 1 แผก ฮดแฝฒ ฮธฮฌฮปฮฑฯฯฮฑ ฯฮฎฮณฮฝฯ
ฯฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝ ฮฯฯฯฮฟฯฮฟฯ ฯแพถฯ แฝ ฮฮนฮผฮผฮญฯฮนฮฟฯ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮบฯฯ
ฯฯฮฌฮปฮปฮฟฯ
ฮฟแผฑ แผฮฝฯแฝธฯ ฯฮฌฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑฯฮฟฮนฮบฮทฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฮน ฯฯฯฮฑฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝฐฯ แผฮผฮฌฮพฮฑฯ แผฯฮตฮปฮฑฯฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯฮญฯฮทฮฝ แผฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮฃฮฏฮฝฮดฮฟฯ
ฯ. ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แฝฮบฯแฝผ ฮผแฟฮฝฮฑฯ ฮดฮนฮฑฯฮตฮปฮญฮตฮน ฯฮตฮนฮผแฝผฮฝ แผฯฮฝ, ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮดสผ แผฯฮนฮปฮฟฮฏฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮญฯฯฮตฯฮฑฯ ฯฯฯฮตฮฑ ฮฑแฝฯฯฮธฮน แผฯฯฮฏ. ฮบฮตฯฯฯฮนฯฯฮฑฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฯ แฝ ฯฮตฮนฮผแฝผฮฝ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯแพถฯฮน ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฮฝ แผฮปฮปฮฟฮนฯฮน ฯฯฯฮฏฮฟฮนฯฮน ฮณฮนฮฝฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฮนฯฮน ฯฮตฮนฮผแฟถฯฮน, แผฮฝ ฯแฟท ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แฝกฯฮฑฮฏฮทฮฝ ฮฟแฝฮบ แฝฮตฮน ฮปฯฮณฮฟฯ
แผฮพฮนฮฟฮฝ ฮฟแฝฮดฮญฮฝ, ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ ฮธฮญฯฮฟฯ แฝฯฮฝ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฮฝฮนฮตแฟยท ฮฒฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮฏ ฯฮต แผฆฮผฮฟฯ ฯแฟ แผฮปฮปแฟ ฮณฮฏฮฝฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน, ฯฮทฮฝฮนฮบฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮฟแฝ ฮณฮฏฮฝฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน, ฮธฮญฯฮตฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮผฯฮนฮปฮฑฯฮญฮตฯยท แผขฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮตฮนฮผแฟถฮฝฮฟฯ ฮฒฯฮฟฮฝฯแฝด ฮณฮญฮฝฮทฯฮฑฮน, แฝกฯ ฯฮญฯฮฑฯ ฮฝฮตฮฝฯฮผฮนฯฯฮฑฮน ฮธฯฮผฮฌฮถฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน. แฝฃฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผขฮฝ ฯฮตฮนฯฮผแฝธฯ ฮณฮญฮฝฮทฯฮฑฮน แผคฮฝ ฯฮต ฮธฮญฯฮตฮฟฯ แผคฮฝ ฯฮต ฯฮตฮนฮผแฟถฮฝฮฟฯ แผฮฝ ฯแฟ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮนฮบแฟ, ฯฮญฯฮฑฯ ฮฝฮตฮฝฯฮผฮนฯฯฮฑฮน. แผตฯฯฮฟฮน ฮดแฝฒ แผฮฝฮตฯฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน ฯฮญฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮตฮนฮผแฟถฮฝฮฑ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ, แผกฮผฮฏฮฟฮฝฮฟฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒ แฝฮฝฮฟฮน ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฮฝฮญฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน แผฯฯฮฎฮฝยท ฯแฟ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮปฮปแฟ แผตฯฯฮฟฮน ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฮฝ ฮบฯฯ
ฮผแฟท แผฯฯฮตแฟถฯฮตฯ แผฯฮฟฯฯฮฑฮบฮตฮปฮฏฮถฮฟฯ
ฯฮน, แฝฮฝฮฟฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผกฮผฮฏฮฟฮฝฮฟฮน แผฮฝฮญฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน. 4.29. ฮดฮฟฮบฮญฮตฮน ฮดฮญ ฮผฮฟฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธ ฮณฮญฮฝฮฟฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฒฮฟแฟถฮฝ ฯแฝธ ฮบฯฮปฮฟฮฝ ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮฟแฝ ฯฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฮบฮญฯฮตฮฑ ฮฑแฝฯฯฮธฮนยท ฮผฮฑฯฯฯ
ฯฮญฮตฮน ฮดฮญ ฮผฮฟฮน ฯแฟ ฮณฮฝฯฮผแฟ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝฮผฮฎฯฮฟฯ
แผฯฮฟฯ แผฮฝ แฝฮดฯ
ฯฯฮตฮฏแฟ แผฯฮฟฮฝ แฝงฮดฮต, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฮนฮฒฯฮทฮฝ, แฝ
ฮธฮน ฯสผ แผฯฮฝฮตฯ แผฯฮฑฯ ฮบฮตฯฮฑฮฟแฝถ ฯฮตฮปฮญฮธฮฟฯ
ฯฮน, Hom. Od. 4.85 แฝฯฮธแฟถฯ ฮตแผฐฯฮทฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฮฝ, แผฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮธฮตฯฮผฮฟแฟฯฮน ฯฮฑฯแฝบ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮณฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯแฝฐ ฮบฮญฯฮตฮฑ, แผฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฐฯฯฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฯฯฯฮตฯฮน แผข ฮฟแฝ ฯฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฮบฮญฯฮตฮฑ ฯแฝฐ ฮบฯฮฎฮฝฮตฮฑ แผฯฯแฝดฮฝ แผก ฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฮผฯฮณฮนฯ. 4.30. แผฮฝฮธฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฯแฝฐ ฯฯฯฮตฮฑ ฮณฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮฑฮน ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ. ฮธฯฮผฮฌฮถฯ ฮดฮญ สฝฯฯฮฟฯฮธฮฎฮบฮฑฯ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮดฮฎ ฮผฮฟฮน แฝ ฮปฯฮณฮฟฯ แผฮพ แผฯฯแฟฯ แผฮดฮฏฮถฮทฯแฝ แฝ
ฯฮน แผฮฝ ฯแฟ แผจฮปฮตฮฏแฟ ฯฮฌฯแฟ ฯฯฯแฟ ฮฟแฝ ฮดฯ
ฮฝฮญฮฑฯฮฑฮน ฮณฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน แผกฮผฮฏฮฟฮฝฮฟฮน, ฮฟแฝฯฮต ฯฯ
ฯฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฯฯฮฟฯ
แผฯฮฝฯฮฟฯ ฮฟแฝฯฮต แผฮปฮปฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฮฝฮตฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฑแผฐฯฮฏฮฟฯ
ฮฟแฝฮดฮตฮฝฯฯ. ฯฮฑฯแฝถ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฝถ แผจฮปฮตแฟฮฟฮน แผฮบ ฮบฮฑฯฮฌฯฮทฯ ฯฮตฯ
ฮฟแฝ ฮณฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฯฮฏฯฮน แผกฮผฮนฯฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ, แผฮปฮปสผ แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฯฮฏแฟ แผก แฝฅฯฮท ฮบฯ
ฮฯฮบฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯแฝฐฯ แผตฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ, แผฮพฮตฮปฮฑฯฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฮปฮทฯฮนฮฟฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮฑแฝฯฮฌฯ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฌ ฯฯฮน แผฮฝ ฯแฟ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮญฮปฮฑฯ แผฯฮนฮตแฟฯฮน ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แฝฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ, แผฯ ฮฟแฝ แผฮฝ ฯฯแฟถฯฮน ฮฑแผฑ แผตฯฯฮฟฮน แผฮฝ ฮณฮฑฯฯฯฮฏยท แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮตฮปฮฑฯฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮน. 4.31. ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฯฮตฯแฟถฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผฮฝฮฌฯฮปฮตฮฟฮฝ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฯแฝธฮฝ แผ ฮญฯฮฑ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฮตแผตฮฝฮตฮบฮฑ ฮฟแฝฮบ ฮฟแผทฮฟฮฏ ฯฮต ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฮฟแฝฯฮต แผฐฮดฮตแฟฮฝ ฯแฝธ ฯฯฯฯฯ ฯแฟฯ แผ ฯฮตฮฏฯฮฟฯ
ฮฟแฝฯฮต ฮดฮนฮตฮพฮนฮญฮฝฮฑฮน, ฯฮฎฮฝฮดฮต แผฯฯ ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ ฮณฮฝฯฮผฮทฮฝยท ฯแฝฐ ฮบฮฑฯฯฯฮตฯฮธฮต ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฯ ฯแฟฯ ฯฯฯฮทฯ ฮฑแผฐฮตแฝถ ฮฝฮฏฯฮตฯฮฑฮน, แผฮปฮฌฯฯฮฟฮฝฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮธฮญฯฮตฮฟฯ แผข ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮตฮนฮผแฟถฮฝฮฟฯ, แฝฅฯฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแผฐฮบฯฯ. แผคฮดฮท แฝฆฮฝ แฝ
ฯฯฮนฯ แผฮณฯฯฮธฮตฮฝ ฯฮนฯฮฝฮฑ แผฮดฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฮฏฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฮฝ ฮตแผถฮดฮต ฮฟแผถฮดฮต ฯแฝธ ฮปฮญฮณฯยท แผฮฟฮนฮบฮต ฮณแฝฐฯ แผก ฯฮนแฝผฮฝ ฯฯฮตฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮตฮนฮผแฟถฮฝฮฑ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฮฟฮนฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ แผฮฝฮฟฮฏฮบฮทฯฮฑ ฯแฝฐ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮฒฮฟฯฮญฮทฮฝ แผฯฯแฝถ ฯแฟฯ แผ ฯฮตฮฏฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฯ. ฯแฝฐ แฝฆฮฝ ฯฯฮตฯแฝฐ ฮตแผฐฮบฮฌฮถฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฮนฯฮฝฮฑ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฯ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฮตฯฮนฮฟฮฏฮบฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮดฮฟฮบฮญฯ ฮปฮญฮณฮตฮนฮฝ. ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ ฯแฝฐ ฮปฮญฮณฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮผฮฑฮบฯฯฯฮฑฯฮฑ ฮตแผดฯฮทฯฮฑฮน. 4.32. แฝฯฮตฯฮฒฮฟฯฮญฯฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮญฯฮน แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฯฮฝ ฮฟแฝฯฮต ฯฮน ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒฮฝ ฮฟแฝฯฮต ฯฮนฮฝแฝฒฯ แผฮปฮปฮฟฮน ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฯแฟ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮทฮผฮญฮฝฯฮฝ, ฮตแผฐ ฮผแฝด แผฯฮฑ แผธฯฯฮทฮดฯฮฝฮตฯ. แฝกฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮณแฝผ ฮดฮฟฮบฮญฯ, ฮฟแฝฮดสผ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฟแฝฮดฮญฮฝยท แผฮปฮตฮณฮฟฮฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ แผฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน, แฝกฯ ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮผฮฟฯ
ฮฝฮฟฯฮธฮฌฮปฮผฯฮฝ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน. แผฮปฮปสผ แผฉฯฮนฯฮดแฟณ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฯฯแฝถ ฯฮตฯแฝถ แฝฯฮตฯฮฒฮฟฯฮญฯฮฝ ฮตแผฐฯฮทฮผฮญฮฝฮฑ, แผฯฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝฮผฮฎฯแฟณ แผฮฝ แผฯฮนฮณฯฮฝฮฟฮนฯฮน, ฮตแผฐ ฮดแฝด ฯแฟท แผฯฮฝฯฮน ฮณฮต แฝฮผฮทฯฮฟฯ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฯแฝฐ แผฯฮตฮฑ แผฯฮฟฮฏฮทฯฮต. 4.33. ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฟท ฮดฮญ ฯฮน ฯฮปฮตแฟฯฯฮฑ ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฮฎฮปฮนฮฟฮน ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน, ฯฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน แผฑฯแฝฐ แผฮฝฮดฮตฮดฮตฮผฮญฮฝฮฑ แผฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮปฮฌฮผแฟ ฯฯ
ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮพ แฝฯฮตฯฮฒฮฟฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮตฯฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฑ แผฯฮนฮบฮฝฮญฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฯ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฯ, แผฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ แผคฮดฮท ฮดฮตฮบฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮฑแผฐฮตแฝถ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฮปฮทฯฮนฮฟฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฮบฮฌฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮบฮฟฮผฮฏฮถฮตฮนฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฝฐ ฯแฝธ ฯฯแฝธฯ แผฯฯฮญฯฮทฯ แผฮบฮฑฯฯฮฌฯฯ แผฯแฝถ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฮดฯฮฏฮทฮฝ, แผฮฝฮธฮตแฟฆฯฮตฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮผฮตฯฮฑฮผฮฒฯฮฏฮทฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฯฮตฮผฯฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฑ ฯฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮฯฮดฯฮฝฮฑฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฮปฮปฮฎฮฝฯฮฝ ฮดฮญฮบฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน, แผฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮฒฮฑฮฏฮฝฮตฮนฮฝ แผฯแฝถ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฮทฮปฮนฮญฮฑ ฮบฯฮปฯฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดฮนฮฑฯฮฟฯฮตฯฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฯ ฮแฝฮฒฮฟฮนฮฑฮฝ, ฯฯฮปฮนฮฝ ฯฮต แผฯ ฯฯฮปฮนฮฝ ฯฮญฮผฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฮผฮญฯฯฮน ฮฮฑฯฯฯฯฮฟฯ
, ฯแฝธ ฮดสผ แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฯ แผฮบฮปฮนฯฮตแฟฮฝ แผฮฝฮดฯฮฟฮฝยท ฮฮฑฯฯ
ฯฯฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮบฮฟฮผฮฏฮถฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฯ แผฯ ฮคแฟฮฝฮฟฮฝ, ฮคฮทฮฝฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯ ฮแฟฮปฮฟฮฝ. แผฯฮนฮบฮฝฮญฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฯแฝฐ แผฑฯแฝฐ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผฯ ฮแฟฮปฮฟฮฝยท ฯฯแฟถฯฮฟฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แฝฯฮตฯฮฒฮฟฯฮญฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮญฮผฯฮฑฮน ฯฮตฯฮฟฯฯฮฑฯ ฯแฝฐ แผฑฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝบฮฟ ฮบฯฯฮฑฯ, ฯแฝฐฯ แฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฌฮถฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฮฎฮปฮนฮฟฮน ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน แฝฯฮตฯฯฯฮทฮฝ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฮฑฮฟฮดฮฏฮบฮทฮฝยท แผ
ฮผฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯแฟฯฮน แผฯฯฮฑฮปฮตฮฏฮทฯ ฮตแผตฮฝฮตฮบฮตฮฝ ฯฮญฮผฯฮฑฮน ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แฝฯฮตฯฮฒฮฟฯฮญฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฯฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮฝฮดฯฮฑฯ ฯฮญฮฝฯฮต ฯฮฟฮผฯฮฟฯฯ, ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮฟแผณ ฮฝแฟฆฮฝ ฮ ฮตฯฯฮตฯฮญฮตฯ ฮบฮฑฮปฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฯฮนฮผแฝฐฯ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮฑฯ แผฮฝ ฮฮฎฮปแฟณ แผฯฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ. แผฯฮตแฝถ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แฝฯฮตฯฮฒฮฟฯฮญฮฟฮนฯฮน ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฯฮฟฯฮตฮผฯฮธฮญฮฝฯฮฑฯ แฝฯฮฏฯฯ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฯฮฟฮฝฮฟฯฯฮญฮตฮนฮฝ, ฮดฮตฮนฮฝแฝฐ ฯฮฟฮนฮตฯ
ฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮตแผฐ ฯฯฮญฮฑฯ ฮฑแผฐฮตแฝถ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮปฮฌฮผฯฮตฯฮฑฮน แผฯฮฟฯฯฮญฮปฮปฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฮผแฝด แผฯฮฟฮดฮญฮบฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน, ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฮดแฝด ฯฮญฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฯ แผฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯแฝฐ แผฑฯแฝฐ แผฮฝฮดฮตฮดฮตฮผฮญฮฝฮฑ แผฮฝ ฯฯ
ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮปฮฌฮผแฟ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฮปฮทฯฮนฮฟฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฯฮนฯฮบฮฎฯฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฮบฮตฮปฮตฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฯฯฮฟฯฮญฮผฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฯฯฮญฮฑ แผฯแฝธ แผฯฯ
ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฯ แผฮปฮปฮฟ แผฮธฮฝฮฟฯ. ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฯฯฮฟฯฮตฮผฯฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฑ แผฯฮนฮบฮฝฮญฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผฯ ฮแฟฮปฮฟฮฝ. ฮฟแผถฮดฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฯ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฮนฯฮน ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฑฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฯฯฮดฮต ฯฮฟฮนฮตฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฯฯฮตฯฮญฯ, ฯแฝฐฯ ฮฯฮทฮนฮบฮฏฮฑฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝฐฯ ฮ ฮฑฮนฮฟฮฝฮฏฮดฮฑฯ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑแฟฮบฮฑฯ, แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฮธฯฯฯฮน ฯแฟ แผฯฯฮญฮผฮนฮดฮน ฯแฟ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตฮฏแฟ, ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฮฝฮตฯ
ฯฯ
ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮปฮฌฮผฮทฯ แผฯฮฟฯฯฮฑฯ ฯแฝฐ แผฑฯฮฌ. 4.34. ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฯฮฑฯฯฮฑฯ ฮฟแผถฮดฮฑ ฯฮฟฮนฮตฯฯฮฑฯยท ฯแฟฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฑฯฮธฮญฮฝฮฟฮนฯฮน ฯฮฑฯฯแฟฯฮน ฯแฟฯฮน แผฮพ แฝฯฮตฯฮฒฮฟฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮตฮปฮตฯ
ฯฮทฯฮฌฯแฟฯฮน แผฮฝ ฮฮฎฮปแฟณ ฮบฮตฮฏฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฑแผฑ ฮบฯฯฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแผฑ ฯฮฑแฟฮดฮตฯ ฮฟแผฑ ฮฮทฮปฮฏฯฮฝยท ฮฑแผฑ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฯแฝธ ฮณฮฌฮผฮฟฯ
ฯฮปฯฮบฮฑฮผฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผฮฝฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮตฯแฝถ แผฯฯฮฑฮบฯฮฟฮฝ ฮตแผฑฮปฮฏฮพฮฑฯฮฑฮน แผฯแฝถ ฯแฝธ ฯแฟฮผฮฑ ฯฮนฮธฮตแฟฯฮน สฝฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟฮผฮฑ แผฯฯแฝถ แผฯฯ แผฯ ฯแฝธ แผฯฯฮตฮผฮฏฯฮนฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮนฯฮฝฯฮน แผฯฮนฯฯฮตฯแฟฯ ฯฮตฮนฯฯฯ, แผฯฮนฯฮญฯฯ
ฮบฮต ฮดฮญ ฮฟแผฑ แผฮปฮฑฮฏแผ , แฝ
ฯฮฟฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฑแฟฮดฮตฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฮทฮปฮฏฯฮฝ, ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฯฮปฯฮทฮฝ ฯฮนฮฝแฝฐ ฮตแผฑฮปฮฏฮพฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฯฮนฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮนฮธฮตแฟฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน แผฯแฝถ ฯแฝธ ฯแฟฮผฮฑ. 4.35. ฮฑแฝฯฮฑฮน ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฮฝ ฯฮนฮผแฝดฮฝ แผฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯฯแฝธฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฮฎฮปฮฟฯ
ฮฟแผฐฮบฮทฯฯฯฯฮฝ. ฯฮฑฯแฝถ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแผฑ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฝถ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฮณฮทฮฝ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ แฝฎฯฮนฮฝ แผฮฟฯฯฮฑฯ ฯฮฑฯฮธฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฮพ แฝฯฮตฯฮฒฮฟฯฮญฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮฟฯฮตฯ
ฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฑฯ แผฯฮนฮบฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฯ ฮแฟฮปฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮน ฯฯฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ แฝฯฮตฯฯฯฮทฯ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฮฑฮฟฮดฮฏฮบฮทฯ. ฯฮฑฯฯฮฑฯ ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ ฯแฟ ฮแผฐฮปฮตฮนฮธฯ
ฮฏแฟ แผฯฮฟฯฮตฯฮฟฯฯฮฑฯ แผฮฝฯแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แฝ ฮบฯ
ฯฯฮบฮฟฯ
ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฮฌฮพฮฑฮฝฯฮฟ ฯฯฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮนฮบฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน, ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮณฮทฮฝ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ แฝฎฯฮนฮฝ แผ
ฮผฮฑ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮธฮตฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฯฮนฮบฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฮน ฯฮนฮผแฝฐฯ แผฮปฮปฮฑฯ ฮดฮตฮดฯฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฯแฝธฯ ฯฯฮญฯฮฝยท ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮณแฝฐฯ แผฮณฮตฮฏฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฯฯฮน ฯแฝฐฯ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑแฟฮบฮฑฯ แผฯฮฟฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑฮถฮฟฯฯฮฑฯ ฯแฝฐ ฮฟแฝฮฝฯฮผฮฑฯฮฑ แผฮฝ ฯแฟท แฝฮผฮฝแฟณ ฯฯฮฝ ฯฯฮน แฝจฮปแฝดฮฝ แผฮฝแฝดฯ ฮฯฮบฮนฮฟฯ แผฯฮฟฮฏฮทฯฮต, ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯฮญฯฮฝ ฮผฮฑฮธฯฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฮฝฮทฯฮนฯฯฮฑฯ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผผฯฮฝฮฑฯ แฝฮผฮฝฮญฮตฮนฮฝ แฝฎฯฮฏฮฝ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮณฮทฮฝ แฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฌฮถฮฟฮฝฯฮฌฯ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮณฮตฮฏฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฯ สฝฮฟแฝฯฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ แฝ แฝจฮปแฝดฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฮปฮปฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฮฑฮปฮฑฮนฮฟแฝบฯ แฝฮผฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฯฮฟฮฏฮทฯฮต แผฮบ ฮฯ
ฮบฮฏฮทฯ แผฮปฮธแฝผฮฝ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฮตฮนฮดฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฮฝ ฮฮฎฮปแพ , ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮผฮทฯฮฏฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮณฮนฮถฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฯฮฝ แผฯแฝถ ฯแฟท ฮฒฯฮผแฟท ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฮดแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฮฝ แผฯแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮธฮฎฮบฮทฮฝ ฯแฟฯ แฝฌฯฮนฯฯ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮณฮทฯ แผฮฝฮฑฮนฯฮนฮผฮฟแฟฆฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฯฮนฮฒฮฑฮปฮปฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮทฮฝ. แผก ฮดแฝฒ ฮธฮฎฮบฮท ฮฑแฝฯฮญฯฮฝ แผฯฯแฝถ แฝฯฮนฯฮธฮต ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฯฯฮตฮผฮนฯฮฏฮฟฯ
, ฯฯแฝธฯ แผ แฟถ ฯฮตฯฯฮฑฮผฮผฮญฮฝฮท, แผฮณฯฮฟฯฮฌฯฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮทฮฏฯฮฝ แผฑฯฯฮนฮทฯฮฟฯฮฏฮฟฯ
. 4.36. ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แฝฯฮตฯฮฒฮฟฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮญฯฮน ฮตแผฐฯฮฎฯฮธฯยท ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯฮตฯแฝถ แผฮฒฮฌฯฮนฮฟฯ ฮปฯฮณฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮปฮตฮณฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน แฝฯฮตฯฮฒฮฟฯฮญฮฟฯ
ฮฟแฝ ฮปฮญฮณฯ, แฝกฯ 1 ฯแฝธฮฝ แฝฮนฯฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮตฯฮนฮญฯฮตฯฮต ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯแพถฯฮฑฮฝ ฮณแฟฮฝ ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒฮฝ ฯฮนฯฮตฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ. ฮตแผฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฮตแผฐฯแฝถ แฝฯฮตฯฮฒฯฯฮตฮฟฮน ฯฮนฮฝแฝฒฯ แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฮฟฮน, ฮตแผฐฯแฝถ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝฯฮตฯฮฝฯฯฮนฮฟฮน แผฮปฮปฮฟฮน. ฮณฮตฮปแฟถ ฮดแฝฒ แฝฯฮญฯฮฝ ฮณแฟฯ ฯฮตฯฮนฯฮดฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮณฯฮฌฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฟแฝบฯ แผคฮดฮท ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแฝฮดฮญฮฝฮฑ ฮฝฮฟฮฟฮฝฮตฯฯฮฝฯฯฯ แผฮพฮทฮณฮทฯฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝยท ฮฟแผณ แฝจฮบฮตฮฑฮฝฯฮฝ ฯฮต แฟฅฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฮณฯฮฌฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯฮญฯฮนฮพ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮณแฟฮฝ แผฮฟแฟฆฯฮฑฮฝ ฮบฯ
ฮบฮปฮฟฯฮตฯฮญฮฑ แฝกฯ แผฯแฝธ ฯฯฯฮฝฮฟฯ
, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฮฏฮทฮฝ ฯแฟ ฮแฝฯฯฯแฟ ฯฮฟฮนฮตฯฮฝฯฯฮฝ แผดฯฮทฮฝ. แผฮฝ แฝฮปฮฏฮณฮฟฮนฯฮน ฮณแฝฐฯ แผฮณแฝผ ฮดฮทฮปฯฯฯ ฮผฮญฮณฮฑฮธฯฯ ฯฮต แผฮบฮฌฯฯฮทฯ ฮฑแฝฯฮญฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแผตฮท ฯฮนฯ แผฯฯแฝถ แผฯ ฮณฯฮฑฯแฝดฮฝ แผฮบฮฌฯฯฮท. 4.37. ฮ ฮญฯฯฮฑฮน ฮฟแผฐฮบฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮบฮฑฯฮฎฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฯแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฝฮฟฯฮฏฮทฮฝ ฮธฮฌฮปฮฑฯฯฮฑฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ, แผฯฯ
ฮธฯแฝดฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮปฮตฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮทฮฝ, ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แฝฯฮตฯฮฟฮนฮบฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮฒฮฟฯฮญฮทฮฝ แผฮฝฮตฮผฮฟฮฝ ฮแฟฮดฮฟฮน, ฮฮฎฮดฯฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฃฮฌฯฯฮตฮนฯฮตฯ, ฮฃฮฑฯฯฮตฮฏฯฯฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฯฮปฯฮฟฮน ฮบฮฑฯฮฎฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฯแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฒฮฟฯฮทฮฏฮทฮฝ ฮธฮฌฮปฮฑฯฯฮฑฮฝ, แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฆแพถฯฮนฯ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฯ แผฮบฮดฮนฮดฮฟแฟ. ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฯฮญฯฯฮตฯฮฑ แผฮธฮฝฮตฮฑ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮญฮตฮน แผฮบ ฮธฮฑฮปฮฌฯฯฮทฯ แผฯ ฮธฮฌฮปฮฑฯฯฮฑฮฝ. 4.38. แผฮฝฮธฮตแฟฆฯฮตฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฝธ ฯฯแฝธฯ แผฯฯฮญฯฮทฯ แผฮบฯฮฑแฝถ ฮดฮนฯฮฌฯฮนฮฑฮน แผฯสผ ฮฑแฝฯแฟฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฮตฮฏฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผฯ ฮธฮฌฮปฮฑฯฯฮฑฮฝ, ฯแฝฐฯ แผฮณแฝผ แผฯฮทฮณฮฎฯฮฟฮผฮฑฮนยท แผฮฝฮธฮตฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผก แผฮบฯแฝด แผก แผฯฮญฯฮท ฯแฝฐ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮฒฮฟฯฮญฮทฮฝ แผฯแฝธ ฮฆฮฌฯฮนฮฟฯ แผฯฮพฮฑฮผฮญฮฝฮท ฯฮฑฯฮฑฯฮญฯฮฑฯฮฑฮน แผฯ ฮธฮฌฮปฮฑฯฯฮฑฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮฌ ฯฮต ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮ ฯฮฝฯฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฮปฮปฮฎฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฟฮฝ ฮผฮญฯฯฮน ฮฃฮนฮณฮตฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮคฯฯฮนฮบฮฟแฟฆยท ฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮฝฯฯฮฟฯ
แผก ฮฑแฝฯแฝด ฮฑแฝฯฮท แผฮบฯแฝด แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฯ
ฯฮนฮฑฮฝฮดฮนฮบฮฟแฟฆ ฮบฯฮปฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮฆฮฟฮนฮฝฮฏฮบแฟ ฮบฮตฮนฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮตฮฏฮฝฮตฮน ฯแฝฐ แผฯ ฮธฮฌฮปฮฑฯฯฮฑฮฝ ฮผฮญฯฯฮน ฮคฯฮนฮฟฯฮฏฮฟฯ
แผฮบฯฮทฯ. ฮฟแผฐฮบฮญฮตฮน ฮดแฝฒ แผฮฝ ฯแฟ แผฮบฯแฟ ฯฮฑฯฯแฟ แผฮธฮฝฮตฮฑ แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฯฮฝ ฯฯฮนฮฎฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ. 4.39. ฮฑแฝฯฮท ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ แผก แผฯฮญฯฮท ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮบฯฮญฯฮฝ, แผก ฮดแฝฒ ฮดแฝด แผฯฮญฯฮท แผฯแฝธ ฮ ฮตฯฯฮญฯฮฝ แผฯฮพฮฑฮผฮญฮฝฮท ฯฮฑฯฮฑฯฮญฯฮฑฯฮฑฮน แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฯ
ฮธฯแฝดฮฝ ฮธฮฌฮปฮฑฯฯฮฑฮฝ, แผฅ ฯฮต ฮ ฮตฯฯฮนฮบแฝด ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฯ แผฮบฮดฮตฮบฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮท แผก แผฯฯฯ
ฯฮฏฮท ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯแฝธ แผฯฯฯ
ฯฮฏฮทฯ แผก แผฯฮฑฮฒฮฏฮทยท ฮปฮฎฮณฮตฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯฮท, ฮฟแฝ ฮปฮฎฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑ ฮตแผฐ ฮผแฝด ฮฝฯฮผแฟณ, แผฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮบฯฮปฯฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฮฌฮฒฮนฮฟฮฝ, แผฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฮฑฯฮตแฟฮฟฯ แผฮบ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮตฮฏฮปฮฟฯ
ฮดฮนฯฯฯ
ฯฮฑ แผฯฮฎฮณฮฑฮณฮต. ฮผฮญฯฯฮน ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ ฮฆฮฟฮนฮฝฮฏฮบฮทฯ แผฯแฝธ ฮ ฮตฯฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯแฟถฯฮฟฯ ฯฮปฮฑฯแฝบฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฯฯ แผฯฯฮนยท ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯแฝธ ฮฆฮฟฮนฮฝฮฏฮบฮทฯ ฯฮฑฯฮฎฮบฮตฮน ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฯแฟฯฮดฮต ฯแฟฯ ฮธฮฑฮปฮฌฯฯฮทฯ แผก แผฮบฯแฝด ฮฑแฝฯฮท ฯฮฑฯฮฌ ฯฮต ฮฃฯ
ฯฮฏฮทฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮ ฮฑฮปฮฑฮนฯฯฮฏฮฝฮทฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮแผดฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฟฮฝ, แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฮตฮปฮตฯ
ฯแพทยท แผฮฝ ฯแฟ แผฮธฮฝฮตฮฑ แผฯฯแฝถ ฯฯฮฏฮฑ ฮผฮฟแฟฆฮฝฮฑ. 4.40. ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฯแฝธ ฮ ฮตฯฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯแฝฐ ฯฯแฝธฯ แผฯฯฮญฯฮทฮฝ ฯแฟฯ แผฯฮฏฮทฯ แผฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ แผฯฯฮฏยท ฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑฯฯฯฮตฯฮธฮต ฮ ฮตฯฯฮญฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฮฎฮดฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฃฮฑฯฯฮตฮฏฯฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฯฮปฯฯฮฝ, ฯแฝฐ ฯฯแฝธฯ แผ แฟถ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฅฮปฮนฮฟฮฝ แผฮฝฮฑฯฮญฮปฮปฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ, แผฮฝฮธฮตฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผก แผฯฯ
ฮธฯแฝด ฯฮฑฯฮฎฮบฮตฮน ฮธฮฌฮปฮฑฯฯฮฑ, ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮฒฮฟฯฮญฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผก ฮฮฑฯฯฮฏฮท ฯฮต ฮธฮฌฮปฮฑฯฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝ แผฯฮฌฮพฮทฯ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผฯฯ, แฟฅฮญฯฮฝ ฯฯแฝธฯ แผฅฮปฮนฮฟฮฝ แผฮฝฮฏฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ. ฮผฮญฯฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟฯ แผธฮฝฮดฮนฮบแฟฯ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮญฮตฯฮฑฮน แผฯฮฏฮทยท ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฯ แผฯฮทฮผฮฟฯ แผคฮดฮท ฯแฝธ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผ แฟถ, ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮตฮน ฮฟแฝฮดฮตแฝถฯ ฯฯฮฌฯฮฑฮน ฮฟแผทฮฟฮฝ ฮดฮฎ ฯฮน แผฯฯฮฏ. 4.41. ฯฮฟฮนฮฑฯฯฮท ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฯฯฮท แผก แผฯฮฏฮท แผฯฯฮฏ, แผก ฮดแฝฒ ฮฮนฮฒฯฮท แผฮฝ ฯแฟ แผฮบฯแฟ ฯแฟ แผฯฮญฯแฟ แผฯฯฮฏยท แผฯแฝธ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮแผฐฮณฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮฮนฮฒฯฮท แผคฮดฮท แผฮบฮดฮญฮบฮตฯฮฑฮน. ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ ฮแผดฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฟฮฝ แผก แผฮบฯแฝด ฮฑแฝฯฮท ฯฯฮตฮนฮฝฮฎ แผฯฯฮนยท แผฯแฝธ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯแฟฯฮดฮต ฯแฟฯ ฮธฮฑฮปฮฌฯฯฮทฯ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฯ
ฮธฯแฝดฮฝ ฮธฮฌฮปฮฑฯฯฮฑฮฝ ฮดฮญฮบฮฑ ฮผฯ
ฯฮนฮฌฮดฮตฯ ฮตแผฐฯแฝถ แฝฯฮณฯ
ฮนฮญฯฮฝ, ฮฑแฝฯฮฑฮน ฮดสผ แผฮฝ ฮตแผถฮตฮฝ ฯฮฏฮปฮนฮฟฮน ฯฯฮฌฮดฮนฮฟฮนยท ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฯฮตฮนฮฝฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฌฯฯฮฑ ฯฮปฮฑฯฮญฮฑ ฯฯ
ฮณฯฮฌฮฝฮตฮน แผฮฟแฟฆฯฮฑ แผก แผฮบฯแฝด แผฅฯฮนฯ ฮฮนฮฒฯฮท ฮบฮญฮบฮปฮทฯฮฑฮน. 4.42. ฮธฯฮผฮฌฮถฯ แฝฆฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮดฮนฮฟฯ
ฯฮนฯฮฌฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดฮนฮตฮปฯฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฮฮนฮฒฯฮทฮฝ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮฏฮทฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮแฝฯฯฯฮทฮฝยท ฮฟแฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯฮผฮนฮบฯแฝฐ ฯแฝฐ ฮดฮนฮฑฯฮญฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฮฑแฝฯฮญฯฮฝ แผฯฯฮฏยท ฮผฮฎฮบฮตฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯฮฑฯสผ แผฮผฯฮฟฯฮญฯฮฑฯ ฯฮฑฯฮฎฮบฮตฮน แผก ฮแฝฯฯฯฮท, ฮตแฝฯฮตฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮญฯฮน ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒ ฯฯ
ฮผฮฒฮฌฮปฮปฮตฮนฮฝ แผฮพฮฏฮท ฯฮฑฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮฑฮฏ ฮผฮฟฮน ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน. ฮฮนฮฒฯฮท ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮดฮทฮปฮฟแฟ แผฯฯ
ฯแฝดฮฝ 1 แผฮฟแฟฆฯฮฑ ฯฮตฯฮฏฯฯฯ
ฯฮฟฯ, ฯฮปแฝดฮฝ แฝ
ฯฮฟฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฟฯ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฮฏฮทฮฝ ฮฟแฝฯฮฏฮถฮตฮน, ฮฮตฮบแฟถ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮแผฐฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฏฯฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮฟฯ ฯฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯแฟถฮฝ แผกฮผฮตแฟฯ แผดฮดฮผฮตฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮดฮญฮพฮฑฮฝฯฮฟฯยท แฝฯ แผฯฮตฮฏฯฮต ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮดฮนฯฯฯ
ฯฮฑ แผฯฮฑฯฯฮฑฯฮฟ แฝฯฯฯฯฯฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฮบ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮตฮฏฮปฮฟฯ
ฮดฮนฮญฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฮฝ แผฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฮฌฮฒฮนฮฟฮฝ ฮบฯฮปฯฮฟฮฝ, แผฯฮญฯฮตฮผฯฮต ฮฆฮฟฮฏฮฝฮนฮบฮฑฯ แผฮฝฮดฯฮฑฯ ฯฮปฮฟฮฏฮฟฮนฯฮน, แผฮฝฯฮตฮนฮปฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ แผฯ ฯแฝธ แฝฯฮฏฯฯ ฮดฮนสผ แผฉฯฮฑฮบฮปฮญฯฮฝ ฯฯฮทฮปฮญฯฮฝ แผฮบฯฮปฮญฮตฮนฮฝ แผฯฯ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฒฮฟฯฮทฮฏฮทฮฝ ฮธฮฌฮปฮฑฯฯฮฑฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแฝฯฯ แผฯ ฮแผดฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮนฮบฮฝฮญฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน. แฝฯฮผฮทฮธฮญฮฝฯฮตฯ แฝฆฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ ฮฆฮฟฮฏฮฝฮนฮบฮตฯ แผฮบ ฯแฟฯ แผฯฯ
ฮธฯแฟฯ ฮธฮฑฮปฮฌฯฯฮทฯ แผฯฮปฮตฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฝฮฟฯฮฏฮทฮฝ ฮธฮฌฮปฮฑฯฯฮฑฮฝยท แฝ
ฮบฯฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮณฮฏฮฝฮฟฮนฯฮฟ ฯฮธฮนฮฝฯฯฯฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฯฯฯฯฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฮฝ ฯฯฮตฮฏฯฮตฯฮบฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮณแฟฮฝ, แผตฮฝฮฑ แผฮบฮฌฯฯฮฟฯฮต ฯแฟฯ ฮฮนฮฒฯฮทฯ ฯฮปฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮณฮนฮฝฮฟฮฏฮฑฯฮฟ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮผฮญฮฝฮตฯฮบฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฮผฮทฯฮฟฮฝยท ฮธฮตฯฮฏฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮดสผ แผฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯแฟฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮปฮตฮฟฮฝ, แฝฅฯฯฮต ฮดฯฮฟ แผฯฮญฯฮฝ ฮดฮนฮตฮพฮตฮปฮธฯฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฯฯฮฏฯแฟณ แผฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฌฮผฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฉฯฮฑฮบฮปฮญฮฑฯ ฯฯฮฎฮปฮฑฯ แผฯฮฏฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮฟ แผฯ ฮแผดฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฟฮฝ. ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮปฮตฮณฮฟฮฝ แผฮผฮฟแฝถ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮฟแฝ ฯฮนฯฯฮฌ, แผฮปฮปแฟณ ฮดแฝฒ ฮดฮฎ ฯฮตแฟณ, แฝกฯ ฯฮตฯฮนฯฮปฯฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฮนฮฒฯฮทฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฅฮปฮนฮฟฮฝ แผฯฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯ ฯแฝฐ ฮดฮตฮพฮนฮฌ. 4.43. ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯฮท แผฮณฮฝฯฯฮธฮท ฯแฝธ ฯฯแฟถฯฮฟฮฝ, ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฮฑฯฯฮทฮดฯฮฝฮนฮฟฮน ฮตแผฐฯแฝถ ฮฟแผฑ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯยท แผฯฮตแฝถ ฮฃฮฑฯฮฌฯฯฮทฯ ฮณฮต แฝ ฮคฮตฮฌฯฯฮนฮฟฯ แผฮฝแฝดฯ แผฯฮฑฮนฮผฮตฮฝฮฏฮดฮทฯ ฮฟแฝ ฯฮตฯฮนฮญฯฮปฯฯฮต ฮฮนฮฒฯฮทฮฝ, แผฯสผ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฯฮตฮผฯฮธฮตฮฏฯ, แผฮปฮปแฝฐ ฮดฮตฮฏฯฮฑฯ ฯฯ ฯฮต ฮผแฟฮบฮฟฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮปฯฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฮทฮผฮฏฮทฮฝ แผฯแฟฮปฮธฮต แฝฯฮฏฯฯ, ฮฟแฝฮดสผ แผฯฮตฯฮญฮปฮตฯฮต ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฮญฯฮฑฮพฮต ฮฟแผฑ แผก ฮผฮฎฯฮทฯ แผฮตฮธฮปฮฟฮฝ. ฮธฯ
ฮณฮฑฯฮญฯฮฑ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮฯฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮตฮณฮฑฮฒฯฮถฮฟฯ
แผฮฒฮนฮฎฯฮฑฯฮฟ ฯฮฑฯฮธฮญฮฝฮฟฮฝยท แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฑ ฮผฮญฮปฮปฮฟฮฝฯฮฟฯ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฑแผฐฯฮฏฮทฮฝ แผฮฝฮฑฯฮบฮฟฮปฮฟฯฮนฮตแฟฯฮธฮฑฮน แฝฯแฝธ ฮฮญฯฮพฮตฯ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮฟฯ, แผก ฮผฮฎฯฮทฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฃฮฑฯฮฌฯฯฮตฮฟฯ แผฮฟแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮฮฑฯฮตฮฏฮฟฯ
แผฮดฮตฮปฯฮตแฝด ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮนฯฮฎฯฮฑฯฮฟ, ฯแพถฯฮฌ ฮฟแผฑ ฮฑแฝฯแฝด ฮผฮญฮถฯ ฮถฮทฮผฮฏฮทฮฝ แผฯฮนฮธฮฎฯฮตฮนฮฝ แผค ฯฮตฯ แผฮบฮตแฟฮฝฮฟฮฝยท ฮฮนฮฒฯฮทฮฝ ฮณฮฌฯ ฮฟแผฑ แผฮฝฮฌฮณฮบฮทฮฝ แผฯฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฮตฯฮนฯฮปฯฮตฮนฮฝ, แผฯ แฝ แผฮฝ แผฯฮฏฮบฮทฯฮฑฮน ฯฮตฯฮนฯฮปฮญฯฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฮฌฮฒฮนฮฟฮฝ ฮบฯฮปฯฮฟฮฝ. ฯฯ
ฮณฯฯฯฮฎฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฮญฯฮพฮตฯ แผฯแฝถ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฮนฯฮน, แฝ ฮฃฮฑฯฮฌฯฯฮทฯ แผฯฮนฮบฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ แผฯ ฮแผดฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮปฮฑฮฒแฝผฮฝ ฮฝฮญฮฑ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฝฮฑฯฯฮฑฯ ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ แผฯฮปฮตฮต แผฯแฝถ แผฉฯฮฑฮบฮปฮญฮฑฯ ฯฯฮฎฮปฮฑฯยท ฮดฮนฮตฮบฯฮปฯฯฮฑฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮบฮฌฮผฯฮฑฯ ฯแฝธ แผฮบฯฯฯฮฎฯฮนฮฟฮฝ ฯแฟฯ ฮฮนฮฒฯฮทฯ ฯแฟท ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฮฃฮฟฮปฯฮตฮนฯ แผฯฯฮฏ, แผฯฮปฮตฮต ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮผฮตฯฮฑฮผฮฒฯฮฏฮทฮฝยท ฯฮตฯฮฎฯฮฑฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮธฮฌฮปฮฑฯฯฮฑฮฝ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฝดฮฝ แผฮฝ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮผฮทฯฮฏ, แผฯฮตฮฏฯฮต ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮปฮตแฟฆฮฝฮฟฯ ฮฑแผฐฮตแฝถ แผฮดฮตฮต, แผฯฮฟฯฯฯฮญฯฮฑฯ แฝฯฮฏฯฯ แผฯฮญฯฮปฮตฮต แผฯ ฮแผดฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฟฮฝ. แผฮบ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฯ แผฯฮนฮบฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮฑ ฮฮญฯฮพฮตฮฑ แผฮปฮตฮณฮต ฯแฝฐฯ ฯแฝฐ ฯฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฌฯฯ แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮผฮนฮบฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฯฮปฮญฮตฮนฮฝ แผฯฮธแฟฯฮน ฯฮฟฮนฮฝฮนฮบฮทฮฏแฟ ฮดฮนฮฑฯฯฮตฯฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ, ฮฟแผณ แฝ
ฮบฯฯ ฯฯฮตแฟฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮณฮฟฮฏฮฑฯฮฟ ฯแฟ ฮฝฮทแฝถ ฯฮตฯฮณฮตฯฮบฮฟฮฝ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฯแฝฐ แฝฯฮตฮฑ ฮปฮตฮฏฯฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯแฝฐฯ ฯฯฮปฮนฮฑฯยท ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฝถ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮดฮนฮบฮญฮตฮนฮฝ ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒฮฝ แผฯฮนฯฮฝฯฮตฯ, ฮฒฯฯฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฮผฮฟแฟฆฮฝฮฑ แผฮพ ฮฑแฝฯฮญฯฮฝ ฮปฮฑฮผฮฒฮฌฮฝฮตฮนฮฝ. ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮดแฝฒ ฮผแฝด ฯฮตฯฮนฯฮปแฟถฯฮฑฮน ฮฮนฮฒฯฮทฮฝ ฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฮปฮญฯฯ ฮฑแผดฯฮนฮฟฮฝ ฯฯฮดฮต แผฮปฮตฮณฮต, ฯแฝธ ฯฮปฮฟแฟฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝธ ฯฯฯฯฯ ฮฟแฝ ฮดฯ
ฮฝฮฑฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฮน ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฯฯฮฟฮฒฮฑฮฏฮฝฮตฮนฮฝ แผฮปฮปสผ แผฮฝฮฏฯฯฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน. ฮฮญฯฮพฮทฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแฝ ฮฟแผฑ ฯฯ
ฮณฮณฮนฮฝฯฯฮบฯฮฝ ฮปฮญฮณฮตฮนฮฝ แผฮปฮทฮธฮญฮฑ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฯฮนฯฮตฮปฮญฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฌ ฯฮต ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฮบฮตฮฏฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ แผฮตฮธฮปฮฟฮฝ แผฮฝฮตฯฮบฮฟฮปฯฯฮนฯฮต, ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฯฮฑฮฏฮทฮฝ ฮดฮฏฮบฮทฮฝ แผฯฮนฯฮนฮผแฟถฮฝ. ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฃฮฑฯฮฌฯฯฮตฮฟฯ ฮตแฝฮฝฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฯ แผฯฮญฮดฯฮท แผฯ ฮฃฮฌฮผฮฟฮฝ, แผฯฮตฮฏฯฮต แผฯฯฮธฮตฯฮฟ ฯฮฌฯฮนฯฯฮฑ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮดฮตฯฯฯฯฮตฮฑ ฯฮตฯฮตฮปฮตฯ
ฯฮทฮบฯฯฮฑ, แผฯฯฮฝ ฯฯฮฎฮผฮฑฯฮฑ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮฑ, ฯแฝฐ ฮฃฮฌฮผฮนฮฟฯ แผฮฝแฝดฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮญฯฯฮต, ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฯฮนฯฯฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฯแฝธ ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ แผฮบแฝผฮฝ แผฯฮนฮปฮฎฮธฮฟฮผฮฑฮน. 4.44. ฯแฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮฏฮทฯ ฯแฝฐ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฝฐ แฝฯแฝธ ฮฮฑฯฮตฮฏฮฟฯ
แผฮพฮตฯ
ฯฮญฮธฮท, แฝฯ ฮฒฮฟฯ
ฮปฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ แผธฮฝฮดแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผฯฮฝ, แฝฯ ฮบฯฮฟฮบฮฟฮดฮตฮฏฮปฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮดฮตฯฯฮตฯฮฟฯ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฯ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮญฯฮตฯฮฑฮน, ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฮฝ ฮตแผฐฮดฮญฮฝฮฑฮน ฯแฟ แผฯ ฮธฮฌฮปฮฑฯฯฮฑฮฝ แผฮบฮดฮนฮดฮฟแฟ, ฯฮญฮผฯฮตฮน ฯฮปฮฟฮฏฮฟฮนฯฮน แผฮปฮปฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮต ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฯฮฏฯฯฮตฯ
ฮต ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฮปฮทฮธฮตฮฏฮทฮฝ แผฯฮญฮตฮนฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดแฝด ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฃฮบฯฮปฮฑฮบฮฑ แผฮฝฮดฯฮฑ ฮฮฑฯฯ
ฮฑฮฝฮดฮญฮฑ. ฮฟแผณ ฮดแฝฒ แฝฯฮผฮทฮธฮญฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฮบ ฮฮฑฯฯฮฑฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮต ฯฯฮปฮนฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟฯ ฮ ฮฑฮบฯฯ
ฮนฮบแฟฯ ฮณแฟฯ แผฯฮปฮตฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฮฝ ฯฯแฝธฯ แผ แฟถ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผกฮปฮฏฮฟฯ
แผฮฝฮฑฯฮฟฮปแฝฐฯ แผฯ ฮธฮฌฮปฮฑฯฯฮฑฮฝ, ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฮธฮฑฮปฮฌฯฯฮทฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯแฝธฯ แผฯฯฮญฯฮทฮฝ ฯฮปฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯฯฮนฮทฮบฮฟฯฯแฟท ฮผฮทฮฝแฝถ แผฯฮนฮบฮฝฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน แผฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯแฟถฯฮฟฮฝ แฝ
ฮธฮตฮฝ แฝ ฮแผฐฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฏฯฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตแฝบฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮฆฮฟฮฏฮฝฮนฮบฮฑฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฯฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฮตแผถฯฮฑ แผฯฮญฯฯฮตฮนฮปฮต ฯฮตฯฮนฯฮปฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฮฮนฮฒฯฮทฮฝ. ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮตฯฮนฯฮปฯฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฑฯ แผธฮฝฮดฮฟฯฯ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑฯฮตฯฯฯฮญฯฮฑฯฮฟ ฮฮฑฯฮตแฟฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟ ฮธฮฑฮปฮฌฯฯแฟ ฯฮฑฯฯแฟ แผฯฯแพถฯฮฟ. ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟฯ แผฯฮฏฮทฯ, ฯฮปแฝดฮฝ ฯแฝฐ ฯฯแฝธฯ แผฅฮปฮนฮฟฮฝ แผฮฝฮฏฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ, ฯแฝฐ แผฮปฮปฮฑ แผฮฝฮตฯฯฮทฯฮฑฮน แฝฮผฮฟฮนฮฑ ฯฮฑฯฮตฯฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮท ฯแฟ ฮฮนฮฒฯแฟ. 4.45. แผก ฮดแฝฒ ฮแฝฯฯฯฮท ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮฟแฝฮดฮฑฮผแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฑฮฝฮตฯฮฎ แผฯฯฮน ฮณฮนฮฝฯฯฮบฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮท, ฮฟแฝฯฮต ฯแฝฐ ฯฯแฝธฯ แผฅฮปฮนฮฟฮฝ แผฮฝฮฑฯฮญฮปฮปฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฮฟแฝฯฮต ฯแฝฐ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮฒฮฟฯฮญฮทฮฝ, ฮตแผฐ ฯฮตฯฮฏฯฯฯ
ฯฮฟฯ แผฯฯฮฏยท ฮผฮฎฮบฮตฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮณฮนฮฝฯฯฮบฮตฯฮฑฮน ฯฮฑฯสผ แผฮผฯฮฟฯฮญฯฮฑฯ ฯฮฑฯฮฎฮบฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑ. ฮฟแฝฮดสผ แผฯฯ ฯฯ
ฮผฮฒฮฑฮปฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฯสผ แฝ
ฯฮตฯ
ฮผฮนแฟ แผฮฟฯฯแฟ ฮณแฟ ฮฟแฝฮฝฯฮผฮฑฯฮฑ ฯฯฮนฯฮฌฯฮนฮฑ ฮบฮญฮตฯฮฑฮน แผฯฯฮฝฯ
ฮผฮฏฮฑฯ แผฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑฮนฮบแฟถฮฝ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแฝฯฮฏฯฮผฮฑฯฮฑ ฮฑแฝฯแฟ ฮฮตแฟฮปฯฯ ฯฮต แฝ ฮแผฐฮณฯฯฯฮนฮฟฯ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฯ แผฯฮญฮธฮท ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฆแพถฯฮนฯ แฝ ฮฯฮปฯฮฟฯ สฝฮฟแผณ ฮดแฝฒ ฮคฮฌฮฝฮฑฮนฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฮฑฮนฮฎฯฮทฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟฯฮธฮผฮฎฮนฮฑ ฯแฝฐ ฮฮนฮผฮผฮญฯฮนฮฑ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯแผฐ, ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮดฮนฮฟฯ
ฯฮนฯฮฌฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฯแฝฐ ฮฟแฝฮฝฯฮผฮฑฯฮฑ ฯฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝ
ฮธฮตฮฝ แผฮธฮตฮฝฯฮฟ ฯแฝฐฯ แผฯฯฮฝฯ
ฮผฮฏฮฑฯ. แผคฮดฮท ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮฮนฮฒฯฮท ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฯแฝถ ฮฮนฮฒฯฮทฯ ฮปฮญฮณฮตฯฮฑฮน แฝฯแฝธ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฟถฮฝ แผฮปฮปฮฎฮฝฯฮฝ แผฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฯแฝธ ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑฮนฮบแฝธฯ ฮฑแฝฯฯฯฮธฮฟฮฝฮฟฯ, แผก ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮฏฮท แผฯแฝถ ฯแฟฯ ฮ ฯฮฟฮผฮทฮธฮญฮฟฯ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑฮนฮบแฝธฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฯฮฝฯ
ฮผฮฏฮทฮฝ. ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮผฮตฯฮฑฮปฮฑฮผฮฒฮฌฮฝฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฟแฝฮฝฯฮผฮฑฯฮฟฯ ฮฯ
ฮดฮฟฮฏ, ฯฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน แผฯแฝถ แผฯฮฏฮตฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฯฯฯ
ฮฟฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮฌฮฝฮตฯ ฮบฮตฮบฮปแฟฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฮฏฮทฮฝ, แผฮปฮปสผ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฯแฝถ ฯแฟฯ ฮ ฯฮฟฮผฮทฮธฮญฮฟฯ แผฯฮฏฮทฯ. แผฯสผ แฝ
ฯฮตฯ
ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฮฝ ฮฃฮฌฯฮดฮนฯฮน ฯฯ
ฮปแฝดฮฝ ฮบฮตฮบฮปแฟฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฯฮนฮฌฮดฮฑ. แผก ฮดแฝฒ ฮดแฝด ฮแฝฯฯฯฮท ฮฟแฝฯฮต ฮตแผฐ ฯฮตฯฮฏฯฯฯ
ฯฮฟฯ แผฯฯแฝถ ฮณฮนฮฝฯฯฮบฮตฯฮฑฮน ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮฟแฝฮดฮฑฮผแฟถฮฝ แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฯฮฝ, ฮฟแฝฯฮต แฝฮบฯฮธฮตฮฝ ฯแฝธ ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ แผฮปฮฑฮฒฮต ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ, ฮฟแฝฯฮต แฝ
ฯฯฮนฯ ฮฟแผฑ แผฆฮฝ แฝ ฮธฮญฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฯฮฑฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮฑฮน, ฮตแผฐ ฮผแฝด แผฯแฝธ ฯแฟฯ ฮคฯ
ฯฮฏฮทฯ ฯฮฎฯฮฟฮผฮตฮฝ ฮแฝฯฯฯฮทฯ ฮปฮฑฮฒฮตแฟฮฝ ฯแฝธ ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฯฯฮทฮฝยท ฯฯฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฆฮฝ แผฯฮฑ แผฮฝฯฮฝฯ
ฮผฮฟฯ แฝฅฯฯฮตฯ ฮฑแผฑ แผฯฮตฯฮฑฮน. แผฮปฮปสผ ฮฑแฝฯฮท ฮณฮต แผฮบ ฯแฟฯ แผฯฮฏฮทฯ ฯฮต ฯฮฑฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮฑฮน แผฮฟแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฯฮนฮบฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮท แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮณแฟฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฮฝ แผฅฯฮนฯ ฮฝแฟฆฮฝ แฝฯแฝธ แผฮปฮปฮฎฮฝฯฮฝ ฮแฝฯฯฯฮท ฮบฮฑฮปฮญฮตฯฮฑฮน, แผฮปฮปสผ แฝ
ฯฮฟฮฝ แผฮบ ฮฆฮฟฮนฮฝฮฏฮบฮทฯ แผฯ ฮฯฮฎฯฮทฮฝ, แผฮบ ฮฯฮฎฯฮทฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯ ฮฯ
ฮบฮฏฮทฮฝ. ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ แผฯแฝถ ฯฮฟฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ ฮตแผฐฯฮฎฯฮธฯยท ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮฝฮฟฮผฮนฮถฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฮนฯฮน ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฯฮทฯฯฮผฮตฮธฮฑ. 4.46. แฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮ ฯฮฝฯฮฟฯ แฝ ฮแฝฮพฮตฮนฮฝฮฟฯ, แผฯสผ แฝฮฝ แผฯฯฯฮฑฯฮตฯฮตฯฮฟ แฝ ฮฮฑฯฮตแฟฮฟฯ, ฯฯฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮญฯฮตฯฮฑฮน แผฮพฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮนฮบฮฟแฟฆ แผฮธฮฝฮตฮฑ แผฮผฮฑฮธฮญฯฯฮฑฯฮฑ. ฮฟแฝฯฮต ฮณแฝฐฯ แผฮธฮฝฮฟฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮฝฯแฝธฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮ ฯฮฝฯฮฟฯ
ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮผฮตฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฮฒฮฑฮปฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฮฟฯฮฏฮทฯ ฯฮญฯฮน ฮฟแฝฯฮต แผฮฝฮดฯฮฑ ฮปฯฮณฮนฮฟฮฝ ฮฟแผดฮดฮฑฮผฮตฮฝ ฮณฮตฮฝฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ, ฯฮฌฯฮตฮพ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮนฮบฮฟแฟฆ แผฮธฮฝฮตฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮฝฮฑฯฮฌฯฯฮนฮฟฯ. ฯแฟท ฮดแฝฒ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮนฮบแฟถ ฮณฮญฮฝฮตฮน แผฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯแฝธ ฮผฮญฮณฮนฯฯฮฟฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฮทฮฏฯฮฝ ฯฯฮทฮณฮผฮฌฯฯฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฑฯฮฑ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฯฮฝ แผฮพฮตฯฯฮทฯฮฑฮน ฯแฟถฮฝ แผกฮผฮตแฟฯ แผดฮดฮผฮตฮฝ, ฯแฝฐ ฮผฮญฮฝฯฮฟฮน แผฮปฮปฮฑ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฮณฮฑฮผฮฑฮนยท ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ ฮผฮญฮณฮนฯฯฮฟฮฝ ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฯฯฮน แผฮฝฮตฯฯฮทฯฮฑฮน แฝฅฯฯฮต แผฯฮฟฯฯ
ฮณฮตแฟฮฝ ฯฮต ฮผฮทฮดฮญฮฝฮฑ แผฯฮตฮปฮธฯฮฝฯฮฑ แผฯแฝถ ฯฯฮญฮฑฯ, ฮผแฝด ฮฒฮฟฯ
ฮปฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮต แผฮพฮตฯ
ฯฮตฮธแฟฮฝฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮปฮฑฮฒฮตแฟฮฝ ฮผแฝด ฮฟแผทฮฟฮฝ ฯฮต ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน. ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮผฮฎฯฮต แผฯฯฮตฮฑ ฮผฮฎฯฮต ฯฮตฮฏฯฮตฮฑ แผก แผฮบฯฮนฯฮผฮญฮฝฮฑ, แผฮปฮปแฝฐ ฯฮตฯฮญฮฟฮนฮบฮฟฮน แผฯฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฯฯฮน แผฑฯฯฮฟฯฮฟฮพฯฯฮฑฮน, ฮถแฟถฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮผแฝด แผฯสผ แผฯฯฯฮฟฯ
แผฮปฮปสผ แผฯแฝธ ฮบฯฮทฮฝฮญฯฮฝ, ฮฟแผฐฮบฮฎฮผฮฑฯฮฑ ฯฮต ฯฯฮน แพ แผฯแฝถ ฮถฮตฯ
ฮณฮญฯฮฝ, ฮบแฟถฯ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฮฝ ฮตแผดฮทฯฮฑฮฝ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน แผฮผฮฑฯฮฟฮฏ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮฟฯฮฟฮน ฯฯฮฟฯฮผฮฏฯฮณฮตฮนฮฝ; 4.47. แผฮพฮตฯฯฮทฯฮฑฮน ฮดฮญ ฯฯฮน ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฯแฟฯ ฯฮต ฮณแฟฯ แผฮฟฯฯฮทฯ แผฯฮนฯฮทฮดฮญฮทฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฟถฮฝ แผฯฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฯฯฮน ฯฯ
ฮผฮผฮฌฯฯฮฝ. แผฅ ฯฮต ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮณแฟ แผฮฟแฟฆฯฮฑ ฯฮตฮดฮนแฝฐฯ ฮฑแฝฯฮท ฯฮฟฮนฯฮดฮทฯ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮตแฝฯ
ฮดฯฮฟฯ แผฯฯฮฏ, ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผฮฟฮฏ ฯฮต ฮดฮนสผ ฮฑแฝฯแฟฯ แฟฅฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฟแฝ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฟท ฯฮตแฟณ แผฯฮนฮธฮผแฝธฮฝ แผฮปฮฌฯฯฮฟฮฝฮตฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮฝ ฮแผฐฮณฯฯฯแฟณ ฮดฮนฯฯฯฯฯฮฝ. แฝ
ฯฮฟฮน ฮดแฝฒ แฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑฯฯฮฟฮฏ ฯฮต ฮตแผฐฯแฝถ ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฮฟฯฯฮปฯฯฮฟแฝถ แผฯแฝธ ฮธฮฑฮปฮฌฯฯฮทฯ, ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ แฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑฮฝฮญฯ 1 แผผฯฯฯฮฟฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฮตฮฝฯฮฌฯฯฮฟฮผฮฟฯ, ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฮคฯฯฮทฯ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝฯฮฑฮฝฮนฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฮฟฯฯ
ฯฮธฮญฮฝฮทฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮ ฮฑฮฝฯฮนฮบฮฌฯฮทฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝฯฮฌฮบฯ
ฯฮนฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฮญฯฯฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮคฮฌฮฝฮฑฯฯ. แฟฅฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแผตฮดฮต ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯฮฌฮดฮต. 4.48. แผผฯฯฯฮฟฯ ฮผฮญฮฝ, แผแฝผฮฝ ฮผฮญฮณฮนฯฯฮฟฯ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผกฮผฮตแฟฯ แผดฮดฮผฮตฮฝ, แผดฯฮฟฯ ฮฑแผฐฮตแฝถ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฯ แผฯฯ
ฯแฟท แฟฅฮญฮตฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮธฮญฯฮตฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮตฮนฮผแฟถฮฝฮฟฯ, ฯฯแฟถฯฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฝธ แผฯสผ แผฯฯฮญฯฮทฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮฝ ฯแฟ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮนฮบแฟ แฟฅฮญฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯฮฟฮนฯฮฝฮดฮต ฮผฮญฮณฮนฯฯฮฟฯ ฮณฮญฮณฮฟฮฝฮตยท ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฟถฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮปฮปฯฮฝ แผฯ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฮฝ แผฮบฮดฮนฮดฯฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฮตแผฐฯแฝถ ฮดแฝด ฮฟแผตฮดฮต ฮฟแผฑ ฮผฮญฮณฮฑฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮตแฟฆฮฝฯฮตฯ, ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮณฮต ฯแฟฯ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮนฮบแฟฯ ฯฯฯฮทฯ ฯฮญฮฝฯฮต ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ แฟฅฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ, ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮต ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮ ฯฯฮฑฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑฮปฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผฮปฮปฮฎฮฝฮตฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮ ฯ
ฯฮตฯฯฮฝ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮปฮปฮฟฯ ฮคฮนฮฌฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮฑฯฮฟฯ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฮฌฯฮฑฯฮนฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝฯฮดฮทฯฯฯฯ. แฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฯแฟถฯฮฟฯ ฮปฮตฯฮธฮตแฝถฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฟถฮฝ ฮผฮญฮณฮฑฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯแฝธฯ แผ แฟถ แฟฅฮญฯฮฝ แผฮฝฮฑฮบฮฟฮนฮฝฮฟแฟฆฯฮฑฮน ฯแฟท แผผฯฯฯแฟณ ฯแฝธ แฝฮดฯฯ, แฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮดฮตฯฯฮตฯฮฟฯ ฮปฮตฯฮธฮตแฝถฯ ฮคฮนฮฌฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฟฯ ฯฯแฝธฯ แผฯฯฮญฯฮทฯ ฯฮต ฮผแพถฮปฮปฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮปฮฌฯฯฯฮฝ, แฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮดแฝด แผฯฮฑฯฯฯ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝ ฮฮฌฯฮฑฯฮนฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝ แฝฯฮดฮทฯฯแฝธฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮผฮญฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ แผฐฯฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฯฮฒฮฌฮปฮปฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผผฯฯฯฮฟฮฝ. 4.49. ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮฑแฝฮธฮนฮณฮตฮฝฮญฮตฯ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮนฮบฮฟแฝถ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผฮฟแฝถ ฯฯ
ฮผฯฮปฮทฮธฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฑแฝฯฯฮฝ, แผฮบ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮณฮฑฮธฯฯฯฯฮฝ ฮฮฌฯฮนฯ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฯ แฟฅฮญฯฮฝ ฯฯ
ฮผฮผฮฏฯฮณฮตฯฮฑฮน ฯแฟท แผผฯฯฯแฟณ, แผฮบ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮแผตฮผฮฟฯ
ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮบฮฟฯฯ
ฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฯฮตแฟฯ แผฮปฮปฮฟฮน ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮฟฮน แฟฅฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮฒฮฟฯฮญฮทฮฝ แผฮฝฮตฮผฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮฒฮฌฮปฮปฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผฯ ฮฑแฝฯฯฮฝ, แผฯฮปฮฑฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮแฝฯฮฑฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮคฮฏฮฒฮนฯฮนฯ. ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฯฮทฮฏฮบฮทฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฯฮทฮฏฮบฯฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฯฮฟฮฒฯฮถฯฮฝ แฟฅฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฮธฯฯ
ฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฯฮทฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฯฮฌฮฝฮทฯ แผฮบฮดฮนฮดฮฟแฟฆฯฮน แผฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผผฯฯฯฮฟฮฝยท แผฮบ ฮดแฝฒ ฮ ฮฑฮนฯฮฝฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝฯฮตฮฟฯ แฟฌฮฟฮดฯฯฮทฯ ฮฮฏฮฟฯ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฯ ฮผฮญฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฯฮฏฮถฯฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮแผทฮผฮฟฮฝ แผฮบฮดฮนฮดฮฟแฟ แผฯ ฮฑแฝฯฯฮฝ. แผฮพ แผธฮปฮปฯ
ฯฮนแฟถฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แฟฅฮญฯฮฝ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮฒฮฟฯฮญฮทฮฝ แผฮฝฮตฮผฮฟฮฝ แผฮณฮณฯฮฟฯ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฯ แผฯฮฒฮฌฮปฮปฮตฮน แผฯ ฯฮตฮดฮฏฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝธ ฮคฯฮนฮฒฮฑฮปฮปฮนฮบแฝธฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฮฝ ฮฯฯฮณฮณฮฟฮฝ, แฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฯฯฮณฮณฮฟฯ แผฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผผฯฯฯฮฟฮฝยท ฮฟแฝฯฯ แผฮผฯฮฟฯฮญฯฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฯฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮฟฯ
ฯ แฝ แผผฯฯฯฮฟฯ ฮดฮญฮบฮตฯฮฑฮน. แผฮบ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟฯ ฮบฮฑฯฯฯฮตฯฮธฮต ฯฯฯฮทฯ แฝฮผฮฒฯฮนฮบแฟถฮฝ ฮฮฌฯฯฮนฯ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮปฮปฮฟฯ แผฮปฯฮนฯ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฯ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮฒฮฟฯฮญฮทฮฝ แผฮฝฮตฮผฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน แฟฅฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฮบฮดฮนฮดฮฟแฟฆฯฮน แผฯ ฮฑแฝฯฯฮฝยท แฟฅฮญฮตฮน ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮดแฝด ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฯฮฌฯฮทฯ ฯแฟฯ ฮแฝฯฯฯฮทฯ แฝ แผผฯฯฯฮฟฯ, แผฯฮพฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ แผฮบ ฮฮตฮปฯแฟถฮฝ, ฮฟแผณ แผฯฯฮฑฯฮฟฮน ฯฯแฝธฯ แผกฮปฮฏฮฟฯ
ฮดฯ
ฯฮผฮญฯฮฝ ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ ฮฯฮฝฮทฯฮฑฯ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮฝ ฯแฟ ฮแฝฯฯฯฮทยท แฟฅฮญฯฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฯฮฌฯฮทฯ ฯแฟฯ ฮแฝฯฯฯฮทฯ แผฯ ฯแฝฐ ฯฮปฮฌฮณฮนฮฑ ฯแฟฯ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮฏฮทฯ แผฯฮฒฮฌฮปฮปฮตฮน.
4.50. ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ แฝฆฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮปฮตฯฮธฮญฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮปฮปฯฮฝ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฟถฮฝ ฯฯ
ฮผฮฒฮฑฮปฮปฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฯฮฝ ฯแฝธ ฯฯฮญฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ แฝฮดฯฯ ฮณฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮฑฮน แฝ แผผฯฯฯฮฟฯ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฟถฮฝ ฮผฮญฮณฮนฯฯฮฟฯ, แผฯฮตแฝถ แฝฮดฯฯ ฮณฮต แผฮฝ ฯฯแฝธฯ แผฮฝ ฯฯ
ฮผฮฒฮฌฮปฮปฮตฮนฮฝ แฝ ฮฮตแฟฮปฮฟฯ ฯฮปฮฎฮธฮตฮน แผฯฮฟฮบฯฮฑฯฮญฮตฮน. แผดฯฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮดแฝด ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ ฮฟแฝฯฮต ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฯ ฮฟแฝฯฮต ฮบฯฮฎฮฝฮท ฮฟแฝฮดฮตฮผฮฏฮฑ แผฯฮดฮนฮดฮฟแฟฆฯฮฑ แผฯ ฯฮปแฟฮธฯฯ ฮฟแผฑ ฯฯ
ฮผฮฒฮฌฮปฮปฮตฯฮฑฮน. แผดฯฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแผฐฮตแฝถ แฟฅฮญฮตฮน แผฮฝ ฯฮต ฮธฮญฯฮตฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮตฮนฮผแฟถฮฝฮน แฝ แผผฯฯฯฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯฮฟฮนฯฮฝฮดฮต ฯฮน, แฝกฯ แผฮผฮฟแฝถ ฮดฮฟฮบฮญฮตฮนยท ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฮตฮนฮผแฟถฮฝฮฟฯ แผฯฯแฝถ แฝ
ฯฮฟฯ ฯฮตฯ แผฯฯฮน, แฝฮปฮฏฮณแฟณ ฯฮต ฮผฮญฮถฯฮฝ ฯแฟฯ แผฯฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฯฯฮนฮฟฯ ฮณฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮฑฮนยท แฝฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮณแฝฐฯ แผก ฮณแฟ ฮฑแฝฯฮท ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮตฮนฮผแฟถฮฝฮฟฯ ฯฮฌฮผฯฮฑฮฝ แฝฮปฮฏฮณแฟณ, ฮฝฮนฯฮตฯแฟท ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฯแพถฯฮฑฮนยท ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮดแฝฒ ฮธฮญฯฮตฮฟฯ แผก ฯฮนแฝผฮฝ แผก แผฮฝ ฯแฟท ฯฮตฮนฮผแฟถฮฝฮน ฯฮตฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฑ, แผฮฟแฟฆฯฮฑ แผฮผฯฮนฮปฮฑฯฮฎฯ, ฯฮทฮบฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮท ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮฟฮธฮตฮฝ แผฯฮดฮนฮดฮฟแฟ แผฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผผฯฯฯฮฟฮฝ. ฮฑแฝฯฮท ฯฮต ฮดแฝด แผก ฯฮนแฝผฮฝ แผฯฮดฮนฮดฮฟแฟฆฯฮฑ แผฯ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฯ
ฮผฯฮปฮทฮธฯฮตฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝฮผฮฒฯฮฟฮน ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฟฮฏ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮปฮฌฮฒฯฮฟฮน ฯแฝบฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฟยท แฝฮตฮน ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮดแฝด ฯแฝธ ฮธฮญฯฮฟฯ. แฝ
ฯฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮปฮญฮฟฮฝ แผฯสผ แผฯฯ
ฯแฝธฮฝ แฝฮดฯฯ แฝ แผฅฮปฮนฮฟฯ แผฯฮญฮปฮบฮตฯฮฑฮน แผฮฝ ฯแฟถ ฮธฮญฯฮตฮน แผข แผฮฝ ฯแฟท ฯฮตฮนฮผแฟถฮฝฮน, ฯฮฟฯฮฟฯฯแฟณ ฯแฝฐ ฯฯ
ฮผฮผฮนฯฮณฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฑ ฯแฟท แผผฯฯฯแฟณ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฑฯฮปฮฎฯฮนฮฑ แผฯฯแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮธฮญฯฮตฮฟฯ แผค ฯฮตฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮตฮนฮผแฟถฮฝฮฟฯยท แผฮฝฯฮนฯฮนฮธฮญฮผฮตฮฝฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ แผฮฝฯฮนฯฮฎฮบฯฯฮนฯ ฮณฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮฑฮน, แฝฅฯฯฮต แผดฯฮฟฮฝ ฮผฮนฮฝ ฮฑแผฐฮตแฝถ ฯฮฑฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฯฮฝฯฮฑ.
4.51. ฮตแผทฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮฃฮบฯฮธแฟฯฮน แผฯฯแฝถ แฝ แผผฯฯฯฮฟฯ, ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ ฮคฯฯฮทฯ, แฝฯ แผฯแฝธ ฮฒฮฟฯฮญฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฮฝฮญฮผฮฟฯ
แฝฯฮผแพถฯฮฑฮน, แผฯฯฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮดแฝฒ แฟฅฮญฯฮฝ แผฮบ ฮปฮฏฮผฮฝฮทฯ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮทฯ แผฃ ฮฟแฝฯฮฏฮถฮตฮน ฯฮฎฮฝ ฯฮต ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮนฮบแฝดฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฮตฯ
ฯฮฏฮดฮฑ ฮณแฟฮฝ. แผฯแฝถ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟท ฯฯฯฮผฮฑฯฮน ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮบฮฑฯฮฟฮฏฮบฮทฮฝฯฮฑฮน แผฮปฮปฮทฮฝฮตฯ ฮฟแผณ ฮคฯ
ฯแฟฯฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑฮปฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน.
4.52. ฯฯฮฏฯฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ แฝฯฮฑฮฝฮนฯ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฯ แฝฯฮผแพถฯฮฑฮน ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฮบ ฯแฟฯ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮนฮบแฟฯ, แฟฅฮญฮตฮน ฮดแฝฒ แผฮบ ฮปฮฏฮผฮฝฮทฯ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮทฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฮญฯฮนฮพ ฮฝฮญฮผฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน แผตฯฯฮฟฮน แผฮณฯฮนฮฟฮน ฮปฮตฯ
ฮบฮฟฮฏยท ฮบฮฑฮปฮญฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮดแฝฒ แผก ฮปฮฏฮผฮฝฮท ฮฑแฝฯฮท แฝฯฮธแฟถฯ ฮผฮฎฯฮทฯ แฝฯฮฌฮฝฮนฮฟฯ. แผฮบ ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฯ แฝฆฮฝ แผฮฝฮฑฯฮญฮปฮปฯฮฝ แฝ แฝฯฮฑฮฝฮนฯ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฯ แฟฅฮญฮตฮน แผฯแฝถ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฮญฮฝฯฮต แผกฮผฮตฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮปฯฮฟฮฝ ฮฒฯฮฑฯแฝบฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮณฮปฯ
ฮบฯฯ แผฯฯฮน, แผฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮธฮฑฮปฮฌฯฯฮทฯ ฯฮตฯฯฮญฯฯฮฝ แผกฮผฮตฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮปฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮนฮบฯแฝธฯ ฮดฮตฮนฮฝแฟถฯยท แผฮบฮดฮนฮดฮฟแฟ ฮณแฝฐฯ แผฯ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฮฝ ฮบฯฮฎฮฝฮท ฯฮนฮบฯฮฎ, ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฮดฮฎ ฯฮน แผฮฟแฟฆฯฮฑ ฯฮนฮบฯฮฎ, แผฃ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮธฮตฮน ฯฮผฮนฮบฯแฝด แผฮฟแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮบฮนฯฮฝแพท ฯแฝธฮฝ แฝฯฮฑฮฝฮนฮฝ แผฯฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฮฝ แผฮฝ แฝฮปฮฏฮณฮฟฮนฯฮน ฮผฮญฮณฮฑฮฝ. แผฯฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ แผก ฮบฯฮฎฮฝฮท ฮฑแฝฯฮท แผฮฝ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮนฯฮน ฯฯฯฮทฯ ฯแฟฯ ฯฮต แผฯฮฟฯฮฎฯฯฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮปฮฑฮถฯฮฝฯฮฝยท ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟ ฮบฯฮฎฮฝแฟ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝ
ฮธฮตฮฝ แฟฅฮญฮตฮน ฯแฟท ฯฯฯแฟณ ฯฮบฯ
ฮธฮนฯฯแฝถ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฮพฮฑฮผฯฮฑแฟฮฟฯ, ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฮปฮปฮฎฮฝฯฮฝ ฮณฮปแฟถฯฯฮฑฮฝ แผนฯฮฑแฝถ แฝฮดฮฟฮฏ. ฯฯ
ฮฝฮฌฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฝฐ ฯฮญฯฮผฮฑฯฮฑ แฝ
ฯฮต ฮคฯฯฮทฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝ แฝฯฮฑฮฝฮนฯ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ แผฮปฮฑฮถฯฮฝฮฑฯ, ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
แผฯฮฟฯฯฯฮญฯฮฑฯ แผฮบฮฌฯฮตฯฮฟฯ แฟฅฮญฮตฮน ฮตแฝฯฯฮฝฯฮฝ ฯแฝธ ฮผฮญฯฮฟฮฝ.
4.53. ฯฮญฯฮฑฯฯฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฮฟฯฯ
ฯฮธฮญฮฝฮทฯ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผฯฯ, แฝฯ แผฯฯฮฏ ฯฮต ฮผฮญฮณฮนฯฯฮฟฯ ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ แผผฯฯฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟฮปฯ
ฮฑฯฮบฮญฯฯฮฑฯฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฮณฮฝฯฮผฮฑฯ ฯแฝฐฯ แผกฮผฮตฯฮญฯฮฑฯ ฮฟแฝฯฮน ฮผฮฟแฟฆฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮนฮบแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฟถฮฝ แผฮปฮปแฝฐ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮปฮปฯฮฝ แผฯฮฌฮฝฯฯฮฝ, ฯฮปแฝดฮฝ ฮฮตฮฏฮปฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮแผฐฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฏฮฟฯ
ยท ฯฮฟฯฯแฟณ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮฟแฝฮบ ฮฟแผทฮฌ ฯฮต แผฯฯแฝถ ฯฯ
ฮผฮฒฮฑฮปฮตแฟฮฝ แผฮปฮปฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผฯฮฝยท ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮปฮฟฮนฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฮฟฯฯ
ฯฮธฮญฮฝฮทฯ แผฯฯแฝถ ฯฮฟฮปฯ
ฮฑฯฮบฮญฯฯฮฑฯฮฟฯ, แฝฯ ฮฝฮฟฮผฮฌฯ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑฮปฮปฮฏฯฯฮฑฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮตแฝฮบฮฟฮผฮนฮดฮตฯฯฮฌฯฮฑฯ ฮบฯฮฎฮฝฮตฯฮน ฯฮฑฯฮญฯฮตฯฮฑฮน แผฐฯฮธฯฮฑฯ ฯฮต แผฯฮฏฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮดฮนฮฑฮบฯฮนฮดแฝธฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮปฮตฮฏฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ, ฯฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฮต แผฅฮดฮนฯฯฮฟฯ แผฯฯฮฏ, แฟฅฮญฮตฮน ฯฮต ฮบฮฑฮธฮฑฯแฝธฯ ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฮธฮฟฮปฮตฯฮฟแฟฯฮน, ฯฯฯฯฮฟฯ ฯฮต ฯฮฑฯสผ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฮนฯฯฮฟฯ ฮณฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮฑฮน, ฯฮฟฮฏฮท ฯฮต, ฯแฟ ฮฟแฝ ฯฯฮตฮฏฯฮตฯฮฑฮน แผก ฯฯฯฮท, ฮฒฮฑฮธฯ
ฯฮฌฯฮทยท แผ
ฮปฮตฯ ฯฮต แผฯแฝถ ฯแฟท ฯฯฯฮผฮฑฯฮน ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฑแฝฯฯฮผฮฑฯฮฟฮน ฯฮฎฮณฮฝฯ
ฮฝฯฮฑฮน แผฯฮปฮตฯฮฟฮนยท ฮบฮฎฯฮตฮฌ ฯฮต ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮฑ แผฮฝฮฌฮบฮฑฮฝฮธฮฑ, ฯแฝฐ แผฮฝฯฮฑฮบฮฑฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮบฮฑฮปฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน, ฯฮฑฯฮญฯฮตฯฮฑฮน แผฯ ฯฮฑฯฮฏฯฮตฯ
ฯฮนฮฝ, แผฮปฮปฮฑ ฯฮต ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฝฐ ฮธฯฮผฮฌฯฮฑฮน แผฮพฮนฮฑ. ฮผฮญฯฯฮน ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ ฮฮตฯฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฯฯฮฟฯ
, แผฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮตฯฯฮตฯฮฌฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ แผกฮผฮตฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮปฯฮฟฯ แผฯฯฮฏ, ฮณฮนฮฝฯฯฮบฮตฯฮฑฮน แฟฅฮญฯฮฝ แผฯแฝธ ฮฒฮฟฯฮญฯ แผฮฝฮญฮผฮฟฯ
ยท ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑฯฯฯฮตฯฮธฮต ฮดฮนสผ แฝงฮฝ แฟฅฮญฮตฮน แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฯฮฝ ฮฟแฝฮดฮตแฝถฯ แผฯฮตฮน ฯฯฮฌฯฮฑฮนยท ฯฮฑฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮดแฝฒ แฟฅฮญฯฮฝ ฮดฮนสผ แผฯฮฎฮผฮฟฯ
แผฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮณฮตฯฯฮณแฟถฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฯฯฮทฮฝยท ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮฟแผฑ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฮฑฯสผ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯแฝถ ฮดฮญฮบฮฑ แผกฮผฮตฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮปฯฮฟฮฝ ฮฝฮญฮผฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน. ฮผฮฟฯฮฝฮฟฯ
ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผฮฟแฟฆ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฮตฮฏฮปฮฟฯ
ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฯฯ ฯฯฮฌฯฮฑฮน ฯแฝฐฯ ฯฮทฮณฮฌฯ, ฮดฮฟฮบฮญฯ ฮดฮญ, ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแฝฮดฮตแฝถฯ แผฮปฮปฮฎฮฝฯฮฝ. แผฮณฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮต ฮดแฝด ฮธฮฑฮปฮฌฯฯฮทฯ แฝ ฮฮฟฯฯ
ฯฮธฮญฮฝฮทฯ แฟฅฮญฯฮฝ ฮณฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแผฑ ฯฯ
ฮผฮผฮฏฯฮณฮตฯฮฑฮน แฝ แฝฯฮฑฮฝฮนฯ แผฯ ฯแฝ ฯ
ฯแฝธ แผฮปฮฟฯ แผฮบฮดฮนฮดฮฟฯฯ. ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ ฮผฮตฯฮฑฮพแฝบ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ, แผแฝธฮฝ แผฮผฮฒฮฟฮปฮฟฮฝ ฯแฟฯ ฯฯฯฮทฯ, แผนฯฯฯฮปฮตฯ แผฮบฯฮท ฮบฮฑฮปฮญฮตฯฮฑฮน, แผฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯแฟท, แผฑฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฮฎฮผฮทฯฯฮฟฯ แผฮฝฮฏฮดฯฯ
ฯฮฑฮนยท ฯฮญฯฮทฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฑฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฯแฝถ ฯแฟท แฝฯฮฌฮฝฮน ฮฮฟฯฯ
ฯฮธฮตฮฝฮตแฟฯฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑฯฮฟฮฏฮบฮทฮฝฯฮฑฮน.
4.54. ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯแฝฐ แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฟถฮฝ, ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮญฮผฯฯฮฟฯ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฯ แผฮปฮปฮฟฯ, ฯแฟท ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฮ ฮฑฮฝฯฮนฮบฮฌฯฮทฯ, แฟฅฮญฮตฮน ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฯ แผฯแฝธ ฮฒฮฟฯฮญฯ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮบ ฮปฮฏฮผฮฝฮทฯ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธ ฮผฮตฯฮฑฮพแฝบ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮฟฯฯ
ฯฮธฮญฮฝฮตฮฟฯ ฮฝฮญฮผฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฮฟแผฑ ฮณฮตฯฯฮณฮฟแฝถ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน, แผฮบฮดฮนฮดฮฟแฟ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แฝฮฒฮปฮฑฮฏฮทฮฝ, ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮผฮตฮนฯฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฮฝ ฯแฟท ฮฮฟฯฯ
ฯฮธฮญฮฝฮตฯ ฯฯ
ฮผฮผฮฏฯฮณฮตฯฮฑฮน.
4.55. แผฮบฯฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ แฝฯฮฌฮบฯ
ฯฮนฯ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผฯฯ, แฝฯ แฝฯฮผแพถฯฮฑฮน ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฮบ ฮปฮฏฮผฮฝฮทฯ, ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฮผฮญฯฯฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฝฮฟฮผฮฌฮดฯฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ แฟฅฮญฯฮฝ แผฮบฮดฮนฮดฮฟแฟ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฮฮฑฯฮบฮนฮฝแฟฯฮนฮฝ ฯฯฮปฮนฮฝ, แผฯ ฮดฮตฮพฮนแฝดฮฝ แผฯฮญฯฮณฯฮฝ ฯฮฎฮฝ ฯฮต แฝฮปฮฑฮฏฮทฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฮนฮปฮปฮฎฮนฮฟฮฝ ฮดฯฯฮผฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮปฮตฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ.
4.56. แผฮฒฮดฮฟฮผฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฮญฯฯฮฟฯ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฯ แผฯฮญฯฯฮนฯฯฮฑฮน ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮฟฯฯ
ฯฮธฮญฮฝฮตฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฯแฟฯ ฯฯฯฮทฯ แผฯ แฝ ฮณฮนฮฝฯฯฮบฮตฯฮฑฮน แฝ ฮฮฟฯฯ
ฯฮธฮญฮฝฮทฯยท แผฯฮญฯฯฮนฯฯฮฑฮน ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ แผฮบ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฯฯฮฟฯ
, ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮตฮน ฯฯ ฯฮตฯ แฝ ฯแฟถฯฮฟฯ ฮฑแฝฯฯฯ, ฮฮญฯฯฮฟฯ, แฟฅฮญฯฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯ ฮธฮฌฮปฮฑฯฯฮฑฮฝ ฮฟแฝฯฮฏฮถฮตฮน ฯฮฎฮฝ ฯฮต ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฝฮฟฮผฮฌฮดฯฮฝ ฯฯฯฮทฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮทฮฏฯฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ, แผฮบฮดฮนฮดฮฟแฟ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ แฝฯฮฌฮบฯ
ฯฮนฮฝ.
4.57. แฝฮณฮดฮฟฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮดแฝด ฮคฮฌฮฝฮฑฯฯ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผฯฯ, แฝฯ แฟฅฮญฮตฮน ฯแผฮฝฮญฮบฮฑฮธฮตฮฝ แผฮบ ฮปฮฏฮผฮฝฮทฯ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮทฯ แฝฯฮผฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ, แผฮบฮดฮนฮดฮฟแฟ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯ ฮผฮญฮถฯ แผฯฮน ฮปฮฏฮผฮฝฮทฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮปฮตฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮฮฑฮนแฟฯฮนฮฝ, แผฃ ฮฟแฝฯฮฏฮถฮตฮน ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฯ ฯฮต ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮทฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฃฮฑฯ
ฯฮฟฮผฮฌฯฮฑฯ. แผฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮคฮฌฮฝฮฑฯฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ แผฮปฮปฮฟฯ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฝธฯ แผฯฮฒฮฌฮปฮปฮตฮน ฯแฟท ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ แผฯฯแฝถ แฝฯฮณฮนฯ.
4.58. ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด แฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑฯฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฮดฮฎ ฯฮน ฮฟแผฑ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฯฮบฮตฯ
ฮฌฮดฮฑฯฮฑฮน, ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฯฮฎฮฝฮตฯฮน แผก ฯฮฟฮฏฮท แผฮฝฮฑฯฯ
ฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮท แผฮฝ ฯแฟ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮนฮบแฟ แผฯฯฮน แผฯฮนฯฮฟฮปฯฯฮฌฯฮท ฯฮฑฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮญฯฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผกฮผฮตแฟฯ แผดฮดฮผฮตฮฝยท แผฮฝฮฟฮนฮณฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฮนฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮบฯฮฎฮฝฮตฯฮน แผฯฯแฝถ ฯฯฮฑฮธฮผฯฯฮฑฯฮธฮฑฮน แฝ
ฯฮน ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฮฟแฝฯฯ แผฯฮตฮน.
4.59. ฯแฝฐ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฮผฮญฮณฮนฯฯฮฑ ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฯฯฮน ฮตแฝฯฮฟฯฮฑ แผฯฯฮฏ, ฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฮปฮฟฮนฯแฝฐ ฮฝฯฮผฮฑฮนฮฑ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯฮฌฮดฮต ฯฯฮน ฮดฮนฮฑฮบฮญฮตฯฮฑฮน. ฮธฮตฮฟแฝบฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮผฮฟฯฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮฟฯฯฮดฮต แผฑฮปฮฌฯฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน, แผนฯฯฮฏฮทฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮผฮฌฮปฮนฯฯฮฑ, แผฯแฝถ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฮฏฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮแฟฮฝ, ฮฝฮฟฮผฮฏฮถฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮแฟฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮนแฝธฯ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑแฟฮบฮฑ, ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ, แผฯฯฮปฮปฯฮฝฮฌ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแฝฯฮฑฮฝฮฏฮทฮฝ แผฯฯฮฟฮดฮฏฯฮทฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฉฯฮฑฮบฮปฮญฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮตฮฑ. ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮฝฮตฮฝฮฟฮผฮฏฮบฮฑฯฮน, ฮฟแผฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑฮปฮตฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮฎฮนฮฟฮน ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟท ฮ ฮฟฯฮตฮนฮดฮญฯฮฝฮน ฮธฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน. แฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฌฮถฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮบฯ
ฮธฮนฯฯแฝถ แผนฯฯฮฏฮท ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮคฮฑฮฒฮนฯฮฏ, ฮฮตแฝบฯ ฮดแฝฒ แฝฯฮธฯฯฮฑฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฮณฮฝฯฮผฮทฮฝ ฮณฮต ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฮผแฝดฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮปฮตฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฮ ฮฑฯฮฑแฟฮฟฯ, ฮแฟ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮฏ. แผฯฯฮปฮปฯฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฮฟฮนฯฯฯฯ
ฯฮฟฯ, ฮฟแฝฯฮฑฮฝฮฏฮท ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฯฮฟฮดฮฏฯฮท แผฯฮณฮฏฮผฯฮฑฯฮฑ, ฮ ฮฟฯฮตฮนฮดฮญฯฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฮฑฮณฮนฮผฮฑฯฮฌฮดฮฑฯ. แผฮณฮฌฮปฮผฮฑฯฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฒฯฮผฮฟแฝบฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฝฮทฮฟแฝบฯ ฮฟแฝ ฮฝฮฟฮผฮฏฮถฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯฮฟฮนฮญฮตฮนฮฝ ฯฮปแฝดฮฝ แผฯฮตฯ. ฯฮฟฯฯแฟณ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฝฮฟฮผฮฏฮถฮฟฯ
ฯฮน. 4.60. ฮธฯ
ฯฮฏฮท ฮดแฝฒ แผก ฮฑแฝฯแฝด ฯแพถฯฮน ฮบฮฑฯฮญฯฯฮทฮบฮต ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮฑ ฯแฝฐ แผฑฯแฝฐ แฝฮผฮฟฮฏฯฯ, แผฯฮดฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮท แฝงฮดฮตยท ฯแฝธ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฑฯฮฎฮนฮฟฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธ แผฮผฯฮตฯฮฟฮดฮนฯฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฮผฯฯฮฟฯฮธฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฯฮดฮฑฯ แผฯฯฮทฮบฮต, แฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮธฯฯฮฝ แฝฯฮนฯฮธฮต ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮบฯฮฎฮฝฮตฮฟฯ แผฯฯฮตแฝผฯ ฯฯฮฌฯฮฑฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฯฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮฒฮฌฮปฮปฮตฮน ฮผฮนฮฝ, ฯฮฏฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฑฯฮทฮฏฮฟฯ
แผฯฮนฮบฮฑฮปฮญฮตฮน ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮธฮตแฝธฮฝ ฯแฟท แผฮฝ ฮธฯแฟ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฑ ฮฒฯฯฯแฟณ ฯฮตฯแฝถ แฝฆฮฝ แผฮฒฮฑฮปฮต ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯฮญฮฝฮฑ, ฯฮบฯ
ฯฮฑฮปฮฏฮดฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮผฮฒฮฑฮปแฝผฮฝ ฯฮตฯฮนฮฌฮณฮตฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮฟฯฮฝฮฏฮณฮตฮน, ฮฟแฝฯฮต ฯแฟฆฯ แผฮฝฮฑฮบฮฑฯฯฮฑฯ ฮฟแฝฯฮต ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฮพฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฮฟแฝฯสผ แผฯฮนฯฯฮตฮฏฯฮฑฯยท แผฯฮฟฯฮฝฮฏฮพฮฑฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮฟฮดฮตฮฏฯฮฑฯ ฯฯฮญฯฮตฯฮฑฮน ฯฯแฝธฯ แผฯฮทฯฮนฮฝ. 4.61. ฯแฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮณแฟฯ ฯแฟฯ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮนฮบแฟฯ ฮฑแผฐฮฝแฟถฯ แผฮพฯฮปฮฟฯ
แผฮฟฯฯฮทฯ แฝงฮดฮต ฯฯฮน แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฮทฯฮนฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮบฯฮตแฟถฮฝ แผฮพฮตฯฯฮทฯฮฑฮนยท แผฯฮตฮนฮดแฝฐฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮดฮตฮฏฯฯฯฮน ฯแฝฐ แผฑฯฮฎฮนฮฑ, ฮณฯ
ฮผฮฝฮฟแฟฆฯฮน ฯแฝฐ แฝฯฯฮญฮฑ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮบฯฮตแฟถฮฝ, แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฑ แผฯฮฒฮฌฮปฮปฮฟฯ
ฯฮน, แผขฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฯฯฯฯฮน แผฯฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ, แผฯ ฮปฮญฮฒฮทฯฮฑฯ แผฯฮนฯฯฯฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯ, ฮผฮฌฮปฮนฯฯฮฑ ฮฮตฯฮฒฮฏฮฟฮนฯฮน ฮบฯฮทฯแฟฯฯฮน ฯฯฮฟฯฮตฮนฮบฮญฮปฮฟฯ
ฯ, ฯฯฯแฝถฯ แผข แฝ
ฯฮน ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฟท ฮผฮญฮถฮฟฮฝฮฑฯยท แผฯ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฯฮฒฮฌฮปฮปฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แฝฯฮฟฮบฮฑฮฏฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯแฝฐ แฝฯฯฮญฮฑ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฑฯฮทฮฏฯฮฝ. แผขฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮผฮฎ ฯฯฮน ฯฮฑฯแฟ, แฝ ฮปฮญฮฒฮทฯ, ฮฟแผณ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯ ฯแฝฐฯ ฮณฮฑฯฯฮญฯฮฑฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฑฯฮทฮฏฯฮฝ แผฯฮฒฮฌฮปฮปฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯแฝฐ ฮบฯฮญฮฑ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮผฮฏฮพฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ แฝฮดฯฯ แฝฯฮฟฮบฮฑฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯแฝฐ แฝฯฯฮญฮฑยท ฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแผดฮธฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮบฮฌฮปฮปฮนฯฯฮฑ, ฮฑแผฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฮณฮฑฯฯฮญฯฮตฯ ฯฯฯฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮตแฝฯฮตฯฮญฯฯ ฯแฝฐ ฮบฯฮญฮฑ แผฯฮนฮปฯฮผฮญฮฝฮฑ ฯแฟถฮฝ แฝฯฯฮญฯฮฝยท ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฮฒฮฟแฟฆฯ ฯฮต แผฯฯ
ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฮพฮญฯฮตฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแผฮปฮปฮฑ แผฑฯฮฎฮนฮฑ แผฯฯ
ฯแฝธ แผฮบฮฑฯฯฮฟฮฝ. แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮทฮธแฟ ฯแฝฐ ฮบฯฮญฮฑ, แฝ ฮธฯฯฮฑฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮบฯฮตแฟถฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฯฮปฮฌฮณฯฮฝฯฮฝ แผฯฮฑฯฮพฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ แฟฅฮฏฯฯฮตฮน แผฯ ฯแฝธ แผฮผฯฯฮฟฯฮธฮต. ฮธฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝฐ แผฮปฮปฮฑ ฯฯฯฮฒฮฑฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผตฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮผฮฌฮปฮนฯฯฮฑ. 4.62. ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด แผฮปฮปฮฟฮนฯฮน ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮธฮตแฟถฮฝ ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฮธฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮบฯฮทฮฝฮญฯฮฝ, ฯแฟท ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮตฯ แฝงฮดฮต. ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฮฝฮฟฮผฮฟแฝบฯ แผฮบฮฌฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฯฯฮญฯฮฝ แผฯฮฏฮดฯฯ
ฯฮฑฮน ฯฯฮน แผฯฮตฮฟฯ แผฑฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฯฮฝฮดฮต ฯฯฯ
ฮณฮฌฮฝฯฮฝ ฯฮฌฮบฮตฮปฮฟฮน ฯฯ
ฮฝฮฝฮตฮฝฮญฮฑฯฮฑฮน แฝ
ฯฮฟฮฝ ฯสผ แผฯแฝถ ฯฯฮฑฮดฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฯฮตแฟฯ ฮผแฟฮบฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮตแฝฯฮฟฯ, แฝฯฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮปฮฑฯฯฮฟฮฝยท แผฮฝฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮตฯฯฮฌฮณฯฮฝฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮตฮดฮฟฮฝ ฯฮตฯฮฟฮฏฮทฯฮฑฮน, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝฐ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฯฮฏฮฑ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮบฯฮปฯฮฝ แผฯฯแฝถ แผฯฯฯฮฟฮผฮฑ, ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฝธ แผฮฝ แผฯฮนฮฒฮฑฯฯฮฝ. แผฯฮตฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮบฮฌฯฯฮฟฯ
แผฮผฮฌฮพฮฑฯ ฯฮตฮฝฯฮฎฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮบฮฑฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฮนฮฝฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯฯฯ
ฮณฮฌฮฝฯฮฝยท แฝฯฮฟฮฝฮฟฯฯฮญฮตฮน ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮดแฝด ฮฑแผฐฮตแฝถ แฝฯแฝธ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮตฮนฮผฯฮฝฯฮฝ. แผฯแฝถ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮดแฝด ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮทฮบฮฟแฟฆ แผฮบฮนฮฝฮฌฮบฮทฯ ฯฮนฮดฮฎฯฮตฮฟฯ แผตฮดฯฯ
ฯฮฑฮน แผฯฯฮฑแฟฮฟฯ แผฮบฮฌฯฯฮฟฮนฯฮน, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯสผ แผฯฯแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฯฮตฮฟฯ ฯแฝธ แผฮณฮฑฮปฮผฮฑ. ฯฮฟฯฯแฟณ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟท แผฮบฮนฮฝฮฌฮบแฟ ฮธฯ
ฯฮฏฮฑฯ แผฯฮตฯฮตฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฯฮฟฯฮฌฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯฯฮฟฮฒฮฌฯฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผตฯฯฯฮฝ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดแฝด ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮนฮดสผ แผฯฮน ฯฮปฮญฯ ฮธฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผข ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฮปฮปฮฟฮนฯฮน ฮธฮตฮฟแฟฯฮนยท แฝ
ฯฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฟฮปฮตฮผฮฏฯฮฝ ฮถฯฮณฯฮฎฯฯฯฮน, แผฯแฝธ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮบฮฑฯแฝธฮฝ แผฮฝฮดฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮฝฮดฯฮฑ ฮธฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯฯฯฯแฟณ ฮฟแฝ ฯแฟท ฮฑแฝฯแฟท ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝฐ ฯฯฯฮฒฮฑฯฮฑ, แผฮปฮปสผ แผฯฮตฯฮฟฮฏแฟณ. แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮฟแผถฮฝฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮนฯฯฮตฮฏฯฯฯฮน ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮบฮตฯฮฑฮปฮญฯฮฝ, แผฯฮฟฯฯฮฌฮถฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฯ แผฮณฮณฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฑ แผฮฝฮตฮฝฮตฮฏฮบฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฮฝฯ แผฯแฝถ ฯแฝธฮฝ แฝฮณฮบฮฟฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฯฯ
ฮณฮฌฮฝฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯแฝธ ฮฑแผทฮผฮฑ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฮบฮนฮฝฮฌฮบฮตฯ. แผฮฝฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฯฮฟฯฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ, ฮบฮฌฯฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯแฝธ แผฑฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮตแฟฆฯฮน ฯฮฌฮดฮตยท ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฯฮฟฯฯฮฑฮณฮญฮฝฯฯฮฝ แผฮฝฮดฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮดฮตฮพฮนฮฟแฝบฯ แฝคฮผฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮฑฯ แผฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผฯฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯแฝบฮฝ ฯแฟฯฮน ฯฮตฯฯแฝถ แผฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผ ฮญฯฮฑ แผฑฮตแฟฯฮน, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝฐ แผฮปฮปฮฑ แผฯฮญฯฮพฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฑฯฮฎฮนฮฑ แผฯฮฑฮปฮปฮฌฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน. ฯฮตแฝถฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟ แผฮฝ ฯฮญฯแฟ ฮบฮญฮตฯฮฑฮน, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฯแฝถฯ แฝ ฮฝฮตฮบฯฯฯ. 4.63. ฮธฯ
ฯฮฏฮฑฮน ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯฮฑฮฏ ฯฯฮน ฮบฮฑฯฮตฯฯแพถฯฮน. แฝฯแฝถ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒฮฝ ฮฝฮฟฮผฮฏฮถฮฟฯ
ฯฮน, ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒ ฯฯฮญฯฮตฮนฮฝ แผฮฝ ฯแฟ ฯฯฯแฟ ฯแฝธ ฯฮฑฯฮฌฯฮฑฮฝ ฮธฮญฮปฮฟฯ
ฯฮน. 4.64. ฯแฝฐ ฮดสผ แผฯ ฯฯฮปฮตฮผฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ แฝงฮดฮญ ฯฯฮน ฮดฮนฮฑฮบฮญฮฑฯฮฑฮนยท แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฯแฟถฯฮฟฮฝ แผฮฝฮดฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮฒฮฌฮปแฟ แผฮฝแฝดฯ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮทฯ, ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฑแผตฮผฮฑฯฮฟฯ แผฮผฯฮฏฮฝฮตฮน, แฝ
ฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮดสผ แผฮฝ ฯฮฟฮฝฮตฯฯแฟ แผฮฝ ฯแฟ ฮผฮฌฯแฟ, ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฯแฝฐฯ ฮบฮตฯฮฑฮปแฝฐฯ แผฯฮฟฯฮญฯฮตฮน ฯแฟท ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮน. แผฯฮตฮฝฮตฮฏฮบฮฑฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮบฮตฯฮฑฮปแฝดฮฝ ฯแฟฯ ฮปฮทฮฏฮทฯ ฮผฮตฯฮฑฮปฮฑฮผฮฒฮฌฮฝฮตฮน ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฮฝ ฮปฮฌฮฒฯฯฮน, ฮผแฝด แผฮฝฮตฮฏฮบฮฑฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแฝ. แผฯฮฟฮดฮตฮฏฯฮตฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฯฯฯแฟณ ฯฮฟฮนแฟทฮดฮตยท ฯฮตฯฮนฯฮฑฮผแฝผฮฝ ฮบฯฮบฮปแฟณ ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฯแฝฐ แฝฆฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮปฮฑฮฒฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฯแฟฯ ฮบฮตฯฮฑฮปแฟฯ แผฮบฯฮตฮฏฮตฮน, ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฑฯฮบฮฏฯฮฑฯ ฮฒฮฟแฝธฯ ฯฮปฮตฯ
ฯแฟ ฮดฮญฯฮตฮน ฯแฟฯฮน ฯฮตฯฯฮฏ, แฝฯฮณฮฌฯฮฑฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธ แผ
ฯฮต ฯฮตฮนฯฯฮผฮฑฮบฯฯฮฟฮฝ แผฮบฯฮทฯฮฑฮน, แผฮบ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฑฮปฮนฮฝแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผตฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฯ แผฮปฮฑฯฮฝฮตฮน, แผฮบ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
แผฮพฮฌฯฯฮตฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮณฮฌฮปฮปฮตฯฮฑฮนยท แฝฯ ฮณแฝฐฯ แผฮฝ ฯฮปฮตแฟฯฯฮฑ ฮดฮญฯฮผฮฑฯฮฑ ฯฮตฮนฯฯฮผฮฑฮบฯฯฮฑ แผฯแฟ, แผฮฝแฝดฯ แผฯฮนฯฯฮฟฯ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฯ ฮบฮญฮบฯฮนฯฮฑฮน. ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฟแฝถ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮบ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮดฮตฯฮผฮฌฯฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮปฮฑฮฏฮฝฮฑฯ แผฯฮตฮฏฮฝฯ
ฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฮฟฮนฮตแฟฆฯฮน, ฯฯ
ฯฯฮฌฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮฌ ฯฮตฯ ฮฒฮฑฮฏฯฮฑฯ. ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฟแฝถ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮฝฮดฯแฟถฮฝ แผฯฮธฯแฟถฮฝ ฯแฝฐฯ ฮดฮตฮพฮนแฝฐฯ ฯฮตแฟฯฮฑฯ ฮฝฮตฮบฯแฟถฮฝ แผฯฮฝฯฯฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮดฮตฮฏฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แฝฮฝฯ
ฮพฮน ฮบฮฑฮปฯฯฯฯฮฑฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮตฯฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮตแฟฆฮฝฯฮฑฮน. ฮดฮญฯฮผฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฑฯแฝบ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮปฮฑฮผฯฯแฝธฮฝ แผฆฮฝ แผฯฮฑ, ฯฯฮตฮดแฝธฮฝ ฮดฮตฯฮผฮฌฯฯฮฝ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฮปฮฑฮผฯฯฯฯฮฑฯฮฟฮฝ ฮปฮตฯ
ฮบฯฯฮทฯฮน. ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฟแฝถ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝ
ฮปฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฮฝฮดฯฮฑฯ แผฮบฮดฮตฮฏฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดฮนฮฑฯฮตฮฏฮฝฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฯแฝถ ฮพฯฮปฯฮฝ แผฯสผ แผตฯฯฯฮฝ ฯฮตฯฮนฯฮญฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน. 4.65. ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฯฯฮน ฮฝฮตฮฝฯฮผฮนฯฯฮฑฮน, ฮฑแฝฯแฝฐฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฝฐฯ ฮบฮตฯฮฑฮปฮฌฯ, ฮฟแฝฯฮน ฯฮฌฮฝฯฯฮฝ แผฮปฮปแฝฐ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฯฮธฮฏฯฯฯฮฝ, ฯฮฟฮนฮตแฟฆฯฮน ฯฮฌฮดฮตยท แผฯฮฟฯฯฮฏฯฮฑฯ แผฮบฮฑฯฯฮฟฯ ฯแพถฮฝ ฯแฝธ แผฮฝฮตฯฮธฮต ฯแฟถฮฝ แฝฯฯฯฯฮฝ แผฮบฮบฮฑฮธฮฑฮฏฯฮตฮนยท ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผขฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แพ ฯฮญฮฝฮทฯ, แฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮพฯฮธฮตฮฝ แฝ ฮผฮฟฮฒฮฟฮญฮทฮฝ ฮผฮฟฯฮฝฮทฮฝ ฯฮตฯฮนฯฮตฮฏฮฝฮฑฯ ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฯฯแพถฯฮฑฮน, แผขฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แพ ฯฮปฮฟฯฯฮนฮฟฯ, ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แฝ ฮผฮฟฮฒฮฟฮญฮทฮฝ ฯฮตฯฮนฯฮตฮฏฮฝฮตฮน, แผฯฯฮธฮตฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฯฯ
ฯฯฯฮฑฯ ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฯฯแพถฯฮฑฮน ฯฮฟฯฮทฯฮฏแฟณ. ฯฮฟฮนฮตแฟฆฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮบ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮทฮฏฯฮฝ แผคฮฝ ฯฯฮน ฮดฮนฮฌฯฮฟฯฮฟฮน ฮณฮญฮฝฯฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผขฮฝ แผฯฮนฮบฯฮฑฯฮฎฯแฟ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯแฟท ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮน, ฮพฮตฮฏฮฝฯฮฝ ฮดฮญ ฮฟแผฑ แผฮปฮธฯฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮฝ ฮปฯฮณฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮญฮทฯฮฑฮน, ฯแฝฐฯ ฮบฮตฯฮฑฮปแฝฐฯ ฯฮฑฯฯฮฑฯ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฯฮญฯฮตฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮนฮปฮญฮณฮตฮน แฝกฯ ฮฟแผฑ แผฯฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮฎฮนฮฟฮน ฯฯฮปฮตฮผฮฟฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฯฮตฮธฮฎฮบฮฑฮฝฯฮฟ ฮบฮฑฮฏ ฯฯฮตฯฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฯ แผฯฮตฮบฯฮฌฯฮทฯฮต, ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฮฝ แผฮฝฮดฯฮฑฮณฮฑฮธฮฏฮทฮฝ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ. 4.66. แผ
ฯฮฑฮพ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฮฝฮนฮฑฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฮบฮฌฯฯฮฟฯ
แฝ ฮฝฮฟฮผฮฌฯฯฮทฯ แผฮบฮฑฯฯฮฟฯ แผฮฝ ฯแฟท แผฯฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฝฮฟฮผแฟท ฮบฮนฯฮฝแพท ฮบฯฮทฯแฟฯฮฑ ฮฟแผดฮฝฮฟฯ
, แผฯสผ ฮฟแฝ ฯฮฏฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฮฝ แผฮฝฮดฯฮตฯ ฯฮฟฮปฮญฮผฮนฮฟฮน แผฯฮฑฮนฯฮทฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฮน แผฯฯฮน. ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮดสผ แผฮฝ ฮผแฝด ฮบฮฑฯฮตฯฮณฮฑฯฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฮฝ แพ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ, ฮฟแฝ ฮณฮตฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฟแผดฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
, แผฮปฮปสผ แผ ฯฮนฮผฯฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฮน แผฯฮฟฮบฮฑฯฮญฮฑฯฮฑฮนยท แฝฮฝฮตฮนฮดฮฟฯ ฮดฮญ ฯฯฮน แผฯฯแฝถ ฮผฮญฮณฮนฯฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ. แฝ
ฯฮฟฮน ฮดแฝฒ แผฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮบฮฌฯฯฮฑ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฟแฝบฯ แผฮฝฮดฯฮฑฯ แผฯฮฑฮนฯฮทฮบฯฯฮตฯ แผฯฯฮน, ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯฮฝฮดฯ
ฮฟ ฮบฯฮปฮนฮบฮฑฯ แผฯฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯฮฏฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แฝฮผฮฟแฟฆ. 4.67. ฮผฮฌฮฝฯฮนฮตฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ ฮตแผฐฯแฝถ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฟฮฏ, ฮฟแผณ ฮผฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน แฟฅฮฌฮฒฮดฮฟฮนฯฮน แผฐฯฮตฮฮฝแฟฯฮน ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฟฯฮน แฝงฮดฮตยท แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฯฮฑฮบฮญฮปฮฟฯ
ฯ แฟฅฮฌฮฒฮดฯฮฝ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฮฝฮตฮฏฮบฯฮฝฯฮฑฮน, ฮธฮญฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯฮฑฮผฮฑแฝถ ฮดฮนฮตฮพฮตฮนฮปฮฏฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฑแฝฯฮฟฯฯ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯแฝถ ฮผฮฏฮฑฮฝ แผฮบฮฌฯฯฮทฮฝ แฟฅฮฌฮฒฮดฮฟฮฝ ฯฮนฮธฮญฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮธฮตฯฯฮฏฮถฮฟฯ
ฯฮน, แผ
ฮผฮฑ ฯฮต ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฯฯ
ฮฝฮตฮนฮปฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯแฝฐฯ แฟฅฮฌฮฒฮดฮฟฯ
ฯ แฝฯฮฏฯฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฑแฝฯฮนฯ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฮผฮฏฮฑฮฝ ฯฯ
ฮฝฯฮนฮธฮตแฟฯฮน. ฮฑแฝฯฮท ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฯฮน แผก ฮผฮฑฮฝฯฮนฮบแฝด ฯฮฑฯฯฯฮฏฮท แผฯฯฮฏ. ฮฟแผฑ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮฝฮฌฯฮตฮตฯ ฮฟแผฑ แผฮฝฮดฯฯฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฟฮน ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฯฮฟฮดฮฏฯฮทฮฝ ฯฯฮฏฯฮน ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮผฮฑฮฝฯฮนฮบแฝดฮฝ ฮดฮฟแฟฆฮฝฮฑฮนยท ฯฮนฮปฯฯฮทฯ ฮดสผ แฝงฮฝ ฯฮปฮฟฮนแฟท ฮผฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮนยท แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฮนฮปฯฯฮทฮฝ ฯฯฮฏฯฮฑ ฯฯฮฏฯแฟ, ฮดฮนฮฑฯฮปฮญฮบฯฮฝ แผฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮดฮฑฮบฯฯฮปฮฟฮนฯฮน ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฯฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดฮนฮฑฮปฯฯฮฝ ฯฯแพท. 4.68. แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตแฝบฯ แฝ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ ฮบฮฌฮผแฟ, ฮผฮตฯฮฑฯฮญฮผฯฮตฯฮฑฮน ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮผฮฑฮฝฯฮฏฯฮฝ แผฮฝฮดฯฮฑฯ ฯฯฮตแฟฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮตแฝฮดฮฟฮบฮนฮผฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฮผฮฌฮปฮนฯฯฮฑ, ฮฟแผณ ฯฯฯฯแฟณ ฯแฟท ฮตแผฐฯฮทฮผฮญฮฝแฟณ ฮผฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮนยท ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน แฝกฯ ฯแฝธ แผฯฮฏฯฮฑฮฝ ฮผฮฌฮปฮนฯฯฮฑ ฯฮฌฮดฮต, แฝกฯ ฯแฝฐฯ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮทฮฏฮฑฯ แผฑฯฯฮฏฮฑฯ แผฯฮนฯฯฮบฮทฮบฮต แฝฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝ
ฯ, ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฯฯแฟถฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฮปฮญฮณฯฯฮน. ฯแฝฐฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮทฮฏฮฑฯ แผฑฯฯฮฏฮฑฯ ฮฝฯฮผฮฟฯ ฮฃฮบฯฮธแฟฯฮน ฯแฝฐ ฮผฮฌฮปฮนฯฯฮฑ แผฯฯแฝถ แฝฮผฮฝฯฮฝฮฑฮน ฯฯฯฮต แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮผฮญฮณฮนฯฯฮฟฮฝ แฝ
ฯฮบฮฟฮฝ แผฮธฮญฮปฯฯฮน แฝฮผฮฝฯฮฝฮฑฮน. ฮฑแฝฯฮฏฮบฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฮดฮนฮฑฮปฮตฮปฮฑฮผฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ แผฮณฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฯแฟถฯฮน แผฯฮนฮฟฯฮบแฟฯฮฑฮน, แผฯฮนฮณฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮปฮญฮณฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฟแผฑ ฮผฮฌฮฝฯฮนฮตฯ แฝกฯ แผฯฮนฮฟฯฮบฮฎฯฮฑฯ ฯฮฑฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮฑฮน แผฮฝ ฯแฟ ฮผฮฑฮฝฯฮนฮบแฟ ฯแฝฐฯ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮทฮฏฮฑฯ แผฑฯฯฮฏฮฑฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ แผฮปฮณฮญฮตฮน แฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตฯฯยท แฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮฝฮญฮตฯฮฑฮน, ฮฟแฝ ฯฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ แผฯฮนฮฟฯฮบแฟฯฮฑฮน, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดฮตฮนฮฝฮฟฮปฮฟฮณฮญฮตฯฮฑฮน. แผฯฮฝฮตฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
แฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตแฝบฯ ฮผฮตฯฮฑฯฮญฮผฯฮตฯฮฑฮน แผฮปฮปฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮดฮนฯฮปฮทฯฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮผฮฌฮฝฯฮนฮฑฯยท ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผขฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน แผฯฮฟฯแฟถฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮผฮฑฮฝฯฮนฮบแฝดฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮดฮฎฯฯฯฮน แผฯฮนฮฟฯฮบแฟฯฮฑฮน, ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮดแฝฒ แผฐฮธฮญฯฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮบฮตฯฮฑฮปแฝดฮฝ แผฯฮฟฯฮฌฮผฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮน, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝฐ ฯฯฮฎฮผฮฑฯฮฑ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮดฮนฮฑฮปฮฑฮณฯฮฌฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฟแผฑ ฯฯแฟถฯฮฟฮน ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮผฮฑฮฝฯฮฏฯฮฝยท แผขฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแผฑ แผฯฮตฮปฮธฯฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮผฮฌฮฝฯฮนฮตฯ แผฯฮฟฮปฯฯฯฯฮน, แผฮปฮปฮฟฮน ฯฮฌฯฮตฮนฯฮน ฮผฮฌฮฝฯฮนฮตฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮผฮฌฮปฮฑ แผฮปฮปฮฟฮน. แผขฮฝ แฝฆฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ ฯฮปฮตแฟฆฮฝฮตฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮปฯฯฯฯฮน, ฮดฮญฮดฮฟฮบฯฮฑฮน ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฯฯฯฯฮฟฮนฯฮน ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮผฮฑฮฝฯฮฏฯฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฯฯฮปฮปฯ
ฯฮธฮฑฮน. 4.69. แผฯฮฟฮปฮปแฟฆฯฮน ฮดแฟฯฮฑ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฯฯฯแฟณ ฯฮฟฮนแฟทฮดฮตยท แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ แผ
ฮผฮฑฮพฮฑฮฝ ฯฯฯ
ฮณฮฌฮฝฯฮฝ ฯฮปฮฎฯฯฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝฯฮฟฮถฮตฯฮพฯฯฮน ฮฒฮฟแฟฆฯ, แผฮผฯฮฟฮดฮฏฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮผฮฌฮฝฯฮนฮฑฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮตแฟฯฮฑฯ แฝฯฮฏฯฯ ฮดฮฎฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฮฟฮผฯฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮตฯฮณฮฝแฟฆฯฮน แผฯ ฮผฮญฯฮฑ ฯแฝฐ ฯฯฯฮณฮฑฮฝฮฑ, แฝฯฮฟฯฯฮฎฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯแฝฐ แผฯฮนฮตแฟฯฮน ฯฮฟฮฒฮฎฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮฒฮฟแฟฆฯ. ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฟแฝถ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฯฯ
ฮณฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮบฮฑฮฏฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮผฮฌฮฝฯฮนฯฮน ฮฒฯฮตฯ, ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฟแฝถ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮตฯฮนฮบฮตฮบฮฑฯ
ฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฮน แผฯฮฟฯฮตฯฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน, แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ แฝ แฟฅฯ
ฮผแฝธฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮบฮฑฯ
ฮธแฟ. ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮบฮฑฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯฯฯแฟณ ฯแฟท ฮตแผฐฯฮทฮผฮญฮฝฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดฮนสผ แผฮปฮปฮฑฯ ฮฑแผฐฯฮฏฮฑฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮผฮฌฮฝฯฮนฮฑฯ, ฯฮตฯ
ฮดฮฟฮผฮฌฮฝฯฮนฮฑฯ ฮบฮฑฮปฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ. ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮดสผ แผฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮบฯฮตฮฏฮฝแฟ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตฯฯ, ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฮฑแฟฮดฮฑฯ ฮปฮตฮฏฯฮตฮน, แผฮปฮปแฝฐ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮฑ ฯแฝฐ แผฯฯฮตฮฝฮฑ ฮบฯฮตฮฏฮฝฮตฮน, ฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฮธฮฎฮปฮตฮฑ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฮดฮนฮบฮญฮตฮน. 4.70. แฝ
ฯฮบฮนฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฮนฮตแฟฆฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน แฝงฮดฮต ฯฯแฝธฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮญฯฮฝฯฮฑฮนยท แผฯ ฮบฯฮปฮนฮบฮฑ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮทฮฝ ฮบฮตฯฮฑฮผฮฏฮฝฮทฮฝ ฮฟแผถฮฝฮฟฮฝ แผฮณฯฮญฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮฑแผทฮผฮฑ ฯฯ
ฮผฮผฮฏฯฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯแฝธ แฝ
ฯฮบฮนฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฑฮผฮฝฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฯฮฝ, ฯฯฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ แฝฯฮญฮฑฯฮน แผก แผฯฮนฯฮฑฮผฯฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮผฮฑฯฮฑฮฏฯแฟ ฯฮผฮนฮบฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฯฮผฮฑฯฮฟฯ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฑ แผฯฮฟฮฒฮฌฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮบฯฮปฮนฮบฮฑ แผฮบฮนฮฝฮฌฮบฮทฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝฮนฯฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฌฮณฮฑฯฮนฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮบฯฮฝฯฮนฮฟฮฝยท แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฯฮฟฮนฮฎฯฯฯฮน, ฮบฮฑฯฮตฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฝฐ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฑ แผฯฮฟฯฮฏฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฑแฝฯฮฟฮฏ ฯฮต ฮฟแผฑ ฯแฝธ แฝ
ฯฮบฮนฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮตฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฯฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ ฯฮปฮตฮฏฯฯฮฟฯ
แผฮพฮนฮฟฮน. 4.71. ฯฮฑฯฮฑแฝถ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฯฮฝ แผฮฝ ฮฮญฯฯฮฟฮนฯฮน ฮตแผฐฯแฝถ แผฯ แฝ แฝ ฮฮฟฯฯ
ฯฮธฮญฮฝฮทฯ แผฯฯแฝถ ฯฯฮฟฯฯฮปฯฯฯฯยท 1 แผฮฝฮธฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ, แผฯฮตฮฌฮฝ ฯฯฮน แผฯฮฟฮธฮฌฮฝแฟ แฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตฯฯ, แฝฯฯ
ฮณฮผฮฑ ฮณแฟฯ ฮผฮญฮณฮฑ แฝฯฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯฮตฯฯฮฌฮณฯฮฝฮฟฮฝ, แผฯฮฟฮนฮผฮฟฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฯฮฟฮนฮฎฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฮฝฮฑฮปฮฑฮผฮฒฮฌฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฝฮตฮบฯฯฮฝ, ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮบฮตฮบฮทฯฯฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯแฝธ ฯแฟถฮผฮฑ, ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฝฮทฮดแฝบฮฝ แผฮฝฮฑฯฯฮนฯฮธฮตแฟฯฮฑฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮบฮฑฮธฮฑฯฮธฮตแฟฯฮฑฮฝ, ฯฮปฮญฮทฮฝ ฮบฯ
ฯฮญฯฮฟฯ
ฮบฮตฮบฮฟฮผฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮธฯ
ฮผฮนฮฎฮผฮฑฯฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮตฮปฮฏฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฯฮญฯฮผฮฑฯฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮฝฮฝฮฎฯฮฟฯ
, ฯฯ
ฮฝฮตฯฯฮฑฮผฮผฮญฮฝฮทฮฝ แฝฯฮฏฯฯ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮบฮฟฮผฮฏฮถฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผฮฝ แผฮผฮฌฮพแฟ แผฯ แผฮปฮปฮฟ แผฮธฮฝฮฟฯ. ฮฟแผณ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮดฮญฮพฯฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฮบฮฟฮผฮนฯฮธฮญฮฝฯฮฑ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฝฮตฮบฯฯฮฝ, ฯฮฟฮนฮตแฟฆฯฮน ฯฮฌ ฯฮตฯ ฮฟแผฑ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮฎฮนฮฟฮน ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮนยท ฯฮฟแฟฆ แฝ ฯแฝธฯ แผฯฮฟฯฮฌฮผฮฝฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน, ฯฯฮฏฯฮฑฯ ฯฮตฯฮนฮบฮตฮฏฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน, ฮฒฯฮฑฯฮฏฮฟฮฝฮฑฯ ฯฮตฯฮนฯฮฌฮผฮฝฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน, ฮผฮญฯฯฯฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฟฅแฟฮฝฮฑ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮผฯฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน, ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฯแฟฯ แผฯฮนฯฯฮตฯแฟฯ ฯฮตฮนฯแฝธฯ แฝฮนฯฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮดฮนฮฑฮฒฯ
ฮฝฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน. แผฮฝฮธฮตแฟฆฯฮตฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฟฮผฮฏฮถฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผฮฝ ฯแฟ แผฮผฮฌฮพแฟ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮฟฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฝฮญฮบฯ
ฮฝ แผฯ แผฮปฮปฮฟ แผฮธฮฝฮฟฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮนยท ฮฟแผณ ฮดฮญ ฯฯฮน แผฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน แผฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฯฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ แผฆฮปฮธฮฟฮฝ. แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฯฮตฯฮนฮญฮปฮธฯฯฮน ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฝฮญฮบฯ
ฮฝ ฮบฮฟฮผฮฏฮถฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ, แผฮฝ ฯฮต ฮฮญฯฯฮฟฮนฯฮน แผฯฯฮฑฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑฯฮฟฮนฮบฮทฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฮนฯฮน ฮตแผฐฯแฝถ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮธฮฝฮญฯฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮฝ ฯแฟฯฮน ฯฮฑฯแฟฯฮน. ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฑ, แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฮธฮญฯฯฮน ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฝฮญฮบฯ
ฮฝ แผฮฝ ฯแฟฯฮน ฮธฮฎฮบแฟฯฮน แผฯแฝถ ฯฯฮนฮฒฮฌฮดฮฟฯ, ฯฮฑฯฮฑฯฮฎฮพฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮฑแผฐฯฮผแฝฐฯ แผฮฝฮธฮตฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮฝฮธฮตฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฝฮตฮบฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮพฯฮปฮฑ แฝฯฮตฯฯฮตฮฏฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฑ แฟฅฮนฯแฝถ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฯฮตฮณฮฌฮถฮฟฯ
ฯฮน, แผฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟ ฮปฮฟฮนฯแฟ ฮตแฝฯฯ
ฯฯฯฮฏแฟ ฯแฟฯ ฮธฮฎฮบฮทฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฑฮปฮปฮฑฮบฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮต ฮผฮฏฮฑฮฝ แผฯฮฟฯฮฝฮฏฮพฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮธฮฌฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฟแผฐฮฝฮฟฯฯฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮผฮฌฮณฮตฮนฯฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฑฯฯฮฟฮบฯฮผฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดฮนฮฎฮบฮฟฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮณฮณฮตฮปฮนฮทฯฯฯฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผตฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮปฮปฯฮฝ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฯฮฝ แผฯฮฑฯฯแฝฐฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮนฮฌฮปฮฑฯ ฯฯฯ
ฯฮญฮฑฯยท แผฯฮณฯฯแฟณ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒฮฝ ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฑฮปฮบแฟท ฯฯฮญฯฮฝฯฮฑฮน. ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฮนฮฎฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮน ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯแฟถฮผฮฑ ฮผฮญฮณฮฑ, แผฮผฮนฮปฮปฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฮฟฮธฯ
ฮผฮตฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน แฝกฯ ฮผฮญฮณฮนฯฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนแฟฯฮฑฮน. 4.72. แผฮฝฮนฮฑฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮตฯฮนฯฮตฯฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฮฑแฝฯฮนฯ ฯฮฟฮนฮตแฟฆฯฮน ฯฮฟฮนฯฮฝฮดฮตยท ฮปฮฑฮฒฯฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮปฮฟฮนฯแฟถฮฝ ฮธฮตฯฮฑฯฯฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฯฮนฯฮทฮดฮตฮฟฯฮฌฯฮฟฯ
ฯ สฝฮฟแผณ ฮดแฝฒ ฮตแผฐฯแฝถ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฮณฮณฮตฮฝฮญฮตฯยท ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮธฮตฯฮฑฯฮตฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฯ แฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตแฝบฯ ฮบฮตฮปฮตฯฯแฟ แผฯฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฝฮทฯฮฟฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแฝฮบ ฮตแผฐฯฮฏ ฯฯฮน ฮธฮตฯฮฌฯฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯฬ, ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ แฝฆฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮดฮนฮทฮบฯฮฝฯฮฝ แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ แผฯฮฟฯฮฝฮฏฮพฯฯฮน ฯฮตฮฝฯฮฎฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผตฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮบฮฑฮปฮปฮฏฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮตฮฝฯฮฎฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ, แผฮพฮตฮปฯฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮบฮฟฮนฮปฮฏฮทฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮบฮฑฮธฮฎฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฮผฯฮนฯฮปแพถฯฮน แผฯฯฯฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯ
ฯฯฮฌฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน. แผฯแฟฮดฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฅฮผฮนฯฯ
แผฯแฝถ ฮดฯฮฟ ฮพฯฮปฮฑ ฯฯฮฎฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ แฝฯฯฮนฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธ แผฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ แผฅฮผฮนฯฯ
ฯแฟฯ แผฯแฟฮดฮฟฯ แผฯสผ แผฯฮตฯฮฑ ฮดฯฮฟ, ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฮฎฮพฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯฯฯฯแฟณ ฯฮฟฮนฮฟฯฯแฟณ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฝฐ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ, แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฑ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผตฯฯฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯแฝฐ ฮผฮฎฮบฮตฮฑ ฮพฯฮปฮฑ ฯฮฑฯฮญฮฑ ฮดฮนฮตฮปฮฌฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮผฮญฯฯฮน ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฯฮฑฯฮฎฮปฯฮฝ แผฮฝฮฑฮฒฮนฮฒฮฌฮถฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฯแฝถ ฯแฝฐฯ แผฯแฟฮดฮฑฯยท ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแผฑ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฯฯฯฮตฯฮฑฮน แผฯแฟฮดฮตฯ แฝฯฮญฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แฝคฮผฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผตฯฯฯฮฝ, ฮฑแผฑ ฮดแฝฒ แฝฯฮนฯฮธฮต ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮผฮทฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯแฝฐฯ ฮณฮฑฯฯฮญฯฮฑฯ แฝฯฮฟฮปฮฑฮผฮฒฮฌฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮนยท ฯฮบฮญฮปฮตฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮผฯฯฯฮตฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮบฯฮญฮผฮฑฯฮฑฮน ฮผฮตฯฮญฯฯฮฑ. ฯฮฑฮปฮนฮฝฮฟแฝบฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฯฮผฮนฮฑ แผฮผฮฒฮฑฮปฯฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผตฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฮตฮฏฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผฯ ฯแฝธ ฯฯฯฯฮธฮต ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฑ แผฮบ ฯฮฑฯฯฮฌฮปฯฮฝ ฮดฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน. ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮดแฝด ฮฝฮตฮทฮฝฮฏฯฮบฯฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฯฮฟฯฮตฯฮฝฮนฮณฮผฮญฮฝฯฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮตฮฝฯฮฎฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ แผฮฝฮฑ แผฮบฮฑฯฯฮฟฮฝ แผฮฝฮฑฮฒฮนฮฒฮฌฮถฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผฯแฝถ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผตฯฯฮฟฮฝ, แฝงฮดฮต แผฮฝฮฑฮฒฮนฮฒฮฌฮถฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ, แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฮฝฮตฮบฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฮบฮฌฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฮบฮฑฮฝฮธฮฑฮฝ ฮพฯฮปฮฟฮฝ แฝฯฮธแฝธฮฝ ฮดฮนฮตฮปฮฌฯฯฯฮน ฮผฮญฯฯฮน ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฯฮฑฯฮฎฮปฮฟฯ
ยท ฮบฮฌฯฯฮธฮตฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แฝฯฮตฯฮญฯฮตฮน ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮพฯฮปฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯแฝธ แผฯ ฯฯฯฮผฮฟฮฝ ฯฮทฮณฮฝฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฯฮญฯฮฟฯ
ฮพฯฮปฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผตฯฯฮฟฯ
. แผฯฮนฯฯฮฎฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฯฮบฮปแฟณ ฯแฝธ ฯแฟฮผฮฑ แผฑฯฯฮญฮฑฯ ฯฮฟฮนฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฯฮตฮปฮฑฯฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮน. 4.73. ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮฑฯ ฮธฮฌฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮนยท ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮปฮปฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฯ, แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮธฮฌฮฝฯฯฮน, ฯฮตฯฮนฮฌฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฟแผฑ แผฮณฯฮฟฯฮฌฯฯ ฯฯฮฟฯฮฎฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฮฏฮปฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฮฝ แผฮผฮฌฮพแฟฯฮน ฮบฮตฮนฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ. ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮบฮฑฯฯฮฟฯ แฝฯฮฟฮดฮตฮบฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฮตแฝฯฯฮญฮตฮน ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฯฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟท ฮฝฮตฮบฯแฟท แผฯฮฌฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฯฮปฮทฯฮฏฯฯ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฯฮฏฮธฮทฯฮน แฝ
ฯฮฑ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฮปฮปฮฟฮนฯฮน. แผกฮผฮญฯฮฑฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮตฯฯฮตฯฮฌฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฮฟแผฑ แผฐฮดฮนแฟถฯฮฑฮน ฯฮตฯฮนฮฌฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน, แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฑ ฮธฮฌฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน. ฮธฮฌฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแผฑ ฮฃฮบฯฯฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑฮธฮฑฮฏฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฯฯฯฯแฟณ ฯฮฟฮนแฟทฮดฮต. ฯฮผฮทฯฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน ฯแฝฐฯ ฮบฮตฯฮฑฮปแฝฐฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮบฯฮปฯ
ฮฝฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน ฯฮฟฮนฮตแฟฆฯฮน ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฯแฝธ ฯแฟถฮผฮฑ ฯฮฌฮดฮต แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฮพฯฮปฮฑ ฯฯฮฎฯฯฯฮน ฯฯฮฏฮฑ แผฯ แผฮปฮปฮทฮปฮฑ ฮบฮตฮบฮปฮนฮผฮญฮฝฮฑ, ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฯฮฏฮปฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮตแผฐฯฮนฮฝฮญฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮตฯฮนฯฮตฮฏฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮน, ฯฯ
ฮผฯฯฮฌฮพฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮดแฝฒ แฝกฯ ฮผฮฌฮปฮนฯฯฮฑ ฮปฮฏฮธฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฮบ ฯฯ
ฯแฝธฯ ฮดฮนฮฑฯฮฑฮฝฮญฮฑฯ แผฯฮฒฮฌฮปฮปฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผฯ ฯฮบฮฌฯฮทฮฝ ฮบฮตฮนฮผฮญฮฝฮทฮฝ แผฮฝ ฮผฮญฯแฟณ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮพฯฮปฯฮฝ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฏฮปฯฮฝ. 4.74. แผฯฯฮน ฮดฮญ ฯฯฮน ฮบฮฌฮฝฮฝฮฑฮฒฮนฯ ฯฯ
ฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮท แผฮฝ ฯแฟ ฯฯฯแฟ ฯฮปแฝดฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฯฯฮทฯฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮธฮตฮฟฯ ฯแฟท ฮปฮฏฮฝแฟณ แผฮผฯฮตฯฮตฯฯฮฌฯฮทยท ฯฮฑฯฯแฟ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฟท แฝฯฮตฯฯฮญฯฮตฮน แผก ฮบฮฌฮฝฮฝฮฑฮฒฮนฯ. ฮฑแฝฯฮท ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟฮผฮฌฯฮท ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฮตฮนฯฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮท ฯฯฮตฯฮฑฮน, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮพ ฮฑแฝฯแฟฯ ฮฯฮฎฮนฮบฮตฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮตแผตฮผฮฑฯฮฑ ฯฮฟฮนฮตแฟฆฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮปฮนฮฝฮญฮฟฮนฯฮน แฝฮผฮฟฮนฯฯฮฑฯฮฑยท ฮฟแฝฮดสผ แผฮฝ, แฝ
ฯฯฮนฯ ฮผแฝด ฮบฮฌฯฯฮฑ ฯฯฮฏฮฒฯฮฝ ฮตแผดฮท ฮฑแฝฯแฟฯ, ฮดฮนฮฑฮณฮฝฮฟฮฏฮท ฮปฮฏฮฝฮฟฯ
แผข ฮบฮฑฮฝฮฝฮฌฮฒฮนฮฟฯ แผฯฯฮฏยท แฝฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮผแฝด ฮตแผถฮดฮต ฮบฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮฝฮฝฮฑฮฒฮฏฮดฮฑ, ฮปฮฏฮฝฮตฮฟฮฝ ฮดฮฟฮบฮฎฯฮตฮน ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฯแฝธ ฮตแผทฮผฮฑ. 4.75. ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฯ แฝฆฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯแฟฯ ฮบฮฑฮฝฮฝฮฌฮฒฮนฮฟฯ ฯแฝธ ฯฯฮญฯฮผฮฑ แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฮปฮฌฮฒฯฯฮน, แฝฯฮฟฮดฯฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แฝฯแฝธ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฮฏฮปฮฟฯ
ฯ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฑ แผฯฮนฮฒฮฌฮปฮปฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯแฝธ ฯฯฮญฯฮผฮฑ แผฯแฝถ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮดฮนฮฑฯฮฑฮฝฮญฮฑฯ ฮปฮฏฮธฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯแฟท ฯฯ
ฯฮฏยท ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ ฮธฯ
ฮผฮนแพถฯฮฑฮน แผฯฮนฮฒฮฑฮปฮปฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮผฮฏฮดฮฑ ฯฮฑฯฮญฯฮตฯฮฑฮน ฯฮฟฯฮฑฯฯฮทฮฝ แฝฅฯฯฮต แผฮปฮปฮทฮฝฮนฮบแฝด ฮฟแฝฮดฮตฮผฮฏฮฑ แผฮฝ ฮผฮนฮฝ ฯฯ
ฯฮฏฮท แผฯฮฟฮบฯฮฑฯฮฎฯฮตฮนฮต. ฮฟแผฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฮณฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน ฯแฟ ฯฯ
ฯฮฏแฟ แฝ ฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน. ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฯ ฯฯฮน แผฮฝฯแฝถ ฮปฮฟฯ
ฯฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฯฯฮน. ฮฟแฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮดแฝด ฮปฮฟฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน แฝฮดฮฑฯฮน ฯแฝธ ฯฮฑฯฮฌฯฮฑฮฝ ฯแฝธ ฯแฟถฮผฮฑ. ฮฑแผฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑแฟฮบฮตฯ ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ แฝฮดฯฯ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฯฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฮปฮฏฮธฮฟฮฝ ฯฯฮทฯแฝบฮฝ ฯแฟฯ ฮบฯ
ฯฮฑฯฮฏฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮบฮญฮดฯฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮปฮนฮฒฮฌฮฝฮฟฯ
ฮพฯฮปฮฟฯ
, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฑ ฯแฝธ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฯฯฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฯฮฑฯแฝบ แผแฝธฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฮปฮฌฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฯแพถฮฝ ฯแฝธ ฯแฟถฮผฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธ ฯฯฯฯฯฯฮฟฮฝยท ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผ
ฮผฮฑ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮตแฝฯฮดฮฏฮท ฯฯฮญฮฑฯ แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
แผดฯฯฮตฮน, แผ
ฮผฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮฑฮนฯฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฮน ฯแฟ ฮดฮตฯ
ฯฮญฯฮท แผกฮผฮญฯแฟ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฮปฮฑฯฯแฝบฮฝ ฮณฮฏฮฝฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑฮธฮฑฯฮฑแฝถ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮปฮฑฮผฯฯฮฑฮฏ. 4.76. ฮพฮตฮนฮฝฮนฮบฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑฮฏฮฟฮนฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน ฯฮตฯฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮฑแผฐฮฝแฟถฯ ฯฯแพถฯฮธฮฑฮน, ฮผฮฎฯฮต ฯฮตแฟถฮฝ แผฮปฮปฯฮฝ, แผฮปฮปฮทฮฝฮนฮบฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฅฮบฮนฯฯฮฑ, แฝกฯ ฮดฮนฮญฮดฮตฮพฮฑฮฝ แผฮฝฮฌฯฮฑฯฯฮนฯ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดฮตฯฯฮตฯฮฑ ฮฑแฝฯฮนฯ ฮฃฮบฯฮปฮทฯ. ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ แผฮฝฮฌฯฮฑฯฯฮนฯ แผฯฮตฮฏฯฮต ฮณแฟฮฝ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฝดฮฝ ฮธฮตฯฯฮฎฯฮฑฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮฟฮดฮตฮพฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑฯสผ ฮฑแฝฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฮฏฮทฮฝ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฝดฮฝ แผฮบฮฟฮผฮฏฮถฮตฯฮฟ แผฯ แผคฮธฮตฮฑ ฯแฝฐ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ, ฯฮปฮญฯฮฝ ฮดฮนสผ แผฮปฮปฮทฯฯฯฮฝฯฮฟฯ
ฯฯฮฟฯฮฏฯฯฮตฮน แผฯ ฮฯฮถฮนฮบฮฟฮฝ. ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮตแฝฯฮต ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯแฟ ฮผฮทฯฯแฝถ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮธฮตแฟถฮฝ แผฮฝฮฌฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮฯ
ฮถฮนฮบฮทฮฝฮฟแฝบฯ แฝฯฯแฝดฮฝ ฮผฮตฮณฮฑฮปฮฟฯฯฮตฯฮญฯฯ ฮบฮฌฯฯฮฑ, ฮตแฝฮพฮฑฯฮฟ ฯแฟ ฮผฮทฯฯแฝถ แฝ แผฮฝฮฌฯฮฑฯฯฮนฯ, แผขฮฝ ฯแฟถฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝฮณฮนแฝดฯ แผฯฮฟฮฝฮฟฯฯฮฎฯแฟ แผฯ แผฯฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ, ฮธฯฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯฮฑแฝฯแฝฐ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ แฝฅฯฮฑ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮฯ
ฮถฮนฮบฮทฮฝฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฮฟฮนฮตแฟฆฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฑฮฝฮฝฯ
ฯฮฏฮดฮฑ ฯฯฮฎฯฮตฮนฮฝ. แฝกฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮฏฮบฮตฯฮฟ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮนฮบฮฎฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮดแฝบฯ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮปฮตฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮทฮฝ แฝฮปฮฑฮฏฮทฮฝ สฝแผก ฮดสผ แผฯฯฮน ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฮนฮปฮปฮฎฮนฮฟฮฝ ฮดฯฯฮผฮฟฮฝ, ฯฯ
ฮณฯฮฌฮฝฮตฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯแพถฯฮฑ แผฮฟแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮดฮตฮฝฮดฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฟฮฏฯฮฝ ฯฮปฮญแผ , แผฯ ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮดแฝบฯ แฝ แผฮฝฮฌฯฮฑฯฯฮนฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แฝฯฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฮตฯฮญฮปฮตฮต ฯแพถฯฮฑฮฝ ฯแฟ ฮธฮตแฟท, ฯฯฮผฯฮฑฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฯฮต แผฯฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮบฮดฮทฯฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ แผฮณฮฌฮปฮผฮฑฯฮฑ. ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮนฯ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฯฮฑฯฮธฮตแฝถฯ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฯฮฟฮนฮตแฟฆฮฝฯฮฑ แผฯฮฎฮผฮทฮฝฮต ฯแฟท ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮน ฮฃฮฑฯ
ฮปฮฏฯยท แฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฯ แผฯฮนฮบฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ แฝกฯ ฮตแผถฮดฮต ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฮฝฮฌฯฮฑฯฯฮนฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮตแฟฆฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ, ฯฮฟฮพฮตฯฯฮฑฯ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฮญฮบฯฮตฮนฮฝฮต. ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฝแฟฆฮฝ แผคฮฝ ฯฮนฯ ฮตแผดฯฮทฯฮฑฮน ฯฮตฯแฝถ แผฮฝฮฑฯฮฌฯฯฮนฮฟฯ, ฮฟแฝ ฯฮฑฯฮฏ ฮผฮนฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮณฮนฮฝฯฯฮบฮตฮนฮฝ, ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ แฝ
ฯฮน แผฮพฮตฮดฮฎฮผฮทฯฮญ ฯฮต แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฮปฮปฮฌฮดฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮพฮตฮนฮฝฮนฮบฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฮธฮตฯฮน ฮดฮนฮตฯฯฮฎฯฮฑฯฮฟ. แฝกฯ ฮดสผ แผฮณแฝผ แผคฮบฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑ ฮคฯฮผฮฝฮตฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฯฮนฮฑฯฮตฮฏฮธฮตฮฟฯ แผฯฮนฯฯฯฯฮฟฯ
, ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฮฝ แผธฮดฮฑฮฝฮธฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮฟฯ ฯฮฌฯฯฯฮฝ, ฯฮฑแฟฮดฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฮฮฝฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฯฮบฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฃฯฮฑฯฮณฮฑฯฮตฮฏฮธฮตฮฟฯ. ฮตแผฐ แฝฆฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฯ แผฆฮฝ ฯแฟฯ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮฏฮทฯ แฝ แผฮฝฮฌฯฮฑฯฯฮนฯ, แผดฯฯฯ แฝฯแฝธ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฮดฮตฮปฯฮตฮฟแฟฆ แผฯฮฟฮธฮฑฮฝฯฮฝยท แผธฮดฮฌฮฝฮธฯ
ฯฯฮฟฯ ฮณแฝฐฯ แผฆฮฝ ฯฮฑแฟฯ ฮฃฮฑฯ
ฮปฮฏฮฟฯ
, ฮฃฮฑฯฮปฮนฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฆฮฝ แฝ แผฯฮฟฮบฯฮตฮฏฮฝฮฑฯ แผฮฝฮฌฯฮฑฯฯฮนฮฝ. 4.77. ฮบฮฑฮฏฯฮฟฮน ฯฮนฮฝแฝฐ แผคฮดฮท แผคฮบฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑ ฮปฯฮณฮฟฮฝ แผฮปฮปฮฟฮฝ แฝฯแฝธ ฮ ฮตฮปฮฟฯฮฟฮฝฮฝฮทฯฮฏฯฮฝ ฮปฮตฮณฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ, แฝกฯ แฝฯแฝธ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮฟฯ แผฮฝฮฌฯฮฑฯฯฮนฯ แผฯฮฟฯฮตฮผฯฮธฮตแฝถฯ ฯแฟฯ แผฮปฮปฮฌฮดฮฟฯ ฮผฮฑฮธฮทฯแฝดฯ ฮณฮญฮฝฮฟฮนฯฮฟ, แฝฯฮฏฯฯ ฯฮต แผฯฮฟฮฝฮฟฯฯฮฎฯฮฑฯ ฯฮฑฮฏฮท ฯฯแฝธฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฮฟฯฮญฮผฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฑ แผฮปฮปฮทฮฝฮฑฯ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮฑฯ แผฯฯฯฮปฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน แผฯ ฯแพถฯฮฑฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฮฏฮทฮฝ ฯฮปแฝดฮฝ ฮฮฑฮบฮตฮดฮฑฮนฮผฮฟฮฝฮฏฯฮฝ, ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฮนฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฮผฮฟฯฮฝฮฟฮนฯฮน ฯฯฯฯฯฮฝฯฯ ฮดฮฟแฟฆฮฝฮฑฮน ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดฮญฮพฮฑฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮปฯฮณฮฟฮฝ. แผฮปฮปสผ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แฝ ฮปฯฮณฮฟฯ แผฮปฮปฯฯ ฯฮญฯฮปฮฑฯฯฮฑฮน แฝฯสผ ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮปฮปฮฎฮฝฯฮฝ, แฝ ฮดสผ แฝงฮฝ แผฮฝแฝดฯ แฝฅฯฯฮตฯ ฯฯฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฮตแผฐฯฮญฮธฮท ฮดฮนฮตฯฮธฮฌฯฮท. 4.78. ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฯ ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฮดแฝด แผฯฯฮทฮพฮต ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฮพฮตฮนฮฝฮนฮบฮฌ ฯฮต ฮฝฯฮผฮฑฮนฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮปฮปฮทฮฝฮนฮบแฝฐฯ แฝฮผฮนฮปฮฏฮฑฯ. ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฌฯฯฮฑ แผฯฮตฯฮน แฝฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯฮปฮทฯ แฝ แผฯฮนฮฑฯฮตฮฏฮธฮตฮฟฯ แผฯฮฑฮธฮต ฯฮฑฯฮฑฯฮปฮฎฯฮนฮฑ ฯฮฟฯฯแฟณ. แผฯฮนฮฑฯฮตฮฏฮธฮตฯ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯแฟท ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮน ฮณฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮผฮตฯสผ แผฮปฮปฯฮฝ ฯฮฑฮฏฮดฯฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯฮปฮทฯยท แผฮพ แผธฯฯฯฮนฮทฮฝแฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑฮนฮบแฝธฯ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฯ ฮณฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแฝฮดฮฑฮผแฟถฯ แผฮณฯฯฯฮฏฮทฯยท ฯแฝธฮฝ แผก ฮผฮฎฯฮทฯ ฮฑแฝฯฮท ฮณฮปแฟถฯฯฮฌฮฝ ฯฮต แผฮปฮปฮฌฮดฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮณฯฮฌฮผฮผฮฑฯฮฑ แผฮดฮฏฮดฮฑฮพฮต. ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯฯฮฝแฟณ แฝฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮนฮฑฯฮตฮฏฮธฮทฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฮตฮปฮตฯ
ฯแพท ฮดฯฮปแฟณ แฝฯแฝธ ฮฃฯฮฑฯฮณฮฑฯฮตฮฏฮธฮตฮฟฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฮณฮฑฮธฯฯฯฯฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮฟฯ, ฮฃฮบฯฮปฮทฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฎฮฝ ฯฮต ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮทฮฏฮทฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮญฮปฮฑฮฒฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑแฟฮบฮฑ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฑฯฯฯฯ, ฯแฟ ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ แผฆฮฝ แฝฯฮฟฮฏฮทยท แผฆฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯฮท แผก แฝฯฮฟฮฏฮท แผฯฯฮฎ, แผฮพ แผงฯ แผฆฮฝ แฝฯฮนฮบฮฟฯ แผฯฮนฮฑฯฮตฮฏฮธฮตฯ ฯฮฑแฟฯ. ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตฯฯฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ แฝ ฮฃฮบฯฮปฮทฯ ฮดฮนฮฑฮฏฯแฟ ฮฟแฝฮดฮฑฮผแฟถฯ แผ ฯฮญฯฮบฮตฯฮฟ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฯฮนฮบแฟ, แผฮปฮปแฝฐ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฝธฮฝ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฯแฝฐ แผฮปฮปฮทฮฝฮนฮบแฝฐ ฮผแพถฮปฮปฮฟฮฝ ฯฮตฯฯฮฑฮผฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ แผฆฮฝ แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฑฮนฮดฮตฯฯฮนฮฟฯ ฯแฟฯ แผฯฮตฯฮฑฮฏฮดฮตฯ
ฯฮฟ, แผฯฮฟฮฏฮตฮญ ฯฮต ฯฮฟฮนฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟยท ฮตแฝฯฮต แผฮณฮฌฮณฮฟฮน ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฯฯฮฑฯฮนแฝดฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ แผฯ ฯแฝธ ฮฮฟฯฯ
ฯฮธฮตฮฝฮตฮนฯฮญฯฮฝ แผฯฯฯ
สฝฮฟแผฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฮฟฯฯ
ฯฮธฮตฮฝฮตแฟฯฮฑฮน ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯฯฮญฮฑฯ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฮฮนฮปฮทฯฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯฬ, แผฯ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ แฝ
ฮบฯฯ แผฮปฮธฮฟฮน แฝ ฮฃฮบฯฮปฮทฯ, ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฯฯฮฑฯฮนแฝดฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮปฮฏฯฮตฯฮบฮต แผฮฝ ฯแฟท ฯฯฮฟฮฑฯฯฮตฮฏแฟณ, ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฯ ฮดแฝฒ แฝ
ฮบฯฯ แผฮปฮธฮฟฮน แผฯ ฯแฝธ ฯฮตแฟฯฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝฐฯ ฯฯฮปฮฑฯ แผฮณฮบฮปแฟฯฮตฮนฮต, ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฮปแฝดฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮธฮญฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮนฮบแฝดฮฝ ฮปฮฌฮฒฮตฯฮบฮต แผฮฝ แผฮปฮปฮทฮฝฮฏฮดฮฑ แผฯฮธแฟฯฮฑ, แผฯฯฮฝ ฮดสผ แผฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฮฝ แผ ฮณฯฯฮฑฮถฮต ฮฟแฝฯฮต ฮดฮฟฯฯ
ฯฯฯฯฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฯฮฝ ฮฟแฝฯฮต แผฮปฮปฮฟฯ
ฮฟแฝฮดฮตฮฝฯฯยท ฯแฝฐฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯฮปฮฑฯ แผฯฯฮปฮฑฯฯฮฟฮฝ, ฮผฮฎ ฯฮฏฯ ฮผฮนฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ แผดฮดฮฟฮน แผฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฮปฮฎฮฝยท ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฌ ฯฮต แผฮปฮปฮฑ แผฯฯแพถฯฮฟ ฮดฮนฮฑฮฏฯฮท แผฮปฮปฮทฮฝฮนฮบแฟ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮธฮตฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฑฯแฝฐ แผฯฮฟฮฏฮตฮต ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฮฝฯฮผฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฮปฮปฮฎฮฝฯฮฝ. แฝ
ฯฮต ฮดแฝฒ ฮดฮนฮฑฯฯฮฏฯฮตฮนฮต ฮผแฟฮฝฮฑ แผก ฯฮปฮญฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
, แผฯฮฑฮปฮปฮฌฯฯฮตฯฮฟ แผฮฝฮดแฝบฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮนฮบแฝดฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฮปฮฎฮฝ. ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฯฮฟฮนฮญฮตฯฮบฮต ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฌฮบฮนฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮฏฮฑ ฯฮต แผฮดฮตฮฏฮผฮฑฯฮฟ แผฮฝ ฮฮฟฯฯ
ฯฮธฮญฮฝฮตฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑแฟฮบฮฑ แผฮณฮทฮผฮต แผฯ ฮฑแฝฯแฝฐ แผฯฮนฯฯฯฮฏฮทฮฝ. 4.79. แผฯฮตฮฏฯฮต ฮดแฝฒ แผฮดฮตฮญ ฮฟแผฑ ฮบฮฑฮบแฟถฯ ฮณฮตฮฝฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน, แผฮณฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮฟ แผฯแฝธ ฯฯฮฟฯฮฌฯฮนฮฟฯ ฯฮฟฮนแฟฯฮดฮต. แผฯฮตฮธฯฮผฮทฯฮต ฮฮนฮฟฮฝฯฯแฟณ ฮฮฑฮบฯฮตฮฏแฟณ ฯฮตฮปฮตฯฮธแฟฮฝฮฑฮนยท ฮผฮญฮปฮปฮฟฮฝฯฮน ฮดฮญ ฮฟแผฑ แผฯ ฯฮตแฟฯฮฑฯ แผฮณฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฮตฮปฮตฯแฝดฮฝ แผฮณฮญฮฝฮตฯฮฟ ฯฮฌฯฮผฮฑ ฮผฮญฮณฮนฯฯฮฟฮฝ. แผฆฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ แผฮฝ ฮฮฟฯฯ
ฯฮธฮตฮฝฮตฯฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯแฟ ฯฯฮปฮน ฮฟแผฐฮบฮฏฮทฯ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮทฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟฮปฯ
ฯฮตฮปฮญฮฟฯ ฯฮตฯฮนฮฒฮฟฮปฮฎ, ฯแฟฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝฮปฮฏฮณแฟณ ฯฮน ฯฯฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฮผฮฝฮฎฮผฮทฮฝ ฮตแผถฯฮฟฮฝ, ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฮญฯฮนฮพ ฮปฮตฯ
ฮบฮฟแฟฆ ฮปฮฏฮธฮฟฯ
ฯฯฮฏฮณฮณฮตฯ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮณฯแฟฆฯฮตฯ แผฯฯฮฑฯฮฑฮฝยท แผฯ ฯฮฑฯฯฮทฮฝ แฝ ฮธฮตแฝธฯ แผฮฝฮญฯฮบฮทฯฮต ฮฒฮญฮปฮฟฯ. ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฃ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮตฮบฮฌฮท ฯแพถฯฮฑ, ฮฃฮบฯฮปฮทฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮตแผตฮฝฮตฮบฮฑ แผงฯฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮตฯฮญฮปฮตฯฮต ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฮตฮปฮตฯฮฎฮฝ. ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฒฮฑฮบฯฮตฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฯฮญฯฮน แผฮปฮปฮทฯฮน แฝฮฝฮตฮนฮดฮฏฮถฮฟฯ
ฯฮนยท ฮฟแฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯฮฑฯแฝถ ฮฟแผฐฮบแฝธฯ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฮธฮตแฝธฮฝ แผฮพฮตฯ
ฯฮฏฯฮบฮตฮนฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ แฝ
ฯฯฮนฯ ฮผฮฑฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฮฝฮฌฮณฮตฮน แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ. แผฯฮตฮฏฯฮต ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮตฮปฮญฯฮธฮท ฯแฟท ฮฮฑฮบฯฮตฮฏแฟณ แฝ ฮฃฮบฯฮปฮทฯ, ฮดฮนฮตฯฯฮฎฯฯฮตฯ
ฯฮต ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮนฯ ฮฮฟฯฯ
ฯฮธฮตฮฝฮตฮนฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฯ ฮปฮญฮณฯฮฝ โแผกฮผแฟฮฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮณฮตฮปแพถฯฮต, แฝฆ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน, แฝ
ฯฮน ฮฒฮฑฮบฯฮตฯฮฟฮผฮตฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผกฮผฮญฮฑฯ แฝ ฮธฮตแฝธฯ ฮปฮฑฮผฮฒฮฌฮฝฮตฮนยท ฮฝแฟฆฮฝ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฯ แฝ ฮดฮฑฮฏฮผฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธฮฝ แฝฮผฮญฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮฑ ฮปฮตฮปฮฌฮฒฮทฮบฮต, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฒฮฑฮบฯฮตฯฮตฮน ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝฯแฝธ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮธฮตฮฟแฟฆ ฮผฮฑฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮฑฮน. ฮตแผฐ ฮดฮญ ฮผฮฟฮน แผฯฮนฯฯฮญฮตฯฮต, แผฯฮตฯฮธฮต, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝฮผแฟฮฝ แผฮณแฝผ ฮดฮญฮพฯ.โ ฮตแผตฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฟ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮตฯฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ ฯฯฮฟฮตฯฯฮตแฟถฯฮตฯ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฮฝฮฑฮณฮฑฮณแฝผฮฝ แฝ ฮฮฟฯฯ
ฯฮธฮตฮฝฮตฮฯฮทฯ ฮปฮฌฮธฯแฟ แผฯแฝถ ฯฯฯฮณฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮตแฟฯฮต. แผฯฮตฮฏฯฮต ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฑฯฮฎฮนฮต ฯแฝบฮฝ ฯแฟท ฮธฮนฮฌฯแฟณ แฝ ฮฃฮบฯฮปฮทฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮตแผถฮดฯฮฝ ฮผฮนฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฮบฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฮฟแผฑ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน, ฮบฮฌฯฯฮฑ ฯฯ
ฮผฯฮฟฯแฝดฮฝ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮทฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮนฮฎฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฟ, แผฮพฮตฮปฮธฯฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮฎฮผฮฑฮนฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฌฯแฟ ฯแฟ ฯฯฯฮฑฯฮนแฟ ฯแฝฐ แผดฮดฮฟฮนฮตฮฝ. 4.80. แฝกฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮผฮตฯแฝฐ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ แผฮพฮฎฮปฮฑฯ
ฮฝฮต แฝ ฮฃฮบฯฮปฮทฯ แผฯ แผคฮธฮตฮฑ ฯแฝฐ แผฯฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ, ฮฟแผฑ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฯฮฟฯฯฮทฯฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฮดฮตฮปฯฮตแฝธฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฆ แฝฮบฯฮฑฮผฮฑฯฮฌฮดฮทฮฝ, ฮณฮตฮณฮฟฮฝฯฯฮฑ แผฮบ ฯแฟฯ ฮคฮฎฯฮตฯ ฮธฯ
ฮณฮฑฯฯฯฯ, แผฯฮฑฮฝฮนฯฯฮญฮฑฯฮฟ ฯแฟท ฮฃฮบฯฮปแฟ. แฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮผฮฑฮธแฝผฮฝ ฯแฝธ ฮณฮนฮฝฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ แผฯสผ แผฯฯ
ฯแฟท ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฑแผฐฯฮฏฮทฮฝ ฮดฮนสผ แผฃฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮนฮญฮตฯฮฟ, ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฮตฯฮณฮตฮน แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฯฮทฮฏฮบฮทฮฝ. ฯฯ
ฮธฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ แฝ แฝฮบฯฮฑฮผฮฑฯฮฌฮดฮทฯ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ แผฯฯฯฮฑฯฮตฯฮตฯฮฟ แผฯแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฯฮทฮฏฮบฮทฮฝ. แผฯฮตฮฏฯฮต ฮดแฝฒ แผฯแฝถ ฯแฟท แผผฯฯฯแฟณ แผฮณฮญฮฝฮตฯฮฟ, แผ ฮฝฯฮฏฮฑฯฮฌฮฝ ฮผฮนฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ ฮฯฮฎฮนฮบฮตฯ, ฮผฮตฮปฮปฯฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฯ
ฮฝฮฌฯฮตฮนฮฝ แผฯฮตฮผฯฮต ฮฃฮนฯฮฌฮปฮบฮทฯ ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯแฝธฮฝ แฝฮบฯฮฑฮผฮฑฯฮฌฮดฮทฮฝ ฮปฮญฮณฯฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮฌฮดฮต. โฯฮน ฮดฮตแฟ แผกฮผฮญฮฑฯ แผฮปฮปฮฎฮปฯฮฝ ฯฮตฮนฯฮทฮธแฟฮฝฮฑฮน; ฮตแผถฯ ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮผฮตฯ
ฯแฟฯ แผฮดฮตฮปฯฮตแฟฯ ฯฮฑแฟฯ, แผฯฮตฮนฯ ฮดฮญ ฮผฮตฯ
แผฮดฮตฮปฯฮตฯฮฝ. ฯแฝบ ฮดฮญ ฮผฮฟฮน แผฯฯฮดฮฟฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮณแฝผ ฯฮฟแฝถ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯฮปฮทฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮดฮฏฮดฯฮผฮนยท ฯฯฯฮฑฯฮนแฟ ฮดแฝฒ ฮผฮฎฯฮต ฯแฝบ ฮบฮนฮฝฮดฯ
ฮฝฮตฯฯแฟฯ ฮผฮฎฯสผ แผฮณฯ.โ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฌ ฮฟแผฑ ฯฮญฮผฯฮฑฯ แฝ ฮฃฮนฯฮฌฮปฮบฮทฯ แผฯฮตฮบฮทฯฯ
ฮบฮตฯฮตฯฮฟยท แผฆฮฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯแฟท แฝฮบฯฮฑฮผฮฑฯฮฌฮดฮท แผฮดฮตฮปฯฮตแฝธฯ ฮฃฮนฯฮฌฮปฮบฮตฯ ฯฮตฯฮตฯ
ฮณฯฯ. แฝ ฮดแฝฒ แฝฮบฯฮฑฮผฮฑฯฮฌฮดฮทฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮนฮฝฮญฮตฮน ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ, แผฮบฮดฮฟแฝบฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮผฮฎฯฯฯฮฑ ฮฃฮนฯฮฌฮปฮบฮท แผฮปฮฑฮฒฮต ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฮดฮตฮปฯฮตแฝธฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯฮปฮทฮฝ. ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฃฮนฯฮฌฮปฮบฮทฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮปฮฑฮฒแฝผฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฮดฮตฮปฯฮตแฝธฮฝ แผฯฮฎฮณฮตฯฮฟ, ฮฃฮบฯฮปฮตฯ ฮดแฝฒ แฝฮบฯฮฑฮผฮฑฯฮฌฮดฮทฯ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฑฯฯแฟ แผฯฮญฯฮฑฮผฮต ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮบฮตฯฮฑฮปฮฎฮฝ. ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฮตฯฮนฯฯฮญฮปฮปฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯแฝฐ ฯฯฮญฯฮตฯฮฑ ฮฝฯฮผฮฑฮนฮฑ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฮน, ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮบฯฯฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฮนฯฮน ฮพฮตฮนฮฝฮนฮบฮฟแฝบฯ ฮฝฯฮผฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮฟฮนฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ แผฯฮนฯฮฏฮผฮนฮฑ ฮดฮนฮดฮฟแฟฆฯฮน. 4.81. ฯฮปแฟฮธฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฝธ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ ฮฟแฝฮบ ฮฟแผทฮฟฯ ฯฮต แผฮณฮตฮฝฯฮผฮทฮฝ แผฯฯฮตฮบฮญฯฯ ฯฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน, แผฮปฮปแฝฐ ฮดฮนฮฑฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮปฯฮณฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฯฮนฮธฮผฮฟแฟฆ แผคฮบฮฟฯ
ฮฟฮฝยท ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮบฮฌฯฯฮฑ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฟแฝบฯ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฯฯฮญฮฑฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝฮปฮฏฮณฮฟฯ
ฯ แฝกฯ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฯ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน. ฯฮฟฯฯฮฝฮดฮต ฮผฮญฮฝฯฮฟฮน แผฯฮญฯฮฑฮนฮฝฯฮฝ ฮผฮฟฮน แผฯ แฝฯฮนฮฝ. แผฯฯฮน ฮผฮตฯฮฑฮพแฝบ ฮฮฟฯฯ
ฯฮธฮญฮฝฮตฯฯ ฯฮต ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผฮฟแฟฆ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝฯฮฌฮฝฮนฮฟฯ ฯแฟถฯฮฟฯ, ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฮดฮญ ฮฟแผฑ แผฯฯแฝถ แผฮพฮฑฮผฯฮฑแฟฮฟฯยท ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝฮปฮฏฮณแฟณ ฯฮน ฯฯฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฮผฮฝฮฎฮผฮทฮฝ ฮตแผถฯฮฟฮฝ, ฯฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ แผฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฟท ฮบฯฮฎฮฝฮทฮฝ แฝฮดฮฑฯฮฟฯ ฯฮนฮบฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน, แผฯสผ แผงฯ ฯแฝธ แฝฮดฯฯ แผฯฮฟฯฯฮญฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ แฝฯฮฑฮฝฮนฮฝ แผฯฮฟฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮญฮตฮนฮฝ. แผฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฯแฟณ ฯแฟท ฯฯฯแฟณ ฮบฮญฮตฯฮฑฮน ฯฮฑฮปฮบฮฎฮนฮฟฮฝ, ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮธฮตฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮพฮฑฯฮปฮฎฯฮนฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฯแฝถ ฯฯฯฮผฮฑฯฮน ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮ ฯฮฝฯฮฟฯ
ฮบฯฮทฯแฟฯฮฟฯ, ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮ ฮฑฯ
ฯฮฑฮฝฮฏฮทฯ แฝ ฮฮปฮตฮฟฮผฮฒฯฯฯฮฟฯ
แผฮฝฮญฮธฮทฮบฮต. แฝฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮผแฝด ฮตแผถฮดฮต ฮบฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ, แฝงฮดฮต ฮดฮทฮปฯฯฯ. แผฮพฮฑฮบฮฟฯฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฮผฯฮฟฯฮญฮฑฯ ฮตแฝฯฮตฯฮญฯฯ ฯฯฯฮญฮตฮน ฯแฝธ แผฮฝ ฮฃฮบฯฮธแฟฯฮน ฯฮฑฮปฮบฮฎฮนฮฟฮฝ, ฯฮฌฯฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฝธ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮนฮบแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฯฮฑฮปฮบฮฎฮนฮฟฮฝ แผฯฯแฝถ ฮดฮฑฮบฯฯฮปฯฮฝ แผฮพ. ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ แฝฆฮฝ แผฮปฮตฮณฮฟฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ แผฯฮนฯฯฯฮนฮฟฮน แผฯแฝธ แผฯฮดฮฏฯฮฝ ฮณฮตฮฝฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน. ฮฒฮฟฯ
ฮปฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฯฮญฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮฑ, ฯแฟถ ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน แผฯฮนฮฌฮฝฯฮฑฮฝ, ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ ฮตแผฐฮดฮญฮฝฮฑฮน ฯแฝธ ฯฮปแฟฮธฮฟฯ ฯแฝธ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ ฮบฮตฮปฮตฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฮผฮนฮฝ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฮฃฮบฯฮธฮฑฯ แผฯฮดฮนฮฝ แผฮบฮฑฯฯฮฟฮฝ ฮผฮฏฮฑฮฝ แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แฝฮนฯฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮบฮฟฮผฮฏฯฮฑฮน. แฝฯ ฮดสผ แผฮฝ ฮผแฝด ฮบฮฟฮผฮฏฯแฟ, ฮธฮฌฮฝฮฑฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮตฮฏฮปฮตฮต. ฮบฮฟฮผฮนฯฮธแฟฮฝฮฑฮน ฯฮต ฮดแฝด ฯฯแฟฮผฮฑ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฝธฮฝ แผฯฮดฮฏฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮฏ ฮฟแผฑ ฮดฯฮพฮฑฮน แผฮพ ฮฑแฝฯฮญฯฮฝ ฮผฮฝฮทฮผฯฯฯ
ฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮฎฯฮฑฮฝฯฮน ฮปฮนฯฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน. แผฮบ ฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮญฯฮฝ ฮดฮฎ ฮผฮนฮฝ ฯแฝธ ฯฮฑฮปฮบฮฎฮนฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนแฟฯฮฑฮน ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮฝฮฑฮธฮตแฟฮฝฮฑฮน แผฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฮพฮฑฮผฯฮฑแฟฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ. ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮปฮฎฮธฮตฮฟฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฃฮบฯ
ฮธฮญฯฮฝ แผคฮบฮฟฯ
ฮฟฮฝ. 4.82. ฮธฯฮผฮฌฯฮนฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ แผก ฯฯฯฮท ฮฑแฝฯฮท ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฯฮตฮน, ฯฯฯแฝถฯ แผข แฝ
ฯฮน ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผฮฟฯฯ ฯฮต ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฟถ ฮผฮตฮณฮฏฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮนฮธฮผแฝธฮฝ ฯฮปฮตฮฏฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ. ฯแฝธ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮฟฮธฯฮผฮฌฯฮฑฮน แผฮพฮนฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฌฯฮตฮพ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผแฟถฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮธฮตฮฟฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮตฮดฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฯฮญฯฮตฯฮฑฮน, ฮตแผฐฯฮฎฯฮตฯฮฑฮน. แผดฯฮฝฮฟฯ แผฉฯฮฑฮบฮปฮญฮฟฯ ฯฮฑฮฏฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผฮฝ ฯฮญฯฯแฟ แผฮฝฮตฯฮฝ, ฯแฝธ แผฮฟฮนฮบฮต ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮฒฮฎฮผฮฑฯฮน แผฮฝฮดฯฯฯ, แผฯฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฝธ ฮผฮญฮณฮฑฮธฮฟฯ ฮดฮฏฯฮทฯฯ
, ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮคฯฯฮทฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฮผฯฮฝ. ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ แผฯฯฮฏ, แผฮฝฮฑฮฒฮฎฯฮฟฮผฮฑฮน ฮดแฝฒ แผฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯสผ แผฯฯแฝฐฯ แผคฮนฮฑ ฮปฮญฮพฯฮฝ ฮปฯฮณฮฟฮฝ.
4.162. แผฯแฝถ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮดแฝด ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮฌฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฮดฮนฮตฯฮญฮปฮตฮต แผฯฮฝฯฮฑ, แผฯแฝถ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฮนฮดแฝธฯ แผฯฮบฮตฯฮฏฮปฮตฯ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฝด ฯฮฑฯฮฑฯแฝด ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮนฮผฮญฯฮฝ แผฮณฮญฮฝฮตฯฮฟ. แผฯฮบฮตฯฮฏฮปฮตฯฯ ฮณแฝฐฯ แฝ ฮฮฌฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮต ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฯฮปฮฟแฟฆ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฆฮตฯฮตฯฮฏฮผฮทฯ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฯฮท แผฮฝฮญฮพฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯแฝฐ แฝ ฮฮฑฮฝฯฮนฮฝฮตแฝบฯ ฮฮทฮผแฟถฮฝฮฑฮพ แผฯฮฑฮพฮต, แผฮปฮปแฝฐ แผฯฮฑฮฏฯฮตฮต ฯแฝฐ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฮณฯฮฝฯฮฝ ฮณฮญฯฮตฮฑ. แผฮฝฮธฮตแฟฆฯฮตฮฝ ฯฯฮฑฯฮนฮฌฮถฯฮฝ แผฯฯฯฮธฮท ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฯ
ฮณฮต แผฯ ฮฃฮฌฮผฮฟฮฝ, แผก ฮดแฝฒ ฮผฮฎฯฮทฯ ฮฟแผฑ แผฯ ฮฃฮฑฮปฮฑฮผแฟฮฝฮฑ ฯแฟฯ ฮฯฯฯฮฟฯ
แผฯฯ
ฮณฮต. ฯแฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฃฮฑฮปฮฑฮผแฟฮฝฮฟฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฯฯฮฝฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮตฮบฯฮฌฯฮตฮต ฮแฝฮญฮปฮธฯฮฝ, แฝฯ ฯแฝธ แผฮฝ ฮฮตฮปฯฮฟแฟฯฮน ฮธฯ
ฮผฮนฮทฯฮฎฯฮนฮฟฮฝ, แผแฝธฮฝ แผฮพฮนฮฟฮธฮญฮทฯฮฟฮฝ แผฮฝฮญฮธฮทฮบฮต, ฯแฝธ แผฮฝ ฯแฟท ฮฮฟฯฮนฮฝฮธฮฏฯฮฝ ฮธฮทฯฮฑฯ
ฯแฟท ฮบฮญฮตฯฮฑฮน. แผฯฮนฮบฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮท ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ แผก ฮฆฮตฯฮตฯฮฏฮผฮท แผฮดฮญฮตฯฮฟ ฯฯฯฮฑฯฮนแฟฯ แผฃ ฮบฮฑฯฮฌฮพฮตฮน ฯฯฮญฮฑฯ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฯ
ฯฮฎฮฝฮทฮฝ. แฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮแฝฮญฮปฮธฯฮฝ ฯแพถฮฝ ฮผแพถฮปฮปฮฟฮฝ แผข ฯฯฯฮฑฯฮนฮฎฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ แผฮดฮฏฮดฮฟฯ
ยท แผฃ ฮดแฝฒ ฮปฮฑฮผฮฒฮฌฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑ ฯแฝธ ฮดฮนฮดฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮปแฝธฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฯฮท ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน, ฮบฮฌฮปฮปฮนฮฟฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮบฮตแฟฮฝฮฟ, ฯแฝธ ฮดฮฟแฟฆฮฝฮฑฮฏ ฮฟแผฑ ฮดฮตฮฟฮผฮญฮฝแฟ ฯฯฯฮฑฯฮนฮฎฮฝ. ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ แผฯแฝถ ฯฮฑฮฝฯแฝถ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯแฟท ฮดฮนฮดฮฟฮผฮญฮฝแฟณ แผฮปฮตฮณฮต, ฯฮตฮปฮตฯ
ฯฮฑแฟฯฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ แผฮพฮญฯฮตฮผฯฮต ฮดแฟถฯฮฟฮฝ แฝ ฮแฝฮญฮปฮธฯฮฝ แผฯฯฮฑฮบฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฯฯฯฮตฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผ ฮปฮฑฮบฮฌฯฮทฮฝ, ฯฯฮฟฯแฟฮฝ ฮดฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮตแผดฯฮนฮฟฮฝ. แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฌฯฮทฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯฮนฯ ฯแฟฯ ฮฆฮตฯฮตฯฮฏฮผฮทฯ ฯแฝ ฯ
ฯแฝธ แผฯฮฟฯ, แฝ ฮแฝฮญฮปฮธฯฮฝ แผฯฮท ฯฮฟฮนฮฟฯฯฮฟฮนฯฮน ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑแฟฮบฮฑฯ ฮดฯฯฮญฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฮปฮปสผ ฮฟแฝ ฯฯฯฮฑฯฮนแฟ.
4.163. แฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮบฮตฯฮฏฮปฮตฯฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฯฯฮฝฮฟฮฝ แผแฝผฮฝ แผฮฝ ฮฃฮฌฮผแฟณ ฯฯ
ฮฝฮฎฮณฮตฮนฯฮต ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮฑ แผฮฝฮดฯฮฑ แผฯแฝถ ฮณแฟฯ แผฮฝฮฑฮดฮฑฯฮผแฟทยท ฯฯ
ฮปฮปฮตฮณฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯฯฮฑฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฟแฟฆ, แผฯฯฮฌฮปฮท แผฯ ฮฮตฮปฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฯฮบฮตฯฮฏฮปฮตฯฯ ฯฯฮทฯฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฯแฟท ฯฯฮทฯฯฮทฯฮฏแฟณ ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฮบฮฑฯฯฮดฮฟฯ
. แผก ฮดแฝฒ ฮ ฯ
ฮธฮฏฮท ฮฟแผฑ ฯฯแพท ฯฮฌฮดฮต. โแผฯแฝถ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฮญฯฯฮตฯฮฑฯ ฮแพถฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮบฮตฯฮฏฮปฮตฯฯ ฯฮญฯฯฮตฯฮฑฯ, แฝฮบฯแฝผ แผฮฝฮดฯแฟถฮฝ ฮณฮตฮฝฮตฮฌฯ, ฮดฮนฮดฮฟแฟ แฝฮผแฟฮฝ ฮฮฟฮพฮฏฮทฯ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฮฯ
ฯฮฎฮฝฮทฯ, ฯฮปฮญฮฟฮฝ ฮผฮญฮฝฯฮฟฮน ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒ ฯฮตฮนฯแพถฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮนฮฝฮญฮตฮน. ฯแฝบ ฮผฮญฮฝฯฮฟฮน แผฅฯฯ
ฯฮฟฯ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑฯฮตฮปฮธแฝผฮฝ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฮตฯฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ. แผขฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮบฮฌฮผฮนฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮตแฝฯแฟฯ ฯฮปฮญฮทฮฝ แผฮผฯฮฟฯฮญฯฮฝ, ฮผแฝด แผฮพฮฟฯฯฮฎฯแฟฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฮผฯฮฟฯฮญฮฑฯ แผฮปฮปสผ แผฯฯฯฮตฮผฯฮต ฮบฮฑฯสผ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮฝยท ฮตแผฐ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮพฮฟฯฯฮฎฯฮตฮนฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮบฮฌฮผฮนฮฝฮฟฮฝ, 1 ฮผแฝด แผฯฮญฮปฮธแฟฯ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฮผฯฮฏฯฯฯ
ฯฮฟฮฝยท ฮตแผฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฮผแฝด แผฯฮฟฮธฮฑฮฝฮญฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฟฯ แฝ ฮบฮฑฮปฮปฮนฯฯฮตฯฯฮฝ.โ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ แผก ฮ ฯ
ฮธฮฏฮท แผฯฮบฮตฯฮฏฮปฮตแฟณ ฯฯแพท.
4.164. แฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮปฮฑฮฒแฝผฮฝ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฮบ ฯแฟฯ ฮฃฮฌฮผฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฑฯแฟฮปฮธฮต แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฯ
ฯฮฎฮฝฮทฮฝ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮนฮบฯฮฑฯฮฎฯฮฑฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฯฮทฮณฮผฮฌฯฯฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮผฮฑฮฝฯฮทฮฏฮฟฯ
ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฮผฮญฮผฮฝฮทฯฮฟ, แผฮปฮปแฝฐ ฮดฮฏฮบฮฑฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฮฝฯฮนฯฯฮฑฯฮนฯฯฮฑฯ ฮฑแผดฯฮตฮต ฯแฟฯ แผฯฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฯ
ฮณแฟฯ. ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแผณ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯแฝธ ฯฮฑฯฮฌฯฮฑฮฝ แผฮบ ฯแฟฯ ฯฯฯฮทฯ แผฯฮฑฮปฮปฮฌฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฟ, ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮนฮฝแฝฐฯ ฯฮตฮนฯฯฯฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ แฝ แผฯฮบฮตฯฮฏฮปฮตฯฯ แผฯ ฮฯฯฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮญฯฯฮตฮนฮปฮต แผฯแฝถ ฮดฮนฮฑฯฮธฮฟฯแฟ. ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ ฮฮฝฮฏฮดฮนฮฟฮน แผฯฮตฮฝฮตฮนฯฮธฮญฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฯฮตฯฮญฯฮทฮฝ แผฯฯฯฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฟ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯ ฮฮฎฯฮทฮฝ แผฯฮญฯฯฮตฮนฮปฮฑฮฝยท แผฯฮญฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮนฮฝแฝฐฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฯ
ฯฮทฮฝฮฑฮฏฯฮฝ แผฯ ฯฯฯฮณฮฟฮฝ ฮผฮญฮณฮฑฮฝ แผฮณฮปฯฮผฮฌฯฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฯ
ฮณฯฮฝฯฮฑฯ แผฐฮดฮนฯฯฮนฮบแฝธฮฝ แฝฮปฮทฮฝ ฯฮตฯฮนฮฝฮฎฯฮฑฯ แฝ แผฯฮบฮตฯฮฏฮปฮตฯฯ แผฮฝฮญฯฯฮทฯฮต. ฮผฮฑฮธแฝผฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯสผ แผฮพฮตฯฮณฮฑฯฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฮนฯฮน ฯแฝธ ฮผฮฑฮฝฯฮฎฮนฮฟฮฝ แผแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ, แฝ
ฯฮน ฮผฮนฮฝ แผก ฮ ฯ
ฮธฮฏฮท ฮฟแฝฮบ แผฮฑ ฮตแฝฯฯฮฝฯฮฑ แผฮฝ ฯแฟ ฮบฮฑฮผฮฏฮฝแฟณ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฮผฯฮฟฯฮญฮฑฯ แผฮพฮฟฯฯแฟฯฮฑฮน, แผฯฮณฮตฯฮฟ แผฮบแฝผฮฝ ฯแฟฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฯ
ฯฮทฮฝฮฑฮฏฯฮฝ ฯฯฮปฮนฮฟฯ, ฮดฮตฮนฮผฮฑฮฏฮฝฯฮฝ ฯฮต ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮบฮตฯฯฮทฯฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮธฮฌฮฝฮฑฯฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดฮฟฮบฮญฯฮฝ แผฮผฯฮฏฯฯฯ
ฯฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฯ
ฯฮฎฮฝฮทฮฝ ฮตแผถฮฝฮฑฮน. ฮตแผถฯฮต ฮดแฝฒ ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑแฟฮบฮฑ ฯฯ
ฮณฮณฮตฮฝฮญฮฑ แผฯฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ, ฮธฯ
ฮณฮฑฯฮญฯฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฮฑฯฮบฮฑฮฏฯฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮฟฯ, ฯแฟท ฮฟแฝฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ แผฆฮฝ แผฮปฮฌฮถฮตฮนฯยท ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮนฮบฮฝฮญฮตฯฮฑฮน, ฮบฮฑฮฏ ฮผฮนฮฝ ฮฮฑฯฮบฮฑแฟฮฟฮฏ ฯฮต แผฮฝฮดฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮบ ฮฯ
ฯฮฎฮฝฮทฯ ฯฯ
ฮณฮฌฮดฯฮฝ ฯฮนฮฝแฝฒฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮผฮฑฮธฯฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฮณฮฟฯฮฌฮถฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฮบฯฮตฮฏฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮน, ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮตฮฝฮธฮตฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฮปฮฌฮถฮตฮนฯฮฑ. แผฯฮบฮตฯฮฏฮปฮตฯฯ ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ ฮตแผดฯฮต แผฮบแฝผฮฝ ฮตแผดฯฮต แผฮญฮบฯฮฝ แผฮผฮฑฯฯแฝผฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฯฮทฯฮผฮฟแฟฆ แผฮพฮญฯฮปฮทฯฮต ฮผฮฟแฟฯฮฑฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฯฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ.
4.165. แผก ฮดแฝฒ ฮผฮฎฯฮทฯ ฮฆฮตฯฮตฯฮฏฮผฮท, แผฯฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แฝ แผฯฮบฮตฯฮฏฮปฮตฯฯ แผฮฝ ฯแฟ ฮฮฌฯฮบแฟ ฮดฮนฮฑฮนฯแพถฯฮฟ แผฮพฮตฯฮณฮฑฯฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ แผฯฯ
ฯแฟท ฮบฮฑฮบฯฮฝ, แผฃ ฮดแฝฒ ฮตแผถฯฮต ฮฑแฝฯแฝด ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฑฮนฮดแฝธฯ ฯแฝฐ ฮณฮญฯฮตฮฑ แผฮฝ ฮฯ
ฯฮฎฮฝแฟ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแผฮปฮปฮฑ ฮฝฮตฮผฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮท ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮฝ ฮฒฮฟฯ
ฮปแฟ ฯฮฑฯฮฏฮถฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑ. แผฯฮตฮฏฯฮต ฮดแฝฒ แผฮผฮฑฮธฮต แผฮฝ ฯแฟ ฮฮฌฯฮบแฟ แผฯฮฟฮธฮฑฮฝฯฮฝฯฮฑ ฮฟแผฑ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฑแฟฮดฮฑ, ฯฮตฯฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑ ฮฟแผฐฯฯฮบฮตฮต แผฯ ฮแผดฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฟฮฝ. แผฆฯฮฑฮฝ ฮณฮฌฯ ฮฟแผฑ แผฮบ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฯฮบฮตฯฮฏฮปฮตฯ ฮตแฝฮตฯฮณฮตฯฮฏฮฑฮน แผฯ ฮฮฑฮผฮฒฯฯฮตฮฑ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮตฯฮฟฮนฮทฮผฮญฮฝฮฑฮนยท ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฯ ฮณแฝฐฯ แผฆฮฝ แฝ แผฯฮบฮตฯฮฏฮปฮตฯฯ แฝฯ ฮฯ
ฯฮฎฮฝฮทฮฝ ฮฮฑฮผฮฒฯฯแฟ แผฮดฯฮบฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮฌฮพฮฑฯฮฟ. แผฯฮนฮบฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮท ฮดแฝฒ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮแผดฮณฯ
ฯฯฮฟฮฝ แผก ฮฆฮตฯฮตฯฮฏฮผฮท แผฯฯ
ฮฌฮฝฮดฮตฯ แผฑฮบฮญฯฮนฯ แผตฮถฮตฯฮฟ, ฯฮนฮผฯฯแฟฯฮฑฮน แผฯฯ
ฯแฟ ฮบฮตฮปฮตฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑ, ฯฯฮฟฮนฯฯฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮท ฯฯฯฯฮฑฯฮนฮฝ แฝกฯ ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮผฮทฮดฮนฯฮผแฝธฮฝ แฝ ฯฮฑแฟฯ ฮฟแผฑ ฯฮญฮธฮฝฮทฮบฮต.
4.166. แฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฯ
ฮฌฮฝฮดฮทฯ แผฆฮฝ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฯ ฯแฟฯ ฮแผฐฮณฯฯฯฮฟฯ
แฝฯฮฑฯฯฮฟฯ แฝฯแฝธ ฮฮฑฮผฮฒฯฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮตฯฯฮตฯฯ, แฝฯ แฝฯฯฮญฯแฟณ ฯฯฯฮฝแฟณ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮนฯฮฟฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฮฮฑฯฮตฮฏแฟณ ฮดฮนฮตฯฮธฮฌฯฮท. ฯฯ
ฮธฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฐฮดแฝผฮฝ ฮฮฑฯฮตแฟฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮนฮธฯ
ฮผฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฮผฮฝฮทฮผฯฯฯ
ฮฝฮฟฮฝ แผฯฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮปฮนฯฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ ฯแฝธ ฮผแฝด แผฮปฮปแฟณ ฮตแผดฮท ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮน ฮบฮฑฯฮตฯฮณฮฑฯฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฮฝ, แผฮผฮนฮผฮญฮตฯฮฟ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟฮฝ, แผฯ ฮฟแฝ แผฮปฮฑฮฒฮต ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮผฮนฯฮธฯฮฝ. ฮฮฑฯฮตแฟฮฟฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯฯฯ
ฯฮฏฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮธฮฑฯฯฯฮฑฯฮฟฮฝ แผฯฮตฯฮฎฯฮฑฯ แผฯ ฯแฝธ ฮดฯ
ฮฝฮฑฯฯฯฮฑฯฮฟฮฝ ฮฝฯฮผฮนฯฮผฮฑ แผฮบฯฯฮฑฯฮฟ, แผฯฯ
ฮฌฮฝฮดฮทฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฯฯฮฝ ฮแผฐฮณฯฯฯฮฟฯ
แผฯฮณฯฯฮนฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝ ฯ
ฯแฝธ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ แผฯฮฟฮฏฮตฮต, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฝแฟฆฮฝ แผฯฯแฝถ แผฯฮณฯฯฮนฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮธฮฑฯฯฯฮฑฯฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝธ แผฯฯ
ฮฑฮฝฮดฮนฮบฯฮฝ. ฮผฮฑฮธแฝผฮฝ ฮดฮญ ฮผฮนฮฝ ฮฮฑฯฮตแฟฮฟฯ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฯฮฟฮนฮตแฟฆฮฝฯฮฑ, ฮฑแผฐฯฮฏฮทฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ แผฮปฮปฮทฮฝ แผฯฮตฮฝฮตฮฏฮบฮฑฯ แฝฅฯ ฮฟแผฑ แผฯฮฑฮฝฮฏฯฯฮฑฮนฯฮฟ, แผฯฮญฮบฯฮตฮนฮฝฮต.
4.167. ฯฯฯฮต ฮดแฝฒ ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฯ แฝ แผฯฯ
ฮฌฮฝฮดฮทฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮฟฮนฮบฯฮตฮฏฯฮฑฯ ฮฆฮตฯฮตฯฮฏฮผฮทฮฝ ฮดฮนฮดฮฟแฟ ฮฑแฝฯแฟ ฯฯฯฮฑฯแฝธฮฝ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฮพ ฮแผฐฮณฯฯฯฮฟฯ
แผ
ฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฯฮตฮถแฝธฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฝฮฑฯ
ฯฮนฮบฯฮฝยท ฯฯฯฮฑฯฮทฮณแฝธฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฮตฮถฮฟแฟฆ แผฮผฮฑฯฮนฮฝ แผฯฮญฮดฮตฮพฮต แผฮฝฮดฯฮฑ ฮฮฑฯฮฌฯฮนฮฟฮฝ, ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฝฮฑฯ
ฯฮนฮบฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮฌฮดฯฮทฮฝ แผฯฮฝฯฮฑ ฮ ฮฑฯฮฑฯฮณฮฌฮดฮทฮฝ ฮณฮญฮฝฮฟฯ. ฯฯแฝถฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผข แผฯฮฟฯฯฮตแฟฮปฮฑฮน ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฯฯฮฑฯฮนฮฎฮฝ, แฝ แผฯฯ
ฮฌฮฝฮดฮทฯ ฯฮญฮผฯฮฑฯ แผฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฮฌฯฮบฮทฮฝ ฮบฮฎฯฯ
ฮบฮฑ แผฯฯ
ฮฝฮธฮฌฮฝฮตฯฮฟ ฯฮฏฯ ฮตแผดฮท แฝ แผฯฮบฮตฯฮฏฮปฮตฯฮฝ แผฯฮฟฮบฯฮตฮฏฮฝฮฑฯ. ฮฟแผฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฮฑฯฮบฮฑแฟฮฟฮน ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฝถ แฝฯฮตฮดฮญฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮฟ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮตฯยท ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฌ ฯฮต ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮบฮฑฮบแฝฐ ฯฮฌฯฯฮตฮนฮฝ แฝฯสผ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฆ. ฯฯ
ฮธฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ แฝ แผฯฯ
ฮฌฮฝฮดฮทฯ ฮฟแฝฯฯ ฮดแฝด ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฯฯฮฑฯฮนแฝดฮฝ แผฯฮญฯฯฮตฮนฮปฮต แผ
ฮผฮฑ ฯแฟ ฮฆฮตฯฮตฯฮฏฮผแฟ. ฮฑแฝฯฮท ฮผฮญฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮฝ ฮฑแผฐฯฮฏฮท ฯฯฯฯฯฮทฮผฮฑ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฯฯฮปฮฟฯ
แผฮณฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮฟ, แผฯฮตฯฮญฮผฯฮตฯฮฟ ฮดแฝฒ แผก ฯฯฯฮฑฯฮนฮฎ, แฝกฯ แผฮผฮฟแฝถ ฮดฮฟฮบฮญฮตฮนฮฝ, แผฯแฝถ ฮฮนฮฒฯฮทฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฯฯฮฟฯแฟ. ฮฮนฮฒฯฯฮฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮดแฝด แผฮธฮฝฮตฮฑ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฝฐ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฟแฟฮฑ แผฯฯฮน, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝฐ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ แฝฮปฮฏฮณฮฑ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮญฮฟฯ แผฆฮฝ แฝฯฮฎฮบฮฟฮฑ, ฯแฝฐ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮปฮญฯ แผฯฯฯฮฝฯฮนฮถฮต ฮฮฑฯฮตฮฏฮฟฯ
1 ฮฟแฝฮดฮญฮฝ.
4.172. ฮแฝฯฯฮนฯฮญฯฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ ฯแฝธ ฯฯแฝธฯ แผฯฯฮญฯฮทฯ แผฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฮฮฑฯฮฑฮผแฟถฮฝฮตฯ, แผฮธฮฝฮฟฯ แผแฝธฮฝ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฯฮฝ, ฮฟแผณ ฯแฝธ ฮธฮญฯฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮปฮตฮฏฯฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฯแฝถ ฯแฟ ฮธฮฑฮปฮฌฯฯแฟ ฯแฝฐ ฯฯฯฮฒฮฑฯฮฑ แผฮฝฮฑฮฒฮฑฮฏฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผฯ ฮแฝฮณฮนฮปฮฑ ฯแฟถฯฮฟฮฝ แฝฯฯฯฮนฮตแฟฆฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฮฟฮฏฮฝฮนฮบฮฑฯ. ฮฟแผณ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฟแฝถ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮผฯฮนฮปฮฑฯฮญฮตฯ ฯฮตฯฯฮบฮฑฯฮน, ฯฮฌฮฝฯฮตฯ แผฯฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฑฯฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฟฮน. ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฯฮตฮปฮญฮฒฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฮธฮทฯฮตฯฯฯฯฮน, ฮฑแฝฮฎฮฝฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฅฮปฮนฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮปฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮตฮนฯฮฑ แผฯแฝถ ฮณฮฌฮปฮฑ แผฯฮนฯฮฌฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯฮฏฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮน. ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑแฟฮบฮฑฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฝฮฟฮผฮฏฮถฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฝฐฯ แผฯฮตฮนฮฝ แผฮบฮฑฯฯฮฟฯ แผฯฮฏฮบฮฟฮนฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯฮญฯฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮผแฟฮพฮนฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮตแฟฆฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฯฯฯฯแฟณ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฯฮปฮทฯฮฏแฟณ ฯแฟท ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฮฑฯฯฮฑฮณฮญฯฮฑฮนยท แผฯฮตแฝฐฮฝ ฯฮบฮฏฯฯฮฝฮฑ ฯฯฮฟฯฯฮฎฯฯฮฝฯฮฑฮน, ฮผฮฏฯฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน. ฯฯแฟถฯฮฟฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮณฮฑฮผฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮฟฯ ฮฮฑฯฮฑฮผแฟถฮฝฮฟฯ แผฮฝฮดฯแฝธฯ ฮฝฯฮผฮฟฯ แผฯฯแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฝฯฮผฯฮทฮฝ ฮฝฯ
ฮบฯแฝถ ฯแฟ ฯฯฯฯแฟ ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฯฮฌฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฮดฮนฮตฮพฮตฮปฮธฮตแฟฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮดฮฑฮนฯฯ
ฮผฯฮฝฯฮฝ ฮผฮนฯฮณฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮทฮฝยท ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แฝกฯ แผฮบฮฑฯฯฮฟฯ ฮฟแผฑ ฮผฮนฯฮธแฟ, ฮดฮนฮดฮฟแฟ ฮดแฟถฯฮฟฮฝ ฯแฝธ แผฮฝ แผฯแฟ ฯฮตฯฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ แผฮพ ฮฟแผดฮบฮฟฯ
. แฝฯฮบฮฏฮฟฮนฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮผฮฑฮฝฯฮนฮบแฟ ฯฯฮญฯฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฯฮฟฮนแฟฮดฮตยท แฝฮผฮฝฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯฯฮฏฯฮน แผฮฝฮดฯฮฑฯ ฮดฮนฮบฮฑฮนฮฟฯฮฌฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮฏฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮปฮตฮณฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮณฮตฮฝฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน, ฯฮฟฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯ, ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฯฮผฮฒฯฮฝ แผฯฯฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮนยท ฮผฮฑฮฝฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฮดแฝฒ แผฯแฝถ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฮณฯฮฝฯฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฯฮญฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯแฝฐ ฯฮฎฮผฮฑฯฮฑ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮบฮฑฯฮตฯ
ฮพฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน แผฯฮนฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮบฮฟฮนฮผแฟถฮฝฯฮฑฮนยท ฯแฝธ ฮดสผ แผฮฝ แผดฮดฮท แผฮฝ ฯแฟ, แฝฯฮน แผฮฝฯฯฮฝฮนฮฟฮฝ, ฯฮฟฯฯแฟณ ฯฯแพถฯฮฑฮน. ฯฮฏฯฯฮนฯฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฮนแฟฯฮนฮดฮต ฯฯฮญฯฮฝฯฮฑฮนยท แผฮบ ฯแฟฯ ฯฮตฮนฯแฝธฯ ฮดฮนฮดฮฟแฟ ฯฮนฮตแฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฯ แผฮบ ฯแฟฯ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฯฮญฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฏฮฝฮตฮน. แผขฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮผแฝด แผฯฯฯฮน แฝฮณฯแฝธฮฝ ฮผฮทฮดฮญฮฝ, ฮฟแผณ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟฯ ฯฮฑฮผแพถฮธฮตฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฮดฮฟแฟฆ ฮปฮฑฮฒฯฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮปฮตฮฏฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน.
4.181. ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน ฮผแฝฒฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮธฮฑฮปฮฌฯฯฮนฮฟฮน ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฝฮฟฮผฮฌฮดฯฮฝ ฮฮนฮฒฯฯฮฝ ฮตแผฐฯฮญฮฑฯฮฑฮน, แฝฯแฝฒฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฝ แผฯ ฮผฮตฯฯฮณฮฑฮนฮฑฮฝ แผก ฮธฮทฯฮนฯฮดฮทฯ แผฯฯแฝถ ฮฮนฮฒฯฮท, แฝฯแฝฒฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟฯ ฮธฮทฯฮนฯฮดฮตฮฟฯ แฝฯฯฯฮท ฯฮฌฮผฮผฮทฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮฎฮบฮตฮน ฯฮฑฯฮฑฯฮตฮฏฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑ แผฯแฝธ ฮฮทฮฒฮญฯฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮแผฐฮณฯ
ฯฯฮนฮญฯฮฝ แผฯสผ แผฉฯฮฑฮบฮปฮญฮฑฯ ฯฯฮฎฮปฮฑฯ. แผฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟ แฝฯฯฯแฟ ฯฮฑฯฯแฟ ฮผฮฌฮปฮนฯฯฮฑ ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฮดฮญฮบฮฑ แผกฮผฮตฯฮญฯฮฝ แฝฮดฮฟแฟฆ แผฮปฯฯ แผฯฯฮน ฯฯฯฯฮตฮฑ ฮบฮฑฯแฝฐ ฯฯฮฝฮดฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮผฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฮฝ ฮบฮฟฮปฯฮฝฮฟแฟฯฮน, ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮฝ ฮบฮฟฯฯ
ฯแฟฯฮน แผฮบฮฌฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮบฮฟฮปฯฮฝฮฟแฟฆ แผฮฝฮฑฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮฏฮถฮตฮน แผฮบ ฮผฮญฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผฮปแฝธฯ แฝฮดฯฯ ฯฯ
ฯฯแฝธฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮณฮปฯ
ฮบฯ, ฯฮตฯแฝถ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฮฝ แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฮฟฮน ฮฟแผฐฮบฮญฮฟฯ
ฯฮน แผฯฯฮฑฯฮฟฮน ฯฯแฝธฯ ฯแฟฯ แผฯฮฎฮผฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฑแฝถ แฝฯแฝฒฯ ฯแฟฯ ฮธฮทฯฮนฯฮดฮตฮฟฯ, ฯฯแฟถฯฮฟฮน ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฯแฝธ ฮฮทฮฒฮญฯฮฝ ฮดฮนแฝฐ ฮดฮญฮบฮฑ แผกฮผฮตฯฮญฯฮฝ แฝฮดฮฟแฟฆ แผฮผฮผฯฮฝฮนฮฟฮน, แผฯฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯแฝธ แผฑฯแฝธฮฝ แผฯแฝธ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮทฮฒฮฑฮนฮญฮฟฯ ฮฮนฯฯยท ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฯแฝธ 1 แผฮฝ ฮฮฎฮฒแฟฯฮน, แฝกฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฮตแผดฯฮทฯฮฑฮฏ ฮผฮฟฮน, ฮบฯฮนฮฟฯฯฯฯฯฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮฮนแฝธฯ ฯแฝคฮณฮฑฮปฮผฮฑ แผฯฯฮฏ. ฯฯ
ฮณฯฮฌฮฝฮตฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮปฮปฮฟ ฯฯฮน แฝฮดฯฯ ฮบฯฮทฮฝฮฑแฟฮฟฮฝ แผแฝธฮฝ, ฯแฝธ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แฝฯฮธฯฮฟฮฝ ฮณฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮฑฮน ฯฮปฮนฮฑฯฯฮฝ, แผฮณฮฟฯแฟฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮปฮทฮธฯ
ฮฟฯฯฮทฯ ฯฯ
ฯฯฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ, ฮผฮตฯฮฑฮผฮฒฯฮฏฮท ฯฮต แผฯฯแฝถ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธ ฮบฮฌฯฯฮฑ ฮณฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮฑฮน ฯฯ
ฯฯฯฮฝยท ฯฮทฮฝฮนฮบฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ แผฯฮดฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮบฮฎฯฮฟฯ
ฯยท แผฯฮฟฮบฮปฮนฮฝฮฟฮผฮญฮฝฮทฯ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟฯ แผกฮผฮญฯฮทฯ แฝฯฮฏฮตฯฮฑฮน ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฯ
ฯฯฮฟแฟฆ, แผฯ ฮฟแฝ ฮดฯฮตฯฮฑฮฏ ฯฮต แฝ แผฅฮปฮนฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝธ แฝฮดฯฯ ฮณฮฏฮฝฮตฯฮฑฮน ฯฮปฮนฮฑฯฯฮฝ. แผฯแฝถ ฮดแฝฒ ฮผแพถฮปฮปฮฟฮฝ แผฐแฝธฮฝ แผฯ ฯแฝธ ฮธฮตฯฮผแฝธฮฝ แผฯ ฮผฮญฯฮฑฯ ฮฝฯฮบฯฮฑฯ ฯฮตฮปฮฌฮถฮตฮน, ฯฮทฮฝฮนฮบฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฮถฮญฮตฮน แผฮผฮฒฮฟฮปฮฌฮดฮทฮฝยท ฯฮฑฯฮญฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฯฮต ฮผฮญฯฮฑฮน ฮฝฯฮบฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฯฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮผฮญฯฯฮน แผฯ แผ แฟถ. แผฯฮฏฮบฮปฮทฯฮนฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฮฑแฝฯฮท แผก ฮบฯฮฎฮฝฮท ฮบฮฑฮปฮญฮตฯฮฑฮน แผกฮปฮฏฮฟฯ
.
8.109. แฝกฯ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮผฮฑฮธฮต แฝ
ฯฮน ฮฟแฝ ฯฮตฮฏฯฮตฮน ฯฮฟฯฯ ฮณฮต ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฟแฝบฯ ฯฮปฮญฮตฮนฮฝ แผฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฮปฮปฮฎฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฟฮฝ แฝ ฮฮตฮผฮนฯฯฮฟฮบฮปฮญฮทฯ, ฮผฮตฯฮฑฮฒฮฑฮปแฝผฮฝ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แผฮธฮทฮฝฮฑฮฏฮฟฯ
ฯ สฝฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮน ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮผฮฌฮปฮนฯฯฮฑ แผฮบฯฮตฯฮตฯ
ฮณฯฯฯฮฝ ฯฮตฯฮนฮทฮผฮญฮบฯฮตฮฟฮฝ, แฝฯฮผฮญฮฑฯฯ ฯฮต แผฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฮปฮปฮฎฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮปฮญฮตฮนฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯแฝถ ฯฯฮญฯฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฮปฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน, ฮตแผฐ ฮฟแผฑ แผฮปฮปฮฟฮน ฮผแฝด ฮฒฮฟฯ
ฮปฮฟฮฏฮฑฯแฝ แผฮปฮตฮณฮญ ฯฯฮน ฯฮฌฮดฮต. โฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฯ แผคฮดฮท ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฟแฟฯฮน ฯฮฑฯฮตฮณฮตฮฝฯฮผฮทฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟฮปฮปแฟท ฯฮปฮญฯ แผฮบฮฎฮบฮฟฮฑ ฯฮฟฮนฮฌฮดฮต ฮณฮตฮฝฮญฯฮธฮฑฮน, แผฮฝฮดฯฮฑฯ แผฯ แผฮฝฮฑฮณฮบฮฑฮฏฮทฮฝ แผฯฮตฮนฮปฮทฮธฮญฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฮฝฮตฮฝฮนฮบฮทฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฮฝฮฑฮผฮฌฯฮตฯฮธฮฑฮฏ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮฝฮฑฮปฮฑฮผฮฒฮฌฮฝฮตฮนฮฝ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฯฮญฯฮทฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮบฯฯฮทฯฮฑ. แผกฮผฮตแฟฯ ฮดฮญ, ฮตแฝฯฮทฮผฮฑ ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮตแฝฯฮฎฮบฮฑฮผฮตฮฝ แผกฮผฮญฮฑฯ ฯฮต ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฝบฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ แผฮปฮปฮฌฮดฮฑ, ฮฝฮญฯฮฟฯ ฯฮฟฯฮฟแฟฆฯฮฟ แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฯฮฝ แผฮฝฯฯฮฌฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน, ฮผแฝด ฮดฮนฯฮบฯฮผฮตฮฝ แผฮฝฮดฯฮฑฯ ฯฮตฯฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฯ. ฯฮฌฮดฮต ฮณแฝฐฯ ฮฟแฝฮบ แผกฮผฮตแฟฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮตฯฮณฮฑฯฮฌฮผฮตฮธฮฑ, แผฮปฮปแฝฐ ฮธฮตฮฟฮฏ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฅฯฯฮตฯ, ฮฟแผณ แผฯฮธฯฮฝฮทฯฮฑฮฝ แผฮฝฮดฯฮฑ แผฮฝฮฑ ฯแฟฯ ฯฮต แผฯฮฏฮทฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟฯ ฮแฝฯฯฯฮทฯ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตแฟฆฯฮฑฮน แผฯฮฝฯฮฑ แผฮฝฯฯฮนฯฮฝ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮฌฯฮธฮฑฮปฮฟฮฝยท แฝฯ ฯฮฌ ฯฮต แผฑฯแฝฐ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝฐ แผดฮดฮนฮฑ แผฮฝ แฝฮผฮฟฮฏแฟณ แผฯฮฟฮนฮญฮตฯฮฟ, แผฮผฯฮนฯฯฮฌฯ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮฒฮฌฮปฮปฯฮฝ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮธฮตแฟถฮฝ ฯแฝฐ แผฮณฮฌฮปฮผฮฑฯฮฑยท แฝฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮธฮฌฮปฮฑฯฯฮฑฮฝ แผฯฮตฮผฮฑฯฯฮฏฮณฯฯฮต ฯฮญฮดฮฑฯ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑฯแฟฮบฮต. แผฮปฮปสผ ฮตแฝ ฮณแฝฐฯ แผฯฮตฮน แผฯ ฯแฝธ ฯฮฑฯฮตแฝธฮฝ แผกฮผแฟฮฝ, ฮฝแฟฆฮฝ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฮฝ ฯแฟ แผฮปฮปฮฌฮดฮน ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮผฮตฮฏฮฝฮฑฮฝฯฮฑฯ แผกฮผฮญฯฮฝ ฯฮต ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ แผฯฮนฮผฮตฮปฮทฮธแฟฮฝฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮตฯฮญฯฮฝ, ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮนฯ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮฏฮทฮฝ ฯฮต แผฮฝฮฑฯฮปฮฑฯฮฌฯฮธฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฯฯฮฟฯ
แผฮฝฮฑฮบแฟถฯ แผฯฮญฯฯ, ฯฮฑฮฝฯฮตฮปฮญฯฯ แผฯฮตฮปฮฌฯฮฑฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮฒฮฌฯฮฒฮฑฯฮฟฮฝยท แผ
ฮผฮฑ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟท แผฮฑฯฮน ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฮปฮญฯฮผฮตฮฝ แผฯแฝถ แผฮปฮปฮทฯฯฯฮฝฯฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผธฯฮฝฮฏฮทฯ.โ ฯฮฑแฟฆฯฮฑ แผฮปฮตฮณฮต แผฯฮฟฮธฮฎฮบฮทฮฝ ฮผฮญฮปฮปฯฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮฎฯฮฑฯฮธฮฑฮน แผฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮ ฮญฯฯฮทฮฝ, แผตฮฝฮฑ แผขฮฝ แผฯฮฑ ฯฮฏ ฮผฮนฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮปฮฑฮผฮฒฮฌฮฝแฟ ฯฯแฝธฯ แผฮธฮทฮฝฮฑฮฏฯฮฝ ฯฮฌฮธฮฟฯ แผฯแฟ แผฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฟฯฮฎฮฝยท ฯฮฌ ฯฮตฯ แฝฆฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮณฮญฮฝฮตฯฮฟ.
8.143. แผฮธฮทฮฝฮฑแฟฮฟฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮผแฝฒฮฝ แผฮปฮญฮพฮฑฮฝฮดฯฮฟฮฝ แฝฯฮตฮบฯฮฏฮฝฮฑฮฝฯฮฟ ฯฮฌฮดฮต. โฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฯ ฮณฮต แผฯฮนฯฯฮฌฮผฮตฮธฮฑ แฝ
ฯฮน ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฑฯฮปฮทฯฮฏฮท แผฯฯแฝถ ฯแฟท ฮฮฎฮดแฟณ ฮดฯฮฝฮฑฮผฮนฯ แผค ฯฮตฯ แผกฮผแฟฮฝ, แฝฅฯฯฮต ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒฮฝ ฮดฮญฮตฮน ฯฮฟแฟฆฯฯ ฮณฮต แฝฮฝฮตฮนฮดฮฏฮถฮตฮนฮฝ. แผฮปฮปสผ แฝ
ฮผฯฯ แผฮปฮตฯ
ฮธฮตฯฮฏฮทฯ ฮณฮปฮนฯฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน แผฮผฯ
ฮฝฮตฯฮผฮตฮธฮฑ ฮฟแฝฯฯ แฝ
ฮบฯฯ แผฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดฯ
ฮฝฯฮผฮตฮธฮฑ. แฝฮผฮฟฮปฮฟฮณแฟฯฮฑฮน ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟท ฮฒฮฑฯฮฒฮฌฯแฟณ ฮผฮฎฯฮต ฯแฝบ แผกฮผฮญฮฑฯ ฯฮตฮนฯแฟถ แผฮฝฮฑฯฮตฮฏฮธฮตฮนฮฝ ฮฟแฝฯฮต แผกฮผฮตแฟฯ ฯฮตฮนฯฯฮผฮตฮธฮฑ. ฮฝแฟฆฮฝ ฯฮต แผฯฮฌฮณฮณฮตฮปฮปฮต ฮฮฑฯฮดฮฟฮฝฮฏแฟณ แฝกฯ แผฮธฮทฮฝฮฑแฟฮฟฮน ฮปฮญฮณฮฟฯ
ฯฮน, แผฯฯสผ แผฮฝ แฝ แผฅฮปฮนฮฟฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฝดฮฝ แฝฮดแฝธฮฝ แผดแฟ ฯแฟ ฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฝแฟฆฮฝ แผฯฯฮตฯฮฑฮน, ฮผฮฎฮบฮฟฯฮต แฝฮผฮฟฮปฮฟฮณฮฎฯฮตฮนฮฝ แผกฮผฮญฮฑฯ ฮฮญฯฮพแฟยท แผฮปฮปแฝฐ ฮธฮตฮฟแฟฯฮฏ ฯฮต ฯฯ
ฮผฮผฮฌฯฮฟฮนฯฮน ฯฮฏฯฯ
ฮฝฮฟฮฏ ฮผฮนฮฝ แผฯฮญฮพฮนฮผฮตฮฝ แผฮผฯ
ฮฝฯฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮน ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฯฮน แผฅฯฯฯฮน, ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮบฮตแฟฮฝฮฟฯ ฮฟแฝฮดฮตฮผฮฏฮฑฮฝ แฝฯฮนฮฝ แผฯฯฮฝ แผฮฝฮญฯฯฮทฯฮต ฯฮฟฯฯ ฯฮต ฮฟแผดฮบฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯแฝฐ แผฮณฮฌฮปฮผฮฑฯฮฑ. ฯฯ ฯฮต ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮปฮฟฮนฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮปฯฮณฮฟฯ
ฯ แผฯฯฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮฟฯฯฮดฮต ฮผแฝด แผฯฮนฯฮฑฮฏฮฝฮตฮฟ แผฮธฮทฮฝฮฑฮฏฮฟฮนฯฮน, ฮผฮทฮดแฝฒ ฮดฮฟฮบฮญฯฮฝ ฯฯฮทฯฯแฝฐ แฝฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮณฮญฮตฮนฮฝ แผฮธฮญฮผฮนฯฯฮฑ แผฯฮดฮตฮนฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮฏฮฝฮตฮตยท ฮฟแฝ ฮณฮฌฯ ฯฮต ฮฒฮฟฯ
ฮปฯฮผฮตฮธฮฑ ฮฟแฝฮดแฝฒฮฝ แผฯฮฑฯฮน ฯฯแฝธฯ แผฮธฮทฮฝฮฑฮฏฯฮฝ ฯฮฑฮธฮตแฟฮฝ แผฯฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฯฯฮพฮตฮนฮฝฯฮฝ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฮฏฮปฮฟฮฝ.โ''. None | 1.8. This Candaules, then, fell in love with his own wife, so much so that he believed her to be by far the most beautiful woman in the world; and believing this, he praised her beauty beyond measure to Gyges son of Dascylus, who was his favorite among his bodyguard; for it was to Gyges that he entrusted all his most important secrets. ,After a little while, Candaules, doomed to misfortune, spoke to Gyges thus: โGyges, I do not think that you believe what I say about the beauty of my wife; men trust their ears less than their eyes: so you must see her naked.โ Gyges protested loudly at this. ,โMaster,โ he said, โwhat an unsound suggestion, that I should see my mistress naked! When a woman's clothes come off, she dispenses with her modesty, too. ,Men have long ago made wise rules from which one ought to learn; one of these is that one should mind one's own business. As for me, I believe that your queen is the most beautiful of all women, and I ask you not to ask of me what is lawless.โ " "1.9. Speaking thus, Gyges resisted: for he was afraid that some evil would come of it for him. But this was Candaules' answer: โCourage, Gyges! Do not be afraid of me, that I say this to test you, or of my wife, that you will have any harm from her. I will arrange it so that she shall never know that you have seen her. ,I will bring you into the chamber where she and I lie and conceal you behind the open door; and after I have entered, my wife too will come to bed. There is a chair standing near the entrance of the room: on this she will lay each article of her clothing as she takes it off, and you will be able to look upon her at your leisure. ,Then, when she moves from the chair to the bed, turning her back on you, be careful she does not see you going out through the doorway.โ " '1.10. As Gyges could not escape, he consented. Candaules, when he judged it to be time for bed, brought Gyges into the chamber; his wife followed presently, and when she had come in and was laying aside her garments, Gyges saw her; ,when she turned her back upon him to go to bed, he slipped from the room. The woman glimpsed him as he went out, and perceived what her husband had done. But though shamed, she did not cry out or let it be seen that she had perceived anything, for she meant to punish Candaules; ,since among the Lydians and most of the foreign peoples it is felt as a great shame that even a man be seen naked. ' "1.11. For the present she made no sign and kept quiet. But as soon as it was day, she prepared those of her household whom she saw were most faithful to her, and called Gyges. He, supposing that she knew nothing of what had been done, answered the summons; for he was used to attending the queen whenever she summoned him. ,When Gyges came, the lady addressed him thus: โNow, Gyges, you have two ways before you; decide which you will follow. You must either kill Candaules and take me and the throne of Lydia for your own, or be killed yourself now without more ado; that will prevent you from obeying all Candaules' commands in the future and seeing what you should not see. ,One of you must die: either he, the contriver of this plot, or you, who have outraged all custom by looking on me uncovered.โ Gyges stood awhile astonished at this; presently, he begged her not to compel him to such a choice. ,But when he could not deter her, and saw that dire necessity was truly upon him either to kill his master or himself be killed by others, he chose his own life. Then he asked: โSince you force me against my will to kill my master, I would like to know how we are to lay our hands on him.โ ,She replied, โYou shall come at him from the same place where he made you view me naked: attack him in his sleep.โ " "1.12. When they had prepared this plot, and night had fallen, Gyges followed the woman into the chamber (for Gyges was not released, nor was there any means of deliverance, but either he or Candaules must die). She gave him a dagger and hid him behind the same door; ,and presently he stole out and killed Candaules as he slept. Thus he made himself master of the king's wife and sovereignty. He is mentioned in the iambic verses of Archilochus of Parus who lived about the same time. " '
1.56. When he heard these verses, Croesus was pleased with them above all, for he thought that a mule would never be king of the Medes instead of a man, and therefore that he and his posterity would never lose his empire. Then he sought very carefully to discover who the mightiest of the Greeks were, whom he should make his friends. ,He found by inquiry that the chief peoples were the Lacedaemonians among those of Doric, and the Athenians among those of Ionic stock. These races, Ionian and Dorian, were the foremost in ancient time, the first a Pelasgian and the second a Hellenic people. The Pelasgian race has never yet left its home; the Hellenic has wandered often and far. ,For in the days of king Deucalion it inhabited the land of Phthia, then the country called Histiaean, under Ossa and Olympus, in the time of Dorus son of Hellen; driven from this Histiaean country by the Cadmeans, it settled about Pindus in the territory called Macedonian; from there again it migrated to Dryopia, and at last came from Dryopia into the Peloponnese, where it took the name of Dorian. 1.57. What language the Pelasgians spoke I cannot say definitely. But if one may judge by those that still remain of the Pelasgians who live above the Tyrrheni in the city of Creston โwho were once neighbors of the people now called Dorians, and at that time inhabited the country which now is called Thessalianโ ,and of the Pelasgians who inhabited Placia and Scylace on the Hellespont, who came to live among the Athenians, and by other towns too which were once Pelasgian and afterwards took a different name: if, as I said, one may judge by these, the Pelasgians spoke a language which was not Greek. ,If, then, all the Pelasgian stock spoke so, then the Attic nation, being of Pelasgian blood, must have changed its language too at the time when it became part of the Hellenes. For the people of Creston and Placia have a language of their own in common, which is not the language of their neighbors; and it is plain that they still preserve the manner of speech which they brought with them in their migration into the places where they live. 1.58. But the Hellenic stock, it seems clear to me, has always had the same language since its beginning; yet being, when separated from the Pelasgians, few in number, they have grown from a small beginning to comprise a multitude of nations, chiefly because the Pelasgians and many other foreign peoples united themselves with them. Before that, I think, the Pelasgic stock nowhere increased much in number while it was of foreign speech. ' "
1.93. There are not many marvellous things in Lydia to record, in comparison with other countries, except the gold dust that comes down from Tmolus. ,But there is one building to be seen there which is much the greatest of all, except those of Egypt and Babylon . In Lydia is the tomb of Alyattes, the father of Croesus, the base of which is made of great stones and the rest of it of mounded earth. It was built by the men of the market and the craftsmen and the prostitutes. ,There survived until my time five corner-stones set on the top of the tomb, and in these was cut the record of the work done by each group: and measurement showed that the prostitutes' share of the work was the greatest. ,All the daughters of the common people of Lydia ply the trade of prostitutes, to collect dowries, until they can get themselves husbands; and they themselves offer themselves in marriage. ,Now this tomb has a circumference of thirteen hundred and ninety yards, and its breadth is above four hundred and forty yards; and there is a great lake hard by the tomb, which, the Lydians say, is fed by ever-flowing springs; it is called the Gygaean lake. Such then is this tomb. " "
1.106. The Scythians, then, ruled Asia for twenty-eight years: and the whole land was ruined because of their violence and their pride, for, besides exacting from each the tribute which was assessed, they rode about the land carrying off everyone's possessions. ,Most of them were entertained and made drunk and then slain by Cyaxares and the Medes: so thus the Medes took back their empire and all that they had formerly possessed; and they took Ninus (how, I will describe in a later part of my history), and brought all Assyria except the province of Babylon under their rule. " "
1.181. These walls are the city's outer armor; within them there is another encircling wall, nearly as strong as the other, but narrower. ,In the middle of one division of the city stands the royal palace, surrounded by a high and strong wall; and in the middle of the other is still to this day the sacred enclosure of Zeus Belus, a square of four hundred and forty yards each way, with gates of bronze. ,In the center of this sacred enclosure a solid tower has been built, two hundred and twenty yards long and broad; a second tower rises from this and from it yet another, until at last there are eight. ,The way up them mounts spirally outside the height of the towers; about halfway up is a resting place, with seats for repose, where those who ascend sit down and rest. ,In the last tower there is a great shrine; and in it stands a great and well-covered couch, and a golden table nearby. But no image has been set up in the shrine, nor does any human creature lie there for the night, except one native woman, chosen from all women by the god, as the Chaldaeans say, who are priests of this god. " '1.182. These same Chaldaeans say (though I do not believe them) that the god himself is accustomed to visit the shrine and rest on the couch, as in Thebes of Egypt, as the Egyptians say ,(for there too a woman sleeps in the temple of Theban Zeus, and neither the Egyptian nor the Babylonian woman, it is said, has intercourse with men), and as does the prophetess of the god at Patara in Lycia, whenever she is appointed; for there is not always a place of divination there; but when she is appointed she is shut up in the temple during the night. ' "1.183. In the Babylonian temple there is another shrine below, where there is a great golden image of Zeus, sitting at a great golden table, and the footstool and the chair are also gold; the gold of the whole was said by the Chaldeans to be eight hundred talents' weight. ,Outside the temple is a golden altar. There is also another great altar, on which are sacrificed the full-grown of the flocks; only nurslings may be sacrificed on the golden altar, but on the greater altar the Chaldeans even offer a thousand talents' weight of frankincense yearly, when they keep the festival of this god; and in the days of Cyrus there was still in this sacred enclosure a statue of solid gold twenty feet high. ,I myself have not seen it, but I relate what is told by the Chaldeans. Darius son of Hystaspes proposed to take this statue but dared not; Xerxes his son took it, and killed the priest who warned him not to move the statue. Such is the furniture of this temple, and there are many private offerings besides. " '1.184. Now among the many rulers of this city of Babylon (whom I shall mention in my Assyrian history) who finished the building of the walls and the temples, there were two that were women. The first of these lived five generations earlier than the second, and her name was Semiramis: it was she who built dikes on the plain, a notable work; before that the whole plain used to be flooded by the river. 1.185. The second queen, whose name was Nitocris, was a wiser woman than the first. She left such monuments as I shall record; and moreover, seeing that the kingdom of Media was great and restless and Ninus itself among other cities had fallen to it, she took such precautions as she could for her protection. ,First she dealt with the river Euphrates, which flows through the middle of her city; this had been straight before; but by digging canals higher up she made the river so crooked that its course now passes one of the Assyrian villages three times; the village which is so approached by the Euphrates is called Ardericca. And now those who travel from our sea to Babylon must spend three days as they float down the Euphrates coming three times to the same village. ,Such was this work; and she built an embankment along either shore of the river, marvellous for its greatness and height. ,Then a long way above Babylon she dug the reservoir of a lake, a little way off from the river, always digging deep enough to find water, and making the circumference a distance of fifty two miles; what was dug out of this hole, she used to embank either edge of the river; ,and when she had it all dug, she brought stones and made a quay all around the lake. ,Her purpose in making the river wind and turning the hole into marsh was this: that the current might be slower because of the many windings that broke its force, and that the passages to Babylon might be crooked, and that right after them should come also the long circuit of the lake. ,All this work was done in that part of the country where the passes are and the shortest road from Media, so that the Medes might not mix with her people and learn of her affairs.
1.187. There was a trick, too, that this same queen contrived. She had a tomb made for herself and set high over the very gate of that entrance of the city which was used most, with writing engraved on the tomb, which read: ,โIf any king of Babylon in the future is in need of money, let him open this tomb and take as much as he likes: but let him not open it unless he is in need; for it will be the worse for him.โ ,This tomb remained untouched until the kingship fell to Darius. He thought it a very strange thing that he should never use this gate, or take the money when it lay there and the writing itself invited him to. ,The reason he did not use the gate was that the dead body would be over his head as he passed through. ,After opening the tomb, he found no money there, only the dead body, with writing which read: โIf you were ever satisfied with what you had and did not disgrace yourself seeking more, you would not have opened the coffins of the dead.โ Such a woman, it is recorded, was this queen.
1.198. The dead are embalmed in honey for burial, and their dirges are like the dirges of Egypt . Whenever a Babylonian has had intercourse with his wife, they both sit before a burnt offering of incense, and at dawn they wash themselves; they will touch no vessel before this is done. This is the custom in Arabia also. 1.199. The foulest Babylonian custom is that which compels every woman of the land to sit in the temple of Aphrodite and have intercourse with some stranger once in her life. Many women who are rich and proud and disdain to mingle with the rest, drive to the temple in covered carriages drawn by teams, and stand there with a great retinue of attendants. ,But most sit down in the sacred plot of Aphrodite, with crowns of cord on their heads; there is a great multitude of women coming and going; passages marked by line run every way through the crowd, by which the men pass and make their choice. ,Once a woman has taken her place there, she does not go away to her home before some stranger has cast money into her lap, and had intercourse with her outside the temple; but while he casts the money, he must say, โI invite you in the name of Mylittaโ (that is the Assyrian name for Aphrodite). ,It does not matter what sum the money is; the woman will never refuse, for that would be a sin, the money being by this act made sacred. So she follows the first man who casts it and rejects no one. After their intercourse, having discharged her sacred duty to the goddess, she goes away to her home; and thereafter there is no bribe however great that will get her. ,So then the women that are fair and tall are soon free to depart, but the uncomely have long to wait because they cannot fulfill the law; for some of them remain for three years, or four. There is a custom like this in some parts of Cyprus . ' "
2.29. I was unable to learn anything from anyone else, but this much further I did learn by the most extensive investigation that I could make, going as far as the city of Elephantine to look myself, and beyond that by question and hearsay. ,Beyond Elephantine, as one travels inland, the land rises. Here one must pass with the boat roped on both sides as men harness an ox; and if the rope breaks, the boat will be carried away by the strength of the current. ,This part of the river is a four days' journey by boat, and the Nile here is twisty just as the Maeander ; a distance of twelve schoeni must be passed in the foregoing manner. After that, you come to a level plain, where there is an island in the Nile, called Takhompso. ,The country above Elephantine now begins to be inhabited by Ethiopians: half the people of the island are Ethiopians, and half Egyptians. Near the island is a great lake, on whose shores live nomadic Ethiopians. After crossing this, you come to the stream of the Nile, which empties into this lake. ,Then you disembark and journey along the river bank for forty days; for there are sharp projecting rocks in the Nile and many reefs, through which no boat can pass. ,Having traversed this part in forty days as I have said, you take boat again and so travel for twelve days until you come to a great city called Meroe, which is said to be the capital of all Ethiopia . ,The people of the place worship no other gods but Zeus and Dionysus; these they greatly honor, and they have a place of divination sacred to Zeus; they send out armies whenever and wherever this god through his oracle commands them. " '2.30. From this city you make a journey by water equal in distance to that by which you came from Elephantine to the capital city of Ethiopia, and you come to the land of the Deserters. These Deserters are called Asmakh, which translates, in Greek, as โthose who stand on the left hand of the kingโ. ,These once revolted and joined themselves to the Ethiopians, two hundred and forty thousand Egyptians of fighting age. The reason was as follows. In the reign of Psammetichus, there were watchposts at Elephantine facing Ethiopia, at Daphnae of Pelusium facing Arabia and Assyria, and at Marea facing Libya . ,And still in my time the Persians hold these posts as they were held in the days of Psammetichus; there are Persian guards at Elephantine and at Daphnae . Now the Egyptians had been on guard for three years, and no one came to relieve them; so, organizing and making common cause, they revolted from Psammetichus and went to Ethiopia . ,Psammetichus heard of it and pursued them; and when he overtook them, he asked them in a long speech not to desert their children and wives and the gods of their fathers. Then one of them, the story goes, pointed to his genitals and said that wherever that was, they would have wives and children. ,So they came to Ethiopia, and gave themselves up to the king of the country; who, to make them a gift in return, told them to dispossess certain Ethiopians with whom he was feuding, and occupy their land. These Ethiopians then learned Egyptian customs and have become milder-mannered by intermixture with the Egyptians. ' "2.31. To a distance of four months' travel by land and water, then, there is knowledge of the Nile, besides the part of it that is in Egypt . So many months, as reckoning shows, are found to be spent by one going from Elephantine to the country of the Deserters. The river flows from the west and the sun's setting. Beyond this, no one has clear information to declare; for all that country is desolate because of the heat. " "
2.42. All that have a temple of Zeus of Thebes or are of the Theban district sacrifice goats, but will not touch sheep. ,For no gods are worshipped by all Egyptians in common except Isis and Osiris, who they say is Dionysus; these are worshipped by all alike. Those who have a temple of Mendes or are of the Mendesian district sacrifice sheep, but will not touch goats. ,The Thebans, and those who by the Theban example will not touch sheep, give the following reason for their ordice: they say that Heracles wanted very much to see Zeus and that Zeus did not want to be seen by him, but that finally, when Heracles prayed, Zeus contrived ,to show himself displaying the head and wearing the fleece of a ram which he had flayed and beheaded. It is from this that the Egyptian images of Zeus have a ram's head; and in this, the Egyptians are imitated by the Ammonians, who are colonists from Egypt and Ethiopia and speak a language compounded of the tongues of both countries. ,It was from this, I think, that the Ammonians got their name, too; for the Egyptians call Zeus โAmonโ. The Thebans, then, consider rams sacred for this reason, and do not sacrifice them. ,But one day a year, at the festival of Zeus, they cut in pieces and flay a single ram and put the fleece on the image of Zeus, as in the story; then they bring an image of Heracles near it. Having done this, all that are at the temple mourn for the ram, and then bury it in a sacred coffin. " '
2.54. But about the oracles in Hellas, and that one which is in Libya, the Egyptians give the following account. The priests of Zeus of Thebes told me that two priestesses had been carried away from Thebes by Phoenicians; one, they said they had heard was taken away and sold in Libya, the other in Hellas ; these women, they said, were the first founders of places of divination in the aforesaid countries. ,When I asked them how it was that they could speak with such certain knowledge, they said in reply that their people had sought diligently for these women, and had never been able to find them, but had learned later the story which they were telling me. 2.55. That, then, I heard from the Theban priests; and what follows, the prophetesses of Dodona say: that two black doves had come flying from Thebes in Egypt, one to Libya and one to Dodona ; ,the latter settled on an oak tree, and there uttered human speech, declaring that a place of divination from Zeus must be made there; the people of Dodona understood that the message was divine, and therefore established the oracular shrine. ,The dove which came to Libya told the Libyans (they say) to make an oracle of Ammon; this also is sacred to Zeus. Such was the story told by the Dodonaean priestesses, the eldest of whom was Promeneia and the next Timarete and the youngest Nicandra; and the rest of the servants of the temple at Dodona similarly held it true. 2.56. But my own belief about it is this. If the Phoenicians did in fact carry away the sacred women and sell one in Libya and one in Hellas, then, in my opinion, the place where this woman was sold in what is now Hellas, but was formerly called Pelasgia, was Thesprotia ; ,and then, being a slave there, she established a shrine of Zeus under an oak that was growing there; for it was reasonable that, as she had been a handmaid of the temple of Zeus at Thebes , she would remember that temple in the land to which she had come. ,After this, as soon as she understood the Greek language, she taught divination; and she said that her sister had been sold in Libya by the same Phoenicians who sold her. 2.57. I expect that these women were called โdovesโ by the people of Dodona because they spoke a strange language, and the people thought it like the cries of birds; ,then the woman spoke what they could understand, and that is why they say that the dove uttered human speech; as long as she spoke in a foreign tongue, they thought her voice was like the voice of a bird. For how could a dove utter the speech of men? The tale that the dove was black signifies that the woman was Egyptian . ,The fashions of divination at Thebes of Egypt and at Dodona are like one another; moreover, the practice of divining from the sacrificed victim has also come from Egypt .
2.64. Furthermore, it was the Egyptians who first made it a matter of religious observance not to have intercourse with women in temples or to enter a temple after such intercourse without washing. Nearly all other peoples are less careful in this matter than are the Egyptians and Greeks, and consider a man to be like any other animal; ,for beasts and birds (they say) are seen to mate both in the temples and in the sacred precincts; now were this displeasing to the god, the beasts would not do so. This is the reason given by others for practices which I, for my part, dislike; ' "
2.100. After him came three hundred and thirty kings, whose names the priests recited from a papyrus roll. In all these many generations there were eighteen Ethiopian kings, and one queen, native to the country; the rest were all Egyptian men. ,The name of the queen was the same as that of the Babylonian princess, Nitocris. She, to avenge her brother (he was king of Egypt and was slain by his subjects, who then gave Nitocris the sovereignty) put many of the Egyptians to death by treachery. ,She built a spacious underground chamber; then, with the pretence of inaugurating it, but with quite another intent in her mind, she gave a great feast, inviting to it those Egyptians whom she knew to have had the most complicity in her brother's murder; and while they feasted, she let the river in upon them by a vast secret channel. ,This was all that the priests told of her, except that when she had done this she cast herself into a chamber full of hot ashes, to escape vengeance." '
2.111. When Sesostris died, he was succeeded in the kingship (the priests said) by his son Pheros . This king waged no wars, and chanced to become blind, for the following reason: the Nile came down in such a flood as there had never been, rising to a height of thirty feet, and the water that flowed over the fields was roughened by a strong wind; ,then, it is said, the king was so audacious as to seize a spear and hurl it into the midst of the river eddies. Right after this, he came down with a disease of the eyes, and became blind. When he had been blind for ten years, an oracle from the city of Buto declared to him that the term of his punishment was drawing to an end, and that he would regain his sight by washing his eyes with the urine of a woman who had never had intercourse with any man but her own husband. ,Pheros tried his own wife first; and, as he remained blind, all women, one after another. When he at last recovered his sight, he took all the women whom he had tried, except the one who had made him see again, and gathered them into one town, the one which is now called โRed Clayโ; having concentrated them together there, he burnt them and the town; ,but the woman by whose means he had recovered his sight, he married. Most worthy of mention among the many offerings which he dedicated in all the noteworthy temples for his deliverance from blindness are the two marvellous stone obelisks which he set up in the temple of the Sun. Each of these is made of a single block, and is over one hundred and sixty-six feet high and thirteen feet thick.
2.150. Furthermore, the natives said that this lake drains underground into the Libyan Syrtis, and extends under the mountains that are above Memphis, having the inland country on its west. ,When I could not see anywhere the earth taken from the digging of this lake, since this was curious to me, I asked those who live nearest the lake where the stuff was that had been dug out. They told me where it had been carried, and I readily believed them, for I had heard of a similar thing happening in the Assyrian city of Ninus . ,Sardanapallus king of Ninus had great wealth, which he kept in an underground treasury. Some thieves plotted to carry it off; they surveyed their course and dug an underground way from their own house to the palace, carrying the earth taken out of the passage dug by night to the Tigris, which runs past Ninus, until at last they accomplished their end. ,This, I was told, had happened when the Egyptian lake was dug, except that the work went on not by night but by day. The Egyptians bore the earth dug out by them to the Nile, to be caught and scattered (as was to be expected) by the river. Thus is this lake said to have been dug.
2.155. I have often mentioned the Egyptian oracle, and shall give an account of this, as it deserves. This oracle is sacred to Leto, and is situated in a great city by the Sebennytic arm of the Nile, on the way up from the sea. ,Buto is the name of the city where this oracle is; I have already mentioned it. In Buto there is a temple of Apollo and Artemis. The shrine of Leto where the oracle is, is itself very great, and its outer court is sixty feet high. ,But what caused me the most wonder among the things apparent there I shall mention. In this precinct is the shrine of Leto, the height and length of whose walls is all made of a single stone slab; each wall has an equal length and height; namely, seventy feet. Another slab makes the surface of the roof, the cornice of which is seven feet broad. 2.156. Thus, then, the shrine is the most marvellous of all the things that I saw in this temple; but of things of second rank, the most wondrous is the island called Khemmis . ,This lies in a deep and wide lake near the temple at Buto, and the Egyptians say that it floats. I never saw it float, or move at all, and I thought it a marvellous tale, that an island should truly float. ,However that may be, there is a great shrine of Apollo on it, and three altars stand there; many palm trees grow on the island, and other trees too, some yielding fruit and some not. ,This is the story that the Egyptians tell to explain why the island moves: that on this island that did not move before, Leto, one of the eight gods who first came to be, who was living at Buto where this oracle of hers is, taking charge of Apollo from Isis, hid him for safety in this island which is now said to float, when Typhon came hunting through the world, keen to find the son of Osiris. ,Apollo and Artemis were (they say) children of Dionysus and Isis, and Leto was made their nurse and preserver; in Egyptian, Apollo is Horus, Demeter Isis, Artemis Bubastis. ,It was from this legend and no other that Aeschylus son of Euphorion took a notion which is in no poet before him: that Artemis was the daughter of Demeter. For this reason the island was made to float. So they say. ' "
2.158. Psammetichus had a son, Necos, who became king of Egypt . It was he who began building the canal into the Red Sea, which was finished by Darius the Persian. This is four days' voyage in length, and it was dug wide enough for two triremes to move in it rowed abreast. ,It is fed by the Nile, and is carried from a little above Bubastis by the Arabian town of Patumus; it issues into the Red Sea . Digging began in the part of the Egyptian plain nearest to Arabia ; the mountains that extend to Memphis (the mountains where the stone quarries are) come close to this plain; ,the canal is led along the foothills of these mountains in a long reach from west to east; passing then into a ravine, it bears southward out of the hill country towards the Arabian Gulf . ,Now the shortest and most direct passage from the northern to the southern or Red Sea is from the Casian promontory, the boundary between Egypt and Syria, to the Arabian Gulf, and this is a distance of one hundred and twenty five miles, neither more nor less; ,this is the most direct route, but the canal is far longer, inasmuch as it is more crooked. In Necos' reign, a hundred and twenty thousand Egyptians died digging it. Necos stopped work, stayed by a prophetic utterance that he was toiling beforehand for the barbarian. The Egyptians call all men of other languages barbarians. " '
2.161. Psammis reigned over Egypt for only six years; he invaded Ethiopia, and immediately thereafter died, and Apries the son of Psammis reigned in his place. ,He was more fortunate than any former king (except his great-grandfather Psammetichus) during his rule of twenty-five years, during which he sent an army against Sidon and fought at sea with the king of Tyre . ,But when it was fated that evil should overtake him, the cause of it was something that I will now deal with briefly, and at greater length in the Libyan part of this history. ,Apries sent a great force against Cyrene and suffered a great defeat. The Egyptians blamed him for this and rebelled against him; for they thought that Apries had knowingly sent his men to their doom, so that after their perishing in this way he might be the more secure in his rule over the rest of the Egyptians. Bitterly angered by this, those who returned home and the friends of the slain openly revolted.
4.1. After taking Babylon, Darius himself marched against the Scythians. For since Asia was bursting with men and vast revenues were coming in, Darius desired to punish the Scythians for the wrong they had begun when they invaded Media first and defeated those who opposed them in battle. ,For the Scythians, as I have said before, ruled upper Asia for twenty-eight years; they invaded Asia in their pursuit of the Cimmerians, and ended the power of the Medes, who were the rulers of Asia before the Scythians came. ,But when the Scythians had been away from their homes for twenty-eight years and returned to their country after so long an absence, as much trouble as their Median war awaited them. They found themselves opposed by a great force; for the Scythian women, when their husbands were away for so long, turned to their slaves. ' "
4.5. The Scythians say that their nation is the youngest in the world, and that it came into being in this way. A man whose name was Targitaรผs appeared in this country, which was then desolate. They say that his parents were Zeus and a daughter of the Borysthenes river (I do not believe the story, but it is told). ,Such was Targitaรผs' lineage; and he had three sons: Lipoxaรฏs, Arpoxaรฏs, and Colaxaรฏs, youngest of the three. ,In the time of their rule (the story goes) certain implementsโnamely, a plough, a yoke, a sword, and a flask, all of goldโfell down from the sky into Scythia . The eldest of them, seeing these, approached them meaning to take them; but the gold began to burn as he neared, and he stopped. ,Then the second approached, and the gold did as before. When these two had been driven back by the burning gold, the youngest brother approached and the burning stopped, and he took the gold to his own house. In view of this, the elder brothers agreed to give all the royal power to the youngest. " "4.6. Lipoxaรฏs, it is said, was the father of the Scythian clan called Auchatae; Arpoxaรฏs, the second brother, of those called Katiari and Traspians; the youngest, who was king, of those called Paralatae. ,All these together bear the name of Skoloti, after their king; โScythiansโ is the name given them by Greeks. This, then, is the Scythians' account of their origin, " '4.7. and they say that neither more nor less than a thousand years in all passed from the time of their first king Targitaรผs to the entry of Darius into their country. The kings guard this sacred gold very closely, and every year offer solemn sacrifices of propitiation to it. ,Whoever falls asleep at this festival in the open air, having the sacred gold with him, is said by the Scythians not to live out the year; for which reason (they say) as much land as he can ride round in one day is given to him. Because of the great size of the country, the lordships that Colaxaรฏs established for his sons were three, one of which, where they keep the gold, was the greatest. ,Above and north of the neighbors of their country no one (they say) can see or travel further, because of showers of feathers; for earth and sky are full of feathers, and these hinder sight. ' "4.8. This is what the Scythians say about themselves and the country north of them. But the story told by the Greeks who live in Pontus is as follows. Heracles, driving the cattle of Geryones, came to this land, which was then desolate, but is now inhabited by the Scythians. ,Geryones lived west of the Pontus, settled in the island called by the Greeks Erythea, on the shore of Ocean near Gadira, outside the pillars of Heracles. As for Ocean, the Greeks say that it flows around the whole world from where the sun rises, but they cannot prove that this is so. ,Heracles came from there to the country now called Scythia, where, encountering wintry and frosty weather, he drew his lion's skin over him and fell asleep, and while he slept his mares, which were grazing yoked to the chariot, were spirited away by divine fortune. " '4.9. When Heracles awoke, he searched for them, visiting every part of the country, until at last he came to the land called the Woodland, and there he found in a cave a creature of double form that was half maiden and half serpent; above the buttocks she was a woman, below them a snake. ,When he saw her he was astonished, and asked her if she had seen his mares straying; she said that she had them, and would not return them to him before he had intercourse with her; Heracles did, in hope of this reward. ,But though he was anxious to take the horses and go, she delayed returning them, so that she might have Heracles with her for as long as possible; at last she gave them back, telling him, โThese mares came, and I kept them safe here for you, and you have paid me for keeping them, for I have three sons by you. ,Now tell me what I am to do when they are grown up: shall I keep them here (since I am queen of this country), or shall I send them away to you?โ Thus she inquired, and then (it is said) Heracles answered: ,โWhen you see the boys are grown up, do as follows and you will do rightly: whichever of them you see bending this bow and wearing this belt so, make him an inhabitant of this land; but whoever falls short of these accomplishments that I require, send him away out of the country. Do so and you shall yourself have comfort, and my will shall be done.โ
4.10. So he drew one of his bows (for until then Heracles always carried two), and showed her the belt, and gave her the bow and the belt, that had a golden vessel on the end of its clasp; and, having given them, he departed. But when the sons born to her were grown men, she gave them names, calling one of them Agathyrsus and the next Gelonus and the youngest Scythes; furthermore, remembering the instructions, she did as she was told. ,Two of her sons, Agathyrsus and Gelonus, were cast out by their mother and left the country, unable to fulfill the requirements set; but Scythes, the youngest, fulfilled them and so stayed in the land. ,From Scythes son of Heracles comes the whole line of the kings of Scythia ; and it is because of the vessel that the Scythians carry vessels on their belts to this day. This alone his mother did for Scythes. This is what the Greek dwellers in Pontus say. ' "
4.11. There is yet another story, to which account I myself especially incline. It is to this effect. The nomadic Scythians inhabiting Asia, when hard pressed in war by the Massagetae, fled across the Araxes river to the Cimmerian country (for the country which the Scythians now inhabit is said to have belonged to the Cimmerians before),,and the Cimmerians, at the advance of the Scythians, deliberated as men threatened by a great force should. Opinions were divided; both were strongly held, but that of the princes was the more honorable; for the people believed that their part was to withdraw and that there was no need to risk their lives for the dust of the earth; but the princes were for fighting to defend their country against the attackers. ,Neither side could persuade the other, neither the people the princes nor the princes the people; the one party planned to depart without fighting and leave the country to their enemies, but the princes were determined to lie dead in their own country and not to flee with the people, for they considered how happy their situation had been and what ills were likely to come upon them if they fled from their native land. ,Having made up their minds, the princes separated into two equal bands and fought with each other until they were all killed by each other's hands; then the Cimmerian people buried them by the Tyras river, where their tombs are still to be seen, and having buried them left the land; and the Scythians came and took possession of the country left empty." '
4.12. And to this day there are Cimmerian walls in Scythia, and a Cimmerian ferry, and there is a country Cimmeria and a strait named Cimmerian. ,Furthermore, it is evident that the Cimmerians in their flight from the Scythians into Asia also made a colony on the peninsula where the Greek city of Sinope has since been founded; and it is clear that the Scythians pursued them and invaded Media, missing their way; ,for the Cimmerians always fled along the coast, and the Scythians pursued with the Caucasus on their right until they came into the Median land, turning inland on their way. That is the other story current among Greeks and foreigners alike. ' "
4.13. There is also a story related in a poem by Aristeas son of Caรผstrobius, a man of Proconnesus . This Aristeas, possessed by Phoebus, visited the Issedones; beyond these (he said) live the one-eyed Arimaspians, beyond whom are the griffins that guard gold, and beyond these again the Hyperboreans, whose territory reaches to the sea. ,Except for the Hyperboreans, all these nations (and first the Arimaspians) are always at war with their neighbors; the Issedones were pushed from their lands by the Arimaspians, and the Scythians by the Issedones, and the Cimmerians, living by the southern sea, were hard pressed by the Scythians and left their country. Thus Aristeas' story does not agree with the Scythian account about this country. " "
4.14. Where Aristeas who wrote this came from, I have already said; I will tell the story that I heard about him at Proconnesus and Cyzicus . It is said that this Aristeas, who was as well-born as any of his townsfolk, went into a fuller's shop at Proconnesus and there died; the owner shut his shop and went away to tell the dead man's relatives, ,and the report of Aristeas' death being spread about in the city was disputed by a man of Cyzicus, who had come from the town of Artace, and said that he had met Aristeas going toward Cyzicus and spoken with him. While he argued vehemently, the relatives of the dead man came to the fuller's shop with all that was necessary for burial; ,but when the place was opened, there was no Aristeas there, dead or alive. But in the seventh year after that, Aristeas appeared at Proconnesus and made that poem which the Greeks now call the 4.15. Such is the tale told in these two towns. But this, I know, happened to the Metapontines in Italy, two hundred and forty years after the second disappearance of Aristeas, as reckoning made at Proconnesus and Metapontum shows me: ,Aristeas, so the Metapontines say, appeared in their country and told them to set up an altar to Apollo, and set beside it a statue bearing the name of Aristeas the Proconnesian; for, he said, Apollo had come to their country alone of all Italian lands, and heโthe man who was now Aristeas, but then when he followed the god had been a crowโhad come with him. ,After saying this, he vanished. The Metapontines, so they say, sent to Delphi and asked the god what the vision of the man could mean; and the Pythian priestess told them to obey the vision, saying that their fortune would be better. ,They did as instructed. And now there stands beside the image of Apollo a statue bearing the name of Aristeas; a grove of bay-trees surrounds it; the image is set in the marketplace. Let it suffice that I have said this much about Aristeas.
4.16. As for the land of which my history has begun to speak, no one exactly knows what lies north of it; for I can find out from no one who claims to know as an eyewitness. For even Aristeas, whom I recently mentionedโeven he did not claim to have gone beyond the Issedones, even though a poet; but he spoke by hearsay of what lay north, saying that the Issedones had told him. ,But all that we have been able to learn for certain by report of the farthest lands shall be told.
4.17. North of the port of the Borysthenites, which lies midway along the coast of Scythia, the first inhabitants are the Callippidae, who are Scythian Greeks; and beyond them another tribe called Alazones; these and the Callippidae, though in other ways they live like the Scythians, plant and eat grain, onions, garlic, lentils, and millet. ,Above the Alazones live Scythian farmers, who plant grain not to eat but to sell; north of these, the Neuri; north of the Neuri, the land is uninhabited so far as we know.' "
4.18. These are the tribes by the Hypanis river, west of the Borysthenes . But on the other side of the Borysthenes, the tribe nearest to the sea is the tribe of the Woodlands; and north of these live Scythian farmers, whom the Greek colonists on the Hypanis river (who call themselves Olbiopolitae) call Borystheneรฏtae. ,These farming Scythians inhabit a land stretching east a three days' journey to a river called Panticapes, and north as far as an eleven days' voyage up the Borysthenes ; and north of these the land is desolate for a long way; ,after the desolation is the country of the Man-eaters, who are a nation apart and by no means Scythian; and beyond them is true desolation, where no nation of men lives, as far as we know. " "
4.19. But to the east of these farming Scythians, across the Panticapes river, you are in the land of nomadic Scythians, who plant nothing, nor plough; and all these lands except the Woodlands are bare of trees. These nomads inhabit a country to the east that stretches fourteen days' journey to the Gerrus river." '4.20. Across the Gerrus are those lands called Royal, where the best and most numerous of the Scythians are, who consider all other Scythians their slaves; their territory stretches south to the Tauric land, and east to the trench that was dug by the sons of the blind men, and to the port called The Cliffs on the Maeetian lake; and part of it stretches to the Tanaรฏs river. ,North of the Royal Scythians live the Blackcloaks, who are of another and not a Scythian stock; and beyond the Blackcloaks the land is all marshes and uninhabited by men, so far as we know. ' "4.21. Across the Tanaรฏs it is no longer Scythia; the first of the districts belongs to the Sauromatae, whose country begins at the inner end of the Maeetian lake and stretches fifteen days' journey north, and is quite bare of both wild and cultivated trees. Above these in the second district, the Budini inhabit a country thickly overgrown with trees of all kinds. " "4.22. North of the Budini the land is uninhabited for seven days' journey; after this desolation, and somewhat more toward the east wind, live the Thyssagetae, a numerous and a separate nation, who live by hunting. ,Adjoining these and in the same country live the people called Iyrkae; these also live by hunting, in the way that I will describe. The hunter climbs a tree, and sits there concealed; for trees grow thickly all over the land; and each man has his horse at hand, trained to flatten on its belly for the sake of lowness, and his dog; and when he sees the quarry from the tree, he shoots with the bow and mounts his horse and pursues it, and the dog follows close behind. ,Beyond these and somewhat to the east live Scythians again, who revolted from the Royal Scythians and came to this country. " '4.23. As for the countryside of these Scythians, all the land mentioned up to this point is level and its soil deep; but thereafter it is stony and rough. ,After a long journey through this rough country, there are men inhabiting the foothills of high mountains, who are said to be bald from birth (male and female alike) and snub-nosed and with long beards; they speak their own language, and wear Scythian clothing, and their food comes from trees. ,The tree by which they live is called โPonticโ; it is about the size of a fig-tree, and bears a fruit as big as a bean, with a stone in it. When this fruit is ripe, they strain it through cloth, and a thick black liquid comes from it, which they call โaschuโ; they lick this up or drink it mixed with milk, and from the thickest lees of it they make cakes, and eat them. ,They have few cattle, for the pasture in their land is not good. They each live under a tree, covering it in winter with a white felt cloth, but using no felt in summer. ,These people are wronged by no man, for they are said to be sacred; nor have they any weapon of war. They judge the quarrels between their neighbors; furthermore, whatever banished man has taken refuge with them is wronged by no one. They are called Argippeans. 4.24. Now as far as the land of these bald men, we have full knowledge of the country and the nations on the near side of them; for some of the Scythians make their way to them, from whom it is easy to get knowledge, and from some of the Greeks, too, from the Borysthenes port and the other ports of Pontus; such Scythians as visit them transact their business with seven interpreters and in seven languages. ' "4.25. As far as these men this country is known, then, but what lies north of the bald men no one can say with exact knowledge; for high and impassable mountains bar the way, and no one crosses them. These bald men say (although I do not believe them) that the mountains are inhabited by men with goats' feet, and that beyond these are men who sleep for six months of the twelve. This I cannot accept as true at all. ,But the country east of the bald-heads is known for certain to be inhabited by the Issedones; however, of what lies north either of the bald-heads or the Issedones we have no knowledge, except what comes from the report of these latter. " "4.26. It is said to be the custom of the Issedones that, whenever a man's father dies, all the nearest of kin bring beasts of the flock and, having killed these and cut up the flesh, they also cut up the dead father of their host, and set out all the flesh mixed together for a feast. ,As for his head, they strip it bare and clean and gild it, and keep it for a sacred relic, to which they offer solemn sacrifice yearly. Every son does this for his father, just like the Greeks in their festivals in honor of the dead. In other respects, these are said to be a law-abiding people, too, and the women to have equal power with the men. " '4.27. of these too, then, we have knowledge; but as for what is north of them, it is from the Issedones that the tale comes of the one-eyed men and the griffins that guard gold; this is told by the Scythians, who have heard it from them; and we have taken it as true from the Scythians, and call these people by the Scythian name, Arimaspians; for in the Scythian tongue โarimaโ is one, and โspouโ is the eye. 4.28. All the aforesaid country is exceedingly cold: for eight months of every year there is unbearable frost, and during these you do not make mud by pouring out water but by lighting a fire; the sea freezes, as does all the Cimmerian Bosporus; and the Scythians living on this side of the trench lead armies over the ice, and drive their wagons across to the land of the Sindi. ,So it is winter for eight months, and cold in that country for the four that remain. Here, there is a different sort of winter than the winters in other lands: for in the season for rain scarcely any falls, but all summer it rains unceasingly; ,and when there are thunderstorms in other lands, here there are none, but in summer there are plenty of them; if there is a thunderstorm in winter they are apt to wonder at it as at a portent. And so, too, if there is an earthquake summer or winter, it is considered a portent in Scythia. ,Horses have the endurance to bear the Scythian winter; mules and asses cannot bear it at all; and yet in other lands, while asses and mules can endure frost, horses that stand in it are frostbitten. 4.29. And in my opinion it is for this reason that the hornless kind of cattle grow no horns in Scythia. A verse of Homer in the 4.50. With these rivers aforesaid, and many others, too, as its tributaries, the Ister becomes the greatest river of all, while river for river the Nile surpasses it in volume, since that owes its volume of water to no tributary river or spring. ,But the Ister is always the same height in summer and winter, the reason for which, I think, is this. In winter it is of its customary size, or only a little greater than is natural to it, for in that country in winter there is very little rain, but snow everywhere. ,In the summer, the abundant snow that has fallen in winter melts and pours from all sides into the Ister; so this snow-melt pours into the river and helps to swell it and much violent rain besides, as the summer is the season of rain. ,And in proportion as the sun draws to itself more water in summer than in winter, the water that commingles with the Ister is many times more abundant in summer than it is in winter; these opposites keep the balance true, so that the volume of the river appears always the same.
4.51. One of the rivers of the Scythians, then, is the Ister. The next is the Tyras; this comes from the north, flowing at first out of a great lake, which is the boundary between the Scythian and the Neurian countries; at the mouth of the river there is a settlement of Greeks, who are called Tyritae. ' "
4.52. The third river is the Hypanis; this comes from Scythia, flowing out of a great lake, around which wild, white horses graze. This lake is truly called the mother of the Hypanis. ,Here, then, the Hypanis rises; for five days' journey its waters are shallow and still sweet; after that for four days' journey seaward it is amazingly bitter, ,for a spring runs into it so bitter that although its volume is small its admixture taints the Hypanis, one of the few great rivers of the world. This spring is on the border between the farming Scythians and the Alazones; the name of it and of the place where it rises is in Scythian Exampaeus; in the Greek tongue, Sacred Ways. ,The Tyras and the Hypanis draw near together in the Alazones' country; after that they flow apart, the intervening space growing wider. " "
4.53. The fourth is the Borysthenes river. This is the next greatest after the Ister, and the most productive, in our judgment, not only of the Scythian but of all rivers, except the Egyptian Nile, with which no other river can be compared. ,But of the rest, the Borysthenes is the most productive; it provides the finest and best-nurturing pasture lands for beasts, and the fish in it are beyond all in their excellence and abundance. Its water is most sweet to drink, flowing with a clear current, whereas the other rivers are turbid. There is excellent soil on its banks, and very rich grass where the land is not planted; ,and self-formed crusts of salt abound at its mouth; it provides great spineless fish, called sturgeons, for salting, and many other wonderful things besides. ,Its course is from the north, and it is known as far as the Gerrhan land; that is, for forty days' voyage; beyond that, no one can say through what nations it flows; but it is plain that it flows through desolate country to the land of the farming Scythians, who live beside it for a ten days' voyage. ,This is the only river, besides the Nile, whose source I cannot identify; nor, I think, can any Greek. When the Borysthenes comes near the sea, the Hypanis mingles with it, running into the same marsh; ,the land between these rivers, where the land projects like a ship's beak, is called Hippolaus' promontory; a temple of Demeter stands there. The settlement of the Borystheneรฏtae is beyond the temple, on the Hypanis. " '
4.54. This is the produce of these rivers, and after these there is a fifth river called Panticapas; this also flows from the north out of a lake, and the land between it and the Borysthenes is inhabited by the farming Scythians; it flows into the woodland country, after passing which it mingles with the Borysthenes.
4.55. The sixth is the Hypacuris river, which rises from a lake, and flowing through the midst of the nomadic Scythians flows out near the city of Carcine, bordering on its right the Woodland and the region called the Racecourse of Achilles .
4.56. The seventh river, the Gerrhus, separates from the Borysthenes at about the place which is the end of our knowledge of that river; at this place it separates, and has the same name as the place itself, Gerrhus; then in its course to the sea it divides the country of the Nomads and the country of the Royal Scythians, and empties into the Hypacuris.
4.57. The eighth is the Tanaรฏs river; in its upper course, this begins by flowing out of a great lake, and enters a yet greater lake called the Maeetian, which divides the Royal Scythians from the Sauromatae; another river, called Hyrgis, is a tributary of this Tanaรฏs.
4.58. These are the rivers of note with which the Scythians are provided. For rearing cattle, the grass growing in Scythia is the most productive of bile of all pastures which we know; that this is so can be judged by opening up the bodies of the cattle.
4.59. The most important things are thus provided them. It remains now to show the customs which are established among them. The only gods whom they propitiate are these: Hestia in particular, and secondly Zeus and Earth, whom they believe to be the wife of Zeus; after these, Apollo, and the Heavenly Aphrodite, and Heracles, and Ares. All the Scythians worship these as gods; the Scythians called Royal sacrifice to Poseidon also. ,In the Scythian tongue, Hestia is called Tabiti; Zeus (in my judgment most correctly so called) Papaeus; Earth is Apia; Apollo Goetosyrus; the Heavenly Aphrodite Argimpasa; Poseidon Thagimasadas. It is their practice to make images and altars and shrines for Ares, but for no other god. ' "4.60. In all their sacred rites they follow the same method of sacrifice; this is how it is offered. The victim stands with its forefeet shackled together; the sacrificer stands behind the beast, and throws it down by pulling the end of the rope; ,as the victim falls, he invokes whatever god it is to whom he sacrifices. Then, throwing a noose around the beast's neck, he thrusts in a stick and twists it and so strangles the victim, lighting no fire nor offering the first-fruits, nor pouring any libation; and having strangled and skinned the beast, he sets about cooking it. " "4.61. Now as the Scythian land is quite bare of wood, this is how they contrive to cook the meat. When they have skinned the victims, they strip the meat from the bones and throw it into the cauldrons of the country, if they have them: these are most like Lesbian bowls, except that they are much bigger; they throw the meat into these, then, and cook it by lighting a fire beneath with the bones of the victims. But if they have no cauldron, then they put all the meat into the victims' stomachs, adding water, and make a fire of the bones beneath, ,which burn nicely; the stomachs easily hold the meat when it is stripped from the bones; thus a steer serves to cook itself, and every other victim does likewise. When the flesh is cooked, the sacrificer takes the first-fruits of the flesh and the entrails and casts them before him. They use all grazing animals for sacrifice, but mainly horses. " "4.62. This is their way of sacrificing to other gods and these are the beasts offered; but their sacrifices to Ares are of this sort. Every district in each of the governments has a structure sacred to Ares; namely, a pile of bundles of sticks three eighths of a mile wide and long, but of a lesser height, on the top of which there is a flattened four-sided surface; three of its sides are sheer, but the fourth can be ascended. ,Every year a hundred and fifty wagon-loads of sticks are heaped upon this; for the storms of winter always make it sink down. On this sacred pile an ancient scimitar of iron is set for each people: their image of Ares. They bring yearly sacrifice of sheep and goats and horses to this scimitar, offering to these symbols even more than they do to the other gods. ,of enemies that they take alive, they sacrifice one man in every hundred, not as they sacrifice sheep and goats, but differently. They pour wine on the men's heads and cut their throats over a bowl; then they carry the blood up on to the pile of sticks and pour it on the scimitar. ,They carry the blood up above, but down below by the sacred pile they cut off all the slain men's right arms and hands and throw these into the air, and depart when they have sacrificed the rest of the victims; the arm lies where it has fallen, and the body apart from it. " '4.63. These then are their established rites of sacrifice; but these Scythians make no offerings of swine; nor are they willing for the most part to rear them in their country. ' "4.64. As to war, these are their customs. A Scythian drinks the blood of the first man whom he has taken down. He carries the heads of all whom he has slain in the battle to his king; for if he brings a head, he receives a share of the booty taken, but not otherwise. ,He scalps the head by making a cut around it by the ears, then grasping the scalp and shaking the head off. Then he scrapes out the flesh with the rib of a steer, and kneads the skin with his hands, and having made it supple he keeps it for a hand towel, fastening it to the bridle of the horse which he himself rides, and taking pride in it; for he who has most scalps for hand towels is judged the best man. ,Many Scythians even make garments to wear out of these scalps, sewing them together like coats of skin. Many too take off the skin, nails and all, from their dead enemies' right hands, and make coverings for their quivers;the human skin was, as it turned out, thick and shining, the brightest and whitest skin of all, one might say. ,Many flay the skin from the whole body, too, and carry it about on horseback stretched on a wooden frame. " '4.65. The heads themselves, not all of them but those of their bitterest enemies, they treat this way. Each saws off all the part beneath the eyebrows, and cleans the rest. If he is a poor man, then he covers the outside with a piece of raw hide, and so makes use of it; but if he is rich, he covers the head with the raw hide, and gilds the inside of it and uses it for a drinking-cup. ,Such a cup a man also makes out of the head of his own kinsman with whom he has been feuding, and whom he has defeated in single combat before the king; and if guests whom he honors visit him he will serve them with these heads, and show how the dead were his kinsfolk who fought him and were beaten by him; this they call manly valor. 4.66. Furthermore, once a year each governor of a province brews a bowl of wine in his own province, which those Scythians who have slain enemies drink; those who have not achieved this do not taste this wine but sit apart dishonored; and this they consider a very great disgrace; but as many as have slain not one but many enemies have two cups apiece and drink out of both. 4.67. There are many diviners among the Scythians, who divine by means of many willow wands as I will show. They bring great bundles of wands, which they lay on the ground and unfasten, and utter their divinations as they lay the rods down one by one; and while still speaking, they gather up the rods once more and place them together again; ,this manner of divination is hereditary among them. The Enarees, who are hermaphrodites, say that Aphrodite gave them the art of divination, which they practise by means of lime-tree bark. They cut this bark into three portions, and prophesy while they braid and unbraid these in their fingers. ' "4.68. Whenever the king of the Scythians falls ill, he sends for the three most reputable diviners, who prophesy in the aforesaid way; and they generally tell him that such and such a man (naming whoever it may be of the people) has sworn falsely by the king's hearth; ,for when the Scythians will swear their mightiest oath, it is by the king's hearth that they are accustomed to swear. Immediately, the man whom they allege to have sworn falsely is seized and brought in, and when he comes the diviners accuse him, saying that their divination shows him to have sworn falsely by the king's hearth, and that this is the cause of the king's sickness; and the man vehemently denies that he has sworn falsely. ,When he denies it, the king sends for twice as many diviners: and if they too, consulting their art, prove him guilty of perjury, then he is instantly beheaded, and his goods are divided among the first diviners; ,but if the later diviners acquit him, then other diviners come, and yet again others. If the greater number of them acquit the man, it is decreed that the first diviners themselves be put to death. " '4.69. And this is how they die. Men yoke oxen to a wagon laden with sticks and tie the diviners up in these, fettering their legs and binding their hands behind them and gagging them; then they set fire to the sticks and drive the oxen away, stampeding them. ,often the oxen are burnt to death with the diviners, and often the yoke-pole of their wagon is burnt through and the oxen escape with a scorching. They burn their diviners for other reasons, too, in the way described, calling them false prophets. ,When the king puts them to death, he does not leave the sons alive either, but kills all the males of the family; the females he does not harm. 4.70. As for giving sworn pledges to those who are to receive them, this is the Scythian way: they take blood from the parties to the agreement by making a little cut in the body with an awl or a knife, and pour it mixed with wine into a big earthenware bowl, into which they then dip a scimitar and arrows and an axe and a javelin; and when this is done those swearing the agreement, and the most honorable of their followers, drink the blood after solemn curses. ' "4.71. The burial-places of the kings are in the land of the Gerrhi, which is the end of the navigation of the Borysthenes. Whenever their king has died, the Scythians dig a great four-cornered pit in the ground there; when this is ready, they take up the dead manโhis body enclosed in wax, his belly cut open and cleaned and filled with cut marsh-plants and frankincense, and parsley and anise seed, and sewn up againโand transport him on a wagon to another tribe. ,Then those who receive the dead man on his arrival do the same as do the Royal Scythians: that is, they cut off a part of their ears, shave their heads, make cuts around their arms, tear their foreheads and noses, and pierce their left hands with arrows. ,From there, the escorts transport the king's body on the wagon to another of the tribes that they rule, and those to whom they have already come follow them; and having carried the dead man to all in turn, they are at the place of burial, in the country of the Gerrhi, the farthest distant tribe of all under their rule. ,Then, having laid the body on a couch in the tomb, they plant spears on each side of the body and lay wooden planks across them, which they then roof over with braided osiers; in the open space which is left in the tomb they bury one of the king's concubines, his cupbearer, his cook, his groom, his squire, and his messenger, after strangling them, besides horses, and first-fruits of everything else, and golden cups; for the Scythians do not use silver or bronze. ,Having done this, they all build a great barrow of earth, vying eagerly with one another to make this as great as possible. " "4.72. After a year has past, they next do as follows. They take the most trusted of the rest of the king's servants (and these are native-born Scythians, for only those whom he tells to do so serve the king, and none of the Scythians have servants bought by money) ,and strangle fifty of these and fifty of their best horses and empty and clean the bellies of them all, fill them with chaff, and sew them up again. ,Then they fasten half of a wheel to two posts, the hollow upward, and the other half to another pair of posts, until many posts thus prepared are planted in the ground, and, after driving thick stakes lengthways through the horses' bodies to their necks, they place the horses up on the wheels ,so that the wheel in front supports the horse's forequarters and the wheel behind takes the weight of the belly by the hindquarters, and the forelegs and hindlegs hang free; and putting bridles and bits in the horses' mouths, they stretch the bridles to the front and fasten them with pegs. ,Then they take each one of the fifty strangled young men and mount him on the horse; their way of doing it is to drive an upright stake through each body passing up alongside the spine to the neck leaving enough of the stake projecting below to be fixed in a hole made in the other stake, which passes through the horse. So having set horsemen of this fashion around the tomb, they ride away. " '4.73. This is the way they bury their kings. All other Scythians, when they die, are laid in wagons and carried about among their friends by their nearest of kin; each receives them and entertains the retinue hospitably, setting before the dead man about as much of the fare as he serves to the rest. All but the kings are carried about like this for forty days and then buried. ,After the burial the Scythians cleanse themselves as follows: they anoint and wash their heads and, for their bodies, set up three poles leaning together to a point and cover these over with wool mats; then, in the space so enclosed to the best of their ability, they make a pit in the center beneath the poles and the mats and throw red-hot stones into it. 4.74. They have hemp growing in their country, very like flax, except that the hemp is much thicker and taller. This grows both of itself and also by their cultivation, and the Thracians even make garments of it which are very like linen; no one, unless he were an expert in hemp, could determine whether they were hempen or linen; whoever has never seen hemp before will think the garment linen. 4.75. The Scythians then take the seed of this hemp and, crawling in under the mats, throw it on the red-hot stones, where it smoulders and sends forth such fumes that no Greek vapor-bath could surpass it. ,The Scythians howl in their joy at the vapor-bath. This serves them instead of bathing, for they never wash their bodies with water. ,But their women pound cypress and cedar and frankincense wood on a rough stone, adding water also, and with the thick stuff thus pounded they anoint their bodies and faces, as a result of which not only does a fragrant scent come from them, but when on the second day they take off the ointment, their skin becomes clear and shining. ' "4.76. But as regards foreign customs, the Scythians (like others) very much shun practising those of any other country, and particularly of Hellas, as was proved in the case of Anacharsis and also of Scyles. ,For when Anacharsis was coming back to the Scythian country after having seen much of the world in his travels and given many examples of his wisdom, he sailed through the Hellespont and put in at Cyzicus; ,where, finding the Cyzicenes celebrating the feast of the Mother of the Gods with great ceremony, he vowed to this same Mother that if he returned to his own country safe and sound he would sacrifice to her as he saw the Cyzicenes doing, and establish a nightly rite of worship. ,So when he came to Scythia, he hid himself in the country called Woodland (which is beside the Race of Achilles, and is all overgrown with every kind of timber); hidden there, Anacharsis celebrated the goddess' ritual with exactness, carrying a small drum and hanging images about himself. ,Then some Scythian saw him doing this and told the king, Saulius; who, coming to the place himself and seeing Anacharsis performing these rites, shot an arrow at him and killed him. And now the Scythians, if they are asked about Anacharsis, say they have no knowledge of him; this is because he left his country for Hellas and followed the customs of strangers. ,But according to what I heard from Tymnes, the deputy for Ariapithes, Anacharsis was an uncle of Idanthyrsus king of Scythia, and he was the son of Gnurus, son of Lycus, son of Spargapithes. Now if Anacharsis was truly of this family, then let him know he was slain by his own brother; for Idanthyrsus was the son of Saulius, and it was Saulius who killed Anacharsis. " '4.77. It is true that I have heard another story told by the Peloponnesians; namely, that Anacharsis had been sent by the king of Scythia and had been a student of the ways of Hellas, and after his return told the king who sent him that all Greeks were keen for every kind of learning, except the Lacedaemonians; but that these were the only Greeks who spoke and listened with discretion. ,But this is a tale pointlessly invented by the Greeks themselves; and be this as it may, the man was put to death as I have said. ' "4.78. This, then, was how Anacharsis fared, owing to his foreign ways and consorting with Greeks; and a great many years afterward, Scyles, son of Ariapithes, suffered a like fate. Scyles was one of the sons born to Ariapithes, king of Scythia; but his mother was of Istria, and not native-born; and she taught him to speak and read Greek. ,As time passed, Ariapithes was treacherously killed by Spargapithes, king of the Agathyrsi, and Scyles inherited the kingship and his father's wife, a Scythian woman whose name was Opoea, and she bore Scyles a son, Oricus. ,So Scyles was king of Scythia; but he was in no way content with the Scythian way of life, and was much more inclined to Greek ways, from the upbringing that he had received. So this is what he would do: he would lead the Scythian army to the city of the Borysthenites (who say that they are Milesians), and when he arrived there would leave his army in the suburb of the city, ,while he himself, entering within the walls and shutting the gates, would take off his Scythian apparel and put on Greek dress; and in it he would go among the townsfolk unattended by spearmen or any others (who would guard the gates, lest any Scythian see him wearing this apparel), and in every way follow the Greek manner of life, and worship the gods according to Greek usage. ,When he had spent a month or more like this, he would put on Scythian dress and leave the city. He did this often; and he built a house in Borysthenes, and married a wife of the people of the country and brought her there. " '4.79. But when things had to turn out badly for him, they did so for this reason: he conceived a desire to be initiated into the rites of the Bacchic Dionysus; and when he was about to begin the sacred mysteries, he saw the greatest vision. ,He had in the city of the Borysthenites a spacious house, grand and costly (the same house I just mentioned), all surrounded by sphinxes and griffins worked in white marble; this house was struck by a thunderbolt. And though the house burnt to the ground, Scyles none the less performed the rite to the end. ,Now the Scythians reproach the Greeks for this Bacchic revelling, saying that it is not reasonable to set up a god who leads men to madness. ,So when Scyles had been initiated into the Bacchic rite, some one of the Borysthenites scoffed at the Scythians: โYou laugh at us, Scythians, because we play the Bacchant and the god possesses us; but now this deity has possessed your own king, so that he plays the Bacchant and is maddened by the god. If you will not believe me, follow me now and I will show him to you.โ ,The leading men among the Scythians followed him, and the Borysthenite brought them up secretly onto a tower; from which, when Scyles passed by with his company of worshippers, they saw him playing the Bacchant; thinking it a great misfortune, they left the city and told the whole army what they had seen. ' "4.80. After this Scyles rode off to his own place; but the Scythians rebelled against him, setting up his brother Octamasades, son of the daughter of Teres, for their king. ,Scyles, learning what had happened concerning him and the reason why it had happened, fled into Thrace; and when Octamasades heard this he led his army there. But when he was beside the Ister, the Thracians barred his way; and when the armies were about to engage, Sitalces sent this message to Octamasades: ,โWhy should we try each other's strength? You are my sister's son, and you have my brother with you; give him back to me, and I will give up your Scyles to you; and let us not endanger our armies.โ ,Such was the offer Sitalces sent to him; for Sitalces' brother had fled from him and was with Octamasades. The Scythian agreed to this, and took his brother Scyles, giving up his own uncle to Sitalces. ,Sitalces then took his brother and carried him away, but Octamasades beheaded Scyles on the spot. This is how closely the Scythians guard their customs, and these are the penalties they inflict on those who add foreign customs to their own. " "4.81. How numerous the Scythians are, I was not able to learn exactly, and the accounts that I heard did not tally, some saying that they are very numerous, and some that they are few, so far as they are true Scythians. ,But this much they let me see for myself: there is a region between the Borysthenes and Hypanis rivers, whose name is Exampaeus; this is the land that I mentioned when I said that there is a spring of salt water in it, whose water makes the Hypanis unfit to drink. ,In this region is a bronze vessel, as much as six times greater than the cauldron dedicated by Pausanias son of Cleombrotus at the entrance of the Pontus. ,For anyone who has not yet seen the latter, I will make my meaning plain: the Scythian bronze vessel easily contains five thousand four hundred gallons, and it is of six fingers' thickness. This vessel (so the people of the country said) was made out of arrowheads. ,For their king, whose name was Ariantas, desiring to know the census of the Scythians, commanded every Scythian to bring him the point from an arrow, threatening death to all who did not. ,So a vast number of arrow-heads was brought, and he decided to make and leave a memorial out of them; and he made of these this bronze vessel, and set it up in this country Exampaeus. This much I heard about the number of the Scythians. " "4.82. As for marvels, there are none in the land, except that it has by far the greatest and the most numerous rivers in the world; and over and above the rivers and the great extent of the plains there is one most marvellous thing for me to mention: they show a footprint of Heracles by the Tyras river stamped on rock, like the mark of a man's foot, but forty inches in length. Having described this, I will now return to the story which I began to tell." "
4.162. During the life of this Battus, these ordices held good, but in the time of his son Arcesilaus much contention arose about the king's rights. ,Arcesilaus, son of the lame Battus and Pheretime, would not abide by the ordices of Demonax, but demanded back the prerogatives of his forefathers, and made himself head of a faction; but he was defeated and banished to Samos, and his mother fled to Salamis in Cyprus. ,Now Salamis at this time was ruled by Evelthon, who dedicated that marvellous censer at Delphi which stands in the treasury of the Corinthians. Pheretime came to him, asking him for an army to bring her and her son back to Cyrene; ,Evelthon was willing to give her everything else, only not an army, and when she accepted what he gave her, she said that it was fine, but it would be better to give her an army as she asked. ,This she said whatever the gift, until at last Evelthon sent her a golden spindle and distaff, and wool, and when Pheretime uttered the same words as before, he answered that these, and not armies, were gifts for women. " '
4.163. Meanwhile Arcesilaus was in Samos, collecting all the men that he could and promising them a new division of land; and while a great army was thus gathering, he made a journey to Delphi, to ask the oracle about his return. ,The priestess gave him this answer: 4.164. But he returned to Cyrene with the men from Samos, and having made himself master of it he forgot the oracle, and demanded justice upon his enemies for his banishment. ,Some of these left the country altogether; others, Arcesilaus seized and sent away to Cyprus to be killed there. These were carried off their course to Cnidus, where the Cnidians saved them and sent them to Thera. Others of the Cyrenaeans fled for refuge into a great tower that belonged to one Aglomachus, a private man, and Arcesilaus piled wood around it and burnt them there. ,Then, perceiving too late that this was the meaning of the Delphic oracle which forbade him to bake the amphora if he found them in the oven, he deliberately refrained from going into the city of the Cyrenaeans, fearing the death prophesied and supposing the tidal place to be Cyrene. ,Now he had a wife who was a relation of his, a daughter of Alazir king of the Barcaeans, and Arcesilaus went to Alazir; but men of Barce and some of the exiles from Cyrene were aware of him and killed him as he walked in the town, and Alazir his father-in-law too. So Arcesilaus whether with or without meaning to missed the meaning of the oracle and fulfilled his destiny. ' "
4.165. While Arcesilaus was living at Barce, accomplishing his own destruction, his mother Pheretime held her son's prerogative at Cyrene, where she administered all his business and sat with others in council. ,But when she learned of her son's death at Barce, she made her escape to Egypt, trusting to the good service which Arcesilaus had done Cambyses the son of Cyrus; for this was the Arcesilaus who gave Cyrene to Cambyses and agreed to pay tribute. ,So, on her arrival in Egypt, Pheretime supplicated Aryandes, asking that he avenge her, on the plea that her son had been killed for allying himself with the Medes. " '
4.166. This Aryandes had been appointed viceroy of Egypt by Cambyses; at a later day, he was put to death for making himself equal to Darius. For, learning and seeing that Darius desired to leave a memorial of himself such as no king ever had, Aryandes imitated him, until he got his reward; ,for Darius had coined money out of gold refined to an extreme purity, and Aryandes, then ruling Egypt, made a similar silver coinage; and now there is no silver money so pure as is the Aryandic. But when Darius heard that Aryandes was doing so, he put him to death, not on this charge but as a rebel. ' "
4.167. At this time, Aryandes took pity on Pheretime and gave her all the Egyptian land and sea forces, appointing Amasis, a Maraphian, general of the army, and Badres of the tribe of the Pasargadae, admiral of the fleet. ,But before despatching the troops, Aryandes sent a herald to Barce to ask who it was who had killed Arcesilaus. The Barcaeans answered that it was the deed of the whole city, for the many wrongs that Arcesilaus had done them; when he heard this, Aryandes sent his troops with Pheretime. ,This was the pretext; but I myself think that the troops were sent to subjugate Libya. For the Libyan tribes are many and of different kinds, and though a few of them were the king's subjects, the greater part cared nothing for Darius. " '
4.172. Next west of these Auschisae is the populous country of the Nasamones, who in summer leave their flocks by the sea and go up to the land called Augila to gather dates from the palm-trees that grow there in great abundance and all bear fruit. They hunt locusts, which they dry in the sun, and after grinding sprinkle them into milk and drink it. ,It is their custom for every man to have many wives; their intercourse with women is promiscuous, as among the Massagetae; a staff is placed before the dwelling, and then they have intercourse. When a man of the Nasamones weds, on the first night the bride must by custom lie with each of the whole company in turn; and each man after intercourse gives her whatever gift he has brought from his house. ,As for their manner of swearing and divination, they lay their hands on the graves of the men reputed to have been the most just and good among them, and by these men they swear; their practice of divination is to go to the tombs of their ancestors, where after making prayers they lie down to sleep, and take for oracles whatever dreams come to them. ,They give and receive pledges by each drinking from the hand of the other party; and if they have nothing liquid, they take the dust of the earth and lick it up. ' "
4.181. I have now described all the nomadic Libyans who live on the coast. Farther inland than these is that Libyan country which is haunted by wild beasts, and beyond this wild beasts' haunt runs a ridge of sand that stretches from Thebes of Egypt to the Pillars of Heracles. ,At intervals of about ten days' journey along this ridge there are masses of great lumps of salt in hills; on the top of every hill, a fountain of cold sweet water shoots up from the midst of the salt; men live around it who are farthest away toward the desert and inland from the wild beasts' country. The first on the journey from Thebes, ten days distant from there, are the Ammonians, who follow the worship of the Zeus of Thebes ; for, as I have said before, the image of Zeus at Thebes has the head of a ram. ,They have another spring of water besides, which is warm at dawn, and colder at market-time, and very cold at noon; ,and it is then that they water their gardens; as the day declines, the coldness abates, until at sunset the water grows warm. It becomes ever hotter and hotter until midnight, and then it boils and bubbles; after midnight it becomes ever cooler until dawn. This spring is called the Spring of the Sun. " "
8.109. When Themistocles perceived that he could not persuade the greater part of them to sail to the Hellespont, he turned to the Athenians (for they were the angriest at the Persians' escape, and they were minded to sail to the Hellespont even by themselves, if the rest would not) and addressed them as follows: ,โThis I have often seen with my eyes and heard yet more often, namely that beaten men, when they be driven to bay, will rally and retrieve their former mishap. Therefore I say to you,โas it is to a fortunate chance that we owe ourselves and Hellas, and have driven away so mighty a band of enemiesโlet us not pursue men who flee, ,for it is not we who have won this victory, but the gods and the heroes, who deemed Asia and Europe too great a realm for one man to rule, and that a wicked man and an impious one who dealt alike with temples and bones, burning and overthrowing the images of the gods,โyes, and one who scourged the sea and threw fetters into it. ,But as it is well with us for the moment, let us abide now in Hellas and take thought for ourselves and our households. Let us build our houses again and be diligent in sowing, when we have driven the foreigner completely away. Then when the next spring comes, let us set sail for the Hellespont and Ionia.โ ,This he said with intent to have something to his credit with the Persian, so that he might have a place of refuge if ever (as might chance) he should suffer anything at the hands of the Atheniansโand just that did in fact happen. " '
8.143. But to Alexander the Athenians replied as follows: โWe know of ourselves that the power of the Mede is many times greater than ours. There is no need to taunt us with that. Nevertheless in our zeal for freedom we will defend ourselves to the best of our ability. But as regards agreements with the barbarian, do not attempt to persuade us to enter into them, nor will we consent. ,Now carry this answer back to Mardonius from the Athenians, that as long as the sun holds the course by which he now goes, we will make no agreement with Xerxes. We will fight against him without ceasing, trusting in the aid of the gods and the heroes whom he has disregarded and burnt their houses and their adornments. ,Come no more to Athenians with such a plea, nor under the semblance of rendering us a service, counsel us to act wickedly. For we do not want those who are our friends and protectors to suffer any harm at Athenian hands.โ '". None |
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25. None, None, nan (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylon/Babylonian/Assyro-Babylonian โข Babylonia
Found in books: Grabbe (2010) 3; Tellbe Wasserman and Nyman (2019) 24, 27, 28
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26. Anon., 1 Enoch, 89.65-89.66, 90.19 (3rd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylonian empire โข Babylonians โข Deportations Babylonian Exile โข Exile Babylonian
Found in books: Stuckenbruck (2007) 113, 117, 268; van Maaren (2022) 95
| 89.65. the shepherds effect each in his time and lay it all before me.' And I saw till those shepherds pastured in their season, and they began to slay and to destroy more than they were bidden, and they delivered" '89.66. those sheep into the hand of the lions. And the lions and tigers eat and devoured the greater part of those sheep, and the wild boars eat along with them; and they burnt that tower and demolished
90.19. And I saw till a great sword was given to the sheep, and the sheep proceeded against all the beasts of the field to slay them, and all the beasts and the birds of the heaven fled before their face. And I saw that man, who wrote the book according to the command of the Lord, till he opened that book concerning the destruction which those twelve last shepherds had wrought, and showed that they had destroyed much more than their predecessors, before the Lord of the sheep. And I saw till the Lord of the sheep came unto them and took in His hand the staff of His wrath, and smote the earth, and the earth clave asunder, and all the beasts and all the birds of the heaven fell from among those sheep, and were swallowed up in the earth and it covered them.'". None |
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27. Anon., Jubilees, 1.19-1.21 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Amoraim, Babylonian, increasing Palestinian influences โข Exile, Babylonian
Found in books: Frey and Levison (2014) 225; Kalmin (1998) 148
| 1.19. And they will forget all My law and all My commandments and all My judgments, and will go astray as to new moons, and sabbaths, and festivals, and jubilees, and ordices. 1.20. And after this they will turn to Me from amongst the Gentiles with all their heart and with all their soul and with all their strength, 1.21. and I shall gather them from amongst all the Gentiles, and they will seek Me, so that I shall be found of them,''. None |
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28. Hebrew Bible, Daniel, 1.8, 7.9, 12.1-12.2 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Apocalyptic literature, Babylonian matrix โข Aลกurbanipal (Neo-Babylonian king) โข Babylonia, Greece associated with โข Babylonian Exile โข Babylonian Talmud โข Babylonian exile โข Exile Babylonian โข Nabonidus (Neo-Babylonian king), dream-oracle regarding lifespan โข Names, Babylonian โข Talmud, Babylonian โข baraita, Babylonian
Found in books: Allen and Dunne (2022) 141; Bickerman and Tropper (2007) 991; Boustan Janssen and Roetzel (2010) 226; Collins (2016) 32, 33; Goodman (2006) 197, 202; Nikolsky and Ilan (2014) 292; Renberg (2017) 53, 55; Stern (2004) 105, 106; Stuckenbruck (2007) 55, 364
1.8. ืึทืึผึธืฉืึถื ืึผึธื ึดืึผึตืื ืขึทืึพืึดืึผืึน ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึนืึพืึดืชึฐืึผึธืึทื ืึผึฐืคึทืชึฐืึผึทื ืึทืึผึถืึถืึฐ ืึผืึฐืึตืื ืึดืฉืึฐืชึผึธืื ืึทืึฐืึทืงึผึตืฉื ืึดืฉืึผึทืจ ืึทืกึผึธืจึดืืกึดืื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึนื ืึดืชึฐืึผึธืึธืื
7.9. ืึธืึตื ืึฒืึตืืช ืขึทื ืึผึดื ืึธืจึฐืกึธืึธื ืจึฐืึดืื ืึฐืขึทืชึผึดืืง ืืึนืึดืื ืึฐืชึดื ืึฐืืึผืฉืึตืึผ ืึผึดืชึฐืึทื ืึดืึผึธืจ ืึผืฉืึฐืขึทืจ ืจึตืืฉืึตืึผ ืึผึทืขึฒืึทืจ ื ึฐืงึตื ืึผึธืจึฐืกึฐืึตืึผ ืฉืึฐืึดืืึดืื ืึผึดืึพื ืึผืจ ืึผึทืึฐืึผึดืึผืึนืึดื ื ืึผืจ ืึผึธืึดืงื
12.1. ืึผืึธืขึตืช ืึทืึดืื ืึทืขึฒืึนื ืึดืืึธืึตื ืึทืฉืึผึทืจ ืึทืึผึธืืึนื ืึธืขึนืึตื ืขึทืึพืึผึฐื ึตื ืขึทืึผึถืึธ ืึฐืึธืึฐืชึธื ืขึตืช ืฆึธืจึธื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืึนืึพื ึดืึฐืึฐืชึธื ืึดืึฐืืึนืช ืึผืึนื ืขึทื ืึธืขึตืช ืึทืึดืื ืึผืึธืขึตืช ืึทืึดืื ืึดืึผึธืึตื ืขึทืึผึฐืึธ ืึผึธืึพืึทื ึผึดืึฐืฆึธื ืึผึธืชืึผื ืึผึทืกึผึตืคึถืจื
12.1. ืึดืชึฐืึผึธืจึฒืจืึผ ืึฐืึดืชึฐืึทืึผึฐื ืึผ ืึฐืึดืฆึผึธืจึฐืคืึผ ืจึทืึผึดืื ืึฐืึดืจึฐืฉืึดืืขืึผ ืจึฐืฉืึธืขึดืื ืึฐืึนื ืึธืึดืื ืึผ ืึผึธืึพืจึฐืฉืึธืขึดืื ืึฐืึทืึผึทืฉืึฐืึผึดืึดืื ืึธืึดืื ืึผื 12.2. ืึฐืจึทืึผึดืื ืึดืึผึฐืฉืึตื ึตื ืึทืึฐืึทืชึพืขึธืคึธืจ ืึธืงึดืืฆืึผ ืึตืึผึถื ืึฐืึทืึผึตื ืขืึนืึธื ืึฐืึตืึผึถื ืึทืึฒืจึธืคืึนืช ืึฐืึดืจึฐืืึนื ืขืึนืึธืื' '. None | 1.8. But Daniel purposed in his heart that he would not defile himself with the kingโs food, nor with the wine which he drank; therefore he requested of the chief of the officers that he might not defile himself.
7.9. I beheld Till thrones were placed, And one that was ancient of days did sit: His raiment was as white snow, And the hair of his head like pure wool; His throne was fiery flames, and the wheels thereof burning fire.
12.1. And at that time shall Michael stand up, the great prince who standeth for the children of thy people; and there shall be a time of trouble, such as never was since there was a nation even to that same time; and at that time thy people shall be delivered, every one that shall be found written in the book. 12.2. And many of them that sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life, and some to reproaches and everlasting abhorrence.' '. None |
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29. Septuagint, 2 Maccabees, 1.19, 10.2-10.3 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylon and Babylonians โข Babylonia, Jews deported to โข Babylonians
Found in books: Bar Kochba (1997) 143, 144; Gera (2014) 124, 171; Schwartz (2008) 136
| 1.19. For when our fathers were being led captive to Persia, the pious priests of that time took some of the fire of the altar and secretly hid it in the hollow of a dry cistern, where they took such precautions that the place was unknown to any one.'" "
10.2. and they tore down the altars which had been built in the public square by the foreigners, and also destroyed the sacred precincts.'" "10.3. They purified the sanctuary, and made another altar of sacrifice; then, striking fire out of flint, they offered sacrifices, after a lapse of two years, and they burned incense and lighted lamps and set out the bread of the Presence.'"". None |
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30. Septuagint, Ecclesiasticus (Siracides), 25.16-25.26 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylon/Babylonians โข Babylonia
Found in books: Gruen (2020) 129; Sigal (2007) 130
| 25.16. I would rather dwell with a lion and a dragon than dwell with an evil wife. 25.17. The wickedness of a wife changes her appearance,and darkens her face like that of a bear. 25.18. Her husband takes his meals among the neighbors,and he cannot help sighing bitterly. 25.19. Any iniquity is insignificant compared to a wifes iniquity;may a sinners lot befall her! 25.21. Do not be ensnared by a womans beauty,and do not desire a woman for her possessions. 25.22. There is wrath and impudence and great disgrace when a wife supports her husband. 25.23. A dejected mind, a gloomy face,and a wounded heart are caused by an evil wife. Drooping hands and weak knees are caused by the wife who does not make her husband happy. 25.24. From a woman sin had its beginning,and because of her we all die. 25.25. Allow no outlet to water,and no boldness of speech in an evil wife. 25.26. If she does not go as you direct,separate her from yourself.' '. None |
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31. Septuagint, Judith, 4.1 (2nd cent. BCE - 0th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylon and Babylonians โข Babylon and Babylonians, chronicles and inscriptions โข Babylonia
Found in books: Gera (2014) 162, 163; Keddie (2019) 78
| 4.1. By this time the people of Israel living in Judea heard of everything that Holofernes, the general of Nebuchadnezzar the king of the Assyrians, had done to the nations, and how he had plundered and destroyed all their temples; ''. None |
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32. None, None, nan (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylonians โข Exile, Babylonian
Found in books: Eidinow and Driediger-Murphy (2019) 10; Frey and Levison (2014) 56
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33. None, None, nan (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylonian empire โข Exile Babylonian
Found in books: Stuckenbruck (2007) 288; van Maaren (2022) 207
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34. Diodorus Siculus, Historical Library, 1.9.3 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylonia โข Babylonians
Found in books: Lidonnici and Lieber (2007) 144; Lloyd (1989) 52
| 1.9.3. \xa0Again, with respect to the antiquity of the human race, not only do Greeks put forth their claims but many of the barbarians as well, all holding that it is they who were autochthonous and the first of all men to discover the things which are of use in life, and that it was the events in their own history which were the earliest to have been held worthy of record.''. None |
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35. Josephus Flavius, Jewish Antiquities, 11.326-11.339, 13.65, 13.68, 13.319, 13.398-13.404, 14.168-14.177, 14.187, 17.174, 20.262 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylon/Babylonians โข Babylonia โข Babylonia, Babylonian Jews โข Babylonian โข Babylonian Talmud (BT) โข Babylonian Talmud (BT), on Janneuss wife โข Babylonian Talmud (BT), on John Hyrcanus โข Babylonian Talmud (BT), on King Janneus โข Babylonian Talmud (BT), reliance on Josephus โข Borsippa, Babylonia โข Josephus, parallels with the Babylonian Talmud โข Pharisees, in the Babylonian Talmud โข Talmud, Babylonian โข Talmud, Babylonian, Palestinian rabbinic traditions in โข Talmud, Babylonian, anonymous portions of, xi โข Talmud, Babylonian, appropriation of Eastern Roman culture โข Talmud, Babylonian, incorporation of nonrabbinic material โข Talmud, Babylonian, language switching in โข Talmud, Babylonian, redaction of, xii โข rabbis, Babylonian, connections with East โข rabbis, Babylonian, the fourth century as a transitional period among
Found in books: Allen and Dunne (2022) 10; Goodman (2006) 52, 62; Gruen (2020) 40, 174, 176; Kalmin (2014) 25, 26, 27, 28, 168, 169; Noam (2018) 8, 12, 63, 123, 139, 140, 193, 206; Salvesen et al (2020) 353; Stavrianopoulou (2013) 81
11.326. ฮฟฬ ฮด' ฮฑฬฯฯฮนฮตฯฮตฯ
ฬฯ ฬฮฮฑฮดฮดฮฟฯ
อฯ ฯฮฟฯ
อฯ' ฮฑฬฮบฮฟฯ
ฬฯฮฑฯ ฮทฬอฮฝ ฮตฬฮฝ ฮฑฬฮณฯฮฝฮนฬฮฑอ
ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮดฮตฬฮตฮน, ฯฯอฯ ฮฑฬฯฮฑฮฝฯฮทฬฯฮตฮน ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฮฮฑฮบฮตฮดฮฟฬฯฮนฮฝ ฮฑฬฮผฮทฯฮฑฮฝฯอฮฝ ฮฟฬฯฮณฮนฮถฮฟฮผฮตฬฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตฬฯฯ ฮตฬฯฮนฬ ฯฮทออ
ฯฯฮฟฬฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฮฑฬฯฮตฮนฮธฮตฮนฬฮฑอ
. ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮณฮณฮตฮนฬฮปฮฑฯ ฮฟฯ
ฬอฮฝ ฮนฬฮบฮตฯฮนฬฮฑฮฝ ฯฯออ
ฮปฮฑฯออ
ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮธฯ
ฯฮนฬฮฑฮฝ ฯฯออ
ฮธฮตฯออ
ฮผฮตฯ' ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฯ
อ ฯฯฮฟฯฯฮตฬฯฯฮฝ ฮตฬฮดฮตฮนอฯฮฟ ฯ
ฬฯฮตฯฮฑฯฯฮนฬฯฮฑฮน ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฮตฬฬฮธฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฯอฮฝ ฮตฬฯฮตฯฯฮฟฮผฮตฬฮฝฯฮฝ ฮบฮนฮฝฮดฯ
ฬฮฝฯฮฝ ฮฑฬฯฮฑฮปฮปฮฑฬฮพฮฑฮน." '11.327. ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮบฮฟฮนฮผฮทฮธฮตฬฮฝฯฮน ฮดฮตฬ ฮผฮตฯฮฑฬ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฮธฯ
ฯฮนฬฮฑฮฝ ฮตฬฯฯฮทฮผฮฑฬฯฮนฯฮตฮฝ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฯออ
ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฬ ฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯ ฯ
ฬฬฯฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮฟฬ ฮธฮตฮฟฬฯ ฮธฮฑฯฯฮตฮนอฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฯฮตฯฮฑฮฝฮฟฯ
อฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฯฮฟฬฮปฮนฮฝ ฮฑฬฮฝฮฟฮนฬฮณฮตฮนฮฝ ฯฮฑฬฯ ฯฯ
ฬฮปฮฑฯ, ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯ ฮผฮตฬฮฝ ฮฑฬฬฮปฮปฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮปฮตฯ
ฮบฮฑฮนอฯ ฮตฬฯฮธฮทอฯฮนฮฝ, ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮดฮตฬ ฮผฮตฯฮฑฬ ฯฯอฮฝ ฮนฬฮตฯฮตฬฯฮฝ ฯฮฑฮนอฯ ฮฝฮฟฮผฮนฬฮผฮฟฮนฯ ฯฯฮฟฮปฮฑฮนอฯ ฯฮฟฮนฮตฮนอฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฯ
ฬฯฮฑฬฮฝฯฮทฯฮนฮฝ ฮผฮทฮดฮตฬฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฯฮดฮฟฮบฯอฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฯฮตฮนฬฯฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮดฮตฮนฮฝฮฟฬฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฮฝฮฟฮฟฯ
ฮผฮตฬฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฮธฮตฮฟฯ
อ. 11.328. ฮดฮนฮฑฮฝฮฑฯฯฮฑฬฯ ฮดฮตฬ ฮตฬฮบ ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฯ
ฬฬฯฮฝฮฟฯ
ฮตฬฬฯฮฑฮนฯฮตฬฮฝ ฯฮต ฮผฮตฮณฮฑฬฮปฯฯ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฟฬ ฯฯฮทฮผฮฑฯฮนฯฮธฮตฬฮฝ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฯออ
ฯฮฑอฯฮน ฮผฮทฮฝฯ
ฬฯฮฑฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฟฮนฮทฬฯฮฑฯ ฮฟฬฬฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฬ ฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯ ฯ
ฬฬฯฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฯออ
ฯฮฑฯฮทฮณฮณฮตฬฮปฮท ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตฬฯฯ ฯฮฑฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮนฬฮฑฮฝ ฮตฬฮพฮตฮดฮตฬฯฮตฯฮฟ.' "11.329. ฮ ฯ
ฮธฮฟฬฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฮด' ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮฟฯ
ฬ ฯฮฟฬฯฯฯ ฯฮทอฯ ฯฮฟฬฮปฮตฯฯ ฮฟฬฬฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฯฮฟฬฮตฮนฯฮน ฮผฮตฯฮฑฬ ฯฯอฮฝ ฮนฬฮตฯฮตฬฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฯฮฟฮปฮนฯฮนฮบฮฟฯ
อ ฯฮปฮทฬฮธฮฟฯ
ฯ, ฮนฬฮตฯฮฟฯฯฮตฯฮทอ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮดฮนฮฑฯฮตฬฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฮฝ ฯฯอฮฝ ฮฑฬฬฮปฮปฯฮฝ ฮตฬฮธฮฝฯอฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮฟฯ
ฬฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฯ
ฬฯฮฑฬฮฝฯฮทฯฮนฮฝ ฮตฮนฬฯ ฯฮฟฬฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮนฮฝฮฑฬ ฮฃฮฑฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฮปฮตฮณฮฟฬฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ. ฯฮฟฬ ฮดฮตฬ ฮฟฬฬฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฯฮฟฯ
อฯฮฟ ฮผฮตฯฮฑฯฮตฯฮฟฬฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮตฮนฬฯ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฬฮฮปฮปฮทฮฝฮนฮบฮทฬฮฝ ฮณฮปฯอฯฯฮฑฮฝ ฯฮบฮฟฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฯฮทฮผฮฑฮนฬฮฝฮตฮน: ฯฮฑฬ ฯฮต ฮณฮฑฬฯ ฬฮฮตฯฮฟฯฮฟฬฮปฯ
ฮผฮฑ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮฝฮฑฮฟฬฮฝ ฯฯ
ฮฝฮตฬฮฒฮฑฮนฮฝฮตฮฝ ฮตฬฮบฮตฮนอฮธฮตฮฝ ฮฑฬฯฮฟฯฮฑอฯฮธฮฑฮน." "11.331. ฮฟฬ ฮณฮฑฬฯ ฬฮฮปฮตฬฮพฮฑฮฝฮดฯฮฟฯ ฮตฬฬฯฮน ฯฮฟฬฯฯฯฮธฮตฮฝ ฮนฬฮดฯฬฮฝ ฯฮฟฬ ฮผฮตฬฮฝ ฯฮปฮทอฮธฮฟฯ ฮตฬฮฝ ฯฮฑฮนอฯ ฮปฮตฯ
ฮบฮฑฮนอฯ ฮตฬฯฮธฮทอฯฮนฮฝ, ฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯ ฮดฮตฬ ฮนฬฮตฯฮตฮนอฯ ฯฯฮฟฮตฯฯฯอฯฮฑฯ ฮตฬฮฝ ฯฮฑฮนอฯ ฮฒฯ
ฯฯฮนฬฮฝฮฑฮนฯ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฯอฮฝ, ฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮดฮตฬ ฮฑฬฯฯฮนฮตฯฮตฬฮฑ ฮตฬฮฝ ฯฮทออ
ฯ
ฬฮฑฮบฮนฮฝฮธฮนฬฮฝฯอ
ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮดฮนฮฑฯฯฯ
ฬฯฯอ
ฯฯฮฟฮปฮทออ
ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮตฬฯฮนฬ ฯฮทอฯ ฮบฮตฯฮฑฮปฮทอฯ ฮตฬฬฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฮบฮนฬฮดฮฑฯฮนฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฟฬ ฯฯฯ
ฯฮฟฯ
อฮฝ ฮตฬฯ' ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮทอฯ ฮตฬฬฮปฮฑฯฮผฮฑ, ฯฬออ
ฯฮฟฬ ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฮธฮตฮฟฯ
อ ฮตฬฮณฮตฬฮณฯฮฑฯฯฮฟ ฮฟฬฬฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ, ฯฯฮฟฯฮตฮปฮธฯฬฮฝ ฮผฮฟฬฮฝฮฟฯ ฯฯฮฟฯฮตฮบฯ
ฬฮฝฮทฯฮตฮฝ ฯฮฟฬ ฮฟฬฬฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮฑฬฯฯฮนฮตฯฮตฬฮฑ ฯฯฯอฯฮฟฯ ฮทฬฯฯฮฑฬฯฮฑฯฮฟ." '11.332. ฯฯอฮฝ ฮดฮตฬ ฬฮฮฟฯ
ฮดฮฑฮนฬฯฮฝ ฮฟฬฮผฮฟฯ
อ ฯฮฑฬฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฮผฮนฮฑออ
ฯฯฮฝฮทออ
ฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฬฮฮปฮตฬฮพฮฑฮฝฮดฯฮฟฮฝ ฮฑฬฯฯฮฑฯฮฑฮผฮตฬฮฝฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮบฯ
ฮบฮปฯฯฮฑฮผฮตฬฮฝฯฮฝ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬฮฝ, ฮฟฮนฬ ฮผฮตฬฮฝ ฯฮทอฯ ฮฃฯ
ฯฮนฬฮฑฯ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตฮนอฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮฟฮนฬ ฮปฮฟฮนฯฮฟฮนฬ ฯฮฟฯ
อฯฮฟ ฯฮฟฮนฮทฬฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮตฯฮปฮฑฬฮณฮทฯฮฑฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮดฮนฮตฯฮธฮฑฬฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฯออ
ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตฮนอ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฮดฮนฮฑฬฮฝฮฟฮนฮฑฮฝ ฯ
ฬฯฮตฮปฮฑฬฮผฮฒฮฑฮฝฮฟฮฝ, 11.333. ฮ ฮฑฯฮผฮตฮฝฮนฬฯฮฝฮฟฯ ฮดฮตฬ ฮผฮฟฬฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฯฮฟฯฮตฮปฮธฮฟฬฮฝฯฮฟฯ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฯออ
ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฯ
ฮธฮฟฮผฮตฬฮฝฮฟฯ
, ฯฮนฬ ฮดฮทฬฯฮฟฯฮต ฯฯฮฟฯฮบฯ
ฮฝฮฟฯ
ฬฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮฑฬฯฮฑฬฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬฯ ฯฯฮฟฯฮบฯ
ฮฝฮทฬฯฮตฮนฮตฮฝ ฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฬฮฮฟฯ
ฮดฮฑฮนฬฯฮฝ ฮฑฬฯฯฮนฮตฯฮตฬฮฑ; โฮฟฯ
ฬ ฯฮฟฯ
อฯฮฟฮฝ, ฮตฮนฬอฯฮตฮฝ, ฯฯฮฟฯฮตฮบฯ
ฬฮฝฮทฯฮฑ, ฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮดฮตฬ ฮธฮตฮฟฬฮฝ, ฮฟฯ
ฬอ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฮฑฬฯฯฮนฮตฯฯฯฯ
ฬฮฝฮทฮฝ ฮฟฯ
ฬอฯฮฟฯ ฯฮตฯฮนฬฮผฮทฯฮฑฮน: 11.334. ฯฮฟฯ
อฯฮฟฮฝ ฮณฮฑฬฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฬ ฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯ ฯ
ฬฬฯฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮตฮนฬอฮดฮฟฮฝ ฮตฬฮฝ ฯฯออ
ฮฝฯ
อฮฝ ฯฯฮทฬฮผฮฑฯฮน ฮตฬฮฝ ฮฮนฬฯอ
ฯฮทอฯ ฮฮฑฮบฮตฮดฮฟฮฝฮนฬฮฑฯ ฯฯ
ฮณฯฮฑฬฮฝฯฮฝ, ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฯฮฟฬฯ ฮตฬฮผฮฑฯ
ฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮดฮนฮฑฯฮบฮตฯฯฮฟฮผฮตฬฮฝฯอ
ฮผฮฟฮน, ฯฯอฯ ฮฑฬฬฮฝ ฮบฯฮฑฯฮทฬฯฮฑฮนฮผฮน ฯฮทอฯ ฬฮฯฮนฬฮฑฯ, ฯฮฑฯฮตฮบฮตฮปฮตฯ
ฬฮตฯฮฟ ฮผฮทฬ ฮผฮตฬฮปฮปฮตฮนฮฝ ฮฑฬฮปฮปฮฑฬ ฮธฮฑฯฯฮฟฯ
อฮฝฯฮฑ ฮดฮนฮฑฮฒฮฑฮนฬฮฝฮตฮนฮฝ: ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬฯ ฮณฮฑฬฯ ฮทฬฮณฮทฬฯฮตฯฮธฮฑฮนฬ ฮผฮฟฯ
ฯฮทอฯ ฯฯฯฮฑฯฮนฮฑอฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฮ ฮตฯฯฯอฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮดฯฬฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฮฑฬฯฯฮทฬฮฝ.' "11.335. ฮฟฬฬฮธฮตฮฝ ฮฑฬฬฮปฮปฮฟฮฝ ฮผฮตฬฮฝ ฮฟฯ
ฬฮดฮตฬฮฝฮฑ ฮธฮตฮฑฯฮฑฬฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฮตฬฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮทอ
ฯฯฮฟฮปฮทออ
, ฯฮฟฯ
อฯฮฟฮฝ ฮดฮตฬ ฮฝฯ
อฮฝ ฮนฬฮดฯฬฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮทอฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฬ ฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯ ฯ
ฬฬฯฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮฑฬฮฝฮฑฮผฮฝฮทฯฮธฮตฮนฬฯ ฮฟฬฬฯฮตฯฬฯ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮบฮตฮปฮตฯ
ฬฯฮตฯฯ, ฮฝฮฟฮผฮนฬฮถฯ ฮธฮตฮนฬฮฑอ
ฯฮฟฮผฯฮทออ
ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฯฯฯฮฑฯฮตฮนฬฮฑฮฝ ฯฮตฯฮฟฮนฮทฮผฮตฬฮฝฮฟฯ ฮฮฑฯฮตฮนอฮฟฮฝ ฮฝฮนฮบฮทฬฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฮ ฮตฯฯฯอฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮปฯ
ฬฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฮดฯ
ฬฮฝฮฑฮผฮนฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฑฬฮฝฮธ' ฮฟฬฬฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฬ ฮฝฮฟฯ
อฮฝ ฮตฬฯฯฮนฬ ฮผฮฟฮน ฯฯฮฟฯฯฯฮทฬฯฮตฮนฮฝ.โ" "11.336. ฯฮฑฯ
อฯ' ฮตฮนฬฯฯฬฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฬฯ ฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮ ฮฑฯฮผฮตฮฝฮนฬฯฮฝฮฑ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮดฮตฮพฮนฯฯฮฑฬฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮฑฬฯฯฮนฮตฯฮตฬฮฑ ฯฯอฮฝ ฬฮฮฟฯ
ฮดฮฑฮนฬฯฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮธฮตฮฟฬฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฮตฮนฬฯ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฯฮฟฬฮปฮนฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮณฮนฬฮฝฮตฯฮฑฮน. ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮฑฬฮฝฮตฮปฮธฯฬฮฝ ฮตฬฯฮนฬ ฯฮฟฬ ฮนฬฮตฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮธฯ
ฬฮตฮน ฮผฮตฬฮฝ ฯฯออ
ฮธฮตฯออ
ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฬ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฮฑฬฯฯฮนฮตฯฮตฬฯฯ ฯ
ฬฯฮทฬฮณฮทฯฮนฮฝ, ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮดฮตฬ ฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮฑฬฯฯฮนฮตฯฮตฬฮฑ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯ ฮนฬฮตฯฮตฮนอฯ ฮฑฬฮพฮนฮฟฯฯฮตฯฯอฯ ฮตฬฯฮนฬฮผฮทฯฮตฮฝ." "11.337. ฮดฮตฮนฯฮธฮตฮนฬฯฮทฯ ฮด' ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฯออ
ฯฮทอฯ ฮฮฑฮฝฮนฮทฬฮปฮฟฯ
ฮฒฮนฬฮฒฮปฮฟฯ
, ฮตฬฮฝ ฮทฬออ
ฯฮนฮฝฮฑ ฯฯอฮฝ ฬฮฮปฮปฮทฬฮฝฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮปฯ
ฬฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฮ ฮตฯฯฯอฮฝ ฮฑฬฯฯฮทฬฮฝ ฮตฬฮดฮทฬฮปฮฟฯ
, ฮฝฮฟฮผฮนฬฯฮฑฯ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬฯ ฮตฮนฬอฮฝฮฑฮน ฮฟฬ ฯฮทฮผฮฑฮนฮฝฮฟฬฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฯฮฟฬฯฮต ฮผฮตฬฮฝ ฮทฬฯฮธฮตฮนฬฯ ฮฑฬฯฮตฬฮปฯ
ฯฮต ฯฮฟฬ ฯฮปฮทอฮธฮฟฯ, ฯฮทออ
ฮด' ฮตฬฯฮนฮฟฯ
ฬฯฮทอ
ฯฯฮฟฯฮบฮฑฮปฮตฯฮฑฬฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฮตฬฮบฮตฬฮปฮตฯ
ฯฮตฮฝ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯ ฮฑฮนฬฯฮตฮนอฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮดฯฯฮตฮฑฬฯ, ฮฑฬฬฯ ฮฑฬฬฮฝ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฮนฬ ฮธฮตฬฮปฯฯฮนฮฝ." "11.338. ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฮด' ฮฑฬฯฯฮนฮตฯฮตฬฯฯ ฮฑฮนฬฯฮทฯฮฑฮผฮตฬฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฯฮทฬฯฮฑฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฯฮฑฯฯฮนฬฮฟฮนฯ ฮฝฮฟฬฮผฮฟฮนฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฟฬ ฮตฬฬฮฒฮดฮฟฮผฮฟฮฝ ฮตฬฬฯฮฟฯ ฮฑฬฮฝฮตฮนฬฯฯฮฟฯฮฟฮฝ ฮตฮนฬอฮฝฮฑฮน, ฯฯ
ฮฝฮตฯฯฬฯฮทฯฮตฮฝ ฯฮฑฬฮฝฯฮฑ. ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮบฮฑฮปฮตฯฮฑฬฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฮด' ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬฮฝ, ฮนฬฬฮฝฮฑ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯ ฮตฬฮฝ ฮฮฑฮฒฯ
ฮปฯอฮฝฮน ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮฮทฮดฮนฬฮฑอ
ฬฮฮฟฯ
ฮดฮฑฮนฬฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฮนฬฮดฮนฬฮฟฮนฯ ฮตฬฯฮนฯฯฮตฬฯฮทอ
ฮฝฮฟฬฮผฮฟฮนฯ ฯฯฮทอฯฮธฮฑฮน, ฮฑฬฯฮผฮตฬฮฝฯฯ ฯ
ฬฯฮตฬฯฯฮตฯฮฟ ฯฮฟฮนฮทฬฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฮฑฬฬฯฮตฯ ฮฑฬฮพฮนฮฟฯ
อฯฮนฮฝ." "11.339. ฮตฮนฬฯฮฟฬฮฝฯฮฟฯ ฮด' ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฯ
อ ฯฯฮฟฬฯ ฯฮฟฬ ฯฮปฮทอฮธฮฟฯ, ฮตฮนฬฬ ฯฮนฮฝฮตฯ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฯออ
ฮฒฮฟฯ
ฬฮปฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฯฯ
ฯฯฯฮฑฯฮตฯ
ฬฮตฮนฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฯฮฑฯฯฮนฬฮฟฮนฯ ฮตฬฬฮธฮตฯฮนฮฝ ฮตฬฮผฮผฮตฬฮฝฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฬ ฯฮฑฯ
อฯฮฑ ฮถฯอฮฝฯฮตฯ, ฮตฬฯฮฟฮนฬฮผฯฯ ฮตฬฬฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฮตฬฯฮฑฬฮณฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน, ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฟฮนฬ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฯฯ
ฬฮฝ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฯออ
ฯฯฯฮฑฯฮตฮนฬฮฑฮฝ ฮทฬฮณฮฑฬฯฮทฯฮฑฮฝ." '
13.65. โฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฑฬฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮผฮตฮณฮฑฬฮปฮฑฯ ฯ
ฬฮผฮนอฮฝ ฯฯฮตฮนฬฮฑฯ ฯฮตฯฮตฮปฮตฮบฯฬฯ ฮตฬฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฬ ฯฮฟฬฮปฮตฮผฮฟฮฝ ฮตฬฬฯฮณฮฟฮนฯ ฮผฮตฯฮฑฬ ฯฮทอฯ ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฮธฮตฮฟฯ
อ ฮฒฮฟฮทฮธฮตฮนฬฮฑฯ, ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮณฮตฮฝฮฟฬฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฮตฬฬฮฝ ฯฮต ฯฮทออ
ฮบฮฟฮนฬฮปฮทอ
ฮฃฯ
ฯฮนฬฮฑอ
ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮฆฮฟฮนฮฝฮนฬฮบฮทอ
, ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮตฮนฬฯ ฮฮตฮฟฬฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฮดฮตฬ ฯฮฟฬฮปฮนฮฝ ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฬฮฮปฮนฮฟฯฮฟฮปฮนฬฯฮฟฯ
ฯฯ
ฬฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฬฮฮฟฯ
ฮดฮฑฮนฬฮฟฮนฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮตฮนฬฯ ฮฑฬฬฮปฮปฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮฟฬฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮฑฬฯฮนฮบฮฟฬฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฮตฬฬฮธฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ,
13.68. ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮณฮฑฬฯ ฬฮฯฮฑฮนฬฬฮฑฯ ฮฟฬ ฯฯฮฟฯฮทฬฯฮทฯ ฯฮฟฯ
อฯฮฟ ฯฯฮฟฮตฮนอฯฮตฮฝ: ฮตฬฬฯฯฮฑฮน ฮธฯ
ฯฮนฮฑฯฯฮทฬฯฮนฮฟฮฝ ฮตฬฮฝ ฮฮนฬฮณฯ
ฬฯฯฯอ
ฮบฯ
ฯฮนฬฯอ
ฯฯออ
ฮธฮตฯออ
: ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฑฬ ฮดฮตฬ ฯฯฮฟฮตฯฮทฬฯฮตฯ
ฯฮตฮฝ ฮฑฬฬฮปฮปฮฑ ฯฮฟฮนฮฑฯ
อฯฮฑ ฮดฮนฮฑฬ ฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฯฮฟฬฯฮฟฮฝ.โ' "
13.319. ฯฯ
ฬฯฮตฮน ฮด' ฮตฬฯฮนฮตฮนฮบฮตฮนอ ฮบฮตฬฯฯฮทฯฮฟ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฯฮฟฬฮดฯฮฑ ฮทฬอฮฝ ฮฑฮนฬฮดฮฟฯ
อฯ ฮทฬฬฯฯฯฮฝ, ฯฬฯ ฮผฮฑฯฯฯ
ฯฮตฮนอ ฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯฯอ
ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮฃฯฯฮฑฬฮฒฯฮฝ ฮตฬฮบ ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฮคฮนฮผฮฑฮณฮตฬฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮฟฬฮฝฮฟฬฮผฮฑฯฮฟฯ ฮปฮตฬฮณฯฮฝ ฮฟฯ
ฬฬฯฯฯ: โฮตฬฯฮนฮตฮนฮบฮทฬฯ ฯฮต ฮตฬฮณฮตฬฮฝฮตฯฮฟ ฮฟฯ
ฬอฯฮฟฯ ฮฟฬ ฮฑฬฮฝฮทฬฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฑฬ ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฬฮฮฟฯ
ฮดฮฑฮนฬฮฟฮนฯ ฯฯฮทฬฯฮนฮผฮฟฯ: ฯฯฬฯฮฑฮฝ ฯฮต ฮณฮฑฬฯ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฯฯฮฟฯฮตฮบฯฮทฬฯฮฑฯฮฟ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฟฬ ฮผฮตฬฯฮฟฯ ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฯฯอฮฝ ฬฮฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฮนฬฯฮฝ ฮตฬฬฮธฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฬอ
ฮบฮตฮนฯฬฯฮฑฯฮฟ ฮดฮตฯฮผฯออ
ฯฯ
ฮฝฮฑฬฯฮฑฯ ฯฮทออ
ฯฯอฮฝ ฮฑฮนฬฮดฮฟฮนฬฯฮฝ ฯฮตฯฮนฯฮฟฮผฮทออ
.โ" '
13.398. ฮฮตฯฮฑฬ ฮดฮตฬ ฯฮฑฯ
อฯฮฑ ฮฟฬ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตฯ
ฬฯ ฬฮฮปฮตฬฮพฮฑฮฝฮดฯฮฟฯ ฮตฬฮบ ฮผฮตฬฮธฮทฯ ฮตฮนฬฯ ฮฝฮฟฬฯฮฟฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฮตฯฯฬฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฯฮนฯฮนฬฮฝ ฮตฬฬฯฮตฯฮนฮฝ ฯฮตฯฮฑฯฯฮฑฮนฬฯอ
ฯฯ
ฯฮตฯฯออ
ฯฯ
ฯฯฮตฮธฮตฮนฬฯ ฮฟฯ
ฬฮบ ฮฑฬฯฮตฬฯฯฮท ฯฯอฮฝ ฯฯฯฮฑฯฮตฮนฯอฮฝ, ฮตฬฬฯฯ ฮฟฯ
ฬอ ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฯฮฟฬฮฝฮฟฮนฯ ฮตฬฮพฮฑฮฝฮฑฮปฯฮธฮตฮนฬฯ ฮฑฬฯฮตฬฮธฮฑฮฝฮตฮฝ ฮตฬฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฮฮตฯฮฑฯฮทฮฝฯอฮฝ ฮฟฬฬฯฮฟฮนฯ ฯฮฟฮปฮนฮฟฯฮบฯอฮฝ ฬฮกฮฑฬฮณฮฑฮฒฮฑ ฯฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯฮนฮฟฮฝ ฯฮตฬฯฮฑฮฝ ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฬฮฮฟฯฮดฮฑฬฮฝฮฟฯ
.' "13.399. ฮฟฬฯฯอฯฮฑ ฮด' ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮทฬ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฬฮปฮนฯฯฮฑ ฯฯฮฟฬฯ ฯฯออ
ฯฮตฮปฮตฯ
ฯฮฑอฮฝ ฮฟฬฬฮฝฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮผฮทฮดฮตฮผฮนฬฮฑฮฝ ฯ
ฬฯฮฟฮณฯฮฑฬฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฮผฮทฮบฮตฬฯฮน ฯฯฯฮทฯฮนฬฮฑฯ ฮตฬฮปฯฮนฬฮดฮฑ, ฮบฮปฮฑฮนฬฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮบฮฟฯฯฮฟฮผฮตฬฮฝฮท ฯฮทอฯ ฮผฮตฮปฮปฮฟฯ
ฬฯฮทฯ ฮตฬฯฮทฮผฮนฬฮฑฯ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮทฬฮฝ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯ ฯฮฑฮนอฮดฮฑฯ ฮฑฬฯฯฮดฯ
ฬฯฮตฯฮฟ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ โฯฮนฬฮฝฮน ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮปฮตฮนฬฯฮตฮนฯ ฮฟฯ
ฬฬฯฯฯ ฮตฬฮผฮตฬ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฑฬ ฯฮตฬฮบฮฝฮฑ ฯฮทอฯ ฯฮฑฯ' ฮฑฬฬฮปฮปฯฮฝ ฮฒฮฟฮทฮธฮตฮนฬฮฑฯ ฮดฮตฮฟฬฮผฮตฮฝฮฑโ ฯฯฮฟฬฯ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮตฬฬฮปฮตฮณฮตฮฝ โฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฑฯ
อฯ' ฮตฮนฬฮดฯฬฯ, ฯฯอฯ ฮดฮนฮฑฬฮบฮตฮนฯฮฑฮน ฯฯฮฟฬฯ ฯฮตฬ ฮดฯ
ฯฮผฮตฮฝฯอฯ ฯฮฟฬ ฮตฬฬฮธฮฝฮฟฯ.โ" '13.401. ฮตฬฬฯฮตฮนฯฮฑ ฯฬฯ ฮฑฬฯฮฟฬ ฮฝฮนฬฮบฮทฯ ฮปฮฑฮผฯฯฯอฯ ฮตฮนฬฯ ฯฮฑฬ ฬฮฮตฯฮฟฯฮฟฬฮปฯ
ฮผฮฑ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮณฮนฮฝฮฟฮผฮตฬฮฝฮทฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฮฆฮฑฯฮนฯฮฑฮนฬฮฟฮนฯ ฮตฬฮพฮฟฯ
ฯฮนฬฮฑฮฝ ฯฮนฮฝฮฑฬ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฯฯฮตฮนอฮฝ: ฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮณฮฑฬฯ ฮตฬฯฮฑฮนฮฝฮฟฯ
อฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮทฬฮฝ ฮฑฬฮฝฯฮนฬ ฯฮทอฯ ฯฮนฮผฮทอฯ ฮตฯ
ฬฬฮฝฮฟฯ
ฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฯฮทฬฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮทออ
ฯฮฟฬ ฮตฬฬฮธฮฝฮฟฯ, ฮดฯ
ฬฮฝฮฑฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮดฮตฬ ฯฮฟฮปฯ
ฬ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฬ ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฬฮฮฟฯ
ฮดฮฑฮนฬฮฟฮนฯ ฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮตฬฬฯฮฑฯฮบฮต ฮฒฮปฮฑฬฯฮฑฮน ฯฮต ฮผฮนฯฮฟฯ
อฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮนฬฮปฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮดฮนฮฑฮบฮตฮนฮผฮตฬฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฬฯฮตฮปฮทอฯฮฑฮน:' "13.402. ฮผฮฑฬฮปฮนฯฯฮฑ ฮณฮฑฬฯ ฯฮนฯฯฮตฯ
ฬฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฮฑฯฮฑฬ ฯฯออ
ฯฮปฮทฬฮธฮตฮน ฯฮตฯฮนฬ ฯฬอฮฝ ฮฑฬฬฮฝ ฮบฮฑฬฬฮฝ ฯฮธฮฟฮฝฯอฯฮนฬฮฝ ฯฮน ฯฮฑฮปฮตฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮปฮตฬฮณฯฯฮนฮฝ, ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฯฮต ฯฯฮฟฯฮบฯฮฟฯ
อฯฮฑฮน ฯฯออ
ฮตฬฬฮธฮฝฮตฮน ฮดฮนฮฑฬ ฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮตฬฬฮปฮตฮณฮตฮฝ ฯ
ฬฮฒฯฮนฯฮธฮตฬฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฯ
ฬฯ' ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฯ
อ." "13.403. โฯฯ
ฬ ฯฮฟฮนฬฮฝฯ
ฮฝ, ฮตฮนฬอฯฮตฮฝ, ฮตฬฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฬฮฮตฯฮฟฯฮฟฮปฯ
ฬฮผฮฟฮนฯ ฮณฮตฮฝฮฟฮผฮตฬฮฝฮท ฮผฮตฯฮฑฬฯฮตฮผฯฮฑฮน ฮผฮตฬฮฝ ฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯ ฯฯฮฑฯฮนฯฬฯฮฑฯ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฯอฮฝ, ฮตฬฯฮนฮดฮตฮนฬฮพฮฑฯฮฑ ฮดฮตฬ ฯฮฟฬ ฯฯอฮผฮฑ ฯฮฟฯ
ฬฮผฮฟฬฮฝ ฮตฬฮบฮตฮนฬฮฝฮฟฮนฯ ฮฟฬฬฯฯฯ ฮผฮฟฮน ฮฒฮฟฯ
ฬฮปฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฯฯฮทอฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮผฮตฯฮฑฬ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮทอฯ ฮฑฬฮพฮนฮฟฯฮนฯฯฮนฬฮฑฯ ฮตฬฯฮนฬฯฯฮตฯฮต, ฮตฮนฬฬฯฮต ฮบฮฑฮธฯ
ฮฒฯฮนฬฮถฮตฮนฮฝ ฮฑฬฯฮฑฯฮนฬฮฑอ
ฮผฮฟฯ
ฮธฮตฮปฮทฬฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮฝฮตฮบฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฯฬฯ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฑฬ ฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝฮธฮฟฬฯฮตฯ ฮตฬฮพ ฮตฬฮผฮฟฯ
อ, ฮตฮนฬฬฯ' ฮฑฬฬฮปฮปฮทฮฝ ฯฮนฮฝฮฑฬ ฮบฮฑฯ' ฮฟฬฯฮณฮทฬฮฝ ฮฑฮนฬฮบฮนฬฮฑฮฝ ฯฯออ
ฯฯฬฮผฮฑฯฮน ฯฯฮฟฯฯฮตฬฯฮตฮนฮฝ. ฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮต ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮผฮทฮดฮตฬฮฝ ฮดฮนฬฯฮฑ ฯฮทอฯ ฮตฬฮบฮตฮนฬฮฝฯฮฝ ฮณฮฝฯฬฮผฮทฯ ฮตฬฮฝ ฯฮทออ
ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตฮนฬฮฑอ
ฮดฮนฮฑฯฯฮฑฬฮพฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน." "13.404. ฯฮฑฯ
อฯฮฑฬ ฯฮฟฯ
ฯฯฮฟฬฯ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯ ฮตฮนฬฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯฮทฯ ฮตฬฮณฯฬ ฯฮต ฮปฮฑฮผฯฯฮฟฯฮตฬฯฮฑฯ ฮฑฬฮพฮนฯฮธฮทฬฯฮฟฮผฮฑฮน ฯฯฮฟฬฯ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฯอฮฝ ฮบฮทฮดฮตฮนฬฮฑฯ ฮทฬอฯ ฮฑฬฬฮฝ ฮตฬฬฯฯ
ฯฮฟฮฝ ฮตฬฮบ ฯฮฟฯ
อ, ฮผฮทฮดฮตฬฮฝ ฮดฮนฮฑฬ ฯฮฟฬ ฮตฬฮพฮตฮนอฮฝฮฑฮน ฯฮฟฮนฮตฮนอฮฝ ฮผฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฑฮบฯอฯ ฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮฝฮตฮบฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮดฮนฮฑฮธฮตฮนอฮฝฮฑฮน ฮธฮตฮปฮทฯฮฑฬฮฝฯฯฮฝ, ฯฯ
ฬ ฯฮต ฮฒฮตฮฒฮฑฮนฬฯฯ ฮฑฬฬฯฮพฮตฮนฯ.โ ฯฮฑฯ
อฯฮฑ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮนฮฝฮตฬฯฮฑฯ ฯฮทออ
ฮณฯ
ฮฝฮฑฮนฮบฮนฬ ฯฮตฮปฮตฯ
ฯฮฑออ
ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตฯ
ฬฯฮฑฯ ฮตฬฬฯฮท ฮตฬฯฯฮฑฬ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮตฮนฬฬฮบฮฟฯฮน, ฮฒฮนฯฬฯฮฑฯ ฮด' ฮตฬฬฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮตฮฝฯฮทฬฮบฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ." "
14.168. ฬฮฅฯฮบฮฑฮฝฮฟฬฯ ฮดฮตฬ ฮฑฬฮบฮฟฯ
ฬฯฮฑฯ ฯฮฑฯ
อฯฮฑ ฯฮตฮนฬฮธฮตฯฮฑฮน: ฯฯฮฟฯฮตฮพฮทอฯฮฑฮฝ ฮดฮตฬ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฯ
อ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฮฟฬฯฮณฮทฬฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮฑฮนฬ ฮผฮทฯฮตฬฯฮตฯ ฯฯอฮฝ ฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬ ฬฮฯฯฬฮดฮฟฯ
ฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝฮตฯ
ฮผฮตฬฮฝฯฮฝ: ฮฑฯ
ฬอฯฮฑฮน ฮณฮฑฬฯ ฮบฮฑฮธ' ฮตฬฮบฮฑฬฯฯฮทฮฝ ฮทฬฮผฮตฬฯฮฑฮฝ ฮตฬฮฝ ฯฯออ
ฮนฬฮตฯฯออ
ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮบฮฑฮปฮฟฯ
อฯฮฑฮน ฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตฬฮฑ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮดฮทอฮผฮฟฮฝ, ฮนฬฬฮฝฮฑ ฮดฮนฬฮบฮทฮฝ ฬฮฯฯฬฮดฮทฯ ฮตฬฮฝ ฯฯออ
ฯฯ
ฮฝฮตฮดฯฮนฬฯอ
ฯฯอฮฝ ฯฮตฯฯฮฑฮณฮผฮตฬฮฝฯฮฝ ฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬฯฯฮทอ
, ฮดฮนฮตฯฮตฬฮปฮฟฯ
ฮฝ." "14.169. ฮบฮนฮฝฮทฮธฮตฮนฬฯ ฮฟฯ
ฬอฮฝ ฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬ ฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯฯฮฝ ฬฮฅฯฮบฮฑฮฝฮฟฬฯ ฬฮฯฯฬฮดฮทฮฝ ฮตฬฮบฮฑฬฮปฮตฮน ฮดฮนฮบฮฑฯฮฟฬฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฯ
ฬฯฮตฬฯ ฯฬอฮฝ ฮดฮนฮตฮฒฮฑฬฮปฮปฮตฯฮฟ. ฮฟฬ ฮดฮตฬ ฮทฬอฮบฮตฮฝ ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฯฮฑฯฯฮฟฬฯ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฯออ
ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮนฮฝฮตฬฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฟฯ ฮผฮทฬ ฯฬฯ ฮนฬฮดฮนฯฬฯฮทอ
ฮผฮตฯฮฑฬ ฮด' ฮฑฬฯฯฮฑฮปฮตฮนฬฮฑฯ ฮตฮนฬฯฮตฮปฮธฮตฮนอฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฯ
ฮปฮฑฮบฮทอฯ ฯฮทอฯ ฯฮตฯฮนฬ ฯฮฟฬ ฯฯอฮผฮฑ, ฯฮฑฬ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฬ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฮฮฑฮปฮนฮปฮฑฮนฬฮฑฮฝ ฯฬฯ ฮตฬฮฝฮฟฬฮผฮนฯฮตฮฝ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฯออ
ฯฯ
ฮผฯฮตฬฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฮฑฬฯฯฮฑฮปฮนฬฯฮฑฯฮธฮฑฮน. ฯฮฟฯ
อฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฬฯฮฟฮฝ ฮฑฬฯฮผฮฟฯฮฑฬฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮผฮตฯฮฑฬ ฯฯฮนฬฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮฑฬฯฮฟฯฯฯอฮฝฯฮฟฯ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฯออ
ฯฯฮฟฬฯ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฮฟฬฮดฮฟฬฮฝ, ฯฬฯ ฮผฮทฬฯฮต ฮตฬฯฮนฬฯฮฟฮฒฮฟฯ ฬฮฅฯฮบฮฑฮฝฯออ
ฮดฮฟฬฮพฮตฮนฮต ฮผฮตฯฮฑฬ ฮผฮตฮนฬฮถฮฟฮฝฮฟฯ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮณฮตฮฝฮฟฬฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฯฮฑฬฮณฮผฮฑฯฮฟฯ ฮผฮทฬฯฮต ฮณฯ
ฮผฮฝฮฟฬฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮฑฬฯฯ
ฬฮปฮฑฮบฯฮฟฯ, ฮทฬฬอ
ฮตฮน ฯฯฮฟฬฯ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฮดฮนฬฮบฮทฮฝ." "14.171. ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฯฮฑฬฯ ฮดฮตฬ ฮตฬฮฝ ฯฯออ
ฯฯ
ฮฝฮตฮดฯฮนฬฯอ
ฮผฮตฯฮฑฬ ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฯฯ
ฬฮฝ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฯออ
ฯฮฑฬฮณฮผฮฑฯฮฟฯ ฬฮฯฯฬฮดฮทฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮตฬฯฮปฮทฮพฮตฮฝ ฮฑฬฬฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮบฮฑฯฮทฮณฮฟฯฮตฮนอฮฝ ฮตฬฮธฮฑฬฯฯฮตฮน ฯฮฟฬ ฮปฮฟฮนฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮฟฯ
ฬฮดฮตฮนฬฯ ฯฯอฮฝ ฯฯฮนฬฮฝ ฮฑฬฯฮนฮบฮตฬฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮดฮนฮฑฮฒฮฑฮปฮปฮฟฬฮฝฯฯฮฝ, ฮฑฬฮปฮป' ฮทฬอฮฝ ฮทฬฯฯ
ฯฮนฬฮฑ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฯฮนฬ ฯฯฮทฬ ฯฮฟฮนฮตฮนอฮฝ ฮฑฬฯฮฟฯฮนฬฮฑ." "14.172. ฮดฮนฮฑฮบฮตฮนฮผฮตฬฮฝฯฮฝ ฮด' ฮฟฯ
ฬฬฯฯฯ ฮตฮนฬอฯ ฯฮนฯ ฮฃฮฑฮผฮฑฮนฬฮฑฯ ฮฟฬฬฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ, ฮดฮนฬฮบฮฑฮนฮฟฯ ฮฑฬฮฝฮทฬฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮดฮนฮฑฬ ฯฮฟฯ
อฯฮฟ ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฮดฮตฮดฮนฮตฬฮฝฮฑฮน ฮบฯฮตฮนฬฯฯฯฮฝ, ฮฑฬฮฝฮฑฯฯฮฑฬฯ ฮตฮนฬอฯฮตฮฝ: โฮฑฬฬฮฝฮดฯฮตฯ ฯฯ
ฬฮฝฮตฮดฯฮฟฮน ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตฯ
อ, ฮตฮนฬฯ ฮดฮนฬฮบฮทฮฝ ฮผฮตฬฮฝ ฮฟฯ
ฬฬฯ' ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬฯ ฮฟฮนฬอฮดฮฑฬ ฯฮนฮฝฮฑ ฯฯอฮฝ ฯฯฬฯฮฟฯฮต ฮตฮนฬฯ ฯ
ฬฮผฮฑอฯ ฮบฮตฮบฮปฮทฮผฮตฬฮฝฯฮฝ ฮฟฯ
ฬฬฯฯ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฯฯฮฑฬฮฝฯฮฑ ฮฟฯ
ฬฬฯฮต ฯ
ฬฮผฮฑอฯ ฮตฬฬฯฮตฮนฮฝ ฮตฮนฬฯฮตฮนอฮฝ ฯ
ฬฯฮฟฮปฮฑฮผฮฒฮฑฬฮฝฯ, ฮฑฬฮปฮปฮฑฬ ฯฮฑอฯ ฮฟฬฯฯฮนฯฮดฮทฯฮฟฯฮฟฯ
อฮฝ ฮฑฬฯฮนอฮบฯฮฑฮน ฮตฮนฬฯ ฯฮฟฬ ฯฯ
ฮฝฮตฬฮดฯฮนฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟฯ
อฯฮฟ ฮบฯฮนฮธฮทฯฮฟฬฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฯฮฑฯฮตฮนฮฝฮฟฬฯ ฯฮฑฯฮนฬฯฯฮฑฯฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฯฮทฬฮผฮฑฯฮน ฮดฮตฮดฮฟฮนฮบฮฟฬฯฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮตฬฬฮปฮตฮฟฮฝ ฮธฮทฯฯฮผฮตฬฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฯ' ฯ
ฬฮผฯอฮฝ, ฮบฮฟฬฮผฮทฮฝ ฯ' ฮตฬฯฮนฮธฯฮตฬฯฮฑฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮตฬฯฮธฮทอฯฮฑ ฮผฮตฬฮปฮฑฮนฮฝฮฑฮฝ ฮตฬฮฝฮดฮตฮดฯ
ฮผฮตฬฮฝฮฟฯ." "14.173. ฮฟฬ ฮดฮตฬ ฮฒฮตฬฮปฯฮนฯฯฮฟฯ ฬฮฯฯฬฮดฮทฯ ฯฮฟฬฮฝฮฟฯ
ฮดฮนฬฮบฮทฮฝ ฯฮตฯ
ฬฮณฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮตฬฯ' ฮฑฮนฬฯฮนฬฮฑอ
ฯฮฟฮนฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮทอ
ฮบฮตฮบฮปฮทฮผฮตฬฮฝฮฟฯ ฮตฬฬฯฯฮทฮบฮต ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฯฮฟฯฯฯ
ฬฯฮฑฮฝ ฯฮตฯฮนฮบฮตฮนฬฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฮบฮตฯฮฑฮปฮทฬฮฝ ฮบฮตฮบฮฟฯฮผฮทฮผฮตฬฮฝฮฟฯ ฯฮทออ
ฯฯ
ฮฝฮธฮตฬฯฮตฮน ฯฮทอฯ ฮบฮฟฬฮผฮทฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮตฯฮนฬ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮตฬฬฯฯฮฝ ฮฟฬฯฮปฮนฬฯฮฑฯ, ฮนฬฬฮฝฮฑ ฮฑฬฬฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮบฯฮนฬฮฝฯฮผฮตฮฝ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฯ
อ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฬ ฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮฝฮฟฬฮผฮฟฮฝ, ฮบฯฮตฮนฬฮฝฮทอ
ฮผฮตฬฮฝ ฮทฬฮผฮฑอฯ, ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮดฮตฬ ฯฯฬฯฮทอ
ฮฒฮนฮฑฯฮฑฬฮผฮตฮฝฮฟฯ ฯฮฟฬ ฮดฮนฬฮบฮฑฮนฮฟฮฝ." "14.174. ฮฑฬฮปฮป' ฬฮฯฯฬฮดฮทฮฝ ฮผฮตฬฮฝ ฮตฬฯฮนฬ ฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯฮฟฮนฯ ฮฟฯ
ฬฮบ ฮฑฬฬฮฝ ฮผฮตฮผฯฮฑฮนฬฮผฮทฮฝ, ฮตฮนฬ ฯฮฟฬ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฯ
อ ฯฯ
ฮผฯฮตฬฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนฮตฮนอฯฮฑฮน ฯฮตฯฮนฬ ฯฮปฮตฮนฬฮฟฮฝฮฟฯ ฮทฬฬ ฯฮฟฬ ฮฝฮฟฬฮผฮนฮผฮฟฮฝ, ฯ
ฬฮผฮฑอฯ ฮดฮตฬ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตฬฮฑ ฯฮฟฯฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮทฮฝ ฮฑฬฬฮดฮตฮนฮฑฮฝ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฯออ
ฯฮฑฯฮฑฯฯฮฟฬฮฝฯฮฑฯ. ฮนฬฬฯฯฮต ฮผฮตฬฮฝฯฮฟฮน ฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮธฮตฮฟฬฮฝ ฮผฮตฬฮณฮฑฮฝ, ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮฟฯ
ฬอฯฮฟฯ, ฮฟฬฬฮฝ ฮฝฯ
อฮฝ ฮดฮน' ฬฮฅฯฮบฮฑฮฝฮฟฬฮฝ ฮฑฬฯฮฟฮปฯ
อฯฮฑฮน ฮฒฮฟฯ
ฬฮปฮตฯฮธฮต, ฮบฮฟฮปฮฑฬฯฮตฮน ฯ
ฬฮผฮฑอฯ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตฬฮฑ.โ" "14.175. ฮดฮนฮทฬฮผฮฑฯฯฮตฮฝ ฮด' ฮฟฯ
ฬฮดฮตฬฮฝ ฯฯอฮฝ ฮตฮนฬฯฮทฮผฮตฬฮฝฯฮฝ. ฮฟฬ ฮณฮฑฬฯ ฬฮฯฯฬฮดฮทฯ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตฮนฬฮฑฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮปฮฑฮฒฯฬฮฝ ฯฮฑฬฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฮฑฬฯฮตฬฮบฯฮตฮนฮฝฮตฮฝ ฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯ ฮตฬฮฝ ฯฯออ
ฯฯ
ฮฝฮตฮดฯฮนฬฯอ
ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฬฮฅฯฮบฮฑฮฝฮฟฬฮฝ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฯฯฯฮนฬฯ ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฮฃฮฑฮผฮฑฮนฬฮฟฯ
:" '14.176. ฯฯฮฟฬฮดฯฮฑ ฮณฮฑฬฯ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮดฮนฮฑฬ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฮดฮนฮบฮฑฮนฮฟฯฯ
ฬฮฝฮทฮฝ ฮตฬฯฮนฬฮผฮทฯฮตฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮฟฬฬฯฮน ฯฮทอฯ ฯฮฟฬฮปฮตฯฯ ฮผฮตฯฮฑฬ ฯฮฑฯ
อฯฮฑ ฯฮฟฮปฮนฮฟฯฮบฮฟฯ
ฮผฮตฬฮฝฮทฯ ฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬ ฯฮต ฬฮฯฯฬฮดฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮฃฮฟฯฯฮนฬฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฯฮทฬอ
ฮฝฮตฯฮตฮฝ ฯฯออ
ฮดฮทฬฮผฯอ
ฮดฮตฬฮพฮฑฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฬฮฯฯฬฮดฮทฮฝ ฮตฮนฬฯฯฬฮฝ ฮดฮนฮฑฬ ฯฮฑฬฯ ฮฑฬฮผฮฑฯฯฮนฬฮฑฯ ฮฟฯ
ฬ ฮดฯ
ฬฮฝฮฑฯฮธฮฑฮน ฮดฮนฮฑฯฯ
ฮณฮตฮนอฮฝ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬฮฝ. ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮตฯฮนฬ ฮผฮตฬฮฝ ฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฬ ฯฯฬฯฮฑฮฝ ฮตฬฯฮฟฯ
อฮผฮตฮฝ. 14.177. ฬฮฅฯฮบฮฑฮฝฮฟฬฯ ฮดฮตฬ ฮฟฬฯฯอฮฝ ฯฬฯฮผฮทฮผฮตฬฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฯฮฟฬฯ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฮฑฬฮฝฮฑฮนฬฯฮตฯฮนฮฝ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฬฮฯฯฬฮดฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯ ฮตฬฮฝ ฯฯออ
ฯฯ
ฮฝฮตฮดฯฮนฬฯอ
ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฮดฮนฬฮบฮทฮฝ ฮตฮนฬฯ ฮฑฬฬฮปฮปฮทฮฝ ฮทฬฮผฮตฬฯฮฑฮฝ ฮฑฬฮฝฮตฮฒฮฑฬฮปฮตฯฮฟ, ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮตฬฮผฯฮฑฯ ฮบฯฯ
ฬฯฮฑ ฯฯฮฟฬฯ ฬฮฯฯฬฮดฮทฮฝ ฯฯ
ฮฝฮตฮฒฮฟฯ
ฬฮปฮตฯ
ฯฮตฮฝ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฯออ
ฯฯ
ฮณฮตฮนอฮฝ ฮตฬฮบ ฯฮทอฯ ฯฮฟฬฮปฮตฯฯ: ฮฟฯ
ฬฬฯฯ ฮณฮฑฬฯ ฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮบฮนฬฮฝฮดฯ
ฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮดฮนฮฑฯฮตฯ
ฬฮพฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน.' "
14.187. ฮตฬฯฮตฮนฬ ฮดฮตฬ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฟฮนฬ ฮดฮนฮฑฬ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฬฯ ฮทฬฮผฮฑอฯ ฮดฯ
ฯฮผฮตฬฮฝฮตฮนฮฑฮฝ ฮฑฬฯฮนฯฯฮฟฯ
อฯฮน ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬ ฮ ฮตฯฯฯอฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮฮฑฮบฮตฮดฮฟฬฮฝฯฮฝ ฮฑฬฮฝฮฑฮณฮตฮณฯฮฑฮผฮผฮตฬฮฝฮฟฮนฯ ฯฮตฯฮนฬ ฮทฬฮผฯอฮฝ ฯฯออ
ฮผฮทฮบฮตฬฯ' ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฑฬ ฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฑฯฮฟฯ
อ ฮผฮทฮด' ฮตฬฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฮดฮทฮผฮฟฯฮนฬฮฟฮนฯ ฮฑฬฯฮฟฮบฮตฮนอฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฮฟฬฯฮฟฮนฯ, ฮฑฬฮปฮปฮฑฬ ฯฮฑฯ' ฮทฬฮผฮนอฮฝ ฯฮต ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮนฯฮนฮฝ ฮฑฬฬฮปฮปฮฟฮนฯ ฯฯอฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮฒฮฑฬฯฯฮฝ," '
17.174. ฮฑฬฯฮนฮบฮฟฮผฮตฬฮฝฯฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฯฯฮฑฬฮณฮผฮฑฯฮน ฯฯออ
ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฯ
อ ฬฮฮฟฯ
ฮดฮฑฮนฬฯฮฝ ฮฑฬฮฝฮดฯฯอฮฝ ฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฟฬฯ ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฮตฬฬฮธฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮฟฬฯฮฟฮนฬฯฮฟฯฮต ฮฑฬฮพฮนฮฟฮปฮฟฬฮณฯฮฝ: ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฟฮนฬ ฮดฮตฬ ฮตฬฮณฮตฬฮฝฮฟฮฝฯฮฟ ฯฬฯ ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฟฬฯ ฮตฬฬฮธฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮบฮตฮบฮปฮทฮผฮตฬฮฝฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฑฬฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฮฑฬฮบฯฮฟฮฑฯฮฑฮผฮตฬฮฝฯฮฝ ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฮดฮนฮฑฯฮฑฬฮณฮผฮฑฯฮฟฯ, ฮตฮนฬฯ ฮณฮฑฬฯ ฮธฮฑฬฮฝฮฑฯฮฟฮฝ ฮทฬอฮฝ ฮฑฬฮฝฮฑฮบฮตฮนฬฮผฮตฮฝฮฑ ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฮฑฬฮปฮฟฮณฮทฬฯฮฑฯฮน ฯฯอฮฝ ฮตฬฯฮนฯฯฮฟฮปฯอฮฝ ฮตฬฮผฮผฮฑฮนฮฝฮฟฮผฮตฬฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑอฯฮนฮฝ ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตฬฯฯ ฮฟฬฮผฮฟฮนฬฯฯ ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฯฮต ฮฑฬฮฝฮฑฮนฯฮนฬฮฟฮนฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฑฯฮตฯฯฮทฮบฮฟฬฯฮนฮฝ ฮฑฮนฬฯฮนฬฮฑฮฝ:
20.262. ฮปฮตฬฮณฯ ฮดฮทฬ ฮธฮฑฯฯฮทฬฯฮฑฯ ฮทฬฬฮดฮท ฮดฮนฮฑฬ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฯฯอฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฯฮตฮธฮตฬฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฯฯ
ฮฝฯฮตฬฮปฮตฮนฮฑฮฝ, ฮฟฬฬฯฮน ฮผฮทฮดฮตฮนฬฯ ฮฑฬฬฮฝ ฮตฬฬฯฮตฯฮฟฯ ฮทฬฮดฯ
ฮฝฮทฬฮธฮท ฮธฮตฮปฮทฬฯฮฑฯ ฮผฮทฬฯฮต ฬฮฮฟฯ
ฮดฮฑฮนอฮฟฯ ฮผฮทฬฯฮต ฮฑฬฮปฮปฮฟฬฯฯ
ฮปฮฟฯ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฯฯฮฑฮณฮผฮฑฯฮตฮนฬฮฑฮฝ ฯฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮทฮฝ ฮฟฯ
ฬฬฯฯฯ ฮฑฬฮบฯฮนฮฒฯอฯ ฮตฮนฬฯ ฬฬฮฮปฮปฮทฮฝฮฑฯ ฮตฬฮพฮตฮฝฮตฮณฮบฮตฮนอฮฝ:' ". None | 11.326. and Jaddua the high priest, when he heard that, was in an agony, and under terror, as not knowing how he should meet the Macedonians, since the king was displeased at his foregoing disobedience. He therefore ordained that the people should make supplications, and should join with him in offering sacrifice to God, whom he besought to protect that nation, and to deliver them from the perils that were coming upon them; 11.327. whereupon God warned him in a dream, which came upon him after he had offered sacrifice, that he should take courage, and adorn the city, and open the gates; that the rest should appear in white garments, but that he and the priests should meet the king in the habits proper to their order, without the dread of any ill consequences, which the providence of God would prevent. 11.328. Upon which, when he rose from his sleep, he greatly rejoiced, and declared to all the warning he had received from God. According to which dream he acted entirely, and so waited for the coming of the king. 11.329. 5. And when he understood that he was not far from the city, he went out in procession, with the priests and the multitude of the citizens. The procession was venerable, and the manner of it different from that of other nations. It reached to a place called Sapha, which name, translated into Greek, signifies a prospect, for you have thence a prospect both of Jerusalem and of the temple. 11.331. for Alexander, when he saw the multitude at a distance, in white garments, while the priests stood clothed with fine linen, and the high priest in purple and scarlet clothing, with his mitre on his head, having the golden plate whereon the name of God was engraved, he approached by himself, and adored that name, and first saluted the high priest. 11.332. The Jews also did all together, with one voice, salute Alexander, and encompass him about; whereupon the kings of Syria and the rest were surprised at what Alexander had done, and supposed him disordered in his mind. 11.333. However, Parmenio alone went up to him, and asked him how it came to pass that, when all others adored him, he should adore the high priest of the Jews? To whom he replied, โI did not adore him, but that God who hath honored him with his high priesthood; 11.334. for I saw this very person in a dream, in this very habit, when I was at Dios in Macedonia, who, when I was considering with myself how I might obtain the dominion of Asia, exhorted me to make no delay, but boldly to pass over the sea thither, for that he would conduct my army, and would give me the dominion over the Persians; 11.335. whence it is that, having seen no other in that habit, and now seeing this person in it, and remembering that vision, and the exhortation which I had in my dream, I believe that I bring this army under the divine conduct, and shall therewith conquer Darius, and destroy the power of the Persians, and that all things will succeed according to what is in my own mind.โ 11.336. And when he had said this to Parmenio, and had given the high priest his right hand, the priests ran along by him, and he came into the city. And when he went up into the temple, he offered sacrifice to God, according to the high priestโs direction, and magnificently treated both the high priest and the priests. 11.337. And when the Book of Daniel was showed him wherein Daniel declared that one of the Greeks should destroy the empire of the Persians, he supposed that himself was the person intended. And as he was then glad, he dismissed the multitude for the present; but the next day he called them to him, and bid them ask what favors they pleased of him; 11.338. whereupon the high priest desired that they might enjoy the laws of their forefathers, and might pay no tribute on the seventh year. He granted all they desired. And when they entreated him that he would permit the Jews in Babylon and Media to enjoy their own laws also, he willingly promised to do hereafter what they desired. 11.339. And when he said to the multitude, that if any of them would enlist themselves in his army, on this condition, that they should continue under the laws of their forefathers, and live according to them, he was willing to take them with him, many were ready to accompany him in his wars.
13.65. โHaving done many and great things for you in the affairs of the war, by the assistance of God, and that in Celesyria and Phoenicia, I came at length with the Jews to Leontopolis, and to other places of your nation,
13.68. for the prophet Isaiah foretold that, โthere should be an altar in Egypt to the Lord God;โโ and many other such things did he prophesy relating to that place.
13.319. He was naturally a man of candor, and of great modesty, as Strabo bears witness, in the name of Timagenes; who says thus: โThis man was a person of candor, and very serviceable to the Jews; for he added a country to them, and obtained a part of the nation of the Itureans for them, and bound them to them by the bond of the circumcision of their genitals.โ
13.398. 5. After this, king Alexander, although he fell into a distemper by hard drinking, and had a quartan ague, which held him three years, yet would not leave off going out with his army, till he was quite spent with the labors he had undergone, and died in the bounds of Ragaba, a fortress beyond Jordan. 13.399. But when his queen saw that he was ready to die, and had no longer any hopes of surviving, she came to him weeping and lamenting, and bewailed herself and her sons on the desolate condition they should be left in; and said to him, โTo whom dost thou thus leave me and my children, who are destitute of all other supports, and this when thou knowest how much ill-will thy nation bears thee?โ 13.401. after this she should go in triumph, as upon a victory, to Jerusalem, and put some of her authority into the hands of the Pharisees; for that they would commend her for the honor she had done them, and would reconcile the nation to her for he told her they had great authority among the Jews, both to do hurt to such as they hated, and to bring advantages to those to whom they were friendly disposed; 13.402. for that they are then believed best of all by the multitude when they speak any severe thing against others, though it be only out of envy at them. And he said that it was by their means that he had incurred the displeasure of the nation, whom indeed he had injured. 13.403. โDo thou, therefore,โ said he, โwhen thou art come to Jerusalem, send for the leading men among them, and show them my body, and with great appearance of sincerity, give them leave to use it as they themselves please, whether they will dishonor the dead body by refusing it burial, as having severely suffered by my means, or whether in their anger they will offer any other injury to that body. Promise them also that thou wilt do nothing without them in the affairs of the kingdom. 13.404. If thou dost but say this to them, I shall have the honor of a more glorious funeral from them than thou couldst have made for me; and when it is in their power to abuse my dead body, they will do it no injury at all, and thou wilt rule in safety.โ So when he had given his wife this advice, he died, after he had reigned twenty-seven years, and lived fifty years within one.
14.168. 4. Upon Hyrcanus hearing this, he complied with them. The mothers also of those that had been slain by Herod raised his indignation; for those women continued every day in the temple, persuading the king and the people that Herod might undergo a trial before the Sanhedrim for what he had done. 14.169. Hyrcanus was so moved by these complaints, that he summoned Herod to come to his trial for what was charged upon him. Accordingly he came; but his father had persuaded him to come not like a private man, but with a guard, for the security of his person; and that when he had settled the affairs of Galilee in the best manner he could for his own advantage, he should come to his trial, but still with a body of men sufficient for his security on his journey, yet so that he should not come with so great a force as might look like terrifying Hyrcanus, but still such a one as might not expose him naked and unguarded to his enemies. 14.171. But when Herod stood before the Sanhedrim, with his body of men about him, he affrighted them all, and no one of his former accusers durst after that bring any charge against him, but there was a deep silence, and nobody knew what was to be done. 14.172. When affairs stood thus, one whose name was Sameas, a righteous man he was, and for that reason above all fear, rose up, and said, โO you that are assessors with me, and O thou that art our king, I neither have ever myself known such a case, nor do I suppose that any one of you can name its parallel, that one who is called to take his trial by us ever stood in such a manner before us; but every one, whosoever he be, that comes to be tried by this Sanhedrim, presents himself in a submissive manner, and like one that is in fear of himself, and that endeavors to move us to compassion, with his hair dishevelled, and in a black and mourning garment: 14.173. but this admirable man Herod, who is accused of murder, and called to answer so heavy an accusation, stands here clothed in purple, and with the hair of his head finely trimmed, and with his armed men about him, that if we shall condemn him by our law, he may slay us, and by overbearing justice may himself escape death. 14.174. Yet do not I make this complaint against Herod himself; he is to be sure more concerned for himself than for the laws; but my complaint is against yourselves, and your king, who gave him a license so to do. However, take you notice, that God is great, and that this very man, whom you are going to absolve and dismiss, for the sake of Hyrcanus, will one day punish both you and your king himself also.โ 14.175. Nor did Sameas mistake in any part of this prediction; for when Herod had received the kingdom, he slew all the members of this Sanhedrim, and Hyrcanus himself also, excepting Sameas, 14.176. for he had a great honor for him on account of his righteousness, and because, when the city was afterward besieged by Herod and Sosius, he persuaded the people to admit Herod into it; and told them that for their sins they would not be able to escape his hands:โwhich things will be related by us in their proper places. 14.177. 5. But when Hyrcanus saw that the members of the Sanhedrim were ready to pronounce the sentence of death upon Herod, he put off the trial to another day, and sent privately to Herod, and advised him to fly out of the city, for that by this means he might escape.
14.187. for whereas many will not believe what hath been written about us by the Persians and Macedonians, because those writings are not every where to be met with, nor do lie in public places, but among us ourselves, and certain other barbarous nations,
17.174. He commanded that all the principal men of the entire Jewish nation, wheresoever they lived, should be called to him. Accordingly, they were a great number that came, because the whole nation was called, and all men heard of this call, and death was the penalty of such as should despise the epistles that were sent to call them. And now the king was in a wild rage against them all, the innocent as well as those that had afforded ground for accusations;
20.262. And I am so bold as to say, now I have so completely perfected the work I proposed to myself to do, that no other person, whether he were a Jew or foreigner, had he ever so great an inclination to it, could so accurately deliver these accounts to the Greeks as is done in these books.' '. None |
|
36. Josephus Flavius, Jewish War, 1.3, 1.204-1.205, 1.208-1.211, 2.123, 2.140 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylon/Babylonians โข Babylonian Talmud โข Babylonian Talmud (BT) โข Babylonian Talmud (BT), on King Janneus โข Babylonian Talmud (BT), reliance on Josephus โข Josephus, parallels with the Babylonian Talmud โข Silas (Babylonian) โข Talmud, Babylonian
Found in books: Goodman (2006) 198; Gruen (2020) 40; Iricinschi et al. (2013) 392; Kalmin (2014) 25, 26; Noam (2018) 8, 12, 123; Taylor (2012) 85
1.3. ฮคฮฑฯ
อฯฮฑ ฯฮฑฬฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฮตฯฮนฮปฮฑฮฒฯฬฮฝ ฮตฬฮฝ ฮตฬฯฯฮฑฬ ฮฒฮนฮฒฮปฮนฬฮฟฮนฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮผฮทฮดฮตฮผฮนฬฮฑฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฮตฬฯฮนฯฯฮฑฮผฮตฬฮฝฮฟฮนฯ ฯฮฑฬ ฯฯฮฑฬฮณฮผฮฑฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฯฯ
ฯฮฟฯ
อฯฮน ฯฯออ
ฯฮฟฮปฮตฬฮผฯอ
ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮปฮนฯฯฬฮฝ ฮทฬฬ ฮผฮตฬฮผฯฮตฯฯ ฮฑฬฯฮฟฯฮผฮทฬฮฝ ฮทฬฬ ฮบฮฑฯฮทฮณฮฟฯฮนฬฮฑฯ, ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฮณฮต ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฮฑฬฮปฮทฬฮธฮตฮนฮฑฮฝ ฮฑฬฮณฮฑฯฯอฯฮนฮฝ, ฮฑฬฮปฮปฮฑฬ ฮผฮทฬ ฯฯฮฟฬฯ ฮทฬฮดฮฟฮฝฮทฬฮฝ ฮฑฬฮฝฮตฬฮณฯฮฑฯฮฑ. ฯฮฟฮนฮทฬฯฮฟฮผฮฑฮน ฮดฮตฬ ฯฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮทฮฝ ฯฮทอฯ ฮตฬฮพฮทฮณฮทฬฯฮตฯฯ ฮฑฬฯฯฮทฬฮฝ, ฮทฬฬฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฯอฮฝ ฮบฮตฯฮฑฮปฮฑฮนฬฯฮฝ ฮตฬฯฮฟฮนฮทฯฮฑฬฮผฮทฮฝ.' "
1.3. ฯฯฮฟฯ
ฮธฮตฬฮผฮทฮฝ ฮตฬฮณฯฬ ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฬ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฬฮกฯฮผฮฑฮนฬฯฮฝ ฮทฬฮณฮตฮผฮฟฮฝฮนฬฮฑฮฝ ฬฮฮปฮปฮฑฬฮดฮน ฮณฮปฯฬฯฯฮทอ
ฮผฮตฯฮฑฮฒฮฑฮปฯฬฮฝ ฮฑฬฬ ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฮฑฬฬฮฝฯ ฮฒฮฑฯฮฒฮฑฬฯฮฟฮนฯ ฯฮทออ
ฯฮฑฯฯฮนฬฯอ
ฯฯ
ฮฝฯฮฑฬฮพฮฑฯ ฮฑฬฮฝฮตฬฯฮตฮผฯฮฑ ฯฯฮฟฬฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฮฑฬฯฮทฮณฮทฬฯฮฑฯฮธฮฑฮน ฬฮฯฬฯฮทฯฮฟฯ ฮฮฑฯฮธฮนฬฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฮนอฯ ฮตฬฮพ ฬฮฮตฯฮฟฯฮฟฮปฯ
ฬฮผฯฮฝ ฮนฬฮตฯฮตฯ
ฬฯ, ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬฯ ฯฮต ฬฮกฯฮผฮฑฮนฬฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮฟฮปฮตฮผฮทฬฯฮฑฯ ฯฮฑฬ ฯฯฯอฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฯ
ฬฬฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฯฯ
ฯฯฬฮฝ ฮตฬฮพ ฮฑฬฮฝฮฑฬฮณฮบฮทฯ:
1.3. ฯฮฑฯ
อฯ' ฮฑฬฮบฮฟฯ
ฬฯฮฑฯ ฬฮฮฝฯฮนฬฮณฮฟฮฝฮฟฯ ฮดฮนฮตฬฯฮตฮผฯฮตฮฝ ฯฮตฯฮนฬ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฯฯฬฯฮฑฮฝ ฮตฮนฬฬฯฮณฮตฮนฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮปฮฟฯฮฑอฮฝ ฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯ ฯฮนฯฮทฮณฮฟฯ
ฬฯ ฮบฮตฮปฮตฯ
ฬฯฮฝ. ฮฟฮนฬ ฮด' ฯ
ฬฯฮทฬฮบฮฟฯ
ฮฟฮฝ, ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฟฮปฯ
ฬ ฯฮปฮทอฮธฮฟฯ ฮฟฬฯฮปฮนฯฯอฮฝ ฯ
ฬฯฮตฬฯ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฬฮฮตฯฮนฯฮฟฯ
อฮฝฯฮฑ ฯฯ
ฮฝฮทฮธฯฮฟฮนฬฯฮธฮท: ฮดฮนฮตฮบฮฑฮธฮตฬฮถฮฟฮฝฯฮฟ ฮดฮตฬ ฮตฬฯฮนฬ ฯฯอฮฝ ฮฟฬฯฯอฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฯฯ
ฮปฮฑฬฯฯฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯ ฯฮฑฬ ฮตฬฯฮนฯฮทฬฮดฮตฮนฮฑ ฮตฬฮบฮบฮฟฮผฮนฬฮถฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฯ." '
1.204. ฬฮ ฮดฮตฬ ฯฬฬฮฝ ฯฯ
ฬฯฮตฮน ฮดฯฮฑฯฯฮทฬฯฮนฮฟฯ ฯ
ฬฬฮปฮทฮฝ ฮตฯ
ฬฮธฮตฬฯฯ ฮตฯ
ฬฯฮนฬฯฮบฮตฮน ฯฯออ
ฯฯฮฟฮฝฮทฬฮผฮฑฯฮน. ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฮปฮฑฮฒฯฬฮฝ ฮฟฯ
ฬอฮฝ ฬฮฮถฮตฮบฮนฬฮฑฮฝ ฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮฑฬฯฯฮนฮปฮทอ
ฯฯฮทฬฮฝ ฯฮฑฬ ฯฯฮฟฯฮตฯฮทอ ฯฮทออ
ฮฃฯ
ฯฮนฬฮฑอ
ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฯฮตฬฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฮผฮตฯฮฑฬ ฮผฮตฮณฮนฬฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฯฮนฬฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฯฮต ฯฯ
ฮปฮปฮฑฮฒฯฬฮฝ ฮฑฬฯฮฟฮบฯฮตฮนฬฮฝฮตฮน ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฟฯ
ฬฯ ฯฯอฮฝ ฮปฮทอ
ฯฯฯอฮฝ.' "1.205. ฮฟฬฬ ฮดฮทฬ ฮผฮฑฬฮปฮนฯฯฮฑ ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฮฃฯ
ฬฯฮฟฮนฯ ฮทฬฮณฮตฮนอฯฮฟ ฮบฮตฯฮฑฯฮนฯฮผฮตฬฮฝฮฟฮฝ: ฯ
ฬฮผฮฝฮตฮนอฯฮฟ ฮณฮฟฯ
อฮฝ ฮฑฬฮฝฮฑฬ ฯฮต ฯฮฑฬฯ ฮบฯฬฮผฮฑฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮตฬฮฝ ฯฮฑฮนอฯ ฯฮฟฬฮปฮตฯฮนฮฝ ฬฮฯฯฬฮดฮทฯ ฯฬฯ ฮตฮนฬฯฮทฬฮฝฮทฮฝ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฑฬฯ ฮบฯฮทฬฯฮตฮนฯ ฮฑฬฮฝฮฑฯฮตฯฯฮบฯฬฯ. ฮณฮนฬฮฝฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮด' ฮตฬฮบ ฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮฃฮตฬฮพฯฯอ
ฮฮฑฮนฬฯฮฑฯฮน ฮณฮฝฯฬฯฮนฮผฮฟฯ ฮฟฬฬฮฝฯฮน ฯฯ
ฮณฮณฮตฮฝฮตฮนอ ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฮผฮตฮณฮฑฬฮปฮฟฯ
ฮฮฑฮนฬฯฮฑฯฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮดฮนฮฟฮนฮบฮฟฯ
อฮฝฯฮน ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฮฃฯ
ฯฮนฬฮฑฮฝ." "
1.208. ฬฮฮผฮทฬฯฮฑฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮด' ฮตฬฮฝ ฮตฯ
ฬฯฯฮฑฮณฮนฬฮฑฮนฯ ฯฮธฮฟฬฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮดฮนฮฑฯฯ
ฮณฮตฮนอฮฝ: ฬฮฅฯฮบฮฑฮฝฮฟฬฯ ฮณฮฟฯ
อฮฝ ฮทฬฬฮดฮท ฮผฮตฬฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮบฮฑฮธ' ฮตฬฮฑฯ
ฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฮทฬฯฯ
ฯฮทอ ฯฯฮฟฬฯ ฯฮฟฬ ฮบฮปฮตฬฮฟฯ ฯฯอฮฝ ฮฝฮตฮฑฮฝฮนฬฯฮบฯฮฝ ฮตฬฮดฮฑฬฮบฮฝฮตฯฮฟ, ฮผฮฑฬฮปฮนฯฯฮฑ ฮดฮตฬ ฮตฬฮปฯ
ฬฯฮตฮน ฯฮฑฬ ฬฮฯฯฬฮดฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฑฯฮฟฯฮธฯฬฮผฮฑฯฮฑ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮบฮทฬฯฯ
ฮบฮตฯ ฮตฬฯฮฑฬฮปฮปฮทฮปฮฟฮน ฯฮทอฯ ฮบฮฑฮธ' ฮตฬฬฮบฮฑฯฯฮฟฮฝ ฮตฯ
ฬฮดฮฟฮพฮนฬฮฑฯ ฯฯฮฟฯฯฯฮตฬฯฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯฮฟฮปฮปฮฟฮนฬ ฮดฮตฬ ฯฯอฮฝ ฮตฬฮฝ ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตฮนฬฮฟฮนฯ ฮฒฮฑฯฮบฮฑฬฮฝฯฮฝ ฮทฬฯฮตฬฮธฮนฮถฮฟฮฝ, ฮฟฮนฬอฯ ฮทฬฬ ฯฮฟฬ ฯฯอฮฝ ฯฮฑฮนฬฮดฯฮฝ ฮทฬฬ ฯฮฟฬ ฬฮฮฝฯฮนฯฮฑฬฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฯฯฯฮฟฮฝฮนฮบฮฟฬฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฯฮนฬฯฯฮฑฯฮฟ," "1.209. ฮปฮตฬฮณฮฟฮฝฯฮตฯ ฯฬฯ ฬฮฮฝฯฮนฯฮฑฬฯฯฯอ
ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฯ
ฮนฬฮฟฮนอฯ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฯ
อ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฯฯฯฮทฬฯฮฑฯ ฯฯอฮฝ ฯฯฮฑฮณฮผฮฑฬฯฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮธฮตฬฮถฮฟฮนฯฮฟ ฯฮฟฯ
ฬฬฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฮผฮฟฬฮฝฮฟฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตฬฯฯ ฮตฬฬฯฯฮฝ ฮตฬฬฯฮทฮผฮฟฮฝ ฮตฬฮพฮฟฯ
ฯฮนฬฮฑฯ. ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮผฮตฬฯฯฮน ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฯฮปฮฑฮฝฮทฮธฮทฬฯฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮบฮฑฮธ' ฮตฬฮฑฯ
ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตฮนอฯ ฮตฬฯฮนฯฯฮตฬฯฯฮฝ; ฮฟฯ
ฬฮดฮตฬ ฮณฮฑฬฯ ฮตฮนฬฯฯฮฝฮตฯ
ฬฮตฯฮธฮฑฮน ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฮตฬฯฮนฯฯฮฟฯฮทฬฮฝ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯ ฮตฬฬฯฮน, ฯฮฑฮฝฮตฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯ ฮดฮตฬ ฮตฮนฬอฮฝฮฑฮน ฮดฮตฯฯฮฟฬฯฮฑฯ ฯฮฑฯฯฯฮฑฮผฮตฬฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮตฬฮบฮตฮนอฮฝฮฟฮฝ, ฮตฮนฬฬ ฮณฮต ฮผฮทฬฯฮต ฮตฬฮฝฯฮฟฮปฮฑฬฯ ฮดฮฟฬฮฝฯฮฟฯ ฮผฮทฬฯฮต ฮตฬฯฮนฯฯฮตฮนฬฮปฮฑฮฝฯฮฟฯ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮฟฯ
อ ฯฮฟฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฬ ฯฮฟฬฮฝ ฯฯอฮฝ ฬฮฮฟฯ
ฮดฮฑฮนฬฯฮฝ ฮฝฮฟฬฮผฮฟฮฝ ฮฑฬฮฝฮทฬอ
ฯฮทฮบฮตฮฝ ฬฮฯฯฬฮดฮทฯ: ฮฟฬฬฮฝ, ฮตฮนฬ ฮผฮทฬ ฮฒฮฑฯฮนฮปฮตฯ
ฬฯ ฮตฬฯฯฮนฮฝ ฮฑฬฮปฮป' ฮตฬฬฯฮน ฮนฬฮดฮนฯฬฯฮทฯ, ฮดฮตฮนอฮฝ ฮตฬฯฮนฬ ฮดฮนฬฮบฮทฮฝ ฮทฬฬฮบฮตฮนฮฝ ฮฑฬฯฮฟฮดฯฬฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑ ฮปฮฟฬฮณฮฟฮฝ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฯออ
ฯฮต ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฯฮฑฯฯฮนฬฮฟฮนฯ ฮฝฮฟฬฮผฮฟฮนฯ, ฮฟฮนฬฬ ฮบฯฮตฮนฬฮฝฮตฮนฮฝ ฮฑฬฮบฯฮนฬฯฮฟฯ
ฯ ฮฟฯ
ฬฮบ ฮตฬฯฮนฮฑอฯฮนฮฝ." '1.211. ฮฃฮตฬฮพฯฮฟฯ ฮดฮตฬ ฮฮฑฮนอฯฮฑฯ ฮดฮตฮนฬฯฮฑฯ ฯฮตฯฮนฬ ฯฯออ
ฮฝฮตฮฑฮฝฮนฬฮฑอ
, ฮผฮทฬ ฯฮน ฯฮฑฯฮฑฬ ฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฮตฬฯฮธฯฮฟฮนอฯ ฮฑฬฯฮฟฮปฮทฯฮธฮตฮนฬฯ ฯฮฑฬฮธฮทอ
, ฯฮตฬฮผฯฮตฮน ฯฯฮฟฬฯ ฬฮฅฯฮบฮฑฮฝฮฟฬฮฝ ฯฮฟฯ
ฬฯ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฮณฮณฮตฮปฮฟฯ
อฮฝฯฮฑฯ ฮดฮนฮฑฯฯฮทฬฮดฮทฮฝ ฮฑฬฯฮฟฮปฯ
ฬฮตฮนฮฝ ฬฮฯฯฬฮดฮทฮฝ ฯฮทอฯ ฯฮฟฮฝฮนฮบฮทอฯ ฮดฮนฬฮบฮทฯ. ฮฟฬ ฮดฮตฬ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮฑฬฬฮปฮปฯฯ ฯฬฯฮผฮทฮผฮตฬฮฝฮฟฯ, ฮทฬฮณฮฑฬฯฮฑ ฮณฮฑฬฯ ฬฮฯฯฬฮดฮทฮฝ, ฮฑฬฯฮฟฯฮทฯฮนฬฮถฮตฯฮฑฮน.' "
2.123. ฮบฮทฮปฮนอฮดฮฑ ฮด' ฯ
ฬฯฮฟฮปฮฑฮผฮฒฮฑฬฮฝฮฟฯ
ฯฮน ฯฮฟฬ ฮตฬฬฮปฮฑฮนฮฟฮฝ, ฮบฮฑฬฬฮฝ ฮฑฬฮปฮตฮนฯฮธฮทออ
ฯฮนฯ ฮฑฬฬฮบฯฮฝ, ฯฮผฮทฬฯฮตฯฮฑฮน ฯฮฟฬ ฯฯอฮผฮฑ: ฯฮฟฬ ฮณฮฑฬฯ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮผฮตฮนอฮฝ ฮตฬฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮปฯออ
ฯฮนฬฮธฮตฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฮปฮตฯ
ฯฮตฮนฮผฮฟฮฝฮตฮนอฮฝ ฯฮต ฮดฮนฮฑฯฮฑฮฝฯฮฟฬฯ. ฯฮตฮนฯฮฟฯฮฟฮฝฮทฯฮฟฮนฬ ฮด' ฮฟฮนฬ ฯฯอฮฝ ฮบฮฟฮนฮฝฯอฮฝ ฮตฬฯฮนฮผฮตฮปฮทฯฮฑฮนฬ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฮฑฬฮดฮนฮฑฮนฬฯฮตฯฮฟฮน ฯฯฮฟฬฯ ฮฑฬฯฮฑฬฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฮตฮนฬฯ ฯฮฑฬฯ ฯฯฮตฮนฬฮฑฯ ฮตฬฬฮบฮฑฯฯฮฟฮน." '. None | 1.3. 12. I have comprehended all these things in seven books, and have left no occasion for complaint or accusation to such as have been acquainted with this war; and I have written it down for the sake of those that love truth, but not for those that please themselves with fictitious relations. And I will begin my account of these things with what I call my First Chapter.
1.3. I have proposed to myself, for the sake of such as live under the government of the Romans, to translate those books into the Greek tongue, which I formerly composed in the language of our country, and sent to the Upper Barbarians; I, Joseph, the son of Matthias, by birth a Hebrew, a priest also, and one who at first fought against the Romans myself, and was forced to be present at what was done afterward am the author of this work.
1.3. When Antigonus heard of this, he sent some of his party with orders to hinder, and lay ambushes for these collectors of corn. This command was obeyed, and a great multitude of armed men were gathered together about Jericho, and lay upon the mountains, to watch those that brought the provisions.
1.204. 5. Now Herod was an active man, and soon found proper materials for his active spirit to work upon. As therefore he found that Hezekias, the head of the robbers, ran over the neighboring parts of Syria with a great band of men, he caught him and slew him, and many more of the robbers with him; 1.205. which exploit was chiefly grateful to the Syrians, insomuch that hymns were sung in Herodโs commendation, both in the villages and in the cities, as having procured their quietness, and having preserved what they possessed to them; on which occasion he became acquainted with Sextus Caesar, a kinsman of the great Caesar, and president of Syria.
1.208. 6. However, he found it impossible to escape envy in such his prosperity; for the glory of these young men affected even Hyrcanus himself already privately, though he said nothing of it to anybody; but what he principally was grieved at was the great actions of Herod, and that so many messengers came one before another, and informed him of the great reputation he got in all his undertakings. There were also many people in the royal palace itself who inflamed his envy at him; those, I mean, who were obstructed in their designs by the prudence either of the young men, or of Antipater. 1.209. These men said, that by committing the public affairs to the management of Antipater and of his sons, he sat down with nothing but the bare name of a king, without any of its authority; and they asked him how long he would so far mistake himself, as to breed up kings against his own interest; for that they did not now conceal their government of affairs any longer, but were plainly lords of the nation, and had thrust him out of his authority; that this was the case when Herod slew so many men without his giving him any command to do it, either by word of mouth, or by his letter, and this in contradiction to the law of the Jews; who therefore, in case he be not a king, but a private man, still ought to come to his trial, and answer it to him, and to the laws of his country, which do not permit anyone to be killed till he had been condemned in judgment. 1.211. However, Sextus Caesar was in fear for the young man, lest he should be taken by his enemies, and brought to punishment; so he sent some to denounce expressly to Hyrcanus that he should acquit Herod of the capital charge against him; who acquitted him accordingly, as being otherwise inclined also so to do, for he loved Herod.
2.123. They think that oil is a defilement; and if anyone of them be anointed without his own approbation, it is wiped off his body; for they think to be sweaty is a good thing, as they do also to be clothed in white garments. They also have stewards appointed to take care of their common affairs, who every one of them have no separate business for any, but what is for the use of them all.' '. None |
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37. Josephus Flavius, Against Apion, 1.179, 1.201 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylon/Babylonians โข Babylonia, Jews deported to
Found in books: Bar Kochba (1997) 48, 49, 96; Gruen (2020) 40, 171
1.179. ฮบฮฑฬฮบฮตฮนอฮฝฮฟฯ ฯฮฟฮนฬฮฝฯ
ฮฝ ฯฮฟฬ ฮผฮตฬฮฝ ฮณฮตฬฮฝฮฟฯ ฮทฬอฮฝ ฬฮฮฟฯ
ฮดฮฑฮนอฮฟฯ ฮตฬฮบ ฯฮทอฯ ฮบฮฟฮนฬฮปฮทฯ ฮฃฯ
ฯฮนฬฮฑฯ. ฮฟฯ
ฬอฯฮฟฮน ฮดฮตฬ ฮตฮนฬฯฮนฮฝ ฮฑฬฯฮฟฬฮณฮฟฮฝฮฟฮน ฯฯอฮฝ ฮตฬฮฝ ฬฮฮฝฮดฮฟฮนอฯ ฯฮนฮปฮฟฯฮฟฬฯฯฮฝ, ฮบฮฑฮปฮฟฯ
อฮฝฯฮฑฮน ฮดฮตฬ, ฯฬฬฯ ฯฮฑฯฮนฮฝ, ฮฟฮนฬ ฯฮนฮปฮฟฬฯฮฟฯฮฟฮน ฯฮฑฯฮฑฬ ฮผฮตฬฮฝ ฬฮฮฝฮดฮฟฮนอฯ ฮฮฑฮปฮฑฮฝฮฟฮนฬ, ฯฮฑฯฮฑฬ ฮดฮตฬ ฮฃฯ
ฬฯฮฟฮนฯ ฬฮฮฟฯ
ฮดฮฑฮนอฮฟฮน ฯฮฟฯ
ฬฬฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฮปฮฑฮฒฮฟฬฮฝฯฮตฯ ฮฑฬฯฮฟฬ ฯฮฟฯ
อ ฯฮฟฬฯฮฟฯ
: ฯฯฮฟฯฮฑฮณฮฟฯฮตฯ
ฬฮตฯฮฑฮน ฮณฮฑฬฯ ฮฟฬฬฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮฟฮนฮบฮฟฯ
อฯฮน ฯฮฟฬฯฮฟฮฝ ฬฮฮฟฯ
ฮดฮฑฮนฬฮฑ. ฯฮฟฬ ฮดฮตฬ ฯฮทอฯ ฯฮฟฬฮปฮตฯฯ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฯอฮฝ ฮฟฬฬฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฯฮฑฬฮฝฯ
ฯฮบฮฟฮปฮนฮฟฬฮฝ ฮตฬฯฯฮนฮฝ: ฬฮฮตฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฑฮปฮทฬฮผฮทฮฝ ฮณฮฑฬฯ ฮฑฯ
ฬฯฮทฬฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮปฮฟฯ
อฯฮนฮฝ.' "
1.201. ฮปฮตฬฮณฮตฮน ฮด' ฮฟฯ
ฬฬฯฯฯ: โฮตฬฮผฮฟฯ
อ ฮณฮฟฯ
อฮฝ ฮตฬฯฮนฬ ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฬฮฯฯ
ฮธฯฮฑฬฮฝ ฮธฮฑฬฮปฮฑฯฯฮฑฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฮดฮนฬฮถฮฟฮฝฯฮฟฯ ฯฯ
ฮฝฮทฮบฮฟฮปฮฟฯ
ฬฮธฮตฮน ฯฮนฯ ฮผฮตฯฮฑฬ ฯฯอฮฝ ฮฑฬฬฮปฮปฯฮฝ ฯฯอฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮฑฯฮตฮผฯฮฟฬฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฮทฬฮผฮฑอฯ ฮนฬฯฯฮตฬฯฮฝ ฬฮฮฟฯ
ฮดฮฑฮนฬฯฮฝ ฮฟฬฬฮฝฮฟฮผฮฑ ฮฮฟฯฮฟฬฮปฮปฮฑฮผฮฟฯ, ฮฑฬฬฮฝฮธฯฯฯฮฟฯ ฮนฬฮบฮฑฮฝฯอฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฬ ฯฯ
ฯฮทฬฮฝ ฮตฯ
ฬฬฯฯฯฯฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฮฟฮพฮฟฬฯฮทฯ ฮดฮทฬ ฯฮฑฬฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฮฟฬฮผฮฟฮปฮฟฮณฮฟฯ
ฮผฮตฬฮฝฯฯ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฯอฮฝ ฬฮฮปฮปฮทฬฮฝฯฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮนฬ ฯฯอฮฝ ฮฒฮฑฯฮฒฮฑฬฯฯฮฝ ฮฑฬฬฯฮนฯฯฮฟฯ."'. None | 1.179. This man, then answered Aristotle, was by birth a Jew, and came from Celesyria: these Jews are derived from the Indian philosophers; they are named by the Indians Calami, and by the Syrians Judaei, and took their name from the country they inhabit, which is called Judea; but for the name of their city it is a very awkward one, for they call it Jerusalem.
1.201. โAs I was myself going to the Red Sea, there followed us a man, whose name was Mosollam; he was one of the Jewish horsemen who conducted us; he was a person of great courage, of a strong body, and by all allowed to be the most skilful archer that was either among the Greeks or barbarians. ''. None |
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38. Mishnah, Avot, 1.1, 2.9 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Amoraim, Babylonian, increasing Palestinian influences โข Aramaic, Babylonian Jewish โข Babylonia โข Babylonian Talmud โข Talmud, Babylonian โข harmonization, Babylonian
Found in books: Avery Peck et al. (2014) 73; Kalmin (1998) 148; Lavee (2017) 199; Secunda (2014) 79; Sigal (2007) 37, 49
1.1. ืืฉืึถื ืงึดืึผึตื ืชึผืึนืจึธื ืึดืกึผึดืื ึทื, ืึผืึฐืกึธืจึธืึผ ืึดืืืึนืฉืึปืขึท, ืึดืืืึนืฉืึปืขึท ืึดืึฐืงึตื ึดืื, ืึผืึฐืงึตื ึดืื ืึดื ึฐืึดืืึดืื, ืึผื ึฐืึดืืึดืื ืึฐืกึธืจืึผืึธ ืึฐืึทื ึฐืฉืึตื ืึฐื ึถืกึถืช ืึทืึผึฐืืึนืึธื. ืึตื ืึธืึฐืจืึผ ืฉืึฐืืฉืึธื ืึฐืึธืจึดืื, ืึฑืืึผ ืึฐืชืึผื ึดืื ืึผึทืึผึดืื, ืึฐืึทืขึฒืึดืืืึผ ืชึทืึฐืึดืืึดืื ืึทืจึฐืึผึตื, ืึทืขึฒืฉืืึผ ืกึฐืึธื ืึทืชึผืึนืจึธื:
1.1. ืฉืึฐืึทืขึฐืึธื ืึฐืึทืึฐืึทืึฐืืึนื ืงึดืึผึฐืืึผ ืึตืึถื. ืฉืึฐืึทืขึฐืึธื ืืึนืึตืจ, ืึฑืึนื ืึถืช ืึทืึผึฐืึธืืึธื, ืึผืฉืึฐื ึธื ืึถืช ืึธืจึทืึผึธื ืึผืช, ืึฐืึทื ืชึผึดืชึฐืึทืึผึทืข ืึธืจึธืฉืืึผืช:
2.9. ืึธืึทืจ ืึธืึถื, ืฆึฐืืึผ ืึผืจึฐืืึผ ืึตืืืึนืึดื ืึถืจึถืึฐ ืึฐืฉืึธืจึธื ืฉืึถืึผึดืึฐืึผึทืง ืึผึธืึผ ืึธืึธืึธื. ืจึทืึผึดื ืึฑืึดืืขึถืึถืจ ืืึนืึตืจ, ืขึทืึดื ืืึนืึธื. ืจึทืึผึดื ืึฐืืึนืฉืึปืขึท ืืึนืึตืจ, ืึธืึตืจ ืืึนื. ืจึทืึผึดื ืืึนืกึตื ืืึนืึตืจ, ืฉืึธืึตื ืืึนื. ืจึทืึผึดื ืฉืึดืึฐืขืึนื ืืึนืึตืจ, ืึธืจืึนืึถื ืึถืช ืึทื ึผืึนืึธื. ืจึทืึผึดื ืึถืึฐืขึธืึธืจ ืืึนืึตืจ, ืึตื ืืึนื. ืึธืึทืจ ืึธืึถื, ืจืึนืึถื ืึฒื ึดื ืึถืช ืึผึดืึฐืจึตื ืึถืึฐืขึธืึธืจ ืึผึถื ืขึฒืจึธืึฐ ืึดืึผึดืึฐืจึตืืึถื, ืฉืึถืึผึดืึฐืึธื ืึผึฐืึธืจึธืื ืึผึดืึฐืจึตืืึถื. ืึธืึทืจ ืึธืึถื ืฆึฐืืึผ ืึผืจึฐืืึผ ืึตืืืึนืึดื ืึถืจึถืึฐ ืจึธืขึธื ืฉืึถืึผึดืชึฐืจึทืึตืง ืึดืึผึถื ึผึธื ืึธืึธืึธื. ืจึทืึผึดื ืึฑืึดืืขึถืึถืจ ืืึนืึตืจ, ืขึทืึดื ืจึธืขึธื. ืจึทืึผึดื ืึฐืืึนืฉืึปืขึท ืืึนืึตืจ, ืึธืึตืจ ืจึธืข. ืจึทืึผึดื ืืึนืกึตื ืืึนืึตืจ, ืฉืึธืึตื ืจึธืข. ืจึทืึผึดื ืฉืึดืึฐืขืึนื ืืึนืึตืจ, ืึทืึผึนืึถื ืึฐืึตืื ืึน ืึฐืฉืึทืึผึตื. ืึถืึธื ืึทืึผึนืึถื ืึดื ืึธืึธืึธื, ืึผึฐืึนืึถื ืึดื ืึทืึผึธืงืึนื ืึผึธืจืึผืึฐ ืืึผื, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืึทืจ (ืชืืืื ืื) ืึนืึถื ืจึธืฉืึธืข ืึฐืึนื ืึฐืฉืึทืึผึตื, ืึฐืฆึทืึผึดืืง ืืึนื ึตื ืึฐื ืึนืชึตื. ืจึทืึผึดื ืึถืึฐืขึธืึธืจ ืืึนืึตืจ, ืึตื ืจึธืข. ืึธืึทืจ ืึธืึถื, ืจืึนืึถื ืึฒื ึดื ืึถืช ืึผึดืึฐืจึตื ืึถืึฐืขึธืึธืจ ืึผึถื ืขึฒืจึธืึฐ ืึดืึผึดืึฐืจึตืืึถื, ืฉืึถืึผึดืึฐืึธื ืึผึฐืึธืจึธืื ืึผึดืึฐืจึตืืึถื:''. None | 1.1. Moses received the torah at Sinai and transmitted it to Joshua, Joshua to the elders, and the elders to the prophets, and the prophets to the Men of the Great Assembly. They said three things: Be patient in the administration of justice, raise many disciples and make a fence round the Torah.
2.9. He Rabban Yoha said unto them: go forth and observe which is the right way to which a man should cleave? Rabbi Eliezer said, a good eye; Rabbi Joshua said, a good companion; Rabbi Yose said, a good neighbor; Rabbi Shimon said, foresight. Rabbi Elazar said, a good heart. He Rabban Yoha said to them: I prefer the words of Elazar ben Arach, for in his words your words are included. He Rabban Yoha said unto them: go forth and observe which is the evil way which a man should shun? Rabbi Eliezer said, an evil eye; Rabbi Joshua said, an evil companion; Rabbi Yose said, an evil neighbor; Rabbi Shimon said, one who borrows and does not repay for he that borrows from man is as one who borrows from God, blessed be He, as it is said, โthe wicked borrow and do not repay, but the righteous deal graciously and giveโ (Psalms 37:21). Rabbi Elazar said, an evil heart. He Rabban Yoha said to them: I prefer the words of Elazar ben Arach, for in his words your words are included.''. None |
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39. Mishnah, Berachot, 1.3 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Hillel (the Elder, aka Hillel the, Babylonian) โข prayer, Babylonia
Found in books: Fonrobert and Jaffee (2007) 123; Levine (2005) 591
1.3. ืึผึตืืช ืฉืึทืึผึทืื ืืึนืึฐืจึดืื, ืึผึธืขึถืจึถื ืึผึธื ืึธืึธื ืึทืึผืึผ ืึฐืึดืงึฐืจึฐืืึผ, ืึผืึทืึผึนืงึถืจ ืึทืขึทืึฐืืึผ, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืึทืจ (ืืืจืื ื) ืึผืึฐืฉืึธืึฐืึผึฐืึธ ืึผืึฐืงืึผืึถืึธ. ืึผืึตืืช ืึดืึผึตื ืืึนืึฐืจึดืื, ืึผึธื ืึธืึธื ืงืึนืจึตื ืึฐืึทืจึฐืึผืึน, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืึทืจ (ืฉื) ืึผืึฐืึถืึฐืชึผึฐืึธ ืึทืึผึถืจึถืึฐ. ืึดื ืึผึตื, ืึธืึผึธื ื ึถืึฑืึทืจ ืึผืึฐืฉืึธืึฐืึผึฐืึธ ืึผืึฐืงืึผืึถืึธ, ืึผึฐืฉืึธืขึธื ืฉืึถืึผึฐื ึตื ืึธืึธื ืฉืืึนืึฐืึดืื, ืึผืึฐืฉืึธืขึธื ืฉืึถืึผึฐื ึตื ืึธืึธื ืขืึนืึฐืึดืื. ืึธืึทืจ ืจึทืึผึดื ืึทืจึฐืคืึนื, ืึฒื ึดื ืึธืึดืืชึดื ืึธื ืึทืึผึถืจึถืึฐ, ืึฐืึดืึผึตืชึดื ืึดืงึฐืจืึนืช, ืึผึฐืึดืึฐืจึตื ืึตืืช ืฉืึทืึผึทืื, ืึฐืกึดืึผึทื ึฐืชึผึดื ืึฐืขึทืฆึฐืึดื ืึดืคึผึฐื ึตื ืึทืึผึดืกึฐืึดืื. ืึธืึฐืจืึผ ืืึน, ืึผึฐืึทื ืึธืึดืืชึธ ืึธืืึผื ืึผึฐืขึทืฆึฐืึฐืึธ, ืฉืึถืขึธืึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ืขึทื ืึผึดืึฐืจึตื ืึตืืช ืึดืึผึตื:''. None | 1.3. Bet Shammai say: in the evening every man should recline and recite the Shema, and in the morning he should stand, as it says, โAnd when you lie down and when you get upโ (Deuteronomy 6:7). Bet Hillel say that every man should recite in his own way, as it says, โAnd when you walk by the wayโ (ibid). Why then is it said, โAnd when you lies down and when you get up?โ At the time when people lie down and at the time when people rise up. Rabbi Tarfon said: I was once walking by the way and I reclined to recite the Shema according to the words of Bet Shammai, and I incurred danger from robbers. They said to him: you deserved to come to harm, because you acted against the words of Bet Hillel.''. None |
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40. Mishnah, Maaser Sheni, 5.15 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylonian Talmud โข Babylonian Talmud (BT)
Found in books: Noam (2018) 205; Sigal (2007) 49
5.15. ืืึนืึธื ึธื ืึผึนืึตื ืึผึธืืึนื ืึถืขึฑืึดืืจ ืืึนืึธืืึนืช ืึทืึผึทืขึฒืฉืึตืจ. ืึทืฃ ืืึผื ืึผึดืึผึตื ืึถืช ืึทืึฐืขืึนืจึฐืจึดืื, ืึฐืึถืช ืึทื ึผืึนืงึฐืคึดืื. ืึฐืขึทื ืึธืึธืื ืึธืึธื ืคึทืึผึดืืฉื ืึทืึผึถื ืึดืืจืึผืฉืึธืึธืึดื, ืึผืึฐืึธืึธืื ืึตืื ืึธืึธื ืฆึธืจึดืืึฐ ืึดืฉืึฐืืึนื ืขึทื ืึทืึผึฐืึธืื:''. None | 5.15. Yoha the high priest stopped the recitation of the confession of the tithes. He also abolished the โwakersโ and the โstrikers.โ Until his days the hammer used to beat in Jerusalem. And in his days one did not have to ask about demai.''. None |
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41. Mishnah, Parah, 3.5 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylonian Talmud โข Babylonian Talmud (BT) โข Babylonian Talmud (BT), on John Hyrcanus
Found in books: Noam (2018) 62, 205; Sigal (2007) 49
3.5. ืึนื ืึธืฆึฐืืึผ ืึดืฉึผืึถืึทืข, ืขืึนืฉืึดืื ืึดืฉึผืึตืฉื, ืึตืึธืึตืฉื, ืึตืึทืจึฐืึผึทืข, ืึดืฉึผืึธืืฉื, ืึดืฉึผืึฐืชึผึทืึดื ืึผืึตืึถืึธืช. ืึผืึดื ืขึฒืฉืึธืึธื. ืึธืจึดืืฉืืึนื ึธื ืขึธืฉืึธื ืืฉืึถื, ืึฐืึทืฉึผืึฐื ึดืึผึธื ืขึธืฉืึธื ืขึถืึฐืจึธื, ืึฐืึธืึตืฉื, ืึตืขึถืึฐืจึธื ืึธืึตืืึธืึฐ, ืึผึดืึฐืจึตื ืจึทืึผึดื ืึตืึดืืจ. ืึทืึฒืึธืึดืื ืืึนืึฐืจึดืื, ืฉืึถืึทืข ืึตืขึถืึฐืจึธื ืึธืึตืืึธืึฐ. ืึผืึดื ืขึฒืฉืึธืึธื. ืฉืึดืึฐืขืึนื ืึทืฆึผึทืึผึดืืง ืึฐืืึนืึธื ึธื ืึผึนืึตื ืึผึธืืึนื ืขึธืฉืืึผ ืฉืึฐืชึผึทืึดื ืฉืึฐืชึผึทืึดื, ืึถืึฐืึฐืืึนืขึตืื ึทื ืึผึถื ืึทืงึผืึนืฃ ืึทืึฒื ึทืึฐืึตื ืึทืึผึดืฆึฐืจึดื ืึฐืึดืฉืึฐืึธืขึตืื ืึผึถื ืคึผึดืืึธืึดื ืขึธืฉืืึผ ืึทืึทืช ืึถืึธืช:''. None | 3.5. If they did not find the residue of the ashes of the seven red cows they performed the sprinkling with those of six, of five, of four, of three, of two or of one. And who prepared these? Moses prepared the first, Ezra prepared the second, and five were prepared from the time of Ezra, the words of Rabbi Meir. But the sages say: seven from the time of Ezra. And who prepared them? Shimon the Just and Yoha the high priest prepared two; Elihoenai the son of Ha-Kof and Hanamel the Egyptian and Ishmael the son of Piabi prepared one each.''. None |
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42. Mishnah, Sanhedrin, 2.2, 10.2 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Ahitofel, attitudes to, of Babylonian rabbis โข Babylonian rabbis, sages, antagonism towards Hasmoneans โข Babylonian rabbis, sages, relations with exilarchate โข Babylonian rabbis, sages, views on Ahitofel โข Hasmoneans, antagonism between Babylonian rabbis and descendants of royalty โข Isaiah, criticism of, in the Babylonian Talmud โข Isaiah, execution of, in the Babylonian Talmud โข Josephus, parallels with the Babylonian Talmud โข Moses, as a rabbi, in Babylonian rabbinic literature โข Nehardea, Nehardeans, Babylonian rabbis attitudes to โข Talmud, Babylonian, Palestinian rabbinic traditions in โข Talmud, Babylonian, anonymous portions of, xi โข Talmud, Babylonian, incorporation of nonrabbinic material โข Talmud, Babylonian, language switching in โข Talmud, Babylonian, redaction of, xii โข exilarchate, exilarchs, relationship with Babylonian rabbis โข polemics, of Babylonian rabbis against Hasmonean aristocrats โข rabbis, Babylonian, connections with East โข rabbis, Babylonian, the fourth century as a transitional period among
Found in books: Kalmin (1998) 65, 66, 106, 107; Kalmin (2014) 24, 27, 28, 37
2.2. ืึทืึผึถืึถืึฐ ืึนื ืึธื ืึฐืึนื ืึธื ึดืื ืืึนืชืึน, ืึนื ืึตืขึดืื ืึฐืึนื ืึฐืขึดืืึดืื ืืึนืชืึน, ืึนื ืืึนืึตืฅ ืึฐืึนื ืืึนืึฐืฆึดืื ืึฐืึดืฉืึฐืชึผืึน. ืึนื ืึฐืึทืึผึตื ืึฐืึนื ืึฐืึทืึผึฐืึดืื ืึฐืึดืฉืึฐืชึผืึน. ืจึทืึผึดื ืึฐืืึผืึธื ืืึนืึตืจ, ืึดื ืจึธืฆึธื ืึทืึฒืึนืฅ ืืึน ืึฐืึทืึผึตื, ืึธืืึผืจ ืึธืืึนื. ืึธืึฐืจืึผ ืืึน, ืึตืื ืฉืืึนืึฐืขึดืื ืืึน. ืึฐืึตืื ื ืึนืฉืึฐืึดืื ืึทืึฐืึธื ึธืชืึน. ืจึทืึผึดื ืึฐืืึผืึธื ืืึนืึตืจ, ื ืึนืฉืึตื ืึทืึผึถืึถืึฐ ืึทืึฐืึธื ึธืชืึน ืฉืึถื ืึถืึถืึฐ, ืฉืึถืึผึตื ืึธืฆึดืื ืึผ ืึฐืึธืึดื ืฉืึถื ึผึธืฉืึธื ืึทืึฐืึธื ึธืชืึน ืฉืึถื ืฉืึธืืึผื, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืึทืจ (ืฉืืืื ื ืื) ืึธืึถืชึผึฐื ึธื ืึฐืึธ ืึถืช ืึผึตืืช ืึฒืึนื ึถืืึธ ืึฐืึถืช ื ึฐืฉืึตื ืึฒืึนื ึถืืึธ ืึผึฐืึตืืงึถืึธ:
10.2. ืฉืึฐืึนืฉืึธื ืึฐืึธืึดืื ืึฐืึทืจึฐืึผึธืขึธื ืึถืึฐืืึนืืึนืช ืึตืื ืึธืึถื ืึตืึถืง ืึธืขืึนืึธื ืึทืึผึธื. ืฉืึฐืึนืฉืึธื ืึฐืึธืึดืื, ืึธืจึธืึฐืขึธื, ืึทืึฐืึธื, ืึผืึฐื ึทืฉึผืึถื. ืจึทืึผึดื ืึฐืืึผืึธื ืืึนืึตืจ, ืึฐื ึทืฉึผืึถื ืึถืฉื ืืึน ืึตืึถืง ืึธืขืึนืึธื ืึทืึผึธื, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืึทืจ (ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืื) ืึทืึผึดืชึฐืคึผึทืึผึตื ืึตืึธืื ืึทืึผึตืขึธืชึถืจ ืืึน ืึทืึผึดืฉืึฐืึทืข ืชึผึฐืึดื ึผึธืชืึน ืึทืึฐืฉืึดืืึตืืึผ ืึฐืจืึผืฉืึธืึทืึดื ืึฐืึทืึฐืืึผืชืึน. ืึธืึฐืจืึผ ืืึน, ืึฐืึทืึฐืืึผืชืึน ืึฑืฉืึดืืืึน ืึฐืึนื ืึฐืึทืึผึตื ืึธืขืึนืึธื ืึทืึผึธื ืึฑืฉืึดืืืึน. ืึทืจึฐืึผึธืขึธื ืึถืึฐืืึนืืึนืช, ืึผึดืึฐืขึธื, ืึฐืืึนืึตื, ืึทืึฒืึดืืชึนืคึถื, ืึฐืึตืึฒืึดื:''. None | 2.2. The king can neither judge nor be judged, he cannot testify and others cannot testify against him. He may not perform halitzah, nor may others perform halitzah for his wife. He may not contract levirate marriage nor may his brothers contract levirate marriage with his wife. Rabbi Judah says: โIf he wished to perform halitzah or to contract levirate marriage his memory is a blessing.โ They said to him: โThey should not listen to him.โ None may marry his widow. Rabbi Judah says: โThe king may marry the widow of a king, for so have we found it with David, who married the widow of Saul, as it says, โAnd I gave you my masterโs house and my masterโs wives into your embraceโ (II Samuel 12:8).
10.2. Three kings and four commoners have no portion in the world to come:The three kings are Jeroboam, Ahab, and Manasseh. Rabbi Judah says: โManasseh has a portion in the world to come, for it says, โHe prayed to him, and He granted his prayer, and heard his plea and he restored him to Jerusalem, to his kingdomโ (II Chronicles 33:13). They the sages said to him: โThey restored him to his kingdom, but not to his portion in the world to come.โ The four commoners are: Bilaam, Doeg, Ahitophel, and Gehazi.''. None |
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43. Mishnah, Shabbat, 1.4, 13.2-13.4 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Aramaic, Babylonian Jewish โข Babylonian Talmud โข Hillel (the Elder, aka Hillel the, Babylonian)
Found in books: Fonrobert and Jaffee (2007) 61, 143; Goodman (2006) 197; Secunda (2014) 51, 176
1.4. ืึฐืึตืึผืึผ ืึดื ืึทืึฒืึธืืึนืช ืฉืึถืึธืึฐืจืึผ ืึทืขึฒืึดืึผึทืช ืึฒื ึทื ึฐืึธื ืึถื ืึดืึฐืงึดืึผึธื ืึถื ืึผึปืจึฐืืึนื ืึผึฐืฉืึถืขึธืืึผ ืึฐืึทืงึผึฐืจืึน. ื ึดืึฐื ืึผ ืึฐืจึทืึผืึผ ืึผึตืืช ืฉืึทืึผึทืื ืขึทื ืึผึตืืช ืึดืึผึตื, ืึผืฉืึฐืึนื ึธื ืขึธืฉืึธืจ ืึผึฐืึธืจึดืื ืึผึธืึฐืจืึผ ืืึน ืึทืึผืึนื:
13.2. ืึธืขืึนืฉืึถื ืฉืึฐื ึตื ืึธืชึผึตื ื ึดืืจึดืื ืึผึทื ึผึดืืจึดืื, ืึผึทืงึผึตืจืึนืก, ืึผึทื ึผึธืคึธื, ืึผึทืึผึฐืึธืจึธื ืึผืึทืกึผึทื, ืึทืึผึธื. ืึฐืึทืชึผืึนืคึตืจ ืฉืึฐืชึผึตื ืชึฐืคึดืืจืึนืช, ืึฐืึทืงึผืึนืจึตืขึท ืขึทื ืึฐื ึธืช ืึดืชึฐืคึผึนืจ ืฉืึฐืชึผึตื ืชึฐืคึดืืจืึนืช: 13.3. ืึทืงึผืึนืจึตืขึท ืึผึทืึฒืึธืชืึน ืึฐืขึทื ืึตืชืึน, ืึฐืึธื ืึทืึฐืงึทืึฐืงึฐืึดืื, ืคึผึฐืืึผืจึดืื. ืึฐืึทืึฐืงึทืึฐืงึตื ืขึทื ืึฐื ึธืช ืึฐืชึทืงึผึตื, ืฉืึดืขืึผืจืึน ืึทืึฐืชึทืงึผึตื: 13.4. ืฉืึดืขืึผืจ ืึทืึฐืึทืึผึตื ืึฐืึทืึฐื ึทืคึผึตืฅ ืึฐืึทืฆึผืึนืึตืขึท ืึฐืึทืึผืึนืึถื, ืึผึดืึฐืึนื ืจึนืึทื ืึทืกึผึดืื ืึผึธืคืึผื. ืึฐืึธืืึนืจึตื ืฉืึฐื ึตื ืืึผืึดืื, ืฉืึดืขืึผืจืึน ืึผึดืึฐืึนื ืึทืกึผึดืื:''. None | 1.4. And these are of halakhot which they stated in the upper chamber of Haiah ben Hezekiah ben Gurion, when they went up to visit him. They took a count, and Bet Shammai outnumbered Beth Hillel and on that day they enacted eighteen measures.
13.2. He who makes two loops, on either the cross-pieces nirim or one the slips keros, or in a sifter, sieve, or basket, is liable. And he who sews two stitches, and he who tears in order to sew two stitches is liable. 13.3. He who tears in his anger or in mourning for his dead, and all who damage are exempt. But he who damages in order to repair, his measure for liability is as for repairing. 13.4. The minimum measure for bleaching, hackling, dyeing or spinning is a full double sit. And he who weaves two threads together, the minimum meausure is a full sit.''. None |
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44. Mishnah, Taanit, 1.4 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylonia, Babylonians, accused of refusal to settle in Palestine, strict class system โข R. Judah (Babylonia, third century) โข Samuel (Babylonian sage)
Found in books: Kalmin (1998) 76; Levine (2005) 495
1.4. ืึดืึผึดืืขึท ืฉืึดืึฐืขึธื ืขึธืฉืึธืจ ืึผึฐืึทืจึฐืึถืฉืึฐืึธื ืึฐืึนื ืึธืจึฐืืึผ ืึฐืฉืึธืึดืื, ืึดืชึฐืึดืืืึผ ืึทืึฐืึดืืึดืื ืึดืชึฐืขึทื ึผึดืื ืฉืึธืืฉื ืชึผึทืขึฒื ึดืึผืึนืช. ืืึนืึฐืึดืื ืึฐืฉืืึนืชึดืื ืึดืฉึผืึถืึฒืฉืึตืึธื, ืึผืึปืชึผึธืจึดืื ืึผึดืึฐืึธืืึธื ืึผืึดืจึฐืึดืืฆึธื ืึผืึฐืกึดืืึธื ืึผืึดื ึฐืขึดืืึทืช ืึทืกึผึทื ึฐืึผึธื ืึผืึฐืชึทืฉืึฐืึดืืฉื ืึทืึผึดืึผึธื:''. None | 1.4. If the seventeenth of Marheshvan came and no rain fell, individuals begin to fast three fasts. They eat and drink after it gets dark and they are permitted to do work, to bathe, to anoint themselves with oil, to wear shoes, and to have marital relations.''. None |
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45. Mishnah, Yadayim, 4.6 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylonian Talmud โข Babylonian Talmud (BT) โข Babylonian Talmud (BT), on John Hyrcanus
Found in books: Noam (2018) 62, 205; Sigal (2007) 49
4.6. ืืึนืึฐืจึดืื ืฆึฐืืึนืงึดืื, ืงืึนืึฐืึดืื ืึธื ืึผ ืขึฒืึตืืึถื, ืคึผึฐืจืึผืฉืึดืื, ืฉืึถืึทืชึผึถื ืืึนืึฐืจึดืื, ืึผึดืชึฐืึตื ืึทืงึผึนืึถืฉื ืึฐืึทืึผึฐืึดืื ืึถืช ืึทืึผึธืึทืึดื, ืึฐืกึดืคึฐืจึตื ืืึนืึตืจึดืืก ืึตืื ืึน ืึฐืึทืึผึตื ืึถืช ืึทืึผึธืึทืึดื. ืึธืึทืจ ืจึทืึผึธื ืืึนืึธื ึธื ืึผึถื ืึทืึผึทืื, ืึฐืึดื ืึตืื ืึธื ืึผ ืขึทื ืึทืคึผึฐืจืึผืฉืึดืื ืึถืึผึธื ืืึน ืึดืึฐืึธื. ืึฒืจึตื ืึตื ืืึนืึฐืจึดืื, ืขึทืฆึฐืืึนืช ืึฒืืึนืจ ืึฐืืึนืจึดืื ืึฐืขึทืฆึฐืืึนืช ืืึนืึธื ึธื ืึผึนืึตื ืึผึธืืึนื ืึฐืึตืึดืื. ืึธืึฐืจืึผ ืืึน, ืึฐืคึดื ืึดืึผึธืชึธื ืึดืื ืึปืึฐืึธืชึธื, ืฉืึถืึผึนื ืึทืขึฒืฉืึถื ืึธืึธื ืขึทืฆึฐืืึนืช ืึธืึดืื ืึฐืึดืึผืึน ืชึผึทืจึฐืึธืืึนืช. ืึธืึทืจ ืึธืึถื, ืึทืฃ ืึผึดืชึฐืึตื ืึทืงึผึนืึถืฉื ืึฐืคึดื ืึดืึผึธืชึธื ืึดืื ืึปืึฐืึธืชึธื, ืึฐืกึดืคึฐืจึตื ืืึนืึตืจึดืืก, ืฉืึถืึตืื ึธื ืึฒืึดืืึดืื, ืึตืื ึธื ืึฐืึทืึผึฐืึดืื ืึถืช ืึทืึผึธืึธืึดื:''. None | 4.6. The Sadducees say: we complain against you, Pharisees, because you say that the Holy Scriptures defile the hands, but the books of Homer do not defile the hands. Rabban Yoha ben Zakkai said: Have we nothing against the Pharisees but this? Behold they say that the bones of a donkey are clean, yet the bones of Yoha the high priest are unclean. They said to him: according to the affection for them, so is their impurity, so that nobody should make spoons out of the bones of his father or mother. He said to them: so also are the Holy Scriptures according to the affection for them, so is their uncleanness. The books of Homer which are not precious do not defile the hands.''. None |
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46. New Testament, Acts, 2.11 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylonia โข prayer, Babylonia
Found in books: Goodman (2006) 101; Levine (2005) 57
2.11. แผธฮฟฯ
ฮดฮฑแฟฮฟฮฏ ฯฮต ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฮฟฯฮฎฮปฯ
ฯฮฟฮน, ฮฯแฟฯฮตฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮฑฮฒฮตฯ, แผฮบฮฟฯฮฟฮผฮตฮฝ ฮปฮฑฮปฮฟฯฮฝฯฯฮฝ ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฑแฟฯ แผกฮผฮตฯฮญฯฮฑฮนฯ ฮณฮปฯฯฯฮฑฮนฯ ฯแฝฐ ฮผฮตฮณฮฑฮปฮตแฟฮฑ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮธฮตฮฟแฟฆ.''. None | 2.11. Cretans and Arabians: we hear them speaking in our languages the mighty works of God!"''. None |
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47. New Testament, Apocalypse, 3.20, 19.21 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylon / Babylonia, โข Babylon, Babylonia โข Babylonian rite, fall of โข minim stories, in the Babylonian Talmud, satire and irony in
Found in books: Bar Asher Siegal (2018) 93; Berglund Crostini and Kelhoffer (2022) 141; Huttner (2013) 152, 178; Nissinen and Uro (2008) 294
3.20. แผธฮดฮฟแฝบ แผฯฯฮทฮบฮฑ แผฯแฝถ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮธฯฯฮฑฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮบฯฮฟฯฯยท แผฮฌฮฝ ฯฮนฯ แผฮบฮฟฯฯแฟ ฯแฟฯ ฯฯฮฝแฟฯ ฮผฮฟฯ
ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฮฝฮฟฮฏฮพแฟ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฮธฯฯฮฑฮฝ, ฮตแผฐฯฮตฮปฮตฯฯฮฟฮผฮฑฮน ฯฯแฝธฯ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฮฝ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮดฮตฮนฯฮฝฮฎฯฯ ฮผฮตฯสผ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฑแฝฯแฝธฯ ฮผฮตฯสผ แผฮผฮฟแฟฆ.
19.21. ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแผฑ ฮปฮฟฮนฯฮฟแฝถ แผฯฮตฮบฯฮฌฮฝฮธฮทฯฮฑฮฝ แผฮฝ ฯแฟ แฟฅฮฟฮผฯฮฑฮฏแพณ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮบฮฑฮธฮทฮผฮญฮฝฮฟฯ
แผฯแฝถ ฯฮฟแฟฆ แผตฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯแฟ แผฮพฮตฮปฮธฮฟฯฯแฟ แผฮบ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฯฯฮผฮฑฯฮฟฯ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฆ, ฮบฮฑแฝถฯฮฌฮฝฯฮฑ ฯแฝฐ แฝฯฮฝฮตฮฑ แผฯฮฟฯฯฮฌฯฮธฮทฯฮฑฮฝ แผฮบ ฯแฟถฮฝ ฯฮฑฯฮบแฟถฮฝฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ.' '. None | 3.20. Behold, I stand at the door and knock. If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, then I will come in to him, and will dine with him, and he with me.
19.21. The rest were killed with the sword of him who sat on the horse, the sword which came forth out of his mouth. All the birds were filled with their flesh. ' '. None |
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48. New Testament, Luke, 15.17 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylonia โข harmonization, Babylonian
Found in books: Keddie (2019) 78; Lavee (2017) 203
15.17. ฮตแผฐฯ แผฮฑฯ
ฯแฝธฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ แผฮปฮธแฝผฮฝ แผฯฮท ฮ ฯฯฮฟฮน ฮผฮฏฯฮธฮนฮฟฮน ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฑฯฯฯฯ ฮผฮฟฯ
ฯฮตฯฮนฯฯฮตฯฮฟฮฝฯฮฑฮน แผฯฯฯฮฝ, แผฮณแฝผ ฮดแฝฒ ฮปฮนฮผแฟท แฝงฮดฮต แผฯฯฮปฮปฯ
ฮผฮฑฮนยท''. None | 15.17. But when he came to himself he said, 'How many hired servants of my father's have bread enough to spare, and I'm dying with hunger! "". None |
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49. New Testament, Mark, 1.2 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylonia โข Talmud, Babylonian
Found in books: Avery Peck et al. (2014) 246; Keddie (2019) 78
1.2. ฮฮฑฮธแฝผฯ ฮณฮญฮณฯฮฑฯฯฮฑฮน แผฮฝ ฯแฟท แผจฯฮฑฮฏแพณ ฯแฟท ฯฯฮฟฯฮฎฯแฟ แผธฮดฮฟแฝบ แผฯฮฟฯฯฮญฮปฮปฯ ฯแฝธฮฝ แผฮณฮณฮตฮปฯฮฝ ฮผฮฟฯ
ฯฯแฝธ ฯฯฮฟฯฯฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮฟฯ
, แฝฯ ฮบฮฑฯฮฑฯฮบฮตฯ
ฮฌฯฮตฮน ฯแฝดฮฝ แฝฮดฯฮฝ ฯฮฟฯ
ยท''. None | 1.2. As it is written in the prophets, "Behold, I send my messenger before your face, Who will prepare your way before you. ''. None |
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50. New Testament, Matthew, 23.2, 23.4, 24.45 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylonian โข Hillel (the Elder, aka Hillel the, Babylonian) โข Pharisees, in the Babylonian Talmud โข Talmud, Babylonian โข Talmud, Babylonian, appropriation of Eastern Roman culture โข rabbis, Babylonian, connections with East โข wise man, Licero (Babylonian king)
Found in books: Allen and Dunne (2022) 231; Fonrobert and Jaffee (2007) 121; Iricinschi et al. (2013) 392; Kalmin (2014) 172; Toloni (2022) 164
23.2. แผฯแฝถ ฯแฟฯ ฮฯฯ
ฯฮญฯฯ ฮบฮฑฮธฮญฮดฯฮฑฯ แผฮบฮฌฮธฮนฯฮฑฮฝ ฮฟแผฑ ฮณฯฮฑฮผฮผฮฑฯฮตแฟฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฮฟแผฑ ฮฆฮฑฯฮนฯฮฑแฟฮฟฮน.
23.4. ฮดฮตฯฮผฮตฯฮฟฯ
ฯฮนฮฝ ฮดแฝฒ ฯฮฟฯฯฮฏฮฑ ฮฒฮฑฯฮญฮฑ ฮบฮฑแฝถ แผฯฮนฯฮนฮธฮญฮฑฯฮนฮฝ แผฯแฝถ ฯฮฟแฝบฯ แฝคฮผฮฟฯ
ฯ ฯแฟถฮฝ แผฮฝฮธฯฯฯฯฮฝ, ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฝถ ฮดแฝฒ ฯแฟท ฮดฮฑฮบฯฯฮปแฟณ ฮฑแฝฯแฟถฮฝ ฮฟแฝ ฮธฮญฮปฮฟฯ
ฯฮนฮฝ ฮบฮนฮฝแฟฯฮฑฮน ฮฑแฝฯฮฌ.
24.45. ฮคฮฏฯ แผฯฮฑ แผฯฯแฝถฮฝ แฝ ฯฮนฯฯแฝธฯ ฮดฮฟแฟฆฮปฮฟฯ ฮบฮฑแฝถ ฯฯฯฮฝฮนฮผฮฟฯ แฝฮฝ ฮบฮฑฯฮญฯฯฮทฯฮตฮฝ แฝ ฮบฯฯฮนฮฟฯ แผฯแฝถ ฯแฟฯ ฮฟแผฐฮบฮตฯฮตฮฏฮฑฯ ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฆ ฯฮฟแฟฆ ฮดฮฟแฟฆฮฝฮฑฮน ฮฑแฝฯฮฟแฟฯ ฯแฝดฮฝ ฯฯฮฟฯแฝดฮฝ แผฮฝ ฮบฮฑฮนฯแฟท;''. None | 23.2. saying, "The scribes and the Pharisees sat on Moses\' seat. ' "
23.4. For they bind heavy burdens that are grievous to be borne, and lay them on men's shoulders; but they themselves will not lift a finger to help them. " '
24.45. "Who then is the faithful and wise servant, whom his lord has set over his household, to give them their food in due season? ''. None |
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51. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylonia, Babylonians, accused of refusal to settle in Palestine, role of synagogue in Israel and, distinguished โข Babylonian rabbis, sages, parallel to sophists, rhetors โข Israel, role of synagogue in Babylonia and, distinguished โข Palestine, role of synagogue in Babylonia and, distinguished โข harmonization, Babylonian โข rhetors, paralleled in Babylonian rabbis โข sophists, paralleled in Babylonian rabbis โข synagogues, role in Babylonia, Israel, distinguished
Found in books: Kalmin (1998) 131; Lavee (2017) 178
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52. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylonia and Iraq โข Hillel (the Elder, aka Hillel the, Babylonian)
Found in books: Fonrobert and Jaffee (2007) 60; Reif (2006) 121
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53. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylonia โข Babylonia, in Palestine โข Babylonian rabbis, sages, avoidance of Christians, Biblereading heretics โข Babylonian rabbis, sages, preference for formal framework โข Bible-reading heretics, non-Jews, Babylonian rabbis relationships with โข Syriac Christianity, contact with Babylonian Jewry โข minim, interaction between rabbis and, in Babylonia
Found in books: Hayes (2022) 378; Kalmin (1998) 68, 69, 71, 124
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54. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylonia โข harmonization, Babylonian
Found in books: Gardner (2015) 13; Lavee (2017) 200, 205
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55. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylonian rabbis, sages, preference for formal framework โข Hillel (the Elder, aka Hillel the, Babylonian) โข Instruction, Babylonian, Palestinian customs distinguished
Found in books: Fonrobert and Jaffee (2007) 60; Kalmin (1998) 37
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56. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylonia (region) โข Babylonian Talmud (BT) โข rabbis, Babylonian
Found in books: Noam (2018) 193; Secunda (2014) 90
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57. None, None, nan (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Talmud, Babylonian โข harmonization, Babylonian
Found in books: Avery Peck et al. (2014) 233; Lavee (2017) 200, 206
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58. None, None, nan (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Aramaic, Babylonian Jewish โข Babylonia โข Babylonia, Babylonian โข Babylonian, ancient, Jews โข Bavli (Babylonian Talmud), editorial layers โข Talmud, Babylonian โข yeshivot, Babylonian
Found in books: Avery Peck et al. (2014) 95; Hirshman (2009) 102; Ruzer (2020) 125; Secunda (2014) 45, 74
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59. None, None, nan (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylonian Talmud (BT), on Janneuss wife โข Babylonian rabbis, sages, antagonism towards Hasmoneans โข Hasmoneans, antagonism between Babylonian rabbis and descendants of royalty
Found in books: Kalmin (1998) 62; Noam (2018) 139
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60. None, None, nan (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Amoraim, Babylonian, increasing Palestinian influences โข Babylonia โข Babylonian rabbis, sages, increasing influence of Palestinian traditions โข Palestinian rabbis, sages, increasing influence in Babylonia โข Talmud, Babylonian
Found in books: Avery Peck et al. (2014) 95; Kalmin (1998) 38
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61. None, None, nan (2nd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylonian agenda, authority of the sage upon conversion โข baraita, Babylonian, pseudo-baraita (midrash-halakhahstyle) โข harmonization, Babylonian
Found in books: Lavee (2017) 127, 178; Nikolsky and Ilan (2014) 310
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62. None, None, nan (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylonia and Iraq โข Talmud, Babylonian โข exile, Babylonian
Found in books: Avery Peck et al. (2014) 214; Poorthuis Schwartz and Turner (2009) 451; Reif (2006) 138; Witter et al. (2021) 296
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63. None, None, nan (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Talmud, Babylonian
Found in books: Avery Peck et al. (2014) 98; Salvesen et al (2020) 368
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64. None, None, nan (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: nan
Found in books: nan nan nan nan
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65. None, None, nan (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Talmud, Babylonian โข harmonization, Babylonian
Found in books: Avery Peck et al. (2014) 98, 101; Lavee (2017) 174, 179
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66. Babylonian Talmud, Bava Batra, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Babylonia โข Babylonian Talmud (BT) โข Babylonian Talmud (BT), reliance on Josephus โข Babylonian rabbinic culture, cultural and legal developments โข Babylonian rabbis, sages, distinctive dress โข Bavli (Babylonian Talmud), orality โข Huna (the Babylonian), Rav โข Josephus, parallels with the Babylonian Talmud โข Talmud, Babylonian โข Talmud, Babylonian, appropriation of Eastern Roman culture โข astrology, Babylonian rabbinic attitudes toward โข harmonization, Babylonian โข mazal (mazla), transformation of the meaning of, in fourth-century Babylonia โข rabbis, Babylonian, connections with East โข rabbis, Babylonian, the fourth century as a transitional period among
Found in books: Avery Peck et al. (2014) 101; Fonrobert and Jaffee (2007) 74; Gardner (2015) 13; Hayes (2022) 415; Kalmin (1998) 118; Kalmin (2014) 26, 192; Lavee (2017) 200; Noam (2018) 13; Secunda (2014) 41
11a. ืืื ืกืืืืื ืงืืื,ืชื ืื ืืืจื ืขืืื ืขื ืื ืืืื ืืฆืืืง ืฉืืื ืืืื ื ืขื ืงืืคื ืฉื ืฆืืงื ืคืขื ืืืช ืืืชื ืืฉื ืืคื ืื ืืฉื ื ืืฆืืจืช ืืืจื ืื ืจืื ืคืจื ืกื ื ืืืจ ืื ืืขืืืื ืฉืืื ืืงืืคื ืฉื ืฆืืงื ืืืื ืืืจื ืื ืจืื ืื ืืื ืืชื ืืคืจื ืกื ื ืืจื ืืฉื ืืฉืืขื ืื ืื ืืชืื ืขืื ืืคืจื ืกื ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืืช ืืืจื ืืืืื ืืฉืจืช ืืคื ื ืืงื"ื ืจืืฉ"ืข ืืชื ืืืจืช ืื ืืืงืืื ื ืคืฉ ืืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืงืืื ืขืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฆืืืง ืฉืืืื ืืฉื ืืฉืืขื ืื ืื ืืืืช ืืฉื ืื ืืืขืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืงืจืขื ืื ืืืจ ืืื ื ืชื ื ืืืกืืคื ืื ืขืฉืจืื ืืฉืชืื ืฉื ื ืขื ืฉื ืืชืื,ืชื ื ืจืื ื ืืขืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืฆืจืืชืื ืืืืฆืจืืช ืืืืชืื ืืฉื ื ืืฆืืจืช ืืืืจื ืขืืื ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืืืชืื ืื ืื ืืืืกืืคื ืขื ืฉื ืืืืชื ืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืืชื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืื ืืชื ืืืขืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืชืืืื ืคื, ืื) ืืืช ืืืจืฅ ืชืฆืื ืืฆืืง ืืฉืืื ื ืฉืงืฃ ืืืืชื ืื ืื ืืืงืื ืฉืืื ืฉืืืืช ืื ืืื ื ืื ืืชื ืืืงืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืช ืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืชืืืื ืคื, ืื) ืฆืืง ืืืฉืคื ืืืื ืืกืื,ืืืืชื ืื ืื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืขืืฉื ืคืืจืืช ืืื ื ืื ืืชื ืืืจ ืฉืขืืฉื ืคืืจืืช ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืฉืขืืื ื, ื) ืืืจื ืฆืืืง ืื ืืื ืื ืคืจื ืืขืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืชื ืื ืื ืืืฆืจืืช ืืืื ืืื ื ืื ืืชื ืืืฆืจืืช ื ืคืฉืืช ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืฉืื ืื, ื) ืคืจื ืฆืืืง ืขืฅ ืืืื ืืืืงื ื ืคืฉืืช ืืื ืืืืชื ืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืื ื ืื ืืชื ืืขืฆืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืืจืื ืื, ืื) ืืื ืชืืื ืฆืืงื ืืืืชื ืื ืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืื ืืชื ืืขืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืฉืขืืื ื ื, ื) ืืืื ืืคื ืื ืฆืืงื ืืืื ื\' ืืืกืคื:,ืืื ืงื ื ืื ืืืช ืืืจื ืืจื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ: ืืชื ืืชืื ืืื ืืจืฉื"ื ืืชื ืื ืจืื ืฉืืขืื ื"ื ืืืืจ ืื ืงื ื ืื ืงืจืงืข ืื ืฉืืื ืืจื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ,ืืื ืชื ืื ืจืื ืฉืืขืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืงื ื ืฉื ืงืจืงืข ืืจืืืื ืืืืช ืืืจื ืืจื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืชืจื ืชื ืื ืืืืืื ืืจืื ืฉืืขืื ืื ืืืืืื:,11a. those who reported the story to him did not conclude it before him; consequently, Rav Ami was not informed that Rava had indeed given the money to the gentile poor.,ยง It is taught in a baraita: The following was said about Binyamin the righteous, who was appointed supervisor over the charity fund. Once, a woman came before him during years of drought and said to him: My master, sustain me. He said to her: I swear by the Temple service that there is nothing left in the charity fund. She said to him: My master, if you do not sustain me, a woman and her seven sons will die. He arose and sustained her with his own funds. After some time, he fell deathly ill. The ministering angels said to the Holy One, Blessed be He: Master of the Universe, You said that anyone who preserves a single life in Israel is regarded as if he has preserved an entire world. Should then Binyamin the righteous, who saved a woman and her seven sons, die after these few years, still in his youth? They immediately tore up his sentence. A Sage taught: They added twenty-two years to his life.,The Sages taught: There was an incident involving King Munbaz, who liberally gave away his treasures and the treasures of his ancestors in the years of drought, distributing the money to the poor. His brothers and his fatherโs household joined together against him to protest against his actions, and they said to him: Your ancestors stored up money in their treasuries and added to the treasures of their ancestors, and you are liberally distributing it all to the poor. King Munbaz said to them: Not so, my ancestors stored up below, whereas I am storing above, as it is stated: โTruth will spring out of the earth and righteousness will look down from heavenโ (Psalms 85:12), meaning that the righteous deeds that one has performed are stored up in heaven. My ancestors stored up treasures in a place where the human hand can reach, and so their treasures could have been robbed, whereas I am storing up treasures in a place where the human hand cannot reach, and so they are secure, as it is stated: โRighteousness and justice are the foundation of Your throneโ (Psalms 89:15).,My ancestors stored up something that does not generate profit, as money sitting in a treasury does not increase, whereas I am storing up something that generates profit, as it is stated: โSay of the righteous, that it shall be well with them, for they shall eat the fruit of their doingsโ (Isaiah 3:10). My ancestors stored up treasures of money, whereas I am storing up treasures of souls, as it is stated: โThe fruit of the righteous is a tree of life, and he that wins souls is wiseโ (Proverbs 11:30). My ancestors stored up for others, for their sons and heirs, when they themselves would pass from this world, whereas I am storing up for myself, as it is stated: โAnd it shall be as righteousness to youโ (Deuteronomy 24:13). My ancestors stored up for this world, whereas I am storing up for the World-to-Come, as it is stated: โAnd your righteousness shall go before you, the glory of the Lord shall be your rearguardโ (Isaiah 58:8).,ยง The Gemara resumes its analysis of the mishna, which taught that one must reside in a place for twelve months in order to be considered a resident for the purposes of issues such as paying taxes. But if he bought himself a residence in the city, he is immediately considered like one of the people of the city. The Gemara comments: The mishna is not in accordance with the opinion of Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel, as it is taught in a baraita that Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: If he bought any amount of land in the city, and not necessarily a residence, he is immediately considered like one of the people of the city.,The Gemara asks: But isnโt it taught otherwise in a different baraita: Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: If one bought land that is suitable for a residence, he is immediately considered like one of the people of the city. This contradicts the first baraita. The Gemara answers: This is a dispute between two tannaโim and they disagree with regard to the opinion of Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel.,does not divide a courtyard at the request of one of the joint owners unless there will be in it four by four cubits for this one and four by four cubits for that one, i.e., this minimum area for each of the joint owners. And the court does not divide a jointly owned field unless there is space in it to plant nine kav of seed for this one and nine kav of seed for that one. Rabbi Yehuda says: The court does not divide a field unless there is space in it to plant nine half-kav of seed for this one and nine half-kav of seed for that one. And the court does not divide a jointly owned garden unless there is space in it to plant a half-kav of seed for this one and a half-kav of seed for that one. Rabbi Akiva says that half that amount is sufficient, i.e., the area required for sowing a quarter-kav of seed beit rova.,Similarly, the court does not divide a hall hateraklin, a drawing room, a dovecote, a cloak, a bathhouse, an olive press, and an irrigated field unless there is enough for this one to use the property in the usual manner and enough for that one to use the property in the usual manner. This is the principle: Anything for which when it is divided, each of the parts is large enough to retain the name of the original item, the court divides it. But if the parts will not retain the original name, the court does not divide it.,When does this rule apply? It applies when the joint owners do not both wish to divide the item; when only one of the owners wishes to divide the property, he cannot force the other to do so. But when both of them wish to divide the item, they may divide it, even if each of the owners will receive less than the amounts specified above. But in the case of sacred writings, i.e., a scroll of any of the twenty-four books of the Bible, that were inherited by two people, they may not divide them, even if both of them wish to do so, because it would be a show of disrespect to cut the scroll in half.,Rabbi Asi says that Rabbi Yoแธฅa says: The four cubits of the courtyard which they said each of the joint owners must receive is in addition to the space in front of the entrances to each of the houses that is assigned to the owner of the house for loading and unloading. That opinion is also taught in a baraita: The court does not divide a courtyard unless its area is sufficient so that there will be in it eight cubits for this one and eight cubits for that one. The Gemara asks: But didnโt we learn in the mishna that it suffices that there be four cubits for this one and four cubits for that one? Rather, conclude from it that the baraita was taught in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Asi. The Gemara affirms: Conclude from it that it is so.,And there are those who raise the baraita as a contradiction to what is taught in the mishna and use the previously mentioned point to reconcile the two texts. We learned in the mishna: The court does not divide a courtyard at the request of one of the joint owners unless there will be in it four by four cubits for this one and four by four cubits for that one. But isnโt it taught in a baraita: The court does not divide a courtyard unless there are eight cubits for this one and eight cubits for that one? About this Rabbi Asi said that Rabbi Yoแธฅa said: The four cubits of the courtyard which they said each of the joint owners must receive is in addition to the space in front of the entrances to each of the houses.,Further with regard to the division of a courtyard, Rav Huna says: A courtyard is divided according to its entrances. Each of the owners receives a share of the courtyard in proportion to the number of entrances that his house has opening onto the courtyard. And Rav แธคisda says: Four cubits are allotted to each of the owners for each and every entrance, and the rest of the courtyard is then divided equally between them.,The Gemara comments: It is taught in a baraita in accordance with the opinion of Rav แธคisda: Each of the entrances opening to a courtyard is allotted four cubits. If this one has one entrance and that one has two entrances, the one who has one entrance takes four cubits, and the one who has two entrances takes eight cubits, and they divide the rest of the courtyard equally between them. If this one had an entrance eight cubits wide, he takes eight cubits adjacent to the entrance and four cubits in the courtyard. The Gemara expresses surprise: What are these four cubits in the courtyard doing here? Doesnโt it all depend on the size of the courtyard? Abaye said: This is what the baraita is saying: For the entrance he takes eight cubits along the length of the courtyard and four cubits along the width of the courtyard. In other words, he takes a strip four cubits wide along the entire length of his entrance.,Ameimar says: A pit for holding animal food peira desuflei has four cubits on each and every side so that there will be sufficient space for the animals to stand. The Gemara adds: And we said this only when the pit has no special entrance to reach it, but rather it is accessed from all sides.' 22a. Jealousy among teachers increases wisdom.,Rav Naแธฅman bar Yitzแธฅak said: And Rav Huna, son of Rav Yehoshua, who said that townspeople can bar craftsmen who come from other cities, concedes with regard to perfume salesmen who travel from one town to another that the townspeople cannot prevent them from entering their town. As the Master said: Ezra instituted an ordice for the Jewish people that perfume salesmen shall travel from town to town so that cosmetics will be available to Jewish women. Since this ordice was instituted on behalf of Jewish women, the Sages ruled that these peddlers could not be barred from entering a town.,The Gemara continues: And this matter applies only to one who seeks to travel from town to town as a salesman. But if he wants to establish a shop, this ruling was not stated, and the townspeople can prevent him from doing so. And if he is a Torah scholar he may even establish a shop as a perfume salesman. This is like that incident in which Rava permitted Rabbi Yoshiya and Rav Ovadya to establish a shop not in accordance with the halakha. What is the reason for this ruling? The reason is that since they are rabbis, they are likely to be distracted from their studies should they be required to travel from place to place.,ยง The Gemara relates: There were these basket sellers who brought baskets to Babylonia. The townspeople came and prevented them from selling there. The two parties came before Ravina for a ruling. Ravina said to them: The basket sellers came from outside the town, and they sell to those from outside the town, i.e., to guests who are not residents of the town. The Gemara comments: And this statement applies only on a market day, when people from other towns come to shop, but they may not sell their wares on non-market days. And even with regard to market days, we say so only with regard to selling in the market, but this halakha does not apply to circulating around the town.,The Gemara further relates: There were these wool sellers who brought wool to the city of Pum Nahara. The townsfolk came and prevented them from selling it. The two parties came before Rav Kahana for a ruling. Rav Kahana said to them: The halakha is that they may prevent you from selling your wares. The wool sellers said to him: We have debts to collect in the city, and we must sell our wares in the meantime to sustain ourselves until we are paid. Rav Kahana said to them: Go and sell the amount needed to sustain yourselves until you have collected your debts, and then leave.,ยง The Gemara relates: Rav Dimi of Nehardeโa brought dried figs on a ship to sell them. The Exilarch said to Rava: Go and see; if he is a Torah scholar, reserve the market for him, i.e., declare that he has the exclusive right to sell dried figs. Rava said to his student Rav Adda bar Abba: Go and smell his jar, i.e., determine whether or not Rav Dimi is a Torah scholar.,Rav Adda bar Abba went and asked Rav Dimi a question: With regard to an elephant that swallowed a wicker basket and excreted it intact along with its waste, what is the halakha? Is the vessel still susceptible to ritual impurity or is it considered digested and not susceptible to impurity? An answer was not available to Rav Dimi. Rav Dimi said to Rav Adda bar Abba: Is the Master Rava, i.e., are you Rava, as you have asked me such a difficult question? Rav Adda bar Abba struck him on his shoe in a disparaging way and said to him: There is a great difference between me and Rava; but I am perforce your teacher, and Rava is your teacherโs teacher.,Based on this exchange, Rav Adda bar Abba decided that Rav Dimi was not a great Torah scholar, and therefore he did not reserve the market for him, and Rav Dimi lost his dried figs, as they rotted. Rav Dimi came before Rav Yosef to complain, and said to him: The Master should see what they did to me. Rav Yosef said to him: He Who did not delay retribution for the humiliation of the King of Edom should not delay His response to your humiliation, but should punish whoever distressed you, as it is written: โSo says the Lord: For three transgressions of Moab, indeed for four I will not reverse for him, because he burned the bones of the King of Edom into limeโ (Amos 2:1).,The Gemara reports that Rav Adda bar Abba died. Rav Yosef said: I punished him, i.e., I am to blame for his death, as I cursed him. Rav Dimi from Nehardeโa said: I punished him, as he caused my loss of dried figs. Abaye said: I punished him, i.e., he was punished on my account because he did not exhibit the proper respect for me. As Rav Adda bar Abba said to the Sages: Instead of gnawing the bones in the school of Abaye, you would do better to eat fatty meat in the school of Rava, i.e., it is preferable to study with Rava than with Abaye. And Rava said: I punished him, as when he would go to the butcher to buy a piece of meat, he would say to the butchers: I will take meat before Ravaโs servant, as I am greater than he is.,Rav Naแธฅman bar Yitzแธฅak said: I punished him, i.e., he was punished because of me, as Rav Naแธฅman bar Yitzแธฅak was the head of the kalla lectures, the gatherings for Torah study during Elul and Adar. Rav Naแธฅman bar Yitzแธฅak would teach the students immediately following the lesson taught by the head of the academy. Every day, before he went in for the kalla lecture, he reviewed his lecture with Rav Adda bar Abba, and then he would enter the study hall for the kalla lecture.,On that day Rav Pappa and Rav Huna, son of Rav Yehoshua, seized Rav Adda bar Abba, because they had not been present at the conclusion of Ravaโs lecture. They said to him: Tell us how Rava stated these halakhot of animal tithe. Rav Adda bar Abba said to them: Rava said this and Rava said that. Meanwhile, it grew late for Rav Naแธฅman bar Yitzแธฅak, and Rav Adda bar Abba had not yet arrived.,The Sages said to Rav Naแธฅman bar Yitzแธฅak: Arise and teach us, as it is late for us. Why does the Master sit and wait? Rav Naแธฅman bar Yitzแธฅak said to them: I am sitting and waiting for the bier of Rav Adda bar Abba, who has presumably died. Meanwhile, a rumor emerged that Rav Adda bar Abba had indeed died. The Gemara comments: And so too, it is reasonable to conclude that Rav Naแธฅman bar Yitzแธฅak punished him, i.e., he died as a result of Rav Naแธฅman bar Yitzแธฅakโs statement, as the unfortunate event occurred just as he announced that Rav Adda bar Abbaโs bier was on its way.,One whose wall was close to the wall of another may not build another wall close to the neighborโs wall unless he distances it four cubits from the wall of the neighbor. And one who desires to build a wall opposite the windows of a neighborโs house must distance the wall four cubits from the windows, whether above, below, or opposite.,And with regard to the first man, how did he place his wall close to the neighborโs wall in the first place? Rav Yehuda said that this is what the tanna is saying: 98a. that is spiced, which is preserved and of lasting quality, that I am selling to you, then he bears ficial responsibility to provide him with wine that will keep until the festival of Shavuot. And if the seller said: I am selling you old wine, he is responsible to provide wine from the previous year. And if he said: I am selling you aged wine, he is responsible to provide wine that is from three years earlier.,Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi แธคanina, says: When they taught that the seller does not bear responsibility if the wine sours, that was only if it soured while in the jugs of the buyer; but if it soured in the jugs of the seller, then the buyer could say to him: This is your wine and this is your jug; take it and reimburse me. Since it soured while still in the original jugs, it was clearly flawed from the outset.,The Gemara asks: But even if the wine soured while in the jugs of the seller, what of it? Let the seller say to the buyer: You should not have left it for so long after purchasing it; I should not be responsible just because you chose to do so. The Gemara answers: No, this ruling is necessary in a case where the buyer had said to him that he was purchasing the wine for cooking, in which case it is understood that he needs it to maintain its quality over a longer period of time, as only a small amount is used each time.,The Gemara asks: And what impelled Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi แธคanina, to interpret the mishna as referring to a case where the wine soured while in the jugs of the buyer, and where he had said to him that he wanted the wine for cooking? Instead, let him interpret it as referring to a case where the wine soured while in the jugs of the seller, and to where he had not said to him that he wanted the wine for cooking.,In explanation, Rava said: The mishna was difficult for him, as it teaches in the following clause: But if it is known of this seller that his wine always sours, then this sale is a mistaken transaction. With regard to this clause one could ask: Why is that so? Let the seller say to him: You should not have left it for so long after purchasing it. Rather, isnโt it correct to conclude from that clause that the mishna is referring to a case where the buyer had said to him that he wants the wine for cooking? The Gemara concludes: Yes, one can conclude from it that this is so.,And Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi แธคanina, disagrees with the opinion of Rav แธคiyya bar Yosef, as Rav แธคiyya bar Yosef says: With regard to wine, it is the ownerโs poor fortune that causes the wine to go sour, as it is stated: โAnd moreover, wine is a treacherous dealer; the haughty man abides notโ (Habakkuk 2:5), which is interpreted to mean that the wine of a haughty man will betray him, as it will sour as a punishment for his arrogance. Accordingly, since the wine soured after the buyer purchased it, he cannot place the blame upon the seller.,The Gemara offers additional homiletic interpretations of the verse just cited. Rav Mari said: One who is haughty is not accepted even by the members of his household, as it is stated: โThe haughty man abides notโ (Habakkuk 2:5). What does the phrase โabides yinveh notโ mean? It means that even in his abode naveh, he is not accepted.,Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: With regard to anyone who glorifies himself by wearing a garment of the style worn by a Torah scholar, but in reality he is not a Torah scholar, he will not be brought within the boundary of the Holy One, Blessed be He, in the World-to-Come. This is alluded to by the fact that it is written in the verse here: โAbides yinveh not,โ and the meaning of the word yinveh may be derived from that which is written in a verse there: โTo Your holy habitation nevehโ (Exodus 15:13).,Rava says: In the case of one who sells a barrel of wine to a shopkeeper with the understanding that the wine will be for serving to the shopkeeperโs customers and that he will be liable to pay the seller only once the barrel is finished, and the wine spoiled when one-half or one-third of the wine still remained, the halakha is that the seller must accept back the remaining wine from the shopkeeper, as the shopkeeper is liable to pay only for the wine that he sells. And we stated this halakha only in a case where the shopkeeper had not switched the tap of the barrel; but if he had switched the tap, the seller does not have to take the wine back and the shopkeeper must pay for it all. And furthermore, we stated this halakha only where the wine soured before the market day arrived and the shopkeeper did not have the opportunity to sell the entire barrel; but if the wine was still of good quality when the market day arrived, then the seller does not have to take the wine back.,And Rava says: In the case of a vintner who enters a business venture with another person who will sell the wine for him and afterward they will split the profits, then if this middleman who receives the wine to sell does so with the understanding that he will bring it to the port of the city of Vol Shefat and sell it only there, and before he arrives there the price of the wine drops, the halakha is that the vintner must accept the loss.,With regard to the previous case, a dilemma was raised before the Sages: If the wine becomes vinegar before he reaches Vol Shefat, what is the halakha? Rav Hillel said to Rav Ashi: When we were in the study hall of Rav Kahana, he said to us: If the wine becomes vinegar, the vintner does not have to accept the loss; and this is not in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi แธคanina, who holds that as long as the wine is in the jug of the seller he is able to return it to the seller. The reason for this is that it is possible that the poor fortune of the middleman caused it to sour.,And there are those who say that even if the wine turns into vinegar, the vintner must also accept the loss. In accordance with whose opinion is this? It is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi แธคanina.,The mishna teaches: If the seller said: I am selling you old wine, he is responsible to provide wine from the previous year. And if he said: I am selling you aged wine, he is responsible to provide wine that is from three years earlier. 149a. If a person on his deathbed says: So-and-so shall benefit from my property, what is the halakha? Is he saying that all of the property shall be a gift? Or perhaps he is saying that the recipient shall derive some benefit from the property. If he says: So-and-so shall be seen in my property, what is the halakha? If he says: So-and-so shall stand in my property, what is the halakha? If he says: So-and-so shall rely on my property, what is the halakha? The Gemara concludes: All these dilemmas shall stand unresolved.,A dilemma was raised before the Sages: If a person on his deathbed sold all of his property, what is the halakha? Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: If he recovers, he cannot retract the sale. And at times, Rav Yehuda said that Rav said: If he recovers, he can retract the sale. And these statements do not disagree. This statement, that he can retract the sale, applies in a case where the dinars he received as payment are still extant, i.e., in his possession. That statement, that he cannot retract the sale, applies in a case where he paid his debt with those dinars.,ยง A dilemma was raised before the Sages: In the case of a person on his deathbed who admitted that he owed money to a certain person, where it was possible that he did not actually owe him money, what is the halakha? Does his admission qualify as the gift of a person on his deathbed? The Gemara answers: Come and hear a proof, as Issur the convert had twelve thousand dinars deposited in the house of Rava. Rav Mari, Issurโs son, whose conception was not in the sanctity of the Jewish people, i.e., he was conceived before his father converted, but his birth was in the sanctity of the Jewish people, i.e., he was born after his father converted, was in a study hall elsewhere when his father was on his deathbed.,Rava reasoned that he would acquire possession of the deposit for himself, as he said: How can Rav Mari acquire these dinars? If he attempts to acquire the money as inheritance, he is not fit to inherit from Issur. Since he was conceived before his father converted, he is therefore not halakhically considered his son. If he attempts to acquire it as a gift, the Sages equated the halakhic status of the gift of a person on his deathbed with that of inheritance. Therefore, anywhere that the property can be acquired as inheritance, it can also be acquired as a gift, and anywhere that the property cannot be acquired as inheritance, it cannot be acquired as a gift.,If he attempts to acquire the dinars by pulling them, which is a formal act of acquisition, he will not be able to do this, as the dinars are not with him. If he attempts to acquire them by means of symbolic exchange, a pro forma act of acquisition effecting the transfer of ownership of an article, money cannot be acquired by means of symbolic exchange. If he attempts to acquire them by means of the acquisition of land, Issur does not have any land. If he attempts to acquire them by means of verbal instruction made by his father in the presence of all three parties, i.e., the giver, the recipient, and the bailee, if he sends for me, the bailee, I shall not go, as without the presence of the bailee he cannot transfer ownership of the money.,Rav Ika, son of Rav Ami, objected to this: Why is Rav Mari unable to acquire the money? But why not let Issur admit that these dinars are owned by Rav Mari, and he shall transfer ownership of them to Rav Mari by means of a document of admission? In the meantime, a document of admission stating that the dinars belonged to Rav Mari emerged from Issurโs house. Rava became angry, and said: They are teaching people legal claims and causing me loss. In any event, this incident proves that the admission of a person on his deathbed is a valid means of transferring ownership. '. None | |
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67. Babylonian Talmud, Bava Metzia, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Amoraic Period in Babylonia โข Babylonia and Iraq โข Babylonian rabbis, sages, attitudes of Palestinian rabbis and, distinguished, relative to social intercourse with non-rabbinic Jews โข Babylonian rabbis, sages, conventional view of โข Babylonian rabbis, sages, parallel to sophists, rhetors โข Babylonian rabbis, sages, polemics against Palestinian rabbis โข Babylonian rabbis, sages, preference for formal framework โข Babylonian rabbis, sages, rise from poverty to riches โข Babylonian rabbis, sages, suspicion of Palestinian conversions to rabbinic way of life โข Bavli, depiction of Babylonian rabbis, Palestinian rabbis โข Palestinian rabbis, sages, Babylonian polemic against โข Palestinian rabbis, sages, Babylonian suspicions concerning conversions to rabbinic way of life โข Talmud, Babylonian, redaction of โข genealogy, rabbinic approaches to, Babylonian rabbis preoccupation with โข imagery, Babylonian โข polemics, between Babylonian rabbis and Palestinian rabbis, โข rhetors, paralleled in Babylonian rabbis โข sophists, paralleled in Babylonian rabbis โข yeshivot, Babylonian
Found in books: Fonrobert and Jaffee (2007) 69; Hirshman (2009) 86; Kalmin (1998) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 46, 116, 124, 132; Kanarek (2014) 40; Lavee (2017) 116; Reif (2006) 324
84a. ืื ืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืืื ืคืืข ืืื ืืืืื,ืืืจ ืืื ืขื ืืชื ืืชื ืืืกืจ ืขืื ืฉื ืืืืื ื ืืืจืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืจืื ื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืขืจืง ืืืกืื ืืช ืขืจืืง ืืืืืงืื,ืื ืืื ืืงืืขื ืจ\' ืืฉืืขืื ืืจืื ืืืกื ืืจ\' ืืืขืืจ ืืจ\' ืฉืืขืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืขืืื ืืงืจื ืืชืืจื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืขื ืืื,ืืืจื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืชื ืื ืืื ืืื ื ืฉืืื ืืืจื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืฉืื ื ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืจื ืื (ืฉืืคืืื ื, ืื) ืื ืืืืฉ ืืืืจืชื ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืจื ืื ืืืื ืืืืงืช ืืช ืืืฉืจ,ืืืื ืืื ืืืืืืจื ืื ืืื ืืชืื (ืืฉืื ืื, ื) ืื ืชืขื ืืกืื ืืืืืชื ืฉืื ืืืืฆืื ืืขื ืขื ืื ืืื,ื"ืจ ืืืื ื ืืืืจืื ืืจ\' ืืฉืืขืื ืืจ\' ืืืกื ืืืืช ืืช ืชืฉืข ืงืืื ืืืจ ืจื ืคืคื ืืืืจืื ืืจืื ืืืื ื ืืืืช ืืช ืืืฉืช ืงืืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืช ืฉืืฉืช ืงืืื ืืจื ืคืคื ืืืคืื ืื ืืงืืจื ืืืจืคื ืื,ืืืจ ืจืื ืืืื ื ืื ื ืืืฉืชืืืจื ืืฉืคืืจื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืื ืฉืืคืจืื ืืจืื ืืืื ื ื ืืืชื ืืกื ืืืกืคื ืืื ืกืืงื ืื ืืืืื ืคืจืฆืืืื ืืจืืื ื ืกืืืงื ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืกืืืงื ืืคืืืื ืื ืืชืืื ืืื ืฉืืฉื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืจื ืืขืื ืฉืืคืจืื ืืจ\' ืืืื ื,ืืื ื ืืืืืจ ืืจ ืฉืืคืจืื ืืจื ืืื ื ืืขืื ืฉืืคืจืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืฉืืคืจืื ืืจ\' ืืืื ืืขืื ืฉืืคืจืื ืืืขืงื ืืืื ื ืฉืืคืจืื ืืืขืงื ืืืื ื ืืขืื ืฉืืคืจืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืื ืจ\' ืืืื ื ืื ืงื ืืฉืื ืืื ืฉืื ื ืจ\' ืืืื ื ืืืืจืช ืคื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืื,ืจ\' ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืชืื ืืฉืขืจื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืื ืกืืงื ืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืช ืืฆืื ืืคืืขื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืื ื ืฉืคืืจื ืืืืชื ืืืืจื ืืืจืืืชื ืืืืชื,ืืืจื ืืื ืจืื ื ืื ืืกืชืคื ืืจ ืืขืื ื ืืืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืื ื ืืืจืขื ืืืืกืฃ ืงืืชืื ื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืขืื ื ืืืฉื ืืืชืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื, ืื) ืื ืคืืจืช ืืืกืฃ ืื ืคืืจืช ืขืื ืขืื ืืืืจ ืจ\' ืืืื ืื ืชืงืจื ืขืื ืขืื ืืื ืขืืื ืขืื,ืจ\' ืืืกื ืืจ ืื ืื ื ืืืจ ืืืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื, ืื) ืืืืื ืืจืื ืืงืจื ืืืจืฅ ืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืกืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืขืื ืฉืืืืช ืืื ืืฃ ืืจืขื ืฉื ืืืกืฃ ืืื ืืขืื ืฉืืืืช ืืื,ืืืื ืื ืืื ืงื ืกืื ืจ\' ืืืื ื ืืืจืื ื ืืืืื ืจืืฉ ืืงืืฉ ืืฉืืืจ ืืืจืื ื ืืืชืจืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจืืืชื ืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืคืจื ืื ืฉื ื"ื ืื ืืืจืช ืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืืืืชื ืืฉืคืืจื ืืื ืื ืงืืื ืขืืื ืืขื ืืืืืืจ ืืืชืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืฆื ืืืจ,ืืงืจืืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืจื ืจืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืคืืื ืื ืืืจืฉื ืืกืืืฃ ืืืกืืื ืืืคืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืงืฆืืจ ืืืืืชื ืืงืืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืขืช ืืืจ ืืืืืชื,ืืืืืืชื ืืืจ ืืืืืชื ืจืื ืืืื ื ืืืจ ืืฉืืฆืจืคื ืืืืฉื ืจืืฉ ืืงืืฉ ืืืจ ืืฉืืฆืืฆืื ืืืื ื"ื ืืกืืื ืืืกืืืืชืื ืืืข ืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืช ืื ืืชื ืจืื ืงืจื ืื ืืื ืจืื ืงืจื ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืงืจืืื ื ืชืืช ืื ืคื ืืฉืืื ื,ืืืฉ ืืขืชืื ืืจืื ืืืื ื ืืืฉ ืจืืฉ ืืงืืฉ ืืชืื ืืืชืื ืงื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืขืฉื ืืฉืืื ืื ื ืืืจ ืื (ืืจืืืื ืื, ืื) ืขืืื ืืชืืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืขืฉื ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืืจ ืื (ืืจืืืื ืื, ืื) ืืืืื ืืชืื ืขืื ืชืืืื,ื ื ื ืคืฉืื ืืจ\' ืฉืืขืื ืื ืืงืืฉ ืืืื ืงื ืืฆืืขืจ ืจ\' ืืืื ื ืืชืจืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืจืื ื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืชืืื ืืืขืชืื ื ืืืื ืจืื ืืืขืืจ ืื ืคืืช ืืืืืืื ืฉืืขืชืชืื,ืืื ืืชืื ืงืืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืจ ืจืื ืืืื ื ืืืจ ืืื ืชื ืื ืืืกืืืขื ืื ืืืจ ืืช ืืืจ ืืงืืฉื ืืจ ืืงืืฉื ืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืงืฉื ืื ืขืฉืจืื ืืืจืืข ืงืืฉืืืชื ืืืคืจืืงื ื ืืื ืขืฉืจืื ืืืจืืขื ืคืจืืงื ืืืืืื ืจืืืื ืฉืืขืชื ืืืช ืืืจืช ืชื ืื ืืืกืืืข ืื ืืื ืื ืืืขื ื ืืฉืคืืจ ืงืืืื ื,ืืื ืงื ืืืื ืืงืจืข ืืื ืื ืืงื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืจ ืืงืืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืจ ืืงืืฉื ืืืื ืงื ืฆืื ืขื ืืฉืฃ ืืขืชืื ืืื ืื ืืขื ืจืื ื ืจืืื ืขืืื ืื ื ื ืคืฉืื'85b. ืืืจื ืืืืื ืืื ืคืืจืฉืืื ืืืจื ื ืืืืื ืืื ืคืืจืฉืืื ืขื ืฉืคืืจืฉื ืืงื"ื ืืขืฆืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืจืืืื ื, ืื) ืืืืืจ ื\' ืขื ืขืืื ืืช ืชืืจืชื ืืฉืจ ื ืชืชื ืืคื ืืื ืืืจ ืจื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืจื ืฉืื ืืจืื ืืชืืจื ืชืืืื,ืืืจ ืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืชืื (ืืฉืื ืื, ืื) ืืื ื ืืื ืชื ืื ืืืื ืืืงืจื ืืกืืืื ืชืืืข ืืื ื ืืื ืชื ืื ืืืื ืื ืช"ื ืื ืช"ื ืืืงืจื ืืกืืืื ืชืืืข ืื ืช"ื ืื ืข"ื ืืืจ ืขืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืจื ืืื ืฉื ืืกืชืืจื ืืืืื ื ืงืืฉ ืงืืฉ ืงืจืื,ืืืจ ืืื ืจ\' ืืจืืื ืืจ\' ืืืจื ืืื ืืืชืื (ืืืื ื, ืื) ืงืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืขืื ืืคืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืขืื ื ืืงืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืงืืื ืขืฆืื ืขื ืืืจื ืชืืจื ืืขืื"ื ื ืขืฉื ืืืื ืืขืื"ื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืขืฆืื ืืขืื ืขื ืืืจื ืชืืจื ืืขืื"ื ื ืขืฉื ืืคืฉื ืืขืื"ื,ืจืืฉ ืืงืืฉ ืืื ืืฆืืื ืืขืจืชื ืืจืื ื ืื ืืื ืืืขืจืชืื ืืจ\' ืืืื ืืืขืืื ืืื ืื ืืืฉ ืืขืชืื ืืืจ ืจืืฉ"ืข ืื ืคืืคืืชื ืชืืจื ืืืืชื ืืฆืชื ืืช ืงืื ืืืืจื ืื ืชืืจื ืืืืชื ืคืืคืืช ืชืืจื ืืืืชื ืื ืจืืืฆืช,ืื ืืื ืืื ืฆื ืจ\' ืื ืื ื ืืจ\' ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืจ\' ืื ืื ื ืืจ\' ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืงื ืืื ืฆืืช ื"ื ืื ืืฉืชืืื ืชืืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืืจื ื ืื ืืคืืืคืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืจ\' ืืืื ืืจ\' ืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืืื ืงื ืืื ืฆืืช ืืขืืื ืืชืืจื ืืื ืชืฉืชืื ืืืฉืจืื,ืืื ืขืืืื ื ืืืืื ื ืืฉืืื ื ืืืชื ื ืืืืืื ื ื ืืฉืื ืืฆืืืื ื ืืื ืืืืืืื ื ืืฉืจืืืื ืืืชืื ืืืจืืื ื ืืืืืชื ืืืชืื ื ืืืฉื ืืืืฉื ืืกืืืงื ื ืืืชื ืืืงืจืื ื ืืืฉื ืื ืืงื ืืืืฉื ืืืืฉื ืืืชื ืื ื ืฉืืชื ืื ืืงื ืฉืืชื ืกืืจื ืืืืจื ื ืืื ืขื ืืืืจื ื ืืืชืื ื ืืงืจื ืืืืื ืืืชื ื ืืืืื ืืขืืื ืื ืืชืืจื ืืื ืชืฉืชืื ืืืฉืจืื,ืืืื ื ืืืืจ ืจืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืจ\' ืืฉืืขืื ืืจ\' ืืืกื ืืคื\' ืืืจ ืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืคื\' ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ื"ื ืื ืชืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืจืื,ืืืจ ืจ\' ืืืจื ืืืฉ ื ืจืื ืื ืจ\' ืืืกื ืืจ\' ืื ืื ื ืืืจืชื ืื ืืฆื ืื ืืชื ืชืงืืข ืืืจ ืื ืืฆื ืจ\' ืืืื ื ืืจ\' ืืืื ื ืืฆื ืื ืืฆื ืจ\' ืื ืื ืืจ\' ืื ืื ืืฆื ืื ืืฆื ืจ\' ืื ืื ื ืืจ\' ืื ืื ื ืืฆื ืื ืืฆื ืจ\' ืืืื ืืืจืชื ืื ืืจ\' ืืืื ื ืืฆื ืจ\' ืืืื ืื ืืืจ ืื ืืืชืจ ืืืงืืงืื ืื ืืจื ืืืขืืจืื ืืืฉื ืืื ืืขืืื ืืจ ื ืคืื ืืชืื,ืืืจ ืจื ืืืืื ืืฉืชืขื ืื ืจื ืืืืื ืืจ ืกืืจืืงื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืื ื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืฆืคืจื ืืื ืฉืคืืจื ืขืื ืื ืืืืืจืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืงืืื ืื ืืจื ืืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืื ืจืื ื ืื ืกืืงื ืืืชืืืชื ืืจืงืืข ืืืจ ืื ืืืืืื ืืฆืืช ืืืกืชืืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืืจืงื ืืจ\' ืืืื ืืื ืชืกืชืื ืืื ืืื ืกืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืกืืงื ืื ืืชื ืืืจ ืืืืืจืงื ืืจ\' ืืืื ืืื ืคืฉืื ืกืืืง ืื ืืืช,ืื ืืฆืื ืืืืงืื ืื ืคืฉืื ืืกืชืืื ืื ืืชื ืชืจื ืืืืืื ืื ืืจื ืืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจื ืืกืืื ืื ืืขืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืฉืชืืื ืืืขืจืชืื ืืืื ื ืืชื ืืืชื ืืืจ ืืชื ืื ื ืืืชืกืื,ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืชืืืชื ืืจืื ืืืื ืื ืจืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืชื ื"ื ืืื ืืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืจ ืืื ืืืืืงืืื ื ืืืืจืื ืืืฉืื ื ืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืื ืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืืฆืืง ืืื ืืืขืงื ืืืืงืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืกืืจื ืชืงืคื ืืจืืื ืืืืืชื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืื,ื"ื ืืืฉ ืืืืืชื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืจ\' ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืจ ืจืื ืชืขื ืืชื ืืืชืื ืื ืืจ\' ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืจืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืงื ืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืืืืจื ืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืชืื ืจืืฉ ืขืืื,ืืืจื ืืจืงืืขื ืืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืขืืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืชืื ืคืืืกื ืื ืืจื ืืชื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืจื ืขื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืื ืื,ืฉืืืื ืืจืืื ืื ืืกืืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืืฉ ืจืื ืืขืื ืื ื"ื ืืืืื ืื ืกืื ื"ื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืฉืืจ ืื ืืฉืืจ ื"ื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืืชืื ืืื ืืืืืชื ืืกืื ื ืชืืชื ืื ืกืืื ืืืืชืกื,ืืื ืงื ืืฆืืขืจ ืจืื ืืืกืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืกืชืืืขื ืืืืชื ื"ื ืื ืืฆืืขืจ ืืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืกืืคืจื ืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืชืื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืืจืืื ืื 86a. ืืืื ืืชืงืจื ืืจืื ืื ืืชืงืจื ืืืกื ืืจืื ืขื ืืื ืชืื ืจืื ืืจ\' ื ืชื ืกืืฃ ืืฉื ื ืจื ืืฉื ืืจืืื ื ืกืืฃ ืืืจืื,ืืกืืื ื (ืชืืืื ืขื, ืื) ืขื ืืืื ืื ืืงืืฉื ืื ืืืื ื ืืืืจืืชื,ืืืจ ืจื ืืื ื ืืืฉืชืขื ืื ืจื ืืื ืืจ ืืจืชืื ืืืกื ืจืื ืืจ ื ืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ื ื ืคืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืงืืจืฆื ืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืืืืืื ืืงื ืืืื ืชืจืืกืจ ืืืคื ืืืจื ืืืฉืจืื ืืจืื ืืงืืืื ืืืจืื ืืกืชืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื,ืฉืืจื ืคืจืืกืชืงื ืืืืื ืืชืจืื ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืขืจืง ืืืื ืืคืืืืืืชื ืืืงืจื ืืืงืจื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืฉืืื ืืฆืจืืคื ืืืฆืจืืคื ืืขืื ื ืืืื ืืืขืื ื ืืืื ืืคืืืืืืชื ืืคืืืืืืชื ืืฉืืืื ืืืงืืข ืคืจืืกืชืงื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืคืืื ืืจืื ืงืจืืื ืชืื ืงืืื ืืืฉืงืืื ืชืจื ืืกื ืืืืืื ืืชืื ืืงืืื ืืืจ ืคืจืฆืืคืื ืืืืืจืื,ืืืจื ืืื ืืื ื ืขืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืงืจืืื ืชืื ืืงืืื ืืืฉืงืืืื ืื ืืกื ืืืืืืื ืืชืื ืืงืืื ืืืชืกื ืขืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืชืกื ืืืจ ืืืืข ืืืขื ื ืืืืจื ืืงื ืืขืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืืืฉ ืืืชืจืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืืจ ืืืืื ื ืืื ืื ืืงืื ืงืืื ืืืืื ืืืจื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ื,ืืชืืืื ืืงืืื ืขืืืืื ืืืืจืื ื ืืืจืงืื ืืืื ืืื ืคืื ืืขื ืจืืื ืคืจืง ืืฉืืชื ืขืจืง ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืชืื ืืืืจืื ืืืงืืื ืืงื ืืจืืก ืงื ืืืคืืื ืืืชืืืชื ืืจืงืืขื ืื (ืืืงืจื ืื, ื) ืืืจืช ืงืืืืช ืืฉืขืจ ืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืขืจ ืืื ืงืืื ืืืืจืช ืืืืจ,ืกืคืง ืืงื"ื ืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืชืืืชื ืืจืงืืขื ืืืจื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ื ืืื ื ืืื ืจืื ืืจ ื ืืื ื ืืืืจ ืจืื ืืจ ื ืืื ื ืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืขืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืืืืืช,ืฉืืจื ืฉืืืื ืืชืจืื ืื ืืื ืืฆื ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืงืจื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืงื ืคืกืืง ืคืืืื ืืืจืกืื ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืืงื ืืืืืฉ ืืื ื ืงื ื ืกืืจ ืืื ืื ืืคืจืฉื ืืื ืืืจ ืชืื ื ื ืคืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืืกืจ ืืืื ืืืืืืชื,ืื ืืื ืงื ื ืืื ื ืคืฉืื ืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืฆืืช ืืช ืงืื ืืืืจื ืืฉืจืื ืจืื ืืจ ื ืืื ื ืฉืืืคื ืืืืจ ืืืฆืืชื ื ืฉืืชื ืืืืืจ ื ืคื ืคืชืงื ืืจืงืืขื ืืคืืืืืืชื ืจืื ืืจ ื ืืื ื ื ืชืืงืฉ ืืืฉืืื ืฉื ืืขืื ื ืคืงื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืจืื ื ืืืืขืกืืงื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืืชืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืฆืคืจื ืืืืืื ืืงืืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืข ืืื ื ืืชื ืืื,ืกืคืืืื ืชืืชื ืืืื ืืชืืชื ืืืืืชื ื ืคื ืคืชืงื ืื ืืคืืจืฉ ืืื ืื ืืืื ืกืคืืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืื ื ืคื ืคืชืงื ืืื ืืืืชืื ืืฉืืื,ืืืื ืืืื ืื ื ื ืคืฉืื ืืืืื ืืขืคื ืืืจื ืืืืื ืืืืขื ืื ืจืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืกื ืื ืืจ ืคืคื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืกื ืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืื ื ื ื ืคืฉืื ืืจืื ืืจ ื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืคื ืื ืจืืื ื ืฉื ืขืืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืจ ื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืช ืืจืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืืื ืงื ืืืจืืช ืืื ืืขืืื ื ื ืืขืคื,ืจืื ืฉืืขืื ืื ืืืคืชื ืืขื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืกืืืง ืืืชืื ืืฉืื ื ืืืืจื ืืืจ ืื ืืืจืชืื ืืชื ืื ืืคื ืขืื ืืื ืืคื ืืื ื ืืชื ืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืจื ืืืืื ื ืฉืื ืืืงื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืจื ืืืจื ืืืื,ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืื\' ืืื ืืืชืืื ืืื ืืืชืืื ืืืชืจื ืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืจืืคืชื ืืืฉืชื ืื ืคืงื ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืงืืืื ืืืืืชื ืืื ืืืจื ืื ืื ืื ืืืื ื,ืืขืฉื ืืจืื ืืืื ื ืื ืืชืื ืฉืืืจ ืืื ื ืฆื ืืฉืืืจ ืืื\' ืืขืฉื ืืกืชืืจ ืืกืืจื ืืืกืจื ืืืื ืงืชื ื ืืื ืคืกืง ืืื ืืืื ืืช '. None | 84a. Elijah the prophet encountered him,and said to him: Until when will you inform on the nation of our God to be sentenced to execution? Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yosei, said to Elijah: What should I do? It is the kingโs edict that I must obey. Elijah said to him: Faced with this choice, your father fled to Asia. You should flee to Laodicea rather than accept this appointment.,ยง With regard to these Sages, the Gemara adds: When Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yosei, and Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon, would meet each other, it was possible for a pair of oxen to enter and fit between them, under their bellies, without touching them, due to their excessive obesity.,A certain Roman noblewoman matronita once said to them: Your children are not really your own, as due to your obesity it is impossible that you engaged in intercourse with your wives. They said to her: Theirs, i.e., our wivesโ bellies, are larger than ours. She said to them: All the more so you could not have had intercourse. There are those who say that this is what they said to her: โFor as the man is, so is his strengthโ (Judges 8:21), i.e., our sexual organs are proportionate to our bellies. There are those who say that this is what they said to her: Love compresses the flesh.,The Gemara asks: And why did they respond to her audacious and foolish question? After all, it is written: โAnswer not a fool according to his folly, lest you also be like himโ (Proverbs 26:4). The Gemara answers: They answered her in order not to cast aspersions on the lineage of their children.,The Gemara continues discussing the bodies of these Sages: Rabbi Yoแธฅa said: The organ of Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yosei, was the size of a jug of nine kav. Rav Pappa said: The organ of Rabbi Yoแธฅa was the size of a jug of five kav, and some say it was the size of a jug of three kav. Rav Pappa himself had a belly like the baskets dikurei made in Harpanya.,With regard to Rabbi Yoแธฅaโs physical features, the Gemara adds that Rabbi Yoแธฅa said: I alone remain of the beautiful people of Jerusalem. The Gemara continues: One who wishes to see something resembling the beauty of Rabbi Yoแธฅa should bring a new, shiny silver goblet from the smithy and fill it with red pomegranate seeds partzidaya and place a diadem of red roses upon the lip of the goblet, and position it between the sunlight and shade. That luster is a semblance of Rabbi Yoแธฅaโs beauty.,The Gemara asks: Is that so? Was Rabbi Yoแธฅa so beautiful? But doesnโt the Master say: The beauty of Rav Kahana is a semblance of the beauty of Rabbi Abbahu; the beauty of Rabbi Abbahu is a semblance of the beauty of Jacob, our forefather; and the beauty of Jacob, our forefather, is a semblance of the beauty of Adam the first man, who was created in the image of God. And yet Rabbi Yoแธฅa is not included in this list. The Gemara answers: Rabbi Yoแธฅa is different from these other men, as he did not have a beauty of countece, i.e., he did not have a beard.,The Gemara continues to discuss Rabbi Yoแธฅaโs beauty. Rabbi Yoแธฅa would go and sit by the entrance to the ritual bath. He said to himself: When Jewish women come up from their immersion for the sake of a mitzva, after their menstruation, they should encounter me first, so that they have beautiful children like me, and sons learned in Torah like me. This is based on the idea that the image upon which a woman meditates during intercourse affects the child she conceives.,The Rabbis said to Rabbi Yoแธฅa: Isnโt the Master worried about being harmed by the evil eye by displaying yourself in this manner? Rabbi Yoแธฅa said to them: I come from the offspring of Joseph, over whom the evil eye does not have dominion, as it is written: โJoseph is a fruitful vine, a fruitful vine by a fountain alei ayinโ (Genesis 49:22); and Rabbi Abbahu says: Do not read the verse as saying: โBy a fountain alei ayinโ; rather, read it as: Those who rise above the evil eye olei ayin. Josephโs descendants are not susceptible to the influence of the evil eye.,Rabbi Yosei bar แธคanina said that this idea is derived from here: โAnd let them grow veyidgu into a multitude in the midst of the earthโ (Genesis 48:16). Just as with regard to fish dagim in the sea, the water covers them and the evil eye therefore has no dominion over them, as they are not seen, so too, with regard to the offspring of Joseph, the evil eye has no dominion over them.,The Gemara relates: One day, Rabbi Yoแธฅa was bathing in the Jordan River. Reish Lakish saw him and jumped into the Jordan, pursuing him. At that time, Reish Lakish was the leader of a band of marauders. Rabbi Yoแธฅa said to Reish Lakish: Your strength is fit for Torah study. Reish Lakish said to him: Your beauty is fit for women. Rabbi Yoแธฅa said to him: If you return to the pursuit of Torah, I will give you my sister in marriage, who is more beautiful than I am. Reish Lakish accepted upon himself to study Torah. Subsequently, Reish Lakish wanted to jump back out of the river to bring back his clothes, but he was unable to return, as he had lost his physical strength as soon as he accepted the responsibility to study Torah upon himself.,Rabbi Yoแธฅa taught Reish Lakish Bible, and taught him Mishna, and turned him into a great man. Eventually, Reish Lakish became one of the outstanding Torah scholars of his generation. One day the Sages of the study hall were engaging in a dispute concerning the following baraita: With regard to the sword, the knife, the dagger vehapigyon, the spear, a hand sickle, and a harvest sickle, from when are they susceptible to ritual impurity? The baraita answers: It is from the time of the completion of their manufacture, which is the halakha with regard to metal vessels in general.,These Sages inquired: And when is the completion of their manufacture? Rabbi Yoแธฅa says: It is from when one fires these items in the furnace. Reish Lakish said: It is from when one scours them in water, after they have been fired in the furnace. Rabbi Yoแธฅa said to Reish Lakish: A bandit knows about his banditry, i.e., you are an expert in weaponry because you were a bandit in your youth. Reish Lakish said to Rabbi Yoแธฅa: What benefit did you provide me by bringing me close to Torah? There, among the bandits, they called me: Leader of the bandits, and here, too, they call me: Leader of the bandits. Rabbi Yoแธฅa said to him: I provided benefit to you, as I brought you close to God, under the wings of the Divine Presence.,As a result of the quarrel, Rabbi Yoแธฅa was offended, which in turn affected Reish Lakish, who fell ill. Rabbi Yoแธฅaโs sister, who was Reish Lakishโs wife, came crying to Rabbi Yoแธฅa, begging that he pray for Reish Lakishโs recovery. She said to him: Do this for the sake of my children, so that they should have a father. Rabbi Yoแธฅa said to her the verse: โLeave your fatherless children, I will rear themโ (Jeremiah 49:11), i.e., I will take care of them. She said to him: Do so for the sake of my widowhood. He said to her the rest of the verse: โAnd let your widows trust in Me.โ,Ultimately, Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish, Reish Lakish, died. Rabbi Yoแธฅa was sorely pained over losing him. The Rabbis said: Who will go to calm Rabbi Yoแธฅaโs mind and comfort him over his loss? They said: Let Rabbi Elazar ben Pedat go, as his statements are sharp, i.e., he is clever and will be able to serve as a substitute for Reish Lakish.,Rabbi Elazar ben Pedat went and sat before Rabbi Yoแธฅa. With regard to every matter that Rabbi Yoแธฅa would say, Rabbi Elazar ben Pedat would say to him: There is a ruling which is taught in a baraita that supports your opinion. Rabbi Yoแธฅa said to him: Are you comparable to the son of Lakish? In my discussions with the son of Lakish, when I would state a matter, he would raise twenty-four difficulties against me in an attempt to disprove my claim, and I would answer him with twenty-four answers, and the halakha by itself would become broadened and clarified. And yet you say to me: There is a ruling which is taught in a baraita that supports your opinion. Do I not know that what I say is good? Being rebutted by Reish Lakish served a purpose; your bringing proof to my statements does not.,Rabbi Yoแธฅa went around, rending his clothing, weeping and saying: Where are you, son of Lakish? Where are you, son of Lakish? Rabbi Yoแธฅa screamed until his mind was taken from him, i.e., he went insane. The Rabbis prayed and requested for God to have mercy on him and take his soul, and Rabbi Yoแธฅa died.'85b. was stated by the Sages, i.e., the wise man mentioned in the verse, and yet they could not explain it. It was stated by the prophets, i.e., those to whom the mouth of the Lord has spoken, and yet they could not explain it, until the Holy One, Blessed be He, Himself explained it, as it is stated in the next verse: โAnd the Lord says: Because they have forsaken My Torah which I set before themโ (Jeremiah 9:12). Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: This does not mean that the Jewish people ceased Torah study altogether; rather, they did not recite a blessing on the Torah prior to its study, as they did not regard Torah study as a sacred endeavor.,Rav แธคama says: What is the meaning of that which is written: โIn the heart of him that has discernment wisdom rests; but in the inward part of fools it makes itself knownโ (Proverbs 14:33)? โIn the heart of him who has discernment wisdom restsโ; this is a Torah scholar, son of a Torah scholar. โBut in the inward part of fools it makes itself knownโ; this is a Torah scholar, son of an ignoramus, as his wisdom stands out in contrast to the foolishness of the rest of his family. Ulla said: This explains the adage that people say: A small coin in an empty barrel calls: Kish, kish, i.e., it rattles loudly, whereas a coin in a barrel full of coins is not heard.,Rabbi Yirmeya said to Rabbi Zeira: What is the meaning of that which is written with regard to the World-to-Come: โThe humble and great are there; and the servant is free from his masterโ (Job 3:19)? Is that to say that we do not know that the humble and the great are there in the World-to-Come? Rather, this is the meaning of the verse: Anyone who humbles himself over matters of Torah in this world becomes great in the World-to-Come; and anyone who establishes himself as a servant over matters of Torah in this world becomes free in the World-to-Come.,ยง The Gemara continues discussing the greatness of the Sages. Reish Lakish was demarcating burial caves of the Sages. When he arrived at the cave of Rabbi แธคiyya, the precise location of his grave eluded him. Reish Lakish became distressed, as he was apparently unworthy of finding the grave. He said: Master of the Universe! Did I not analyze the Torah like Rabbi แธคiyya? A Divine Voice emerged and said to him: You did analyze the Torah like him, but you did not disseminate Torah like him.,The Gemara relates: When Rabbi แธคanina and Rabbi แธคiyya would debate matters of Torah, Rabbi แธคanina would say to Rabbi แธคiyya: Do you think you can debate with me? Heaven forbid! If the Torah were forgotten from the Jewish people, I could restore it with my powers of analysis and intellectual acumen. Rabbi แธคiyya said to Rabbi แธคanina: Do you think you can debate with me? You cannot compare yourself to me, as I am acting to ensure that the Torah will not be forgotten by the Jewish people.,Rabbi แธคiyya elaborated: What do I do to this end? I go and sow flax seeds and twine nets with the flax, and then I hunt deer and feed their meat to orphans. Next I prepare parchment from their hides and I write the five books of the Torah on them. I go to a city and teach five children the five books, one book per child, and I teach six other children the six orders of the Mishna, and I say to them: Until I return and come here, read each other the Torah and teach each other the Mishna. This is how I act to ensure that the Torah will not be forgotten by the Jewish people.,The Gemara notes that this is what Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said: How great are the deeds of Rabbi แธคiyya! Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yosei, said to Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi: Are his deeds even greater than the Masterโs, i.e., yours? Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said to him: Yes. Rabbi Yishmael persisted: Are they even greater than those of my father, Rabbi Yosei? Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said to him: Heaven forbid! Such a statement shall not be heard among the Jewish people, that someone is greater than your father, Rabbi Yosei.,The Gemara continues discussing the greatness of Rabbi แธคiyya. Rabbi Zeira said: Last night, Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi แธคanina, appeared to me in a dream. I said to him: Near whom are you placed in the upper realms? He said to me: Near Rabbi Yoแธฅa. I asked: And Rabbi Yoแธฅa is near whom? He replied: Near Rabbi Yannai. And Rabbi Yannai is near whom? Near Rabbi แธคanina. And Rabbi แธคanina is near whom? Near Rabbi แธคiyya. Rabbi Zeira added: I said to Rabbi Yosei: But isnโt Rabbi Yoแธฅa worthy of being placed near Rabbi แธคiyya? He said to me: In a place of fiery sparks and burning fires, who can bring Rabbi Yoแธฅa, son of Nappaแธฅa, there?,Rav แธคaviva said: Rav แธคaviva bar Surmakei told me: I once saw one of the Sages whom Elijah the prophet would visit, and his eyes looked beautiful and healthy in the morning, but appeared to be charred by fire in the evening. I said to him: What is this phenomenon? And he said to me: I said to Elijah: Show me the Sages upon their ascension to the heavenly academy. Elijah said to me: You may gaze at all of them except for those in the chariot miguharka of Rabbi แธคiyya, upon whom you may not gaze. I asked Elijah: What are the signs of Rabbi แธคiyyaโs chariot, so I will know when not to look? He said: Angels accompany all of the other Sagesโ chariots as they ascend and descend, except for the chariot of Rabbi แธคiyya, which ascends and descends of its own accord, due to his greatness.,The Sage relating this story continued: I was unable to restrain myself, and I gazed upon Rabbi แธคiyyaโs chariot. Two fiery flames came and struck that man, i.e., me, and blinded his eyes. The next day, I went and prostrated on Rabbi แธคiyyaโs burial cave in supplication. I said: I study the baraitot of the Master, Rabbi แธคiyya; please pray on my behalf. And my vision was healed, but my eyes remained scorched.,The Gemara relates another incident involving Elijah the prophet. Elijah was often found in the academy of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi. One day it was a New Moon, the first of the month, and Elijah was delayed and did not come to the academy. Later, Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said to Elijah: What is the reason that the Master was delayed? Elijah said to him: I had to wake up Abraham, wash his hands, and wait for him to pray, and then lay him down again. And similarly, I followed the same procedure for Isaac, and similarly for Jacob in turn. Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi asked Elijah: And let the Master wake them all together. Elijah responded: I maintain that if I were to wake all three to pray at the same time, they would generate powerful prayers and bring the Messiah prematurely.,Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said to Elijah: And is there anyone alive in this world who is comparable to them and can produce such efficacious prayers? Elijah said to him: There are Rabbi แธคiyya and his sons. Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi decreed a fast, and the Sages brought Rabbi แธคiyya and his sons down to the pulpit to pray on behalf of the congregation. Rabbi แธคiyya recited the phrase in the Amida prayer: Who makes the wind blow, and the wind blew. Rabbi แธคiyya recited the next phrase: Who makes the rain fall, and rain fell. When he was about to say the phrase: Who revives the dead, the world trembled.,They said in heaven: Who is the revealer of secrets in the world? They said in response: It is Elijah. Elijah was brought to heaven, whereupon he was beaten with sixty fiery lashes. Elijah came back down to earth disguised as a bear of fire. He came among the congregation and distracted them from their prayers, preventing Rabbi แธคiyya from reciting the phrase: Who revives the dead.,ยง The Gemara relates: Shmuel Yarแธฅinaโa was the physician of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi. One time, Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi felt a pain in his eye. Shmuel said to him: I will place a medication in your eye. Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said to him: I cannot have the medication placed directly in my eye, as I am afraid it will cause me too much pain. Shmuel said to him: I will apply a salve above your eye, not directly in it. Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said to him: Even that I cannot bear. Shmuel placed the medication in a tube of herbs beneath his pillow, and Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi was healed.,Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi made efforts to ordain Shmuel Yarแธฅinaโa as a rabbi but was unsuccessful, as Shmuel always demurred. Shmuel Yarแธฅinaโa said to him: The Master should not be upset about my refusal, as I know that I am not destined to be ordained as a rabbi. I myself saw the book of Adam the first man, which contains the genealogy of the human race, and it is written in it that Shmuel Yarแธฅinaโa 86a. shall be called a wise แธฅakim physician, but he shall not be called rabbi, and Rabbi Yehuda HaNasiโs convalescence shall be through him. I also saw written there: Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi and Rabbi Natan are the end of the Mishna, i.e., the last of the tannaโim, the redactors of the Mishna. Rav Ashi and Ravina are the end of instruction, i.e., the end of the period of the amoraโim, the redacting of the Talmud, which occurred after the period of the tannaโim.,And your mnemonic to remember that Rav Ashi and Ravina redacted the Talmud is the verse: โUntil I entered into the sanctuary mikdashei of God, and considered avina their endโ (Psalms 73:17). The sanctuary, mikdashei, alludes to Rav Ashi, while the term avina alludes to Ravina, which is a contraction of Rav Avina. The phrase: Their end, is interpreted as a reference to the redacting of the Talmud.,ยง The Gemara relates another story discussing the greatness of the Sages. Rav Kahana said: Rav แธคama, son of the daughter of แธคasa, told me that Rabba bar Naแธฅmani died due to the fear of a decree of religious persecution. The Gemara explains: His enemies accused him akhalu beih kurtza of disloyalty in the kingโs palace, as they said: There is one man from among the Jews who exempts twelve thousand Jewish men from the kingโs head tax two months a year, one month in the summer and one month in the winter. Since many people would study in Rabbaโs study hall during the months of Adar and Elul, he was being blamed for preventing those people from working during those months.,They sent a messenger peristaka of the king after him, but he was not able to find him. Rabba bar Naแธฅmani fled and went from Pumbedita to Akra, from Akra to Agma, from Agma to Shiแธฅin, from Shiแธฅin to Tzerifa, from Tzerifa to Eina Demayim, and from Eina Demayim back to Pumbedita. Ultimately, he was found in Pumbedita, as the kingโs messenger arrived by chance at that same inn where Rabba bar Naแธฅmani was hiding. The inn attendants placed a tray before the messenger and gave him two cups to drink. They then removed the tray from before him and his face was miraculously turned backward.,The attendants said to Rabba bar Naแธฅmani: What should we do with him? He is the kingโs man, and we cannot leave him like this. Rabba bar Naแธฅmani said to them: Place a tray before him and give him one cup to drink, and then remove the tray from before him and he will be healed. They did this, and he was healed. The messenger said: I am certain that the man I seek is here, as this unnatural event must have befallen me on his account. He searched for Rabba bar Naแธฅmani and found out where he was. The messenger said that they should tell Rabba bar Naแธฅmani: I will leave this inn and will not disclose your location. Even if they will kill that man, i.e., me, I will not disclose your location. But if they will beat him, me, I will disclose your whereabouts, as I cannot bear being tortured.,With that guarantee, they brought Rabba bar Naแธฅmani before the messenger. They took him into a small vestibule leโidrona and closed the door before him. Rabba bar Naแธฅmani prayed for mercy, and the wall crumbled. He fled and went to hide in a swamp. He was sitting on the stump of a palm tree and studying Torah alone. At that moment, the Sages in the heavenly academy were disagreeing with regard to a halakha of leprosy. In general, a leprous spot includes two signs of impurity, a bright white spot and a white hair. The basic halakha is that if the snow-white leprous sore baheret preceded the white hair then the afflicted person is ritually impure, but if the white hair preceded the baheret, he is pure.,The heavenly debate concerned a case of uncertainty as to which came first, the spot or the hair. The Holy One, Blessed be He, says: The individual is pure, but every other member of the heavenly academy says: He is impure. And they said: Who can arbitrate in this dispute? They agreed that Rabba bar Naแธฅmani should arbitrate, as Rabba bar Naแธฅmani once said: I am preeminent in the halakhot of leprosy and I am preeminent in the halakhot of ritual impurity imparted by tents.,They sent a messenger from heaven after him to take his soul up to the heavenly academy, but the Angel of Death was unable to approach Rabba bar Naแธฅmani, as his mouth did not cease from his Torah study. In the meantime, a wind blew and howled between the branches. Rabba bar Naแธฅmani thought that the noise was due to an infantry battalion gunda about to capture him. He said: Let that man, i.e., me, die and not be given over to the hands of the government. The Angel of Death was therefore able to take his soul.,As he was dying, he said in response to the dispute in heaven: It is pure; it is pure. A Divine Voice emerged from heaven and said: Happy are you, Rabba bar Naแธฅmani, as your body is pure and your soul left you with the word: Pure. A note pitka fell from heaven and landed in the academy of Pumbedita. The note read: Rabba bar Naแธฅmani was summoned to the heavenly academy, i.e., he has died. Abaye and Rava and all of the other Rabbis went out to tend to his burial; however, they did not know the location of his body. They went to the swamp and saw birds forming a shade and hovering over a certain spot. The Rabbis said: We can conclude from this that he is there.,The Rabbis lamented him for three days and three nights. A note fell from heaven, upon which was written: Anyone who removes himself from the lamentations shall be ostracized. Accordingly, they lamented him for seven days. Another note fell from heaven, stating: Go to your homes in peace.,On that day when Rabba bar Naแธฅmani died, a hurricane lifted a certain Arab tayaโa merchant while he was riding his camel. The hurricane carried him from one side of the Pappa River and threw him onto the other side. He said: What is this? Those present said to him: Rabba bar Naแธฅmani has died. He said before God: Master of the Universe! The entire world is Yours and Rabba bar Naแธฅmani is also Yours. You are to Rabba and Rabba is to You, i.e., you are beloved to each other. If so, why are You destroying the world on his account? The storm subsided.,The Gemara concludes its earlier discussion of obese Sages (84a). Rabbi Shimon ben แธคalafta was obese. One day he was particularly hot and went and sat on a mountain boulder to cool himself off. He said to his daughter: My daughter, fan me with a fan, and as a gift I will give you packages of spikenard. In the meantime, a strong wind blew. He said: How many packages of spikenard do I owe to the overseers of this wind?,ยง The Gemara returns to its discussion of the mishna (83a), which teaches that an employer must provide his laborers with sustece, all in accordance with the regional custom. The Gemara asks: What is added by the inclusive term: All? The Gemara answers: This serves to include a place where it is customary for the laborers to eat bread and drink a quarter-log anpaka of wine. As, if in such a case the employer were to say to them: Arise early in the morning and I will bring you this sustece, so as not to waste work time, they may say to him: It is not in your power to compel us to do so.,ยง The mishna teaches that there was an incident involving Rabbi Yoแธฅa ben Matya, who said to his son: Go out and hire laborers for us. His son hired the laborers and stipulated that he would provide sustece for them. The Gemara asks: After the mishna has stated that all practices are in accordance with the regional custom, how can it cite this incident, which seems to contradict the previous ruling, as Rabbi Yoแธฅa ben Matya and his son did not follow the regional custom? The Gemara answers: The mishna is incomplete and this is what it is teaching: All practices are in accordance with the regional custom, but if the employer pledged to provide sustece for them, '. None |
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68. Babylonian Talmud, Bava Qamma, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Academies, Babylonian โข Amoraic Period in Babylonia โข Amoraim, Babylonian, attitude to Moses, Torah โข Babylonian rabbis, sages, comments on Moses โข Babylonian rabbis, sages, lack of emphasis on concept of divine origin of Torah โข Babylonian, ancient โข Bavli (Babylonian Talmud), editorial layers โข Samuel (Babylonian sage) โข Talmud, Babylonian, redaction of โข rabbis, Babylonian
Found in books: Fishbane (2003) 197; Fonrobert and Jaffee (2007) 69; Kalmin (1998) 97; Kanarek (2014) 16; Levine (2005) 290; Secunda (2014) 95, 104, 188
38a. ืืื ืื ื ืืชืื ืงืจื ืืืื ืจืขืื ืืื ืืืขื:,ืฉืืจ ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืืจ ืฉื ืื ืขื ื ืคืืืจ: ืืืจื ืืื ื ืคืฉื ืื ืจืขืื ืืืงื ืืื ืขื ื ืื ื ืื ืืืฉืจืื ื ืื ืืืคืืจ ืืื ืจืขืื ืืื ืืืงื ืืคืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืื ื ืื ืืื ืขื ื ื ืืืื,ื"ืจ ืืืื ืืืจ ืงืจื (ืืืงืืง ื, ื) ืขืื ืืืืืื ืืจืฅ ืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืจืื ืฉืืข ืืฆืืช ืฉืงืืืื ืขืืืื ืื ื ื ื ืืืื ืฉืื ืงืืืื ืขืื ืืืชืืจ ืืืื ื ืืืฉืจืื,ืจืื ืืืื ื ืืืจ ืืืื (ืืืจืื ืื, ื) ืืืคืืข ืืืจ ืคืืจื ืืคืืจื ืืืคืืข ืืืื ื ืืืฉืจืื,ืชื ืื ื ืื ืืื ืฉืืจ ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืืจ ืฉื ืื ืขื ื ืคืืืจ ืฉืืจ ืฉื ืื ืขื ื ืฉื ืื ืฉืืจ ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืชื ืืื ืืืขื ืืฉืื ื ืืง ืฉืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืขืื ืืืืืื ืืจืฅ ืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืคืืข ืืืจ ืคืืจื,ืืื ืืืืืจ,ืืื ืชืืื ืืื ืขืื ืืืืืื ืืจืฅ ืืืขื\' ืืื ืืืืจื ืืชื ื ืืืืจื ืืืกืฃ ืช"ืฉ ืืืคืืข ืืืจ ืคืืจื ืืคืืจื ืืืคืืข ืืืื ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืจื ืืชื ื ืื"ืจ ืืชื ื ืขืื ืืืืืื ืืจืฅ ืจืื ืืื\' ืื ืจืื ืจืื ืฉืืข ืืฆืืช ืฉื ืฆืืื ืขืืืื ืื ื ื ื ืืื ืงืืืืื ืขืื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืขื ืืืืชื,ืืืื ืืฉืืข ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืฉื ื ืืืืืืื ืืื ืืชืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืืชืื ืืชื (ืืืงืจื ืื, ืื) ืื ืชืจ ืืื ืขื ืืืจืฅ ืืืชืจืื ืืงืคืฆื ืืืื ืขื ืืจืขื,ืืื ืืจื ืืืกืฃ ืื"ืจ ืืืกืฃ ืขืื ืืืืืื ืืจืฅ ืจืื ืืื\' ืื ืจืื ืจืื ืฉืืข ืืฆืืช ืฉืงืืืื ืขืืืื ืื ื ื ื ืืื ืงืืืืื ืขืื ืืืชืืจื ืืื,ืืืชืืืจื ืืชืืจ ื"ื ืืฆืื ื ืืืื ื ืฉืืจ ืืืจ ืืจ ืืจืื ืืจืื ื ืืืืจ ืฉืืคืืื ืืงืืืืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืงืืืื ืขืืืื ืฉืืจ,ืืื ืืืชื ืื ืจ"ื ืืืืจ ืื ืื ืฉืืคืืื ื ืืจื ืืขืืกืง ืืชืืจื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืช"ื (ืืืงืจื ืื, ื) ืืฉืจ ืืขืฉื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจืืืื ืื ื ืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืช ืฉืืคืืื ื ืืจื ืืขืืกืง ืืชืืจื ืืจื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื,ืืืจื ืืื ืืงืืืื ืขืืืื ืฉืืจ ืืืฆืืื ืืขืืฉื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืฆืืื ืืขืืฉื ืื"ืจ ืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืขืืฉื ืืืชืจ ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืฆืืื ืืขืืฉื:,ืช"ืจ ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืจืืื ืฉื ื ืกืจืืืืืืช ืืฆื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ื ืชืืจืชืื ืงืจืื ืืฉื ื ืืฉืืฉื ืืฉืขืช ืคืืืจืชื ืืืจื ืืื ืืงืืงื ื ืืื ืชืืจืชืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืืฅ ืืืืจ ืื ืฉืืชื ืืืืจืื ืฉืืจ ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืฉื ืื ืฉืืจ ืฉื ืื ืขื ื ืคืืืจ ืฉื ืื ืขื ื ืฉื ืื ืฉืืจ ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืชื ืืื ืืืขื ืืฉืื ื ืืง ืฉืื,ืื"ื ืื ืจืขืื ืืืงื ืืคืืื ืืื ืขื ื ืื ื ืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืคืืจ ืืื ืจืขืื ืืื ืืืงื ืืคืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืื ื ืื ืืื ืขื ื ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืื ื ืืืืืขืื ืืืชื ืืืืืืช,ืจื ืฉืืืื ืืจ ืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืจืชื ืืืจื ืืื ืจืื ื ืืขืืื ืงืื ื ืืื ื ืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืช ืื ืืื ื ืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืืืืคื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืขืื ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืืขืื ืขืืื,ืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ื"ื (ืืืจืื ื, ื) ืืืืืจ ื\' (ืื ืืฉื) ืื ืชืฆืจ ืืช ืืืื ืืื ืชืชืืจ ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืขืื ืขื ืืขืชื ืฉื ืืฉื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืจืฉืืช ืืื ื ืฉื ืืฉื ืง"ื ืืขืฆืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืืขืืืจ ืืช ืืืื ืืืจื ืชืืจื (ืืืืืจ ืื, ืื) ืฆืจืืจ ืืช ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืชื ืืืชื 60b. ืืขืืื ืืื ืก ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืฉืืืช ืื, ืื) ืืืชื ืื ืชืฆืื ืืืฉ ืืคืชื ืืืชื ืขื ืืงืจ,ืช"ืจ ืืืจ ืืขืืจ ืื ืก ืจืืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืืชื ืื ืชืฆืื ืืืฉ ืืคืชื ืืืชื ืขื ืืงืจ ืืืืืจ (ืืฉืขืืื ืื, ื) ืื ืขืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืกืืืจ ืืืชืื ืืขืื ืืืืืจ (ืืืจืื ืื, ืื) ืืืืฅ ืชืฉืื ืืจื ืืืืืจืื ืืืื,ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืชืืื ื"ื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืื ืชื ืฉืืข ืื ืขืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืกืืืจ ืืืชืื,ืืื ืชืืื ื"ื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืื ื ืคืืง ืืชืื ืืื ื ืืื ืฉื ืืฆืืืชื ืืขืืื ืืคื ืืขืื ืช"ืฉ ืืืืฅ ืชืฉืื ืืจื ืืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืข"ื ืืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืืฅ ืชืฉืื ืืจื,ืจืื ืืขืืื ืจืชืื ืืื ืกืืจ ืืื ืืืชื\' (ืืจืืืื ื, ื) ืื ืขืื ืืืช ืืืืื ืื ื,ืช"ืจ ืจืขื ืืขืืจ ืคืืจ ืจืืืื ืฉื ื\' (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื, ื) ืืืื ืจืขื ืืืจืฅ ืืืจื ืืืจื ืืฆืจืืื ืืืืจ (ืืืืจ) ืฉื ืืืืืจ (ืืืืื ื ื, ื) ืื ืืืจื ื ื ืื ืืขืืจ ืืืจืขื ืืขืืจ ืืืชื ื ืฉื,ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืชืืื ื"ื ืืืื ืืืืื ืกืคืง ื ืคืฉืืช ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืกืคืง ื ืคืฉืืช ืื ืช"ืฉ (ืืืืื ื ื, ื) ืืื ืื ืคืื ืื ืืื ื ืืจื ืื ืืืืื ื ื ืืื,ืช"ืจ ืืืจ ืืขืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืืจื ืืคื ื ืฉืืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืืจืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืจืฉืืชื ืืกืื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืฆืื ืืจืืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืจืฉืืชื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืกืื,ืช"ืจ ืืืจ ืืขืืจ ืื ืืื ืก ืืื ืืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืกืช ืฉืืืื ืืืืช ืืคืงืื ืฉื ืืืื ืื"ื ืืืื ืืื ืงืจื ืืื ืืจืืงื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืื ืขืฉืจื,ืช"ืจ ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืช ืื ืืขืืจ ืืืืื ืืฉืืงืื ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืขืืจ ืื"ื ืืืืช ืืื ื ืงืื:,ืืชืื ืจื ืืื ืืจื ืืกื ืงืืื ืืจ\' ืืฆืืง ื ืคืื ืืจ ื"ื ืืืื ืืจ ืฉืืขืชืชื ืืืจ ื"ื ืืืื ืืจ ืืืืชื ืคืชื ืืืืืจ ืืืืชื ืืื ืฉืืืง ืืจ ืคืชื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืขืชืชื ืืื ืฉืืืง ืืจ,ืืืจ ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืฉืชื ื ืฉืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืืช ืืงืื ื ืืืื ืืืงืืช ืื ืืื ืืช ืืงืื ื ืืืงืืช ืื ืฉืืืจืืช ื ืืฆื ืงืจื ืืืื ืืืืื,ืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืชื ืืฉืืื ืืชืจืืืืื (ืฉืืืช ืื, ื) ืื ืชืฆื ืืฉ ืืืฆืื ืงืืฆืื ืชืฆื ืืขืฆืื ืฉืื ืืฉืื ืืืืขืืจ ืืช ืืืขืจื ืืืจ ืืงื"ื ืขืื ืืฉืื ืืช ืืืขืจื ืฉืืืขืจืชื,ืื ื ืืฆืืชื ืืฉ ืืฆืืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืืื ื, ืื) ืืืฆืช ืืฉ ืืฆืืื ืืชืืื ืืกืืืืชืื ืืื ื ืขืชืื ืืื ืืชื ืืืฉ ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืืจืื ื, ื) ืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืืืช ืืฉ ืกืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืชืืื,ืฉืืขืชืชื ืคืชื ืืืชืื ืื ืืงื ืืืื ื ืืกืืื ืื ืืงื ืืืคื ืืืืจ ืื ืืฉื ืืฉืื ืืฆืื:,(ืฉืืืื ื ืื, ืื) ืืืชืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืืฉืงื ื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืช ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉืขืจ ืืืืงืขื ืฉืืฉืช ืืืืืจืื ืืืื ื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืช ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉืขืจ ืืื\',ืืื ืงื ืืืืขืื ืืื ืืืจ ืจืื ืืืจ ืจ"ื ืืืื ืืืฉ ืงืืืืขืื ืืื ืื ืืจ\' ืืืืื ืื ืืจืื ื ืืคืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืืคืฉืื ืืื,ืจื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืขืืจืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืื ืืงื ืืืืขืื ืืื ืืื ืืืฆืื ืขืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืืจื,ืฉืืื ืืื ืืกืืจ ืืืฆืื ืขืฆืื ืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืชื ืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืคืืจืฅ ืืขืฉืืช ืื ืืจื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื,ืืจืื ื ืืืืชืืื ืจืื ืืจ ืืจื ืืืจื ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืขืืจืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืขืืฉืื ืืคืืฉืชืื ืืงื ืืืืขืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉืื ืฉื ืฉืขืืจืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืชื ืืคื ื ืืืืชื ืขื ืื ืช ืืฉืื ืืืืฉืื ืฉื ืขืืฉืื ืืคืืฉืชืื,ืฉืืื ืืื (ืืืืงืื ืื, ืื) ืืืื ืืฉืื ืจืฉืข ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืข"ืค ืฉืืืืื ืืฉืื ืจืฉืข ืืื ืืื ืืชื ืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืคืืจืฅ ืืขืฉืืช ืื ืืจื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื,ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืืคื ืืืื ื ืืืชืื ืื ืงืจื (ืฉืืืื ื ืื, ืื) ืืชืื ืฉื ืืืงืช ืืฉืื ืืืื ืขืืฉืื ืืืชืื ืื ืงืจื (ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืื, ืื) ืืชืื ืืืงืช ืืฉืื ืืืื ืฉืขืืจืื,ืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืงืื ืืื ืืืืขืื ืืื ืืื ื ืชืจื ืงืจืื ืืืจ ืื ืืืื ื ืื ืืืืฉืื ืืขืืฉืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืื ืคืืฉืชืื,ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืงืื ืืืื ื ืืืชืื (ืฉืืืื ื ืื, ืื) ืืืชืืฆื ืืชืื ืืืืงื ืืืฆืืื ืืื ืื"ื ืืืืืืคื ืืื ืืืฆืืื,ืืื ืฉืืง ืืื ืืืืืืคื,ืืฉืืื ืื ื ืชืจืชื ืืืื ื ืืืชืื ืชืจื ืงืจืื 96b. ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืงื ืื ื ืืืื ืฉืื ื ืืื ืืกืจ ืื,ืืืื ืืืืจื ืช"ืฉ ืื"ืจ ืืชืื ื"ืจ ืืืืฉืข ืื ืืื ื ืืืงื ืืชืืืืช ื ืขืฉื ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืคืกืื ืฉ"ื,ืืืจ ืจื ืคืคื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืขืคืจื ืืืืจืื ืืขืืืื ืืืื ืชื ืื ืงื ื ืืื ืืขืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืื ืขืคืจื ืืืื ืชื ืืขืืืื ืขืคืจื ืงื ื ืืื ืืืจืช ืืืื ืืืจ ืืขืืื ืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืื ืืืื ืชื ืืืจืืชื ืืื ืืคื ืื ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืืืื,ืืืืจ ืจื ืคืคื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืกืื ืืืืจืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืื ืงื ื ืืื ืืขืื ืืืจ ืขืืื ืืื ื ืกืื ืืืื ืืขืืืื ืื ื ืกืื ืงื ื ืืื ืืืจืช ืืืจ ืขืืื ืืื ืืืื ืคื ืื ืืืฉืืช ืืื ืืืื,ืฉืืืื ืืขืืืื ืื ืืืชื ืื ืงื ื ืืืชื ืืขืืืื ืื ืฉืืืื ืงื ื ืืื ืืืจืช ืืืจ ืขืืื ืืื ืืืชื ืืืืข ืืืืข ืฉืืืืืืื:,ืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืืฉืขืช ืืืืื: (ืื ืืืื) ืืืชืืื ืืื ืืืชืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืจ\' ืืืขื ืื ื ืืื ืื ืขืฉื ืืื ืขืื ืื ืขืฉื ืฉืืจ ื ืขืฉื ืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืืงื ืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืจ,ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืื ืคืื ื ืืชืืจื ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืจื ืืื ืืจืื ืืจืข ืืื ืืจืขื ืืกืืฃ ืืืืจืื ืื ืืืจืื ืืชื ืืงืืื ืืจื ื ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืืืฉืื,ืืืจ ืืื ืจืื ืชืืจื ืืฉืื ืืจืขื ืื ืืฉืื ืืืจ ืื ืงืืืื ื ื ืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืคืืื ืงืืืื ื ื"ื ืกืืฃ ืกืืฃ ืืืืื ืืื ืืงื ืืืจื ืืขืื ื ืืชื ื ืื ืืืืื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืืฉืขืช ืืืืื,ืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืืื ื ืื ืื ืืชืืื ื ืืืื ื ืื ืชืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ื ืืืจืื ืขืืื ืื ื ืืฉืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืฉ ืืืื ื ืขืชืืงื ืืื ืืืขืื ื ืืืืงื ืกืื:,38a. Because if so, if one whose ox gores a consecrated ox is exempt from liability, let the verse write this phrase: โof another,โ with regard to the case of a forewarned ox. One could then infer that the owner is exempt from liability in the case of an innocuous ox as well, as the liability with regard to an innocuous ox is less severe than with regard to a forewarned ox. The stating of this exemption specifically in the context of an innocuous ox indicates that the exemption is only concerning the leniency stated in the verse, that if the gored ox belongs to another person, the owner of the belligerent ox is liable to pay only half the cost of the damage.,ยง The mishna teaches: With regard to an ox of a Jew that gored the ox of a gentile, the owner of the belligerent ox is exempt from liability; whereas if a gentileโs ox gores a Jewโs ox, the owner is liable to pay the full cost of the damage. The Sages said: This statement is difficult whichever way you look at it. If the phrase โof anotherโ is meant in a precise manner, and therefore the liability applies only if his ox gores the ox of another Jew, when a gentileโs ox gores that of a Jew he should also be exempt from liability. And if the phrase โof anotherโ is not meant in a precise manner, then even when a Jewโs ox gores that of a gentile the owner of the belligerent ox should be liable.,Rabbi Abbahu said that the reason for this ruling is that the verse states: โHe stood and shook the earth; He beheld, and made the nations tremble vayyatterโ (Habakkuk 3:6). This is homiletically interpreted to mean that God saw the seven mitzvot that the descendants of Noah accepted upon themselves to fulfill, and since they did not fulfill them, He arose and permitted vehittir their money to the Jewish people, so that in certain cases Jews are not liable for damage caused to gentiles.,Rabbi Yoแธฅa said that the source for this halakha is from here: It is stated in reference to the giving of the Torah: โThe Lord came from Sinai and rose from Seir unto them; He appeared from Mount Paranโ (Deuteronomy 33:2), which is homiletically interpreted to mean: From the time God came from Mount Paran, when giving the Torah, the money of the gentile nations appeared, i.e., it was revealed and granted to the Jewish people.,This is also taught in a baraita: With regard to an ox of a Jew that gored the ox of a gentile, the owner of the belligerent ox is exempt from liability. By contrast, with regard to an ox of a gentile that gored the ox of a Jew, whether it was innocuous or forewarned, the owner of the belligerent ox pays the full cost of the damage, as it is stated: โHe stood and shook the earth; He beheld, and made the nations tremble.โ And another verse states: โHe appeared from Mount Paran.โ,The Gemara asks: What is the reason the baraita adds: And another verse states, indicating that the first verse is not a sufficient source?,The Gemara explains that this is how the baraita is to be understood: And if you would say that this verse: โHe stood and shook the earthโ is necessary to express that which Rav Mattana and Rav Yosef derived from the verse, come and hear another source: โHe appeared from Mount Paran,โ meaning: From Paran their money appeared to the Jewish people. What is Rav Mattanaโs exposition? It is as Rav Mattana says: โHe stood and shook the earth.โ What did He see? He saw the seven mitzvot that the descendants of Noah were commanded but did not fulfill, and He arose and exiled them from their land on account of their transgressions.,And from where may it be inferred that this term vayyatter is a term of exile? It is written here: โAnd made the nations tremble vayyatterโ (Habakkuk 3:6), and it is written there: โLenatter upon the earthโ (Leviticus 11:21), which is translated into Aramaic as: โTo leap upon the earth.โ Apparently, the root nun, tav, reish, common to both words, indicates uprooting from one place to another.,What is Rav Yosefโs exposition? It is as Rav Yosef says: โHe stood and shook the earth; He beheld.โ What did He see? He saw the seven mitzvot that the descendants of Noah accepted upon themselves and did not fulfill, so He arose and permitted their prohibitions to them.,The Gemara asks: Did they thereby profit, in that their prohibitions became permitted to them? If so, we have found a transgressor who is rewarded. Mar, son of Rabbana, says: This is not to say that for them to transgress their mitzvot is no longer a sin; rather, it is to say that even if they fulfill them, they do not receive reward for fulfilling them.,The Gemara asks: But do they not receive reward for fulfilling those mitzvot? But isnโt it taught in a baraita that Rabbi Meir says: From where is it derived that even a gentile who engages in Torah is considered like a High Priest? The verse states with regard to the mitzvot: โWhich if a person does, he shall live by themโ (Leviticus 18:5). It is not stated: Which if priests and Levites and Israelites do, they shall live by them, but rather: A person, indicating that all people are included. You have therefore learned that even a gentile who engages in Torah study is considered like a High Priest.,The Sages said in response: Rav Yosef meant that they do not receive the reward as does one who is commanded to perform a mitzva and performs it, but as does one who is not commanded to perform a mitzva and performs it anyway. As Rabbi แธคanina says: One who is commanded and performs a mitzva is greater than one who is not commanded and performs it.,The Sages taught the following story in the context of the aforementioned halakha: And the Roman kingdom once sent two military officials sardeyotot to the Sages of Israel, and ordered them in the name of the king: Teach us your Torah. The officials read the Torah, and repeated it, and repeated it again, reading it for the third time. At the time of their departure, they said to the Sages: We have examined your entire Torah and it is true, except for this one matter that you state, i.e., that with regard to an ox of a Jew that gored the ox of a gentile, the owner is exempt from liability, whereas with regard to the ox of a gentile that gored the ox of a Jew, whether it was innocuous or forewarned, the owner pays the full cost of the damage.,The officialsโ reasoning was that this halakha is difficult whichever way you look at it. If the phrase โof anotherโ is meant in a precise manner, that the owners of both oxen must both be Jewish, then even when the ox of a gentile gores the ox of a Jew the owner of the ox should be exempt from liability. And if the phrase โof anotherโ is not meant in a precise manner, and the oxen of all are included, then even when the ox of a Jew gores the ox of a gentile the owner should be liable. They added: But we will not inform this matter to the kingdom; having acknowledged that the entire Torah is true, we will not reveal this ruling, as it will displease the kingdom.,ยง Incidentally, it is related that the daughter of Rav Shmuel bar Yehuda died. The Sages said to Ulla: Arise; let us go console him. Ulla said to them: What business do I have with the consolation of Babylonians, which is actually heresy? As, they say while consoling mourners: What can be done? This seems to suggest that if it were possible to do something, acting against the Almightyโs decree, they would do so, which is tantamount to heresy. Therefore, Ulla declined to accompany the Babylonian Sages.,Ulla therefore went to console Rav Shmuel bar Yehuda by himself, and said to him: The verse states: โAnd the Lord said to me, do not be at enmity with Moab, neither contend with them in battleโ (Deuteronomy 2:9). What entered Mosesโs mind, that God had to warn him not to undertake a particular action? Did it enter his mind to wage war with the Moabites without permission? Rather, Moses reasoned an a fortiori inference by himself, saying: And if with regard to the Midianites, who came only to help the Moabites harm the Jewish people (see Numbers, chapter 22), the Torah said: โHarass the Midianites and smite themโ (Numbers 25:17), 60b. A person should always enter an unfamiliar city at a time of good, i.e., while it is light, as the Torah uses the expression โIt is goodโ with regard to the creation of light (see Genesis 1:4). This goodness is manifest in the sense of security one feels when it is light. And likewise, when one leaves a city he should leave at a time of good, meaning after sunrise the next morning, as it is stated in the verse: โAnd none of you shall go out of the opening of his house until the morningโ (Exodus 12:22).,ยง The Sages taught: If there is plague in the city, gather your feet, i.e., limit the time you spend out of the house, as it is stated in the verse: โAnd none of you shall go out of the opening of his house until the morning.โ And it says in another verse: โCome, my people, enter into your chambers, and shut your doors behind you; hide yourself for a little moment, until the anger has passed byโ (Isaiah 26:20). And it says: โOutside the sword will bereave, and in the chambers terrorโ (Deuteronomy 32:25).,The Gemara asks: What is the reason for citing the additional verses introduced with the term: And it says? The first verse seems sufficient to teach the principle that one should not emerge from oneโs house when there is a plague. The Gemara answers: And if you would say that this matter, the first verse that states that none of you shall go out until morning, applies only at night, but in the day one may think that the principle does not apply, for this reason the Gemara teaches: Come and hear: โCome, my people, enter into your chambers, and shut your doors behind you.โ,And if you would say that this matter applies only where there is no fear inside, which explains why it is preferable to remain indoors, but where there is fear inside, one might think that when he goes out and sits among people in general company it is better, therefore, the Gemara introduces the third verse and says: Come and hear: โOutside the sword will bereave, and in the chambers terror.โ This means that although there is terror in the chambers, outside the sword will bereave, so it is safer to remain indoors.,At a time when there was a plague, Rava would close the windows of his house, as it is written: โFor death is come up into our windowsโ (Jeremiah 9:20).,The Sages taught: If there is famine in the city, spread your feet, i.e., leave the city, as it is stated in the verse: โAnd there was a famine in the land; and Abram went down into Egypt to sojourn thereโ (Genesis 12:10). And it says: โIf we say: We will enter into the city, then the famine is in the city, and we shall die there; and if we sit here, we die also, now come, and let us fall unto the host of the Arameans; if they save us alive, we shall live; and if they kill us, we shall but dieโ (II\xa0Kings 7:4).,What is the reason for citing the second verse, introduced with the term: And it says? And if you would say that this matter, the principle of leaving the city, applies only where there is no uncertainty concerning a life-threatening situation, but where there is uncertainty concerning a life-threatening situation this principle does not apply, come and hear: โCome, and let us fall unto the host of the Arameans; if they save us alive, we shall live; and if they kill us, we shall but die.โ,The Sages taught: If there is a plague in the city, a person should not walk in the middle of the road, due to the fact that the Angel of Death walks in the middle of the road, as, since in Heaven they have given him permission to kill within the city, he goes openly in the middle of the road. By contrast, if there is peace and quiet in the city, do not walk on the sides of the road, as, since the Angel of Death does not have permission to kill within the city, he hides himself and walks on the side of the road.,The Sages taught: If there is a plague in the city, a person should not enter the synagogue alone, as the Angel of Death leaves his utensils there, and for this reason it is a dangerous place. And this matter, the danger in the synagogue, applies only when there are no children learning in the synagogue, and there are not ten men praying in it. But if there are children learning or ten men praying there, it is not a dangerous place.,The Sages taught: If the dogs in a certain place are crying for no reason, it is a sign that they feel the Angel of Death has come to the city. If the dogs are playing, it is a sign that they feel that Elijah the prophet has come to the city. These matters apply only if there is no female dog among them. If there is a female dog nearby, their crying or playing is likely due to her presence.,ยง Rav Ami and Rav Asi sat before Rabbi Yitzแธฅak Nappaแธฅa. One Sage said to Rabbi Yitzแธฅak Nappaแธฅa: Let the Master say words of halakha, and the other Sage said to Rabbi Yitzแธฅak Nappaแธฅa: Let the Master say words of aggada. Rabbi Yitzแธฅak Nappaแธฅa began to say words of aggada but one Sage did not let him, so he began to say words of halakha but the other Sage did not let him.,Rabbi Yitzแธฅak Nappaแธฅa said to them: I will relate a parable. To what can this be compared? It can be compared to a man who has two wives, one young and one old. The young wife pulls out his white hairs, so that her husband will appear younger. The old wife pulls out his black hairs so that he will appear older. And it turns out that he is bald from here and from there, i.e., completely bald, due to the actions of both of his wives.,Rabbi Yitzแธฅak Nappaแธฅa continued and said to them: If so, I will say to you a matter that is appropriate to both of you, which contains both halakha and aggada. In the verse that states: โIf a fire breaks out, and catches in thornsโ (Exodus 22:5), the term โbreaks outโ indicates that it breaks out by itself. Yet, the continuation of the verse states: โThe one who kindled the fire shall pay compensation,โ which indicates that he must pay only if the fire spread due to his negligence. The verse can be explained allegorically: The Holy One, Blessed be He, said that although the fire broke out in the Temple due to the sins of the Jewish people, it is incumbent upon Me to pay restitution for the fire that I kindled.,I, God, kindled a fire in Zion, as it is stated: โThe Lord has accomplished His fury, He has poured out His fierce anger; and He has kindled a fire in Zion, which has devoured its foundationsโ (Lamentations 4:11). And I will build it with fire in the future, as it is stated: โFor I, says the Lord, will be for her a wall of fire round about; and I will be the glory in her midstโ (Zechariah 2:9).,There is a halakha that can be learned from the verse in Exodus, as the verse begins with damage caused through oneโs property: โIf a fire breaks out,โ and concludes with damage caused by oneโs body: โThe one who kindled the fire.โ This indicates that when damage is caused by fire, it is considered as though the person who kindled the fire caused the damage directly with his body. That serves to say to you that the liability for his fire damage is due to its similarity to his arrows. Just as one who shoots an arrow and causes damage is liable because the damage was caused directly through his action, so too, one who kindles a fire that causes damage is liable because it is considered as though the damage were caused directly by his actions.,ยง The Gemara continues with another statement of aggada on a related topic: The verse states: โAnd David longed, and said: Oh, that one would give me water to drink of the well of Bethlehem, which is by the gate! And the three mighty men broke through the host of the Philistines, and drew water out of the well of Bethlehem, that was by the gate, and took it, and brought it to David; but he would not drink it, but poured it out to the Lordโ (II\xa0Samuel 23:15โ16). The Sages understood that David was not simply asking for water, but was using the term as a metaphor referring to Torah, and he was raising a halakhic dilemma.,What is the dilemma that David is raising? Rava says that Rav Naแธฅman says: He was asking about the halakha with regard to a concealed article damaged by a fire. He wanted to know whether the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, who holds that one is liable to pay for such damage, or whether the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of the Rabbis, who hold that one is exempt from liability for damage by fire to concealed articles. And the Sages in Bethlehem answered him what they answered him.,Rav Huna stated a different explanation of the verse: There were stacks of barley belonging to Jews in which the Philistines were hiding, and David wanted to burn down the stacks to kill the Philistines and save his own life. He raised the dilemma: What is the halakha? Is it permitted to save oneself by destroying the property of another?,They sent the following answer to him: It is prohibited to save oneself by destroying the property of another. But you are king, and a king may breach the fence of an individual in order to form a path for himself, and none may protest his action, i.e., the normal halakhot of damage do not apply to you since you are king.,The Rabbis, and some say that it was Rabba bar Mari, give an alternative explanation of the dilemma and said: The stacks of barley belonged to Jews, and there were stacks of lentils belonging to the Philistines. David needed barley to feed his animals. And David raised the following dilemma: What is the halakha? I know that I may take the lentils belonging to a gentile to feed my animals, but is it permitted to take a stack of barley belonging to a Jew, to place before oneโs animal for it to consume, with the intent to pay the owner of the barley with the stacks of lentils belonging to the Philistines?,The Sages of Bethlehem sent the following reply to him: โIf the wicked restore the pledge, give back that which he had taken by robbery, walk in the statutes of life, committing no iniquity; he shall surely live, he shall not dieโ (Ezekiel 33:15). This verse teaches that even though the robber repays the value of the stolen item, he is nevertheless considered to be wicked, and is described as such in the verse, and a commoner would not be allowed to act as you asked. But you are king, and a king may breach the fence of an individual in order to form a path for himself, and none may protest his action.,The Gemara discusses the different explanations: Granted, according to the one who says that David was asking whether he could take the stacks of barley and exchange them, i.e., repay the owners of the barley, with stacks of lentils, this is as it is written in one verse: โAnd the Philistines were gathered together into a troop, where was a plot of ground full of lentils; and the people fled from the Philistinesโ (II\xa0Samuel 23:11), and it is written in one other verse: โHe was with David at Pas Dammim, and there the Philistines were gathered together to battle, where was a plot of ground full of barley; and the people fled from before the Philistinesโ (I\xa0Chronicles 11:13). This apparent contradiction can be reconciled by saying that there were two fields, one of barley and one of lentils.,But according to Rav Huna, the one who says that Davidโs question was asked because he wanted to burn the stacks of barley, for what purpose does he require these two verses? How does he explain this contradiction? Rav Huna could have said to you that there were also stacks of lentils belonging to Jews, inside which the Philistines were hiding.,Granted, according to the one who says that David asked his question because he wanted to burn the stacks, this is as it is writ-ten in the following verse with regard to David: โBut he stood in the midst of the plot, and saved it, and slew the Philistines; and the Lord performed a great victoryโ (II\xa0Samuel 23:12). But according to the one who says that Davidโs question was asked with regard to exchanging the lentils for the barley, what is the meaning of the phrase: โAnd saved itโ?,The Rabbis answer that David saved it in that he did not permit them to exchange the value of the barley with the lentils.,Granted, according to both of these two opinions, this is as it is written in two distinct verses, one describing the field of lentils and one describing the field of barley. 96b. What, is it not that the same is true for a case where the central twin-leaf became split, i.e., that this lulav has been rendered unfit to be used for the mitzva, and the robber has acquired the lulav as a result of this change? The Gemara answers: No, the case where it was removed is different, as the result is that it is lacking, and an incomplete lulav is certainly unfit. But if the leaf remains in place, albeit split, it does not necessarily render the lulav unfit. The lulav has not been changed and therefore the robber does not acquire it.,There are those who say that the question was resolved as follows: Come and hear that which Rabbi Matun says that Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi says: If the central twin-leaf became split, it becomes like a lulav whose central twin-leaf was completely removed, and it is unfit. If so, learn from his statement that if the central twin-leaf became split, the robber has acquired the lulav as a result of the change.,ยง Rav Pappa said: This one who robbed another of earth and fashioned it into a brick has not acquired it due to the change. What is the reason for this? It is that he can return it and convert it back into earth. By contrast, if he robbed another of a brick, and by crushing it turned it into earth, he has acquired it due to the change. If you say: Perhaps he will return it and fashion it into a brick? This is a different brick, and a new entity has arrived, i.e., entered into existence, here.,And Rav Pappa also said: This one who robbed another of a bar of silver naskha and fashioned it into coins has not acquired it due to the change. What is the reason for this? He can return it and by melting the coins turn them into a bar of silver. By contrast, if he robbed another of coins and fashioned them into a bar of silver, he has acquired them due to the change. What do you say in response to this, that perhaps he will return and fashion them into coins? These are new coins, and a new entity has arrived here.,Rav Pappa continues: If the stolen coins were black sheแธฅimei, i.e., old and used, and he made them as new by cleaning them thoroughly, he has not acquired them. By contrast, if however, they were new, and he made them black, he has acquired them. What do you say in response to this, that perhaps he will return and make them new by cleaning them? Their blackness is already known, and therefore the coins have been changed irreversibly.,ยง The mishna teaches: This is the principle: All robbers pay according to the value of the stolen item at the time of the robbery. The Gemara asks: What is added by the phrase: This is the principle? The Gemara replies: It serves to add that which Rabbi Ela says: If one stole a lamb and during the time that it was in the thiefโs possession it became a ram, or if one stole a calf and it became an ox, then a change occurred while the animal was in his possession, and he has acquired it due to the change. If he then slaughtered or sold the animal, he slaughters his own animal and he sells his own animal, and he does not become liable to pay the penalty of four or five times the value of the animal.,The Gemara relates: There was a certain man who robbed another of a pair padna of oxen. He then went and plowed his field with them, and sowed seeds with them, and eventually returned them to their owner. The robbery victim came before Rav Naแธฅman to claim payment from the robber. Rav Naแธฅman said to the robbery victim and the robber: Go estimate the amount by which the value of the land was enhanced during the time that the pair of oxen was in the possession of the robber, and the robber must pay that amount.,Rava said to Rav Naแธฅman: Did the oxen alone enhance the value of the land? Did the land not become enhanced in and of itself? Perhaps not all of the enhanced value of the land was due to the labor performed by the oxen. Rav Naแธฅman said: Did I say that they should estimate and give him all of the enhanced value? I said only half. Rava said to him: Ultimately, it is a stolen item and is returned as it was at the time of the robbery, as we learned in a mishna: All robbers pay according to the value of the stolen item at the time of the robbery. Why should the robber also pay the owner half the value of the enhancement?,Rav Naแธฅman said to Rava: Didnโt I tell you that when I am sitting in judgment, do not say anything to me, i.e., do not question or comment upon my rulings. An indication that my rulings should not be questioned is as our friend Huna has said about me, that King Shapur and I are brothers with regard to monetary laws, i.e., with regard to monetary laws, my opinion is equal to that of Shmuel. This man is an experienced robber, and I wish to penalize him. Therefore, I compelled him to pay the enhanced value, although by right he is not obligated to do so.,robbed another of an animal and it aged while in his possession, consequently diminishing its value, or if one robbed another of Canaanite slaves and they aged while in his possession, they have been changed. The robber therefore pays according to the value of the stolen item at the time of the robbery. Rabbi Meir says: With regard to Canaanite slaves, he says to the robbery victim: That which is yours is before you.,If one robbed another of a coin and it cracked, thereby reducing its value; or if one robbed another of produce and it rotted; or if one robbed another of wine and it fermented, then he pays according to the value of the stolen item at the time of the robbery.,If he robbed another of a coin and it was invalidated by the government; or if he robbed another of teruma and it became ritually impure; or if he robbed another of leavened bread and Passover elapsed over it, and therefore it is prohibited to derive benefit from it; or if he robbed another of an animal and a sin was performed with it, thereby disqualifying it for use as an offering; or if the animal was disqualified from being sacrificed upon the altar for some other reason; or if the animal was going out to be stoned because it gored and killed a person at some point after the robbery, the robber says to the robbery victim: That which is yours is before you. In all of these cases, although the value of the stolen item has been diminished or altogether lost, since the change is not externally discernible, the robber returns the item in its current state.,Rav Pappa says: It is not so that aged means that it actually aged. But even if the animal was weakened, which is a less significant change, it is still considered changed, and the robber has acquired the animal. The Gemara asks: But didnโt we learn in the mishna that it aged, indicating that a lesser change, e.g., weakening, is not significant? The Gemara responds: Rav Pappa was speaking of weakening that is like aging, i.e., the animal became so weak that it will not return to its former health.,Mar Kashisha, son of Rav แธคisda, said to Rav Ashi: This is what they say in the name of Rabbi Yoแธฅa: Even if one stole a lamb and it became a ram, or a calf and it became an ox, it is considered that a change occurred while the animal was in the robberโs possession, and he has acquired it due to this change. If he then slaughtered or sold the animal, he slaughters his own animal and he sells his own animal, and he does not become liable to pay the penalty of four or five times the value of the animal. Rav Ashi said to him: Didnโt I say to you: Do not exchange the names of the men in whose name you are transmitting words of Torah? That statement was stated in the name of Rabbi Ela, not in the name of Rabbi Yoแธฅa.,ยง The mishna teaches that Rabbi Meir says: With regard to Canaanite slaves, he says to the robbery victim: That which is yours is before you. The Gemara comments: Rav แธคanina bar Avdimi says that Rav says: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir. The Gemara asks: And would Rav set aside the opinion of the Rabbis, who are the majority, and practice the halakha in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir? The Sages say: It is because it is taught in a baraita in the opposite manner, i.e., with the opinions reversed, so that the Rabbis, rather than Rabbi Meir, hold that with regard to slaves the robber says: That which is yours is before you. The Gemara asks: And would Rav set aside the mishna and practice the halakha in accordance with the statement of the baraita? The Gemara responds: Rav also teaches the mishna in the opposite manner.,And what is the reasoning of Rav, who reversed the opinions in the mishna in light of the baraita? On the contrary, let him reverse the opinions in the baraita in light of the mishna. The Sages say in response: Rav also learned the mishna in the opposite manner. Rav did not decide to reverse the opinions in the mishna. In the text of the mishna that he utilized, the opinions were the same as in the baraita.,And if you wish, say instead that Rav did in fact decide to reverse the opinions in the mishna, based upon the principle: When he does not reverse a mishna due to a baraita, it is when there is one mishna that he will not reverse in light of one baraita. But he would reverse one mishna in light of two baraitot, and in this case there is a second baraita in which the opinions are the reverse of those found in the mishna.,The second baraita is as it is taught in the Tosefta (Bava Metzia 8:23โ24): In the case of one who exchanges a cow for a donkey, and in the meantime the cow gave birth; and similarly, in the case of one who sells his Canaanite maidservant, and in the meantime she gave birth, if in either of these cases the purchaser and seller have a dispute as to when the birth took place, where this one says: She gave birth at the time that she was in my possession and therefore the offspring is mine, and the other is silent, then the one who stated definitively that she gave birth while in his possession has acquired the offspring. If this one says: I do not know, and that one says: I do not know, then they shall divide the value of the offspring.,The baraita continues: If this one says: She gave birth while in my possession, and that one says: She gave birth while in my possession, then the seller must take an oath that she gave birth while in his possession, as anyone who is obligated to take an oath that is enumerated in the Torah takes an oath and does not pay; this is the statement of Rabbi Meir. In this case, since the seller initially had possession of the animal or the maidservant, he is considered the defendant, and therefore it is sufficient for him to take an oath to exempt himself from payment and maintain possession of the offspring.,The baraita continues: And the Rabbis say that one does not take an oath concerning either Canaanite slaves or concerning land. This indicates that according to the opinion of the Rabbis, Canaanite slaves have the legal status of land, whereas according to the opinion of Rabbi Meir, they do not. It follows, then, that in the mishna here as well, it is the Rabbis, and not Rabbi Meir, who maintain that, with regard to slaves, one says: That which is yours is before you, as one does with regard to land.,The Gemara asks: If it is true that the opinion that the mishna attributed to Rabbi Meir was attributed by Rav to the Rabbis, then this phrase: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir, is imprecise. Rav should have said that the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of the Rabbis. The Gemara responds: This is what Rav is saying: According to the way that you have reversed the opinions in the mishna, and you taught that Rabbi Meir says that the robber says to the robbery victim: That which is yours is before you, then the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir, despite the fact that according to Rav, this is the opinion of the Rabbis. 113a. But if the defendant is in the city, the court does not ostracize him for failing to respond to a summons conveyed through a woman or a neighbor, as we say: Perhaps they did not tell him of the courtโs summons, as they said to themselves: Since the defendant is in the city, a court agent has already found him and told him. As a result, these unofficial messengers will not deliver the courtโs summons to the defendant at all.,And similarly, we said that the court will ostracize one who does not respond to a summons conveyed through a woman or a neighbor only in a case where he does not pass by the courtโs entrance on his way home, but if he does pass by the courtโs entrance, the court does not ostracize him. This is because it is possible that the unofficial messengers will say to themselves: Since he passes by the courthouse, the court has already found him and told him.,And furthermore, we said that the court will ostracize one who does not respond to a summons only in a case where he comes home on the same day that the woman or neighbor is sent to deliver the court summons. But if he does not come home on the same day, he is not ostracized, because it is possible to say that they forgot to notify him.,Rava said: With regard to one who had a document of ostracism written about him due to the fact that he did not come to court, we do not tear up the document for him until he actually comes to court, and it is not enough for him to simply commit to appearing. Similarly, if the document of ostracism was written due to the fact that he did not obey the ruling of the court, we do not tear it up for him until he actually obeys the ruling. The Gemara comments: This second statement is not so. Rather, once he has acquiesced and said: I will obey, we immediately tear up the document for him.,Rav แธคisda said: The court sets a date for an individual to appear in court on the upcoming Monday. And if he does not appear, they set a date for that Thursday, and if he does not appear, they set a date for the following Monday, so that he has a second date and then a third date after the first date. And if he does not appear in court by the third date, then on the next day we write a document of ostracism.,The Gemara relates that Rav Asi happened to come to the house of Rav Kahana. He saw that there was a certain woman whom Rav Kahana had summoned to appear in court in the evening, but she did not appear, and in the morning Rav Kahana wrote a document of ostracism concerning her. Rav Asi said to him: Does the Master not hold in accordance with that which Rav แธคisda says, that the court sets a date for the coming Monday, and then Thursday, and then the following Monday before it issues a document of ostracism?,Rav Kahana said to him: That matter applies only with regard to a man, as he is a victim of circumstance and is not always in the city due to his vocational activities. But in the case of a woman, since she is always in the city, when she does not come to court the first time she is immediately considered rebellious, and the court may issue a document of ostracism right away.,Continuing the discussion of court dates, Rav Yehuda says: The court does not set a date for legal proceedings during the days of Nisan, nor during the days of Tishrei, and also not on the eve of a Festival nor the eve of Shabbat because these are busy times. But during Nisan we may set a court date to take place after Nisan, and likewise, during Tishrei we may set a court date to take place after Tishrei. By contrast, on the eve of Shabbat we do not set a court date to take place after the eve of Shabbat. What is the reason for this? It is because one is preoccupied with his work in preparation for Shabbat and it is possible that he will forget about the court summons.,Rav Naแธฅman says: We do not set a court date for participants in the kalla, the gatherings for Torah study during Elul and Adar, during the months of the kalla, nor for participants in the public discourses prior to the Festival during the period leading up to the Festival. The Gemara relates: When people would come before Rav Naแธฅman during the kalla period in order to make legal claims against others, he would say to them: Did I gather you here for your own needs? No, I gathered you to participate in Torah study. The Gemara adds: But now that there are scoundrels, who do not come to study Torah but rather to avoid trial, we are concerned that they will continue to evade prosecution, and therefore we summon them to court even during these time periods.,ยง The mishna teaches, with regard to one who left a stolen item to his children, if the item was something that may serve as a legal guarantee of a loan, the heirs are obligated to pay the owner. The Gemara states that Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi would teach this mishna to Rabbi Shimon, his son, and explain that it does not refer only to something that can actually serve as a guarantee for a loan, i.e., land. Rather, it refers even to a cow that he plows with, or a donkey that he drives by directing it from behind, which the heirs are obligated to return because of the honor of their father, so that people will not continually point out that the inheritance was stolen and thereby disgrace their deceased parent.,Rav Kahana raises a dilemma before Rav: If the robber left his heirs a stolen item that is used in relative privacy, such as a bed that he lies on or a table upon which he eats, rather than something as conspicuous as a large animal, what is the halakha? Are the heirs obligated to return it to its owner? Rav said to him: โGive to a wise man, and he will be yet wiserโ (Proverbs 9:9), meaning that from the fact that the heirs must return a cow and a donkey, one can infer that they must also return a bed and a table.,One may not exchange larger coins for smaller ones from the trunk of customs collectors nor from the purse of tax collectors, and one may not take charity from them, as they are assumed to have obtained their funds illegally. But one may take money from the collectorโs house or from money he has with him in the market that he did not take from his collection trunk or purse.,taught in a baraita with regard to the prohibition against exchanging money from the trunk of a customs collector: But one may give the customs collector a dinar as payment for a debt that amounts to less than a dinar, and when the collector gives him change, he may accept it.,It was taught in the mishna that one may not exchange money from the trunks of customs collectors, which are assumed to include stolen funds. The Gemara questions this ruling: But doesnโt Shmuel say that the law of the kingdom is the law, i.e., halakha requires Jews to obey the laws of the state in which they live. Accordingly, the customs are collected legally and it should be permitted to make use of the funds.,The Gemara answers: Rabbi แธคanina bar Kahana said that Shmuel says: The mishna is discussing a customs collector who does not have a limitation placed by the governor on the amount he may collect, and he collects as he pleases. Alternatively, the Sages of the school of Rabbi Yannai said: The mishna is discussing a customs collector who stands on his own, i.e., he was not appointed by the government but, on his own, he forces people to give him money.,The Gemara notes: There are those who teach the statements of Rabbi แธคanina bar Kahana and the Sages of the school of Rabbi Yannai with regard to this following mishna (Kilayim 9:2) and its attendant discussion. The customs collectors would not levy a duty for the garments one was wearing. In light of this, the mishna teaches: A person may not wear a garment made of diverse kinds, i.e., a combination of wool and linen, even if he wears it on top of ten garments, in order to avoid paying customs. It was noted that this mishna is not in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Akiva, as it is taught in a baraita: It is prohibited to avoid paying customs by wearing a garment of diverse kinds. Rabbi Shimon says in the name of Rabbi Akiva: It is permitted to avoid paying customs in this manner.,The Gemara comments: Granted, with regard to the prohibition of diverse kinds, they disagree about this: One Sage, i.e., Rabbi Akiva, holds that an unintentional act is permitted. In this case, the prohibition is to benefit from wearing the garment, and that is not his intent, as his intention is merely to avoid paying the customs duties. Therefore, it is permitted. And one Sage, i.e., the first tanna in the baraita, holds that an unintentional act is prohibited. But is it ever permitted to avoid customs? Doesnโt Shmuel say: The law of the kingdom is the law?,In answer to this question, Rabbi แธคanina bar Kahana said that Shmuel says: The dispute in the baraita is with regard to a customs collector who does not have a limitation placed on the amount he may collect. Alternatively, Sages of the school of Rabbi Yannai said: The dispute is with regard to a customs collector who stands on his own, i.e., who is self-appointed.,The Gemara notes: And there are those who teach the statements of Rabbi แธคanina bar Kahana and the Sages of the school of Rabbi Yannai with regard to this mishna (Nedarim 27b): One may vow before murderers, plunderers, and customs collectors in order to reinforce the claim that a certain item that is being commandeered is teruma, or that it belongs to the kingโs house, and thereby avoid its seizure, despite the fact that it is not teruma or that it does not belong to the kingโs house. It was asked: Can it be that it is permitted to pronounce such a vow before customs collectors? But doesnโt Shmuel say: The law of the kingdom is the law? It should therefore be prohibited to state such a vow before the customs collectors.,Rabbi แธคanina bar Kahana said that Shmuel says: The mishna in Nedarim issues its ruling with regard to a customs collector who does not have a limitation placed on the amount he may collect. Alternatively, the Sages of the school of Rabbi Yannai say: The mishna issues its ruling with regard to a customs collector who stands on his own.,Rav Ashi said: The mishna issues its ruling with regard to a gentile customs collector, whom one may deceive, as it is taught in a baraita: In the case of a Jew and a gentile who approach the court for judgment in a legal dispute, if you can vindicate the Jew under Jewish law, vindicate him, and say to the gentile: This is our law. If he can be vindicated under gentile law, vindicate him, and say to the gentile: This is your law. And if it is not possible to vindicate him under either system of law, one approaches the case circuitously, seeking a justification to vindicate the Jew. This is the statement of Rabbi Yishmael. Rabbi Akiva disagrees and says: One does not approach the case circuitously in order to vindicate the Jew due to the sanctification of Godโs name, as Godโs name will be desecrated if the Jewish judge employs dishonest means.,The Gemara infers from this baraita: And even according to Rabbi Akiva, the reason that the court does not employ trickery in order to vindicate the Jew is only because there is the consideration of the sanctification of Godโs name. Consequently, if there is no consideration of the sanctification of Godโs name, the court does approach the case circuitously. Apparently, it is permitted to deceive a gentile.,The Gemara challenges this assertion: But is robbery from a gentile permitted? Isnโt it taught in a baraita: Rabbi Shimon said that Rabbi Akiva taught this matter when he came from Zephirin: From where is it derived that it is prohibited to rob a gentile? It is from the fact that the verse states with regard to a Jew who has been sold as a slave to a gentile: โAfter he is sold he may be redeemedโ (Leviticus 25:48),''. None | |
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69. Babylonian Talmud, Berachot, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: โข Academies, Babylonian โข Alexander the Great, in the Babylonian Talmud โข Amoraim, Babylonian, attitude to Moses, Torah โข Aramaic, Babylonian Jewish โข Babylon, Babylonian โข Babylonia (region) โข Babylonia and Iraq โข Babylonian Talmud โข Babylonian Talmud (BT) โข Babylonian Talmud (BT), on Janneuss wife โข Babylonian Talmud (BT), on John Hyrcanus โข Babylonian Talmud (BT), on King Janneus โข Babylonian agenda, projection into the past โข Babylonian rabbinic culture, discipleship โข Babylonian rabbis, sages, antagonism towards Hasmoneans โข Babylonian rabbis, sages, attitude to King David โข Babylonian rabbis, sages, comments on Moses โข Babylonian rabbis, sages, preference for formal framework โข Babylonian, ancient โข Babylonian, ancient, Jews โข Babylonian, ancient, rabbinic texts โข Bavli (Babylonian Talmud), editorial layers โข Bavli (Babylonian Talmud), orality โข Hasmoneans, antagonism between Babylonian rabbis and descendants of royalty โข Huna (the Babylonian), Rav โข Samuel (Babylonian sage) โข Talmud, Babylonian, appropriation of Eastern Roman culture โข Talmud, Babylonian, attitudes of, toward earthly striving โข Talmud, Babylonian, tannaitic material in โข Talmud, Babylonian, use of scripture to create an interconnected web of laws โข baraita, Babylonian, pseudo-baraita (midrash-halakhahstyle) โข hananiah (Babylonia) โข minim stories, in the Babylonian Talmud, common features of โข minim stories, in the Babylonian Talmud, historicity of โข prayer, Babylonia โข rabbis, Babylonian โข rabbis, Babylonian, and the value of Torah study โข synagogues, role in Babylonia, Israel, distinguished
Found in books: Bar Asher Siegal (2018) 4, 139, 140, 163, 185; Faรbeck and Killebrew (2016) 50; Fishbane (2003) 163, 197, 198; Fonrobert and Jaffee (2007) 74; Hayes (2022) 423; Kalmin (1998) 44, 61, 62, 91, 99, 124; Kalmin (2014) 218; Kanarek (2014) 137; Lavee (2017) 132; Levine (2005) 287, 392, 457, 563, 564; Nikolsky and Ilan (2014) 310; Noam (2018) 62, 123, 139, 206; Reif (2006) 318; Ruzer (2020) 60; Secunda (2014) 41, 56, 57, 100, 105, 188
7a. ื"ืจ ืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืจ\' ืืืกื ืื ืื ืฉืืงื"ื ืืชืคืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืฉืขืืื ื ื, ื) ืืืืืืืชืื ืื ืืจ ืงืืฉื ืืฉืืืชืื ืืืืช ืชืคืืชื ืชืคืืชื ืื ื ืืืจ ืืื ืชืคืืชื ืืืื ืฉืืงื"ื ืืชืคืื.,ืืื ืืฆืื,ืืืจ ืจื ืืืืจื ืืจ ืืืืื ืืืจ ืจื ืื"ืจ ืืืคื ื ืฉืืืืฉื ืจืืื ืืช ืืขืกื ืืืืืื ืจืืื ืขื ืืืืชื ืืืชื ืื ืขื ืื ื ืืืืช ืจืืืื ืืืื ืก ืืื ืืคื ืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืืื.,ืชื ืื ื"ืจ ืืฉืืขืื ืื ืืืืฉืข ืคืขื ืืืช ื ืื ืกืชื ืืืงืืืจ ืงืืืจืช ืืคื ื ืืืคื ืื ืืจืืืชื ืืืชืจืืื ืื ื\' ืฆืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืฉื ืขื ืืกื ืจื ืื ืฉื ืืืืจ ืื ืืฉืืขืื ืื ื ืืจืื ื ืืืจืชื ืื ืื"ืจ ืืืคื ืื ืฉืืืืฉื ืจืืืื ืืช ืืขืกื ืืืืืื ืจืืืื ืขื ืืืืชืื ืืชืชื ืื ืขื ืื ืื ืืืืช ืืจืืืื ืืชืื ืก ืืื ืืคื ืื ืืฉืืจืช ืืืื ืื ืขื ืข ืื ืืจืืฉื ืืงื"ื ืฉืื ืชืื ืืจืืช ืืืืื ืงืื ืืขืื ืื,ืื"ืจ ืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืจ\' ืืืกื ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืจืฆืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืขืช ืืขืกื ืืืชืื (ืฉืืืช ืื, ืื) ืคื ื ืืืื ืืื ืืืชื ืื ืืืจ ืื ืืงื"ื ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืื ืขื ืฉืืขืืจื ืคื ืื ืฉื ืืขื ืืื ืื ืื,ืืื ืืืื ืจืชืื ืงืืื ืืงืืืฉื ืืจืื ืืื,ืืื ืืชื ืื (ืชืืืื ื, ืื) ืืื ืืืขื ืืื ืืื,ืืืื ืืขืื ืจืืข ืืืื ืจืืข ืืื ืืืืฉืช ืจืืื ืืฉืืื ืช ืืืคืื ืืฉืื ื ืืืืช ืืฉืื ืื ืืฉืื ื ืืฉืขื ืืื ืืื ืจืืข ืืืื ืื ืืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืฉืขื ืืืฅ ืืืืขื ืืจืฉืข ืืืชืื ืืื (ืืืืืจ ืื, ืื) ืืืืืข ืืขืช ืขืืืื,ืืฉืชื ืืขืช ืืืืชื ืื ืืื ืืืข ืืขืช ืขืืืื ืืื ืืืข,ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืข ืืืืื ืืืชื ืฉืขื ืฉืืงื"ื ืืืขืก ืื,ืืืืื ื ืืืืจ ืืื ื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื (ืืืื ื, ื) ืขืื ืืืจ ื ื ืื ืืขืฅ ืืืง ืืื ืืืื ืืื\' ืืื (ืืืื ื, ื) ืืืขื ืืขืช ืฆืืงืืช ื\',ื"ืจ ืืืขืืจ ืืืจ ืืื ืืงื"ื ืืืฉืจืื ืืขื ืืื ืฆืืงืืช ืขืฉืืชื ืขืืื ืฉืื ืืขืกืชื ืืืื ืืืขื ืืจืฉืข ืฉืืืืื ืืขืกืชื ืื ื ืฉืชืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืจืื ืืคืืื,ืืืืื ื ืืงื"ื ืืืขื ืืืืง (ืืืืืจ ืื, ื) ืื ืืงื ืื ืงืื ืื ืืื ืืืขื ืื ืืขื ื\' ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืื ืืขื.,ืืืื ืืขืื ืจืืข ืืืื ืจืืข ื"ืจ ืืืื ืืืืชืืื ืจืื ืืืื ื ืจืืข ืืืืืจืื.,ืืื ื ืื ืืจืืข ืจืชื ืฉื ื\' (ืชืืืื ื, ื) ืื ืจืืข ืืืคื ืืืื ืืจืฆืื ื ืืื"ื ืืืื (ืืฉืขืืื ืื, ื) ืืื ืืืขื ืจืืข ืขื ืืขืืืจ ืืขื,ืืืืืช ืจืชื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ื ืชืืช ืฉืขื ืงืืืืชื ืื ืืืืจื ืืจืืืชื ืืชืจื ืืืื ืืงืื ืืื ืืจืขื,ืื ืฉืขืชื ืืฉืขืชื ื ืื ืงืื ืืื,ืื ืฉืขืชื ืืืช ืืื ืฉืืจืืืงื ืกืืืงื ืืืืื ืฉืขืชื ืืืช ืืื ืฉืืจืืืงื ืกืืืงื.,ืืืื ืฆืืืงื ืืืื ืืฉืืืืชืื ืืจ\' ืืืืฉืข ืื ืืื ืืื ืงื ืืฆืขืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืงืจืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืงื ืชืจื ืืืื ืืืืงืืื ืืื ืืจืขื\' ืืขืจืกื ืืขืืื ืืื ืกืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืขืชื ืืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืขืชื ื ืืื ืืืจ ืฉ"ื ืืื ืืืจื ืืจืขื ืืืขืื ืืื (ืชืืืื ืงืื, ื) ืืจืืืื ืขื ืื ืืขืฉืื ืืชืื,ืืืชืื (ืืฉืื ืื, ืื) ืื ืขื ืืฉ ืืฆืืืง ืื ืืื,ืชื ื ืืฉืืื ืืจ\' ืืืืจ ืืฉืขื ืฉืืืื ืืืจืืช ืืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืขืจื ืื ืืืื ืืชืจืืื ืืจืืฉืืื ืืืฉืชืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืขืก ืืงื"ื:,ืื"ืจ ืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืจืื ืืืกื ืืืื ืืจืืืช ืืืช ืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืฉื ื\' (ืืืฉืข ื, ื) ืืจืืคื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืื\' ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืื ืืืฉื ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืขืชื ืืจืืฉ ืืงืืฉ ืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืืงืืืช ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืฉืื ืื, ื) ืชืืช ืืขืจื ืืืืื ืืืืืช ืืกืื ืืื:,ืื"ืจ ืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืจ\' ืืืกื ืฉืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืงืฉ ืืฉื ืืืคื ื ืืงื"ื ืื ืชื ืื ืืงืฉ ืฉืชืฉืจื ืฉืืื ื ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืชื ืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืฉืืืช ืื, ืื) ืืืื ืืืืชื ืขืื ื,ืืงืฉ ืฉืื ืชืฉืจื ืฉืืื ื ืขื ืขืืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืชื ืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืฉืืืช ืื, ืื) ืื ืคืืื ื ืื ื ืืขืื,ืืงืฉ ืืืืืืขื ืืจืืื ืฉื ืืงื"ื ืื ืชื ืื ืฉื ื\' (ืฉืืืช ืื, ืื) ืืืืืขื ื ื ื ืืช ืืจืืื ืืืจ ืืคื ืื ืจืืฉ"ืข ืืคื ื ืื ืืฉ ืฆืืืง ืืืื ืื ืืืฉ ืฆืืืง ืืจืข ืื ืืฉ ืจืฉืข ืืืื ืื ืืืฉ ืจืฉืข ืืจืข ืื ืืืจ ืื ืืฉื ืฆืืืง ืืืื ืื ืฆืืืง ืื ืฆืืืง ืฆืืืง ืืจืข ืื ืฆืืืง ืื ืจืฉืข ืจืฉืข ืืืื ืื ืจืฉืข ืื ืฆืืืง ืจืฉืข ืืจืข ืื ืจืฉืข ืื ืจืฉืข:,ืืืจ ืืจ ืฆืืืง ืืืื ืื ืฆืืืง ืื ืฆืืืง ืฆืืืง ืืจืข ืื ืฆืืืง ืื ืจืฉืข ืืื ื ืืื ืืชืื (ืฉืืืช ืื, ื) ืคืงื ืขืื ืืืืช ืขื ืื ืื ืืืชืื (ืืืจืื ืื, ืื) ืืื ืื ืื ืืืืชื ืขื ืืืืช ืืจืืื ื ืงืจืื ืืืืื,ืืืฉื ืื ื ืื ืงืฉืื ืื ืืฉืืืืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืืชืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืืชืืื ืืืืืื,ืืื ืืื ืงื"ื ืฆืืืง ืืืื ืื ืฆืืืง ืืืืจ ืฆืืืง ืืจืข ืื ืฆืืืง ืฉืืื ื ืืืืจ ืจืฉืข ืืืื ืื ืจืฉืข ืฉืืื ื ืืืืจ ืจืฉืข ืืจืข ืื ืจืฉืข ืืืืจ,ืืคืืืื ืืจ\' ืืืืจ ืื"ืจ ืืืืจ ืฉืชืื ื ืชื ื ืื ืืืืช ืื ื ืชื ื ืื ืฉื ื\' (ืฉืืืช ืื, ืื) ืืื ืชื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืข"ืค ืฉืืื ื ืืืื ืืจืืืชื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืจืื ืืข"ืค ืฉืืื ื ืืืื,(ืฉืืืช ืื, ื) ืืืืืจ ืื ืชืืื ืืจืืืช ืืช ืคื ื ืชื ื ืืฉืืื ืืจ\' ืืืืฉืข ืื ืงืจืื ืื ื"ื ืืงื"ื ืืืฉื ืืฉืจืฆืืชื ืื ืจืฆืืช ืขืืฉืื ืฉืืชื ืจืืฆื ืืื ื ืจืืฆื,ืืคืืืื ืืจ\' ืฉืืืื ืืจ ื ืืื ื ื"ืจ ืืื ืชื ืื"ืจ ืฉืืืื ืืจ ื ืืื ื ื"ืจ ืืื ืชื ืืฉืืจ ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืฉืืฉ,ืืฉืืจ (ืฉืืืช ื, ื) ืืืกืชืจ ืืฉื ืคื ืื ืืื ืืงืืกืชืจ ืคื ืื ืืฉืืจ ืื ืืจื ืืื (ืฉืืืช ืื, ื) ืืืืืจืื ืืืฉืช ืืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืืืื ืืื (ืืืืืจ ืื, ื) ืืืชืืื ืช ื\' ืืืื:,(ืฉืืืช ืื, ืื)ืืืกืืจืชื ืืช ืืคื ืืจืืืช ืืช ืืืจื ืืืจ ืจื ืื ื ืืจ ืืืื ื ื"ืจ ืฉืืขืื ืืกืืื ืืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืงื"ื ืืืฉื ืงืฉืจ ืฉื ืชืคืืืื:,ืื"ืจ ืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืจ\' ืืืกื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืจ ืฉืืฆื ืืคื ืืงื"ื ืืืืื ืืคื\' ืขื ืชื ืื ืื ืืืจ ืื,ืื ื ืื ืืืฉื ืจืืื ื ืฉื ื\' (ืืืจืื ื, ืื) ืืจืฃ ืืื ื ืืืฉืืืื ืืื\' ืืืขืฉื ืืืชื ืืืื ืขืฆืื ืืข"ื ืืืขื ืืฉื ืจืืื ืขืื ืืืืชื ืืืืื ืืค"ื ืืืงืื ืืืจืขืื ืฉื ื\' (ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืื, ืื) ืื ื ืืฉื ืืจืฉืื ืืืืืขืืจ ืืืืื ืื ื ืืืืขืืจ ืจืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืื\' ืืื ื ืจืืืื ืจืื ืืืขืื ืืื\',ืืชื ื ืจื ืืืกืฃ ืืืขืื ืืฉืฉืื ืจืืื ืืชืื ืจืืื ืจืืื ืืชืื ืืื ืจืื ืืืขืื ืืืชืื ืืชื (ืฉืืืช ื, ื) ืืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืคืจื ืืืฉืจืฆื ืืืจืื: 10a. ืื ืคืจืฉื ืฉืืืชื ืืืืื ืขื ืืื ืคืชื ืื ืืืฉืจื ืืกืืื ืื ืืืฉืจื ืคืชื ืืืฉืจื ืืืชืื (ืชืืืื ื, ื) ืืฉืจื ืืืืฉ ืืกืืื ืืืฉืจื ืืืชืื (ืชืืืื ื, ืื) ืืฉืจื ืื ืืืกื ืื:,ืื ืื ืืจืืื ื ืืืื ืืฉืืืืชืื ืืจ"ื ืืืื ืงื ืืฆืขืจื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืงื ืืขื ืจ\' ืืืืจ ืจืืื ืขืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืืชื ืืืจื ืื\' ืืจืืจืื ืืืืชืื ืืื ืืขืชื ืืฉืื ืืืชืื (ืชืืืื ืงื, ืื) ืืชืื ืืืืื ืื ืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืชืื,ืืขืื ืฉืคืื ืืกืืคืื ืืงืจื ืืจืฉืขืื ืขืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืืชืื ืืืืื ืืจืฉืขืื ืขืื ืืื ื ืืื ืืขื ืจืืื ืขืืืืื ืืืืืจื ืืชืฉืืื ืืจืฉืขืื ืขืื ืืื ื,ืืขื ืจืืื ืขืืืืื ืืืืจื ืืชืฉืืื:,ืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืฆืืืงื ืืืจืืจืื ืืชืื (ืืฉืขืืื ื ื, ื) ืจื ื ืขืงืจื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืจื ื,ืืืจื ืืื ืฉืืื ืฉืคืื ืืกืืคืื ืืงืจื ืืืชืื ืื ืจืืื ืื ื ืฉืืืื ืืื ื ืืขืืื ืืืจ ื\',ืืื ืืื ืขืงืจื ืื ืืืื ืจื ื ืื ืกืช ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืืื ืืืฉื ืขืงืจื ืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืืืื ื ืืืชืืืื:,ื"ื ืืืื ืฆืืืงื ืืจ\' ืืืื ืืชืื (ืชืืืื ื, ื) ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืคื ื ืืืฉืืื ืื ื ืืืชืื (ืชืืืื ื ื, ื) ืืืื ืืืชื ืืืจืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืื ืืืขืจื ืื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืืจืืฉื ืืืื ืืขืฉื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืจืืฉื ืืืชืื ืืจืืฉื,ืืืจ ืืื ืืชืื ืืื ืืจืฉืืชืื ืกืืืืื ืงืฉืื ืืื ืื ื ืืืจืฉืื ื ืกืืืืื ืื ืงืฉืื ืื,ืื"ืจ ืืืื ื ืกืืืืื ืื ืืชืืจื ืื ืื ืฉื ื\' (ืชืืืื ืงืื, ื) ืกืืืืื ืืขื ืืขืืื ืขืฉืืื ืืืืช ืืืฉืจ,ืืื ื ืกืืื ืคืจืฉืช ืืืฉืืื ืืคืจืฉืช ืืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉ ืขืื ืฉืืืจื ืืจืื ืืฃ ืืชื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืืฉ ืื ืฉืืืจื ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ื ืื ืืื:,ืืืจ ืจ\' ืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืจืื ืฉืืขืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืชืื (ืืฉืื ืื, ืื) ืคืื ืคืชืื ืืืืื ืืชืืจืช ืืกื ืขื ืืฉืื ื ืื ืื ืื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืงืจื ืื ืื ืืืจื ืืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืจ ืืืืฉื ืขืืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืจื,ืืจ ืืืขื ืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืจื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืชืืืื ืงื, ื) ืืจืื ื ืคืฉื ืืช ื\' ืืื ืงืจืื ืืช ืฉื ืงืืฉื,ืืฆื ืืืืืจ ืืขืืื ืื ืกืชืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืจ ืฉืืจื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืชืืืื ืงื, ื) ืืจืื ื\' ืืืืืื ืืืืจื ืื ืขืืฉื ืืืจื ืืฉืืืข ืืงืื ืืืจื ืืจืื ื\' ืื ืฆืืืื ืืื\',ืื ืง ืืฉืื ืืื ืื ืกืชืื ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืจื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืชืืืื ืงื, ื) ืืจืื ื ืคืฉื ืืช ื\' ืืื ืชืฉืืื ืื ืืืืืื,ืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืจ ืจ\' ืืืื ืฉืขืฉื ืื ืืืื ืืืงืื ืืื ื,ืืขืื ืืื ืืืจ (ืจืื) ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืกืชืื ืืืงืื ืขืจืื ืจื ืืชื ื ืืืจ ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืง ืืืงืื ืืื ืืคืช,ืจืื ืืืคืืชื ืฉื ืจืฉืขืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืจื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืชืืืื ืงื, ืื) ืืชืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืจืฅ ืืจืฉืขืื ืขืื ืืื ื ืืจืื ื ืคืฉื ืืช ื\' ืืืืืื,ื ืกืชืื ืืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืจ ืฉืืจื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืชืืืื ืงื, ื) ืืจืื ื ืคืฉื ืืช ื\' ื\' ืืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืฉืช,ืืื ืืฉืืข ืืขื ืืื ืืืืชื ื ืืืจ ืืืจ ืจืื ืืจ ืจื ืฉืืื ืืกืืคื ืืขื ืืื ื ืืืชืื (ืชืืืื ืงื, ืื) ืชืกืชืืจ ืคื ืื ืืืืืื ืชืืกืฃ ืจืืื ืืืืขืื ืืื\',ืจื ืฉืืื ืืจ ืขืืงืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืจ ืขืืงืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืงืืื ืืจ\' ืฉืืขืื ืื ืคืื ืืืื ืืกืืจ ืืืืชื ืงืืื ืืจ\' ืืืืฉืข ืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืชืื (ืชืืืื ืงื, ื) ืืจืื ื ืคืฉื ืืช ื\' ืืื ืงืจืื ืืช ืฉื ืงืืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืจืื ืฉืื ืืืืช ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืื ืฆืจ ืฆืืจื ืขื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืจืื ืื ืฉืื ืงืจืืื ืืื ื ืืขืื ืืืงื"ื ืืื ื ืื ืฆืจ ืฆืืจื ืืชืื ืฆืืจื ืืืืื ืื ืจืื ืื ืฉืื ืงืจืืื ืืื ื ืืขืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืจื ืื ื (ืฉืืืื ื ื, ื) ืืื ืงืืืฉ ืื\' ืื ืืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืฆืืจ ืืืืืื ื.,ืืื ืืื ืฆืืจ ืืืืืื ื ืืื ืฆืืืจ ืืืืืื ื,ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืชื ืืืจ ืจ\' ืืืืื ืืจ ืื ืกืื ืื ืชืงืจื ืื ืืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืชื ืฉืื ืืืืช ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืงื"ื ืืืื ืืขืฉืื,ื"ื ืื ื ืืื ืงื ืืืื ื ืื ืื ื ืืืฉื ืืจืื ื ืคืฉื ืื ืื ืื ืืืจื ืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืื ืื ืื ืืงื"ื ืืื ืื ื ืฉืื,ืื ืืงื"ื ืืื ืื ืืขืืื ืืฃ ื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืช ืื ืืืืฃ ืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืจืืื ืืืื ื ื ืจืื ืืฃ ื ืฉืื ืจืืื ืืืื ื ื ืจืืืช ืื ืืงื"ื ืื ืืช ืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืฃ ื ืฉืื ืื ื ืืช ืื ืืืืฃ ืื ืืงื"ื ืืืืจ ืืฃ ื ืฉืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืงื"ื ืืืฉื ืืืืจื ืืืจืื ืืฃ ื ืฉืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืืจื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืื:,ืืืจ ืจื ืืื ืื ื ืืื ืืืชืื (ืงืืืช ื, ื) ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืข ืคืฉืจ ืืืจ ืื ืืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืฉืืืืข ืืขืฉืืช ืคืฉืจื ืืื ืฉื ื ืฆืืืงืื ืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืฉืขืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืจ ืืืชื ืืฉืขืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื (ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืืืื ื ืื, ื) ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืืช ืื ืืืื) ืืฉืขืืื ืืืจ ืืืชื ืืืงืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืจื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืข,ืื ืขืฉื ืืงื"ื ืืืื ืืกืืจืื ืขื ืืืงืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืฉืขืืื ืื ืืืงืจ ืืช ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืืืื ื ื, ื) ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืงืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืขืืื ืื ืืืืฅ ืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืจ ื\' (ืฆืืืืช) ืฆื ืืืืชื ืื ืืช ืืชื ืืื ืชืืื ืืื\' ืืื ืื ืืช ืืชื ืืื ืชืืื ืืช ืืชื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืื ืชืืื ืืขืืื ืืื,ืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืขืกืงืช ืืคืจืื ืืจืืื ื"ื ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืื ืืจืื ืืงืืฉ ืื ืคืงื ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืขืื,ื"ื ืืืื ืืืฉื ืืจืืื ื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืคืงืืช ืืืืขื ืื ืืืขืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืงืืื ืงืืืฉื ืืจืื ืืื ืืขืืื,ืืืจ ืืื ืืฉืชื ืื ืื ืืจืชื ืืคืฉืจ ืืืจืื ืืืืชื ืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืคืงื ืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืขืื ื"ื ืืืจ ื ืืืจื ืขืืื ืืืืจื ื"ื ืื ืืืืฅ ืืื ื ืืืืชื ืืฆื,ืื ืืงืืืื ื ืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืคื\' ืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืช ืขื ืฆืืืจื ืฉื ืืื ืื ืืื ืข ืขืฆืื ืื ืืจืืืื,ืืชืืจ ื ืื ืจืื ืืืื ื ืืจืื (ืืืืขืืจ) ืืืืจื ืชืจืืืืื ืืคืืื ืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืช ืขื ืฆืืืจื ืฉื ืืื ืื ืืื ืข ืขืฆืื ืื ืืจืืืื ืฉื ื\' (ืืืื ืื, ืื) ืื ืืงืืื ื ืื ืืืื'11b. (ืืฉืขืืื ืื, ื) ืืืฆืจ ืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืฉื,ืืืื ืืืฆืจ ืืืจ ืืืืจื ื ืืื,ืืืืชืื ืงืืืจืื ื,ืืื ืืขืชื (ืืฉืขืืื ืื, ื) ืขืืฉื ืฉืืื ืืืืจื ืจืข ืื ืงื ืืืจืื ื ืืืืชืื ืืื ืืชืื ืจืข ืืงืจืื ื ืืื ืืืฉื ื ืืขืืื ืืื ื ืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืืฉื ื ืืขืืื,ืืื ืืืจ ืจืื ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืืืื,ืืฉืืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจืื ื ืืืฆืจ ืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืื,ืืืจ ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืคื ื ืืฉื ืืืฉื ืืคื ื ืืืจ,ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืจื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืจืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืจืื ืืืขืืจ ืืจ\' ืคืืช ืืจืื ืืืื ืจืื,ืชื ืื ื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืืช ืขืืื ืืื ืืืื ืจืื ืืจืื ื ืืืจื ืืืืช ืขืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ (ืืจืืืื ืื, ื) ืืืืืช ืขืืื ืืืืชืื ืขื ืื ืืฉืืชืื ืืกื,ื"ืจ ืืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืขื ืฉืื ืงืจื ืง"ืฉ ืฆืจืื ืืืจื ืืฉืงืจื ืง"ืฉ ื"ืฆ ืืืจื ืฉืืืจ ื ืคืืจ ืืืืื ืจืื,ืืืจ ืจื ืืื ื ืืืงืจื ืฆืจืื ืืืจื ืืืืืจืฉ ื"ืฆ ืืืจื,ืืจ\' ืืืขืืจ ืืืจ ืืืงืจื ืืืืืจืฉ ืฆืจืื ืืืจื ืืืฉื ื ื"ืฆ ืืืจื,ืืจ\' ืืืื ื ืืืจ ืืฃ ืืืฉื ื ื ืื ืฆืจืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืชืืืื ื"ืฆ ืืืจื,ืืจืื ืืืจ ืืฃ ืืชืืืื ืฆืจืื (ืืืืืจ ื) ืืืจื,ืืืืจ ืจื ืืืื ืืจ ืืฉื ืืืื ืื ืกืืืืื ืืื ืงืืืื ื ืงืืื ืืจื ืืชื ืืื ืคืจืงืื ืืกืคืจื ืืื ืจื ืืื ืืงืืื ืืงื ืืฉื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืชื ื ืื ืคืจืงืื.,ืืื ืืืจื ื"ืจ ืืืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืฉืจ ืงืืฉื ื ืืืฆืืชืื ืืฆืื ื ืืขืกืืง ืืืืจื ืชืืจื,ืืจ\' ืืืื ื ืืกืืื ืื ืืื ืืขืจื ื ื ื\' ืืืืื ื ืืช ืืืจื ืชืืจืชื ืืคืื ื ืืืคืืคืืืช ืขืื ืืืช ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืื ืื ืื ื ืืฆืืฆืืื ื ืืฆืืฆืื ืขืื ืืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืื ื ืืืืขื ืฉืื ืืขืืกืงื ืชืืจืชื ืืจืื ืืชื ื\' ืืืืื ืชืืจื ืืขืื ืืฉืจืื,ืืจื ืืื ืื ื ืืืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืื ื ืืื ืืขืืื ืื ืชื ืื ื ืืช ืชืืจืชื ืืจืื ืืชื ื\' ื ืืชื ืืชืืจื ืืืจ ืจื ืืื ืื ื ืื ืืื ืืขืืื ืฉืืืจืืืช,ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืื ืืืืืื:,ืชื ื ืืชื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืจืื ืืจืื ืืืช ืืื ืืจืื ืืงืจืื ืขืฉืจืช ืืืืจืืช ืฉืืข ืืืื ืื ืฉืืืข ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืช ืืขื ื\' ืืจืืืช ืืืช ืืืฆืื ืืขืืืื ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืืฉืืช ืืืกืืคืื ืืจืื ืืืช ืืืฉืืจ ืืืืฆื,ืืื ืืจืื ืืืช ืื ืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืจ\' ืืืกื ืืจ ืืื ืืงืืขื ืืืืื ืืชืจื ืืขื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืชื ืฉืืืืืื ืืจื ืืชื ื ืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืชื ืฉืืืืืื ืืจื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืจืื,ืืืืจ ืจืื ืืจืืงื ืืืจ ืจืื ืืื ื"ืจ ืฉืืขืื ืื ืืงืืฉ ืืืฆืจ ืืืจ ืื ืืชื ืจื ืืฆืืง ืืจ ืืืกืฃ ืืืจ ืื ืืจืื ืืจืืงื ืืื ืืคืืจืืฉ ืืชืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืืชืืจ ืืืืจ ืจ\' ืืจืืงื ื"ืจ ืืื ืืืจ ืจ\' ืฉืืขืื ืื ืืงืืฉ ืืืช ืืืืจืช ืืจืืืช ืืื ืืขืืืืช ืื ืืช ืื,ืื ืืืจืช ืืฉืืื ืืืฆืจ ืืืจ ืืื ืืืจื ืืืื ื ืืืจืืืช ืืื ืืขืืืืช ืื ืืช ืื ืืื ืงื ืืืจื ืืืื ืจืื 16b. ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืก ืืช ืืืชืืื ืืคื\' ืืื ืก ืืช ืืืืื ื ื ืื,ืืื ืืจืื ืืืื ืื ืืจืื,ืื ืืฉืื ืืจืื ืืคืืื ืืืขื ืกืคืื ืชื ืืื ื ืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืจืื ืืื ืืจ ืืืื ืืืจ ืจื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฆืืช ืืืืืจืืช ืืชืืจื ืืืฅ ืื ืืชืคืืืื ืฉืืจื ื ืืืจ ืืื ืคืืจ ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืืืงืื ืื, ืื) ืคืืจื ืืืืฉ ืขืืื ืืื\',ืืืจื ืืชื ืืจืื ืืจืฉืืช ืืื ืืจืื ืืืฆืื:,7a. Along the same lines, Rabbi Yoแธฅa said in the name of Rabbi Yosei: From where is it derived that the Holy One, Blessed be He, prays? As it is stated: โI will bring them to My holy mountain, and make them joyful in the house of My prayerโ (Isaiah 56:7). The verse does not say the house of their prayer, but rather, โthe house of My prayerโ; from here we see that the Holy One, Blessed be He, prays.,The Gemara asks: What does God pray?,Rav Zutra bar Tovia said that Rav said: rGod says: May it be My will that My mercy will overcome My anger towards Israel for their transgressions, rand may My mercy prevail over My other attributes through which Israel is punished, rand may I conduct myself toward My children, Israel, with the attribute of mercy, rand may I enter before them beyond the letter of the law.,Similarly, it was taught in a baraita that Rabbi Yishmael ben Elisha, the High Priest, said: Once, on Yom Kippur, I entered the innermost sanctum, the Holy of Holies, to offer incense, and in a vision I saw Akatriel Ya, the Lord of Hosts, one of the names of God expressing His ultimate authority, seated upon a high and exalted throne (see Isaiah 6). rAnd He said to me: Yishmael, My son, bless Me. rI said to Him the prayer that God prays: โMay it be Your will that Your mercy overcome Your anger, rand may Your mercy prevail over Your other attributes, rand may You act toward Your children with the attribute of mercy, rand may You enter before them beyond the letter of the law.โrThe Holy One, Blessed be He, nodded His head and accepted the blessing. This event teaches us that you should not take the blessing of an ordinary person lightly. If God asked for and accepted a manโs blessing, all the more so that a man must value the blessing of another man.,And Rabbi Yoแธฅa said in the name of Rabbi Yosei: From where is it derived that one must not placate a person while he is in the throes of his anger, rather he should mollify him after he has calmed down? As it is written, when following the sin of the Golden Calf, Moses requested that the Divine Presence rest upon Israel as it had previously, God said to him: โMy face will go, and I will give you restโ (Exodus 33:14). Rabbi Yoแธฅa explained: The Holy One, Blessed be He, said to Moses: Wait until My face of wrath will pass and I will grant your request. One must wait for a personโs anger to pass as well.,The Gemara asks: And is there anger before the Holy One, Blessed be He? Can we speak of God using terms like anger?,The Gemara answers: Yes, as it was taught in a baraita, God becomes angry, as it is stated: โGod vindicates the righteous, God is furious every dayโ (Psalms 7:12).,How much time does His anger last? Godโs anger lasts a moment. And how long is a moment? One fifty-eight thousand, eight hundred and eighty-eighth of an hour, that is a moment. The Gemara adds: And no creature can precisely determine that moment when God becomes angry, except for Balaam the wicked, about whom it is written: โHe who knows the knowledge of the Most Highโ (Numbers 24:16).,This should not be understood to mean that Balaam was a full-fledged prophet. Now, clearly, Balaam did not know the mind of his animal; and he did know the mind of the Most High? If he could not understand the rebuke of his donkey, he was certainly unable to understand the mind of the Most High.,Rather, this verse from Numbers teaches that Balaam was able to precisely determine the hour that the Holy One, Blessed be He, is angry. At that moment, Balaam would utter his curse and, through Godโs anger, it would be fulfilled.,And that is what the prophet said to Israel: โMy nation, remember what Balak king of Moab advised, and how Balaam, son of Beor, responded; from Shittim to Gilgal, so that you may know the righteous acts of the Lordโ (Micah 6:5). What is meant by the statement: โSo that you may know the righteous acts of the Lordโ?,Rabbi Elazar said that the Holy One, Blessed be He, said to Israel: Know how many acts of kindness I performed on your behalf, that I did not become angry during the days of Balaam the wicked, for had I become angry, there would have been no remt or survivor remaining among the enemies of Israel, a euphemism for Israel itself. Instead, God restrained His anger and Balaamโs curse went unfulfilled.,And that is what Balaam said to Balak: โHow can I curse whom God has not cursed? And how can I condemn whom God has not condemned?โ (Numbers 23:8). This verse teaches that all those days, God was not angry.,And how long does His anger last? Godโs anger lasts a moment. And how long is a moment? Rabbi Avin, and some say Rabbi Avina, said: A moment lasts as long as it takes to say it rega.,From where do we derive that God is only angry for a moment? As it is stated: โHis anger is but for a moment, His favor, for a lifetimeโ (Psalms 30:6). And if you wish, say instead, from here, as it is stated: โHide yourself for a brief moment, until the anger passesโ (Isaiah 26:20), meaning that Godโs anger passes in a mere moment.,The Gemara asks: When is the Holy One, Blessed be He, angry? Abaye said: Godโs anger is revealed through animals. During the first three hours of the day, when the sun whitens the crest of the rooster and it stands on one leg. When it appears that its life has left him and he suddenly turns white, that is when God is angry.,The Gemara asks: The rooster also stands that way every hour. What kind of sign is this?,The Gemara answers: The difference is that every other hour when the rooster stands in that way, there are red streaks in his crest. But when God is angry, there are no red streaks in his crest.,The Gemara relates: A certain heretic who was in Rabbi Yehoshua ben Leviโs neighborhood would upset him by incessantly challenging the legitimacy of verses. One day, Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi took a rooster and placed it between the legs of the bed upon which he sat and looked at it. He thought: When the moment of Godโs anger arrives, I will curse him and be rid of him. When the moment of Godโs anger arrived, Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi slept. When he woke up, he said to himself: Conclude from the fact that I nodded off that it is not proper conduct to do so, to curse people, even if they are wicked. โHis mercy is over all His creationsโ (Psalms 145:9) is written even with regard to sinners.,Moreover, it is inappropriate to cause the punishment of another, as it is written: โPunishment, even for the righteous, is not goodโ (Proverbs 17:26), even for a righteous person, it is improper to punish another.,Explaining the cause of Godโs anger, it is taught in the name of Rabbi Meir: When the sun rises and the kings of the East and the West place their crowns on their heads and bow down to the sun, the Holy One, Blessed be He, immediately grows angry. Since this occurs in the early hours every day, God becomes angry at His world at that moment every day.,And Rabbi Yoแธฅa said in the name of Rabbi Yosei: A single regret or pang of guilt in oneโs heart is preferable to many lashes administered by others that cause only physical pain, as it is stated: โAnd she chases her lovers, but she does not overtake them; she seeks them, but she will not find them; and she will say โI will go and return to my first husband; for it was better for me then than nowโโ (Hosea 2:9). Remorse is more effective than any externally imposed punishment listed in the verses that follow (Hosea 2:11โ19). And Reish Lakish said that in the Bible, it seems that such remorse is preferable to one hundred lashes, as it is stated: โA rebuke enters deeper into a man of understanding than a hundred lashes to a foolโ (Proverbs 17:10).,And Rabbi Yoแธฅa said in the name of Rabbi Yosei regarding Mosesโ request that the Divine Presence rest upon Israel as it once had: Moses requested three things from the Holy One, Blessed be He, at that time, all of which were granted him. He requested that the Divine Presence rest upon Israel and not leave, and He granted it to him, as it is stated: โFor how can it be known that I have found grace in Your sight, I and Your people? Is it not in that You go with us, so that we are distinguished, I and Your people, from all the people that are on the face of the earth?โ (Exodus 33:16). The request: Is it not in that You go with us, refers to the resting of the Divine Presence upon Israel.,Moses requested that the Divine Presence not rest upon the nations of the world, and He granted it to him, as it is stated: โSo that we are distinguished, I and Your people, from all the people on the face of the earthโ (Exodus 33:16).,Lastly, Moses requested that the ways in which God conducts the world be revealed to him, and He granted it to him, as it is stated: โShow me Your ways and I will know Youโ (Exodus 33:13). rMoses said before God: Master of the Universe. Why is it that the righteous prosper, the righteous suffer, the wicked prosper, the wicked suffer? rGod said to him: Moses, the righteous person who prospers is a righteous person, the son of a righteous person, who is rewarded for the actions of his ancestors. The righteous person who suffers is a righteous person, the son of a wicked person, who is punished for the transgressions of his ancestors. The wicked person who prospers is a wicked person, the son of a righteous person, who is rewarded for the actions of his ancestors. The wicked person who suffers is a wicked person, the son of a wicked person, who is punished for the transgressions of his ancestors.,The Gemara expands upon these righteous and wicked individuals: The Master said: The righteous person who prospers is a righteous person, the son of a righteous person. The righteous person who suffers is a righteous person, the son of a wicked person. The Gemara asks: Is it so that one is always punished for his ancestorsโ transgressions? Isnโt it written: โHe visits iniquity of the fathers upon the children, and upon the childrenโs children, unto the third and fourth generationsโ (Exodus 34:7). And it is written elsewhere: โFathers shall not die for their children, and children shall not be put to death for the fathers; every man shall die for his own transgressionโ (Deuteronomy 24:16). And the Gemara raises a contradiction between the two verses.,The Gemara resolves the contradiction: This is not difficult. This verse from Exodus, which states that God punishes descendants for the transgressions of their ancestors, refers to a case where they adopt the actions of their ancestors as their own. While this verse from Deuteronomy, which states that descendants are not punished for the actions of their ancestors, refers to a case where they do not adopt the actions of their ancestors as their own, as it is stated: โI visit iniquity of the fathers upon the children, and upon the third and fourth generations of my enemiesโ (Exodus 20:5).,A righteous person is clearly not punished for the transgressions of his ancestors. Rather, it must be that God said to Moses as follows: rThe righteous person who prospers is a completely righteous person whose actions are entirely good and whose reward is entirely good both in this world and in the World-to-Come. rThe righteous person who suffers is one who is not a completely righteous person. Because he does have some transgressions, he is punished in this world so that he will receive a complete reward in the World-to-Come. rThe wicked person who prospers is one who is not a completely wicked person. God rewards him in this world for the good deeds that he performed, so that he will receive a complete punishment in the World-to-Come. rFinally, the wicked person who suffers is a completely wicked person. Since he performed absolutely no mitzvot and deserves no reward, he receives only punishment both in this world and in the World-to-Come (Maharsha).,Rabbi Yoแธฅaโs opinion, that God granted Moses all three of his requests, disagrees with that of Rabbi Meir, as Rabbi Meir said: Two of Mosesโ requests were granted to him, and one was not granted to him. God granted him that the Divine Presence would rest upon Israel and not leave, and that the Divine Presence would not rest upon the nations of the world, but God did not reveal to Moses the ways in which He conducts the world. As it is said: โAnd I will be gracious to whom I will be graciousโ (Exodus 33:19); in His mercy, God bestows His grace upon every person, even though he is not worthy. Similarly, God says: โAnd I will have mercy upon whom I will have mercy,โ even though he is not worthy. According to Rabbi Meir, the way in which God conducts the world and bestows grace and mercy was not revealed even to Moses.,The Gemara continues to cite the Sagesโ explanation of verses that require clarification on the same topic. With regard to Godโs statement to Moses, โAnd He said: โYou cannot see My face, for man shall not see Me and liveโโ (Exodus 33:20), it was taught in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korแธฅa that the Holy One, Blessed be He, said to Moses as follows: When I wanted to show you My glory at the burning bush, you did not want to see it, as it is stated: โAnd Moses concealed his face, fearing to gaze upon Godโ (Exodus 3:6). But now that you want to see My glory, as you said: โShow me Your glory,โ I do not want to show it to you. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korแธฅa interprets Mosesโ initial refusal to look upon Godโs glory negatively, as he rebuffed Godโs desire to be close to him.,This disagrees with that which Rabbi Shmuel bar Naแธฅmani said that Rabbi Yonatan said, as Rabbi Shmuel bar Naแธฅmani said that Rabbi Yonatan said: Specifically as a reward for three acts of humility in averting his glance at the burning bush, Moses was privileged to experience three great revelations:,Because โMoses concealed his face, fearing to gaze upon Godโ (Exodus 3:6), he was privileged to have his countece kelaster glow. rBecause he โfeared,โ he was privileged that โthey feared to approach himโ (Exodus 34:30). rBecause he did not โgaze,โ he was privileged to โbehold the likeness of the Lordโ (Numbers 12:8).,What did Moses see? It is said: โAnd I will remove My hand, and you will see My back, but My face you will not seeโ (Exodus 33:23). Rav แธคana bar Bizna said in the name of Rabbi Shimon แธคasida, the expression: โAnd you will see My back,โ should be understood as follows: This teaches that the Holy One, Blessed be He, Who, as mentioned above, wears phylacteries, showed him the knot of the phylacteries of His head, which is worn on the back of the head.,On this subject, Rabbi Yoแธฅa said in the name of Rabbi Yosei: Every statement to a person or to a nation that emerged from the mouth of the Holy One, Blessed be He, with a promise of good, even if it was conditional, He did not renege on it. Ultimately, every promise made by God will be fulfilled.,From where do we derive that all of Godโs promises are fulfilled? We know this from Moses our teacher, as God promised and said: โLeave Me alone; I will destroy them and blot out their name from under heaven; and I will make from you a nation mightier and greater than theyโ (Deuteronomy 9:14). Even though Moses prayed to have the decree repealed, and it was nullified, the promise was fulfilled and Mosesโ descendants became a nation mightier and greater than the 600,000 Israelites in the desert. As it is stated with regard to the Levites: โThe sons of Moses: Gershom and Eliezerโฆand the sons of Eliezer were Reแธฅaviya the chief. And Eliezer had no other sons; and the sons of Reแธฅaviya were very manyโ (I Chronicles 23:15โ17).,And Rav Yosef taught in a baraita: โManyโ means more than 600,000. This is learned through a verbal analogy between the words many and many. It is written here with regard to Reแธฅaviyaโs sons: โWere very many.โ And it is written there with regard to the Israelites in Egypt: โAnd the children of Israel became numerous and multiplied and were very many, and waxed exceeding mighty; and the land was filled with themโ (Exodus 1:7). Just as when the children of Israel were in Egypt, very many meant that there were 600,000 of them, so too the descendants of Reแธฅaviya were 600,000. 10a. Every chapter that was dear to David, he began with โhappy isโ and concluded with โhappy is.โ He opened with โhappy is,โ as it is written: โHappy is the man who has not walked in the counsel of the wicked or stood in the way of sinners or sat in the dwelling place of the scornfulโ (Psalms 1:1). And he concluded with โhappy,โ as it is written at the end of the chapter: โPay homage in purity, lest He be angry, and you perish on the way when His anger is kindled suddenly. Happy are those who take refuge in Himโ (Psalms 2:12). We see that these two chapters actually constitute a single chapter.,With regard to the statement of Rabbi Yehuda, son of Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi, that David did not say Halleluya until he saw the downfall of the wicked, the Gemara relates: There were these hooligans in Rabbi Meirโs neighborhood who caused him a great deal of anguish. Rabbi Meir prayed for God to have mercy on them, that they should die. Rabbi Meirโs wife, Berurya, said to him: What is your thinking? On what basis do you pray for the death of these hooligans? Do you base yourself on the verse, as it is written: โLet sins cease from the landโ (Psalms 104:35), which you interpret to mean that the world would be better if the wicked were destroyed? But is it written, let sinners cease?โ Let sins cease, is written. One should pray for an end to their transgressions, not for the demise of the transgressors themselves.,Moreover, go to the end of the verse, where it says: โAnd the wicked will be no more.โ If, as you suggest, transgressions shall cease refers to the demise of the evildoers, how is it possible that the wicked will be no more, i.e., that they will no longer be evil? Rather, pray for God to have mercy on them, that they should repent, as if they repent, then the wicked will be no more, as they will have repented.,Rabbi Meir saw that Berurya was correct and he prayed for God to have mercy on them, and they repented.,The Gemara relates an additional example of Beruryaโs incisive insight: A certain heretic said to Berurya: It is written: โSing, barren woman who has not given birth, open forth in song and cry, you did not travail, for more are the children of the desolate than the children of the married wife, said the Lordโ (Isaiah 54:1). Because she has not given birth, she should sing and rejoice?,Berurya responded to this hereticโs mockery and said: Fool! Go to the end of the verse, where it is written: โFor the children of the desolate shall be more numerous than the children of the married wife, said the Lord.โ,Rather, what is the meaning of: โSing, barren woman who has not given birthโ? It means: Sing congregation of Israel, which is like a barren woman who did not give birth to children who are destined for Gehenna like you.,In explaining passages from Psalms, the Gemara relates another instance of a response to the question of a heretic: A certain heretic said to Rabbi Abbahu, it is written: โA Psalm of David, when he fled from his son, Absalomโ (Psalms 3:1), and similarly it is said: โTo the chief musician, al tashแธฅet, a mikhtam of David when fleeing from Saul into the caveโ (Psalms 57:1). Which event was first? Since the event with Saul was first, it would have been appropriate to write it first.,Rabbi Abbahu said to him: For you, who do not employ the homiletic method of juxtaposition of verses, it is difficult. But for us, who employ the homiletic method of juxtaposition of verses, it is not difficult, as the Sages commonly homiletically infer laws and moral lessons from the juxtaposition of two verses.,Regarding the juxtaposition of verses, Rabbi Yoแธฅa said: From where in the Bible is it derived that one may draw homiletical inferences from the juxtaposition of verses? As it is said: โThe works of His hands in truth and justice, all His commandments are sure. Adjoined forever and ever, made in truth and uprightnessโ (Psalms 111:7โ8). Conclude from here that it is appropriate to draw inferences from the juxtaposition of Godโs commandments. Accordingly, Davidโs fleeing from Absalom is situated where it is in order to juxtapose it to the next chapter, which mentions the war of Gog and Magog; the second chapter of Psalms opens: โWhy are the nations in an uproar?โ,Why was the chapter of Absalom juxtaposed with the chapter of Gog and Magog? They are juxtaposed so that if a person should say to you, expressing doubt with regard to the prophecy of the war of Gog and Magog โagainst the Lord and against His anointedโ: Is there a slave who rebels against his master? Is there someone capable of rebelling against God? You too say to him: Is there a son who rebels against his father and severs the relationship with the one who brought him into the world and raised him? Yet, nevertheless, there was such a son, Absalom, and so too there can be a situation where people will seek to rebel against God.,Rabbi Yoแธฅa said explanations of other verses in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yoแธฅai: What is the meaning of that which is written: โShe opens her mouth with wisdom, and the teaching of loving-kindness is on her tongueโ (Proverbs 31:26)? The Sages explain that this chapter discusses the wisdom of Torah and those who engage in its study, so with reference to whom did Solomon say this verse? He said this verse about none other than his father, David, who was the clearest example of one who opens his mouth in wisdom, and who resided in five worlds or stages of life and his soul said a song of praise corresponding to each of them. Five times David said: โBless the Lord, O my soul,โ each corresponding to a different stage of life.,He resided in his motherโs womb, his first world, and said a song of praise of the pregcy, as it is stated: โof David. Bless the Lord, O my soul and all that is within me bless His holy nameโ (Psalms 103:1), in which he thanks God for creating all that is within his mother, i.e., her womb.,He emerged into the atmosphere of the world, his second world, looked upon the stars and constellations and said a song of praise of God for the entirety of creation, as it is stated: โBless the Lord, His angels, mighty in strength, that fulfill His word, listening to the voice of His word. Bless the Lord, all His hosts, His servants, that do His will. Bless the Lord, all His works, in all places of His kingship, bless my soul, Lordโ (Psalms 103:20โ23). David saw the grandeur of all creation and recognized that they are mere servants, carrying out the will of their Creator (Maโayan HaBerakhot).,He nursed from his motherโs breast, his third world, and he looked upon her bosom and said a song of praise, as it is stated: โBless the Lord, O my soul, and do not forget all His benefits gemulavโ (Psalms 103:2). The etymological association is between gemulav and gemulei meแธฅalav, which means weaned from milk (Isaiah 28:9).,We still must understand, however, what is meant by all His benefits? What in particular is praiseworthy in what God provided, beyond merely providing for the infant? Rabbi Abbahu said: In contrast with most other animals, God placed her breasts near her heart, the place that is the source of understanding.,What is the reason that God did this? Rav Yehuda said: So that the nursing child would not look upon the place of his motherโs nakedness. Rav Mattana said: So that the child would not nurse from a place of uncleanliness.,He witnessed in both vision and reality the downfall of the wicked and he said a song of praise, as it is stated: โLet sinners cease from the earth, and let the wicked be no more. Bless the Lord, O my soul, Halleluyaโ (Psalms 104:35).,The fifth world was when David looked upon the day of death and said a song of praise, as it is stated: โBless the Lord, O my soul. Lord my God, You are very great; You are clothed in glory and majestyโ (Psalms 104:1); for even death is a time of transcendence for the righteous.,The connection between this final praise and the day of death is unclear. The Gemara asks: From where is it inferred that this verse was stated with regard to the day of death? Rabba bar Rav Sheila says: We can derive this from the verses at the end of the matter, where it is written: โYou hide Your face, they vanish; You gather Your breath, they perish and return to the dustโ (Psalms 104:29).,Other interpretations of this verse exist. The Gemara relates how Rav Shimi bar Ukva, and some say Mar Ukva, would regularly study before Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi, who was well versed in aggada and would arrange the aggada before Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi. rOnce, Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi said to him: What is the meaning of that which is written: โBless the Lord, my soul, and all that is within me bless His Holy nameโ? rRav Shimi bar Ukva said to Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi: Come and see that the attribute of the Holy One, Blessed be He, is not like the attribute of flesh and blood, as this verse praises the formation of man in his motherโs womb. The attribute of flesh and blood is such that he shapes a form on the wall for all to see, yet he cannot instill it with a spirit and soul, bowels and intestines. While the Holy One, Blessed be He, is not so, as God shapes one form within another form, a child in its motherโs womb, and instills it with spirit and soul, bowels and intestines. And this is the explanation of what Hannah said with regard to the birth of Samuel: โThere is none holy like the Lord, for there is none like You, and there is no Rock like our Godโ (I Samuel 2:2).,What is the meaning of there is no rock tzur like our God? There is no artist tzayyar like our God.,The Gemara continues to interpret the rest of that verse homiletically: What is the meaning of โthere is none like Youโ? Rabbi Yehuda ben Menasya said: Do not read the verse to mean โthere is none like You biltekhaโ; rather, read it to mean โnone can outlast You levalotkha,โ as the attribute of the Holy One, Blessed be He, is not like the attribute of flesh and blood: The attribute of flesh and blood is such that his creations outlast him, but the Holy One, Blessed be He, outlasts His actions.,This did not satisfy Rav Shimi bar Ukva, who said to Rabbi Shimon ben Pazi: I meant to say to you as follows: Corresponding to whom did David say these five instance of โBless the Lord, O my soulโ? He answered him: He said them about none other than the Holy One, Blessed be He, and corresponding to the soul, as the verse refers to the relationship between manโs soul and God. The five instances of โBless the Lord, O my soulโ correspond to the five parallels between the soul in manโs body and Godโs power in His world.,Just as the Holy One, Blessed be He, fills the entire world, so too the soul fills the entire body. rJust as the Holy One, Blessed be He, sees but is not seen, so too does the soul see, but is not seen. rJust as the Holy One, Blessed be He, sustains the entire world, so too the soul sustains the entire body. rJust as the Holy One, Blessed be He, is pure, so too is the | |
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