The Ancient Mediterranean Religions Index Database

Results for
Please note: the results are produced through a computerized process which may frequently lead to errors, both in incorrect tagging and in other issues. Please use with caution.
Due to load times, full text fetching is currently attempted for validated results only.
Full texts for Hebrew Bible and rabbinic texts is kindly supplied by Sefaria; for Greek and Latin texts, by Perseus Scaife, for the Quran, by Tanzil.net

For a list of book indices included, see here.

graph

All subjects (including unvalidated):

subject	book bibliographic info
armies	Vlassopoulos (2021), Historicising Ancient Slavery, 69, 193, 195
armies, and provinciae, stradella	Konrad (2022), The Challenge to the Auspices: Studies on Magisterial Power in the Middle Roman Republic, 252, 253
armies, comparisons, modern	Phang (2001), The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 B.C. - A.D. 235), 337
armies, in provinces	Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 323
armies, modern comparisons, and prostitution	Phang (2001), The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 B.C. - A.D. 235), 250
armies, relation to, asclepius, and	Jim (2022), Saviour Gods and Soteria in Ancient Greece, 60
armies, roman	Shannon-Henderson (2019), Power Play in Latin Love Elegy and its Multiple Forms of Continuity in Ovid’s , 5, 85, 91, 97, 127, 208, 267, 339
armies, roman, relationship with commanders	Shannon-Henderson (2019), Power Play in Latin Love Elegy and its Multiple Forms of Continuity in Ovid’s , 71, 78, 84
armis	Mackay (2022), Animal Encounters in Valerius Flaccus’ Argonautica, 133, 134, 136, 137, 138, 142
armis, sine uincere	Bay (2022), Biblical Heroes and Classical Culture in Christian Late Antiquity: The Historiography, Exemplarity, and Anti-Judaism of Pseudo-Hegesippus, 194
army	Arthur-Montagne, DiGiulio and Kuin (2022), Documentality: New Approaches to Written Documents in Imperial Life and Literature, 264 Binder (2012), Tertullian, on Idolatry and Mishnah Avodah Zarah: Questioning the Parting of the Ways Between Christians and Jews, 76, 117, 147, 222 Brand (2022), Religion and the Everyday Life of Manichaeans in Kellis: Beyond Light and Darkness, 113, 114, 115, 120 Ekroth (2013), The Sacrificial Rituals of Greek Hero-Cults in the Archaic to the Early Hellenistic Period, 96, 173, 174, 188, 198, 338 Huebner (2013), The Family in Roman Egypt: A Comparative Approach to Intergenerational Solidarity , 23, 24, 79, 118, 130, 151, 165 Hug (2023), Fertility, Ideology, and the Cultural Politics of Reproduction at Rome, 155, 156 Raaflaub Ober and Wallace (2007), Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece, 5, 39, 41, 80, 97, 100, 108, 110, 120, 136, 152 Roumpou (2023), Ritual and the Poetics of Closure in Flavian Literature. 142 Stavrianopoulou (2013), Shifting Social Imaginaries in the Hellenistic Period: Narrations, Practices and Images, 107, 119, 125, 319, 344, 353, 368, 403
army, accused of cannibalism, hannibal’s	Isaac (2004), The invention of racism in classical antiquity, 209, 220
army, aemilius paullus, l., auspicates before moving	Konrad (2022), The Challenge to the Auspices: Studies on Magisterial Power in the Middle Roman Republic, 158, 159, 263, 264
army, and changes in attitudes towards sexual practices, recruitment of roman	Phang (2001), The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 B.C. - A.D. 235), 287, 288
army, and kings, commanders	Gera (2014), Judith, 138, 139, 170, 175, 198, 219, 222, 355, 378, 442
army, and marriage rate, recruitment of roman	Phang (2001), The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 B.C. - A.D. 235), 155, 156
army, and priests, commanders	Gera (2014), Judith, 41, 175, 176
army, and romanization as stabilizing, strabo, on aristotle’s advice to alexander, on the roman	Isaac (2004), The invention of racism in classical antiquity, 204, 244, 408, 417, 418
army, as source of corruption	Isaac (2004), The invention of racism in classical antiquity, 306, 312
army, assyrian	Gera (2014), Judith, 130, 131, 132, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 208, 242
army, assyrian, archers	Gera (2014), Judith, 147
army, assyrian, camp	Gera (2014), Judith, 3, 4, 31, 166, 167, 217, 227, 236, 242
army, assyrian, cavalry	Gera (2014), Judith, 120, 141, 142, 147, 148, 149, 222, 223, 236, 314, 449
army, assyrian, chariots	Gera (2014), Judith, 119, 120, 121, 148, 149
army, assyrian, defeated and terrified	Gera (2014), Judith, 90, 170, 315, 396, 413, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 462, 463
army, assyrian, infantry	Gera (2014), Judith, 43, 120, 121, 141, 142, 147, 148, 149, 236, 314
army, assyrian, mixed	Gera (2014), Judith, 148, 160, 196, 235, 236, 241
army, assyrian, officers	Gera (2014), Judith, 146, 216, 217, 218, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242
army, assyrian, size and strength	Gera (2014), Judith, 120, 141, 142, 147, 148, 149, 236, 240, 243, 314, 455, 456
army, at flaminius, c., arretium, with	Konrad (2022), The Challenge to the Auspices: Studies on Magisterial Power in the Middle Roman Republic, 213, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224, 236, 237, 238, 250
army, at/defeat at flaminius, c., trasumene lake, with	Konrad (2022), The Challenge to the Auspices: Studies on Magisterial Power in the Middle Roman Republic, 240, 247, 248, 256, 258, 280, 281
army, brothers, in	Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 322, 323, 324, 577
army, character in phaedrus, pathicus, not excluded from	Phang (2001), The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 B.C. - A.D. 235), 285, 286
army, command of magister equitum	Konrad (2022), The Challenge to the Auspices: Studies on Magisterial Power in the Middle Roman Republic, 3, 4, 8, 15, 25, 26, 112, 114, 115, 116, 126, 127
army, command without profectio, claudius pulcher, c., attempts	Konrad (2022), The Challenge to the Auspices: Studies on Magisterial Power in the Middle Roman Republic, 63, 64, 283
army, commanders	Gera (2014), Judith, 146, 196, 219, 226, 238, 250, 345, 388, 396, 425, 426, 442, 459
army, conscription, recruitment of roman	Phang (2001), The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 B.C. - A.D. 235), 334
army, cyropaedia, last chapter, on deterioration of	Isaac (2004), The invention of racism in classical antiquity, 292
army, deteriorated in campania, hannibal, his	Isaac (2004), The invention of racism in classical antiquity, 314
army, fabius maximus verrucosus, q., auspices, before moving	Konrad (2022), The Challenge to the Auspices: Studies on Magisterial Power in the Middle Roman Republic, 159, 277
army, hadrian, of in judea and the galilee	Hasan Rokem (2003), Tales of the Neighborhood Jewish Narrative Dialogues in Late Antiquity, 132
army, height standards, recruitment of roman	Phang (2001), The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 B.C. - A.D. 235), 341
army, in bacchae, war pentheuss	Pucci (2016), Euripides' Revolution Under Cover: An Essay, 174, 175
army, in north africa, martyrs, in the roman	Simmons(1995), Arnobius of Sicca: Religious Conflict and Competition in the Age of Diocletian, 38, 39, 40
army, in sallust, accuses sulla of corrupting the asia, on the origins of african peoples	Isaac (2004), The invention of racism in classical antiquity, 147, 148
army, in volunteers see recruitment, west indies, british	Phang (2001), The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 B.C. - A.D. 235), 243
army, infames, excluded from	Phang (2001), The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 B.C. - A.D. 235), 290
army, jokes	Richlin (2018), Slave Theater in the Roman Republic: Plautus and Popular Comedy, 93, 103, 108, 206, 371, 450, 469
army, leaves africa for nicomedia, on the roman	Simmons(1995), Arnobius of Sicca: Religious Conflict and Competition in the Age of Diocletian, 39
army, leaves africa for nicomedia, persecutions in the	Simmons(1995), Arnobius of Sicca: Religious Conflict and Competition in the Age of Diocletian, 41
army, legions, military units, soldiers, and their bathhouses	Eliav (2023), A Jew in the Roman Bathhouse: Cultural Interaction in the Ancient Mediterranean, 40, 42, 52, 59, 69, 87, 89, 92, 99, 136, 210, 232, 244, 282
army, literacy, in the	Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 326
army, macedonia/macedonians, in attalid	Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 247
army, macedonian	Arthur-Montagne, DiGiulio and Kuin (2022), Documentality: New Approaches to Written Documents in Imperial Life and Literature, 88, 139
army, mercenary	Stavrianopoulou (2013), Shifting Social Imaginaries in the Hellenistic Period: Narrations, Practices and Images, 132, 234, 340, 347, 348
army, military	Piotrkowski (2019), Priests in Exile: The History of the Temple of Onias and Its Community in the Hellenistic Period, 39, 41, 64, 112, 131, 193, 202, 253, 268, 272, 282, 328, 330, 338, 352, 355, 357, 360, 361, 362, 404, 413
army, nero, emperor, relationship with	Galinsky (2016), Memory in Ancient Rome and Early Christianity, 158, 160, 161
army, of alexander the great and intermarriage	Gruen (2011), Rethinking the Other in Antiquity, 70, 71, 72, 73
army, of alexander the great and mutiny	Gruen (2011), Rethinking the Other in Antiquity, 73, 74, 75
army, of bethulia	Gera (2014), Judith, 177, 178, 227, 228, 293, 411, 412, 413, 424, 425, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436
army, officer	Stavrianopoulou (2013), Shifting Social Imaginaries in the Hellenistic Period: Narrations, Practices and Images, 107, 109, 340
army, officers, as	Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 323
army, persia/persians	Schliesser et al. (2021), Alexandria: Hub of the Hellenistic World. 181, 182
army, persian	Papadodima (2022), Ancient Greek Literature and the Foreign: Athenian Dialogues II, 122
army, procopius, on greeks in justinian’s	Isaac (2004), The invention of racism in classical antiquity, 403
army, religious festivals, in	Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 326
army, roman	Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 330, 331, 332, 334, 335, 336, 338, 339 Mathews (2013), Riches, Poverty, and the Faithful: Perspectives on Wealth in the Second Temple Period and the Apocalypse of John, 112 Scott (2023), An Age of Iron and Rust: Cassius Dio and the History of His Time. 67, 82, 95, 125, 133, 160, 166, 173, 198 Stanton (2021), Unity and Disunity in Greek and Christian Thought under the Roman Peace, 84, 92 Thonemann (2020), An Ancient Dream Manual: Artemidorus' the Interpretation of Dreams, 180, 196, 203, 204, 205, 206
army, roman, and class	Richlin (2018), Slave Theater in the Roman Republic: Plautus and Popular Comedy, 37, 103
army, roman, critique of	Richlin (2018), Slave Theater in the Roman Republic: Plautus and Popular Comedy, 43, 223, 341
army, roman, food supply	Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 687
army, roman, punishment in	Richlin (2018), Slave Theater in the Roman Republic: Plautus and Popular Comedy, 103, 129
army, roman, recruitment	Richlin (2018), Slave Theater in the Roman Republic: Plautus and Popular Comedy, 145, 182
army, roman, slaves in	Richlin (2018), Slave Theater in the Roman Republic: Plautus and Popular Comedy, 370
army, roman, social life	Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 381
army, rome, ancient	Galinsky (2016), Memory in Ancient Rome and Early Christianity, 158, 160
army, shoes	Richlin (2018), Slave Theater in the Roman Republic: Plautus and Popular Comedy, 450
army, slaves, historical, in the	Richlin (2018), Slave Theater in the Roman Republic: Plautus and Popular Comedy, 103, 370, 450
army, slaves, male, of soldiers, excluded from	Phang (2001), The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 B.C. - A.D. 235), 290, 291, 340
army, soldier	Stavrianopoulou (2013), Shifting Social Imaginaries in the Hellenistic Period: Narrations, Practices and Images, 107, 109, 226, 340, 396, 403
army, stratos, athens, as	Shilo (2022), Beyond Death in the Oresteia: Poetics, Ethics, and Politics, 205, 206, 207, 208
army, to assemble at flaminius, c., ariminum, orders	Konrad (2022), The Challenge to the Auspices: Studies on Magisterial Power in the Middle Roman Republic, 192, 251, 252
army, under ptolemy vi philometor, ptolemaic	Salvesen et al. (2020), Israel in Egypt: The Land of Egypt as Concept and Reality for Jews in Antiquity and the Early Medieval Period, 104
army, verse inscriptions, officers, soldiers	Bruun and Edmondson (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Epigraphy, 320
army, victorian, britain marriage policy	Phang (2001), The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 B.C. - A.D. 235), 243, 337, 363
army, victorian, britain “corner” system	Phang (2001), The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 B.C. - A.D. 235), 128
army, women, not employed by	Phang (2001), The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 B.C. - A.D. 235), 272
army, ‘egyptianization’ of the ptolemaic a.	Stavrianopoulou (2013), Shifting Social Imaginaries in the Hellenistic Period: Narrations, Practices and Images, 107
army, “hereditary”, recruitment of roman	Phang (2001), The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 B.C. - A.D. 235), 328, 329, 337, 341, 342
army/fleet, command of praetors	Konrad (2022), The Challenge to the Auspices: Studies on Magisterial Power in the Middle Roman Republic, 37, 116, 117, 120, 121, 200, 201, 232, 258, 259
army/sailing, of fleet, auspication, before moving of	Konrad (2022), The Challenge to the Auspices: Studies on Magisterial Power in the Middle Roman Republic, 158, 159, 162, 163, 248, 277
armys, support, diocletian, roman emperor, 284-305	Simmons(1995), Arnobius of Sicca: Religious Conflict and Competition in the Age of Diocletian, 32

List of validated texts:

18 validated results for "army"

1. Hebrew Bible, Exodus, 15.1, 15.11, 15.21 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Lord see God, Armies (Hosts), of • army, Assyrian • army, Assyrian, cavalry • army, Assyrian, defeated and terrified • army, Assyrian, infantry • army, Assyrian, size and strength • commanders, army

Found in books: Gera (2014), Judith, 142, 314, 315, 449, 456, 459; Levison (2023), The Greek Life of Adam and Eve. 1066

sup>
15.1 אָז יָשִׁיר־מֹשֶׁה וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת־הַשִּׁירָה הַזֹּאת לַיהוָה וַיֹּאמְרוּ לֵאמֹר אָשִׁירָה לַיהוָה כִּי־גָאֹה גָּאָה סוּס וְרֹכְבוֹ רָמָה בַיָּם׃ ^15.1 נָשַׁפְתָּ בְרוּחֲךָ כִּסָּמוֹ יָם צָלֲלוּ כַּעוֹפֶרֶת בְּמַיִם אַדִּירִים׃ ^15.11 מִי־כָמֹכָה בָּאֵלִם יְהוָה מִי כָּמֹכָה נֶאְדָּר בַּקֹּדֶשׁ נוֹרָא תְהִלֹּת עֹשֵׂה פֶלֶא׃ ^15.21 וַתַּעַן לָהֶם מִרְיָם שִׁירוּ לַיהוָה כִּי־גָאֹה גָּאָה סוּס וְרֹכְבוֹ רָמָה בַיָּם׃'' None

sup>
15.1 Then sang Moses and the children of Israel this song unto the LORD, and spoke, saying: I will sing unto the LORD, for He is highly exalted; The horse and his rider hath He thrown into the sea. ^15.11 Who is like unto Thee, O LORD, among the mighty? Who is like unto Thee, glorious in holiness, Fearful in praises, doing wonders? ^15.21 And Miriam sang unto them: Sing ye to the LORD, for He is highly exalted: The horse and his rider hath He thrown into the sea.'' None

2. None, None, nan (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Lord see God, Armies (Hosts), of • army, Assyrian, size and strength

Found in books: Gera (2014), Judith, 456; Levison (2023), The Greek Life of Adam and Eve. 233

3. Hebrew Bible, 1 Samuel, 1.11, 14.7, 17.45 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Bethulia, army of • Lord see God, Armies (Hosts), of • army, Assyrian, defeated and terrified • commanders, army • commanders, army, and kings • military, army

Found in books: Gera (2014), Judith, 250, 315, 378, 431, 432; Levison (2023), The Greek Life of Adam and Eve. 923; Piotrkowski (2019), Priests in Exile: The History of the Temple of Onias and Its Community in the Hellenistic Period, 131

sup>
1.11 וַתִּדֹּר נֶדֶר וַתֹּאמַר יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת אִם־רָאֹה תִרְאֶה בָּעֳנִי אֲמָתֶךָ וּזְכַרְתַּנִי וְלֹא־תִשְׁכַּח אֶת־אֲמָתֶךָ וְנָתַתָּה לַאֲמָתְךָ זֶרַע אֲנָשִׁים וּנְתַתִּיו לַיהוָה כָּל־יְמֵי חַיָּיו וּמוֹרָה לֹא־יַעֲלֶה עַל־רֹאשׁוֹ׃ ^14.7 וַיֹּאמֶר לוֹ נֹשֵׂא כֵלָיו עֲשֵׂה כָּל־אֲשֶׁר בִּלְבָבֶךָ נְטֵה לָךְ הִנְנִי עִמְּךָ כִּלְבָבֶךָ׃ ^17.45 וַיֹּאמֶר דָּוִד אֶל־הַפְּלִשְׁתִּי אַתָּה בָּא אֵלַי בְּחֶרֶב וּבַחֲנִית וּבְכִידוֹן וְאָנֹכִי בָא־אֵלֶיךָ בְּשֵׁם יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת אֱלֹהֵי מַעַרְכוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲשֶׁר חֵרַפְתָּ׃'' None

sup>
1.11 And she vowed a vow, and said, O Lord of hosts, if Thou wilt indeed look on the affliction of Thy handmaid, and remember me, and not forget Thy handmaid, but wilt give to Thy handmaid a man child, then I will give him to the Lord all the days of his life, and no razor shall come upon his head. ^14.7 And his armourbearer said to him, Do all that is in thy heart: turn thee; behold, I am with thee according to thy heart. ^17.45 Then said David to the Pelishtian, Thou comest to me with a sword, and with a spear, and with a javelin: but I come to thee in the name of the Lord of hosts, the God of the armies of Yisra᾽el, whom thou hast taunted.'' None

4. Hebrew Bible, Isaiah, 19.16, 19.18, 42.13 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Lord see God, Armies (Hosts), of • army, Assyrian, defeated and terrified • military, army

Found in books: Gera (2014), Judith, 315, 428; Levison (2023), The Greek Life of Adam and Eve. 923; Piotrkowski (2019), Priests in Exile: The History of the Temple of Onias and Its Community in the Hellenistic Period, 404

sup>
19.16 בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא יִהְיֶה מִצְרַיִם כַּנָּשִׁים וְחָרַד וּפָחַד מִפְּנֵי תְּנוּפַת יַד־יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת אֲשֶׁר־הוּא מֵנִיף עָלָיו׃ ^19.18 בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא יִהְיוּ חָמֵשׁ עָרִים בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם מְדַבְּרוֹת שְׂפַת כְּנַעַן וְנִשְׁבָּעוֹת לַיהוָה צְבָאוֹת עִיר הַהֶרֶס יֵאָמֵר לְאֶחָת׃ ^42.13 יְהוָה כַּגִּבּוֹר יֵצֵא כְּאִישׁ מִלְחָמוֹת יָעִיר קִנְאָה יָרִיעַ אַף־יַצְרִיחַ עַל־אֹיְבָיו יִתְגַּבָּר׃'' None

sup>
19.16 In that day shall Egypt be like unto women; and it shall tremble and fear because of the shaking of the hand of the LORD of hosts, which He shaketh over it. ^19.18 In that day there shall be five cities in the land of Egypt that speak the language of Canaan, and swear to the LORD of hosts; one shall be called The city of destruction. ^42.13 The LORD will go forth as a mighty man, He will stir up jealousy like a man of war; He will cry, yea, He will shout aloud, He will prove Himself mighty against His enemies.'' None

5. Hebrew Bible, Jeremiah, 44.25, 51.14, 51.58 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Lord see God, Armies (Hosts), of • Ptolemaic army, under Ptolemy VI Philometor • army, Assyrian • army, Assyrian, chariots

Found in books: Gera (2014), Judith, 119, 145; Levison (2023), The Greek Life of Adam and Eve. 923; Salvesen et al. (2020), Israel in Egypt: The Land of Egypt as Concept and Reality for Jews in Antiquity and the Early Medieval Period, 104

sup>
44.25 כֹּה־אָמַר יְהוָה־צְבָאוֹת אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לֵאמֹר אַתֶּם וּנְשֵׁיכֶם וַתְּדַבֵּרְנָה בְּפִיכֶם וּבִידֵיכֶם מִלֵּאתֶם לֵאמֹר עָשֹׂה נַעֲשֶׂה אֶת־נְדָרֵינוּ אֲשֶׁר נָדַרְנוּ לְקַטֵּר לִמְלֶכֶת הַשָּׁמַיִם וּלְהַסֵּךְ לָהּ נְסָכִים הָקֵים תָּקִימְנָה אֶת־נִדְרֵיכֶם וְעָשֹׂה תַעֲשֶׂינָה אֶת־נִדְרֵיכֶם׃ ^51.14 נִשְׁבַּע יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת בְּנַפְשׁוֹ כִּי אִם־מִלֵּאתִיךְ אָדָם כַּיֶּלֶק וְעָנוּ עָלַיִךְ הֵידָד׃' ' None

sup>
44.25 Thus saith the LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, saying: Ye and your wives have both spoken with your mouths, and with your hands have fulfilled it, saying: We will surely perform our vows that we have vowed, to offer to the queen of heaven, and to pour out drink-offerings unto her; ye shall surely establish your vows, and surely perform your vows. ^51.14 The LORD of hosts hath sworn by Himself: Surely I will fill thee with men, as with the canker-worm, And they shall lift up a shout against thee.' ' None

6. None, None, nan (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Bethulia, army of • Lord see God, Armies (Hosts), of • army, Assyrian, defeated and terrified

Found in books: Gera (2014), Judith, 431; Levison (2023), The Greek Life of Adam and Eve. 233

7. Herodotus, Histories, 4.103, 5.114 (5th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • Asclepius, and armies, relation to • Bethulia, army of • army

Found in books: Ekroth (2013), The Sacrificial Rituals of Greek Hero-Cults in the Archaic to the Early Hellenistic Period, 198; Gera (2014), Judith, 412; Jim (2022), Saviour Gods and Soteria in Ancient Greece, 60

sup>
4.103 τούτων Ταῦροι μὲν νόμοισι τοιοῖσιδε χρέωνται· θύουσι μὲν τῇ, Παρθένῳ τούς τε ναυηγοὺς καὶ τοὺς ἂν λάβωσι Ἑλλήνων ἐπαναχθέντες τρόπῳ τοιῷδε· καταρξάμενοι ῥοπάλῳ παίουσι τὴν κεφαλήν. οἳ μὲν δὴ λέγουσι ὡς τὸ σῶμα ἀπὸ τοῦ κρημνοῦ ὠθέουσι κάτω ʽἐπὶ γὰρ κρημνοῦ ἵδρυται τὸ ἱρόν̓, τὴν δὲ κεφαλὴν ἀνασταυροῦσι· οἳ δὲ κατὰ μὲν τὴν κεφαλὴν ὁμολογέουσι, τὸ μέντοι σῶμα οὐκ ὠθέεσθαι ἀπὸ τοῦ κρημνοῦ λέγουσι ἀλλὰ γῇ κρύπτεσθαι. τὴν δὲ δαίμονα ταύτην τῆ θύουσι λέγουσι αὐτοὶ Ταῦροι Ἰφιγένειαν τὴν Ἀγαμέμνονος εἶναι. πολεμίους δὲ ἄνδρας τοὺς ἂν χειρώσωνται ποιεῦσι τάδε· ἀποταμὼν ἕκαστος 1 κεφαλὴν ἀποφέρεται ἐς τὰ οἰκία, ἔπειτα ἐπὶ ξύλου μεγάλου ἀναπείρας ἱστᾷ ὑπὲρ τῆς οἰκίης ὑπερέχουσαν πολλόν, μάλιστα δὲ ὑπὲρ τῆς καπνοδόκης. φασὶ δὲ τούτους φυλάκους τῆς οἰκίης πάσης ὑπεραιωρέεσθαι. ζῶσι δὲ ἀπὸ ληίης τε καὶ πολέμου. ^5.114 Ὀνησίλου μέν νυν Ἀμαθούσιοι, ὅτι σφέας ἐπολιόρκησε, ἀποταμόντες τὴν κεφαλὴν ἐκόμισαν ἐς Ἀμαθοῦντα καί μιν ἀνεκρέμασαν ὑπὲρ τῶν πυλέων· κρεμαμένης δὲ τῆς κεφαλῆς καὶ ἤδη ἐούσης κοίλης, ἐσμὸς μελισσέων ἐσδὺς ἐς αὐτὴν κηρίων μιν ἐνέπλησε. τούτου δὲ γενομένου τοιούτου, ἐχρέωντο γὰρ περὶ αὐτῆς οἱ Ἀμαθούσιοι, ἐμαντεύθη σφι τὴν μὲν κεφαλὴν κατελόντας θάψαι, Ὀνησίλῳ δὲ θύειν ὡς ἥρωϊ ἀνὰ πᾶν ἔτος, καί σφι ποιεῦσι ταῦτα ἄμεινον συνοίσεσθαι.'' None

sup>
4.103 Among these, the Tauri have the following customs: all ship-wrecked men, and any Greeks whom they capture in their sea-raids, they sacrifice to the Virgin goddess as I will describe: after the first rites of sacrifice, they strike the victim on the head with a club; ,according to some, they then place the head on a pole and throw the body off the cliff on which their temple stands; others agree as to the head, but say that the body is buried, not thrown off the cliff. The Tauri themselves say that this deity to whom they sacrifice is Agamemnon's daughter Iphigenia. ,As for enemies whom they defeat, each cuts his enemy's head off and carries it away to his house, where he places it on a tall pole and stands it high above the dwelling, above the smoke-vent for the most part. These heads, they say, are set up to guard the whole house. The Tauri live by plundering and war. " ^5.114 As for Onesilus, the Amathusians cut off his head and brought it to Amathus, where they hung it above their gates, because he had besieged their city. When this head became hollow, a swarm of bees entered it and filled it with their honeycomb. ,In consequence of this the Amathusians, who had inquired concerning the matter, received an oracle which stated that they should take the head down and bury it, and offer yearly sacrifice to Onesilus as to a hero. If they did this, things would go better for them. '" None

8. Hebrew Bible, Daniel, 11.22 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • army, Assyrian • military, army

Found in books: Gera (2014), Judith, 143; Piotrkowski (2019), Priests in Exile: The History of the Temple of Onias and Its Community in the Hellenistic Period, 131

sup>
11.22 וּזְרֹעוֹת הַשֶּׁטֶף יִשָּׁטְפוּ מִלְּפָנָיו וְיִשָּׁבֵרוּ וְגַם נְגִיד בְּרִית׃'' None

sup>
11.22 And the arms of the flood shall be swept away from before him, and shall be broken; yea, also the prince of the covet.'' None

9. Septuagint, 1 Maccabees, 7.13 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • commanders, army, and kings • commanders, army, and priests • military, army

Found in books: Gera (2014), Judith, 175; Piotrkowski (2019), Priests in Exile: The History of the Temple of Onias and Its Community in the Hellenistic Period, 352

sup>
7.13 The Hasideans were first among the sons of Israel to seek peace from them,'' None

10. Septuagint, 2 Maccabees, 4.11, 14.6 (2nd cent. BCE - 2nd cent. BCE)
Tagged with subjects: • army, Assyrian • army, Assyrian, camp • army, Assyrian, infantry • army, Assyrian, officers • military, army

Found in books: Gera (2014), Judith, 43, 217, 242; Piotrkowski (2019), Priests in Exile: The History of the Temple of Onias and Its Community in the Hellenistic Period, 328, 352

sup>
4.11 He set aside the existing royal concessions to the Jews, secured through John the father of Eupolemus, who went on the mission to establish friendship and alliance with the Romans; and he destroyed the lawful ways of living and introduced new customs contrary to the law.'" "^14.6 Those of the Jews who are called Hasideans, whose leader is Judas Maccabeus, are keeping up war and stirring up sedition, and will not let the kingdom attain tranquillity.'"" None

11. None, None, nan (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Lord see God, Armies (Hosts), of • commanders, army

Found in books: Gera (2014), Judith, 459; Levison (2023), The Greek Life of Adam and Eve. 1066

12. None, None, nan (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Army, Legions, Military Units, Soldiers, and Their Bathhouses • Hannibal, his army deteriorated in Campania

Found in books: Eliav (2023), A Jew in the Roman Bathhouse: Cultural Interaction in the Ancient Mediterranean, 136; Isaac (2004), The invention of racism in classical antiquity, 314

13. Josephus Flavius, Jewish Antiquities, 13.285, 13.287, 13.349-13.351, 13.354-13.355 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Cleopatra III, Jewish army commanders of • Onias (army commander of Ptolemy VI) • Onias (army leader of Cleopatra II) • military, army

Found in books: Bar Kochba (1997), Pseudo-Hecataeus on the Jews: Legitimizing the Jewish Diaspora, 136, 241, 242, 243, 286; Piotrkowski (2019), Priests in Exile: The History of the Temple of Onias and Its Community in the Hellenistic Period, 39, 64, 112, 193, 360

sup>
13.285 Κλεοπάτρα γὰρ ἡ βασίλισσα πρὸς τὸν υἱὸν στασιάζουσα Πτολεμαῖον τὸν Λάθουρον ἐπιλεγόμενον κατέστησεν ἡγεμόνας Χελκίαν καὶ ̓Ανανίαν υἱοὺς ὄντας ̓Ονίου τοῦ οἰκοδομήσαντος τὸν ναὸν ἐν τῷ ̔Ηλιοπολίτῃ νομῷ πρὸς τὸν ἐν τοῖς ̔Ιεροσολύμοις, ὡς καὶ πρόσθεν δεδηλώκαμεν. ^13.287 “οἱ γὰρ πλείους, οἵ τε συνελθόντες καὶ οἱ ὕστερον ἐπιπεμπόμενοι παρὰ τῆς Κλεοπάτρας εἰς Κύπρον, μετεβάλοντο παραχρῆμα πρὸς τὸν Πτολεμαῖον: μόνοι δὲ οἱ ἐκ τῆς ̓Ονίου γενόμενοι ̓Ιουδαῖοι συνέμενον διὰ τὸ τοὺς πολίτας αὐτῶν εὐδοκιμεῖν μάλιστα παρὰ τῇ βασιλίσσῃ Χελκίαν τε καὶ ̓Ανανίαν.” ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ὁ Στράβων φησίν.' "^13.349 ἀλλὰ παραχρῆμα μετὰ καὶ ναυτικῆς καὶ πεζῆς δυνάμεως ἐπ' αὐτὸν ἐξώρμησεν ἡγεμόνας τῆς ὅλης στρατιᾶς ἀποδείξασα Χελκίαν καὶ ̓Ανανίαν τοὺς ̓Ιουδαίους, τὰ δὲ πολλὰ τοῦ πλούτου καὶ τοὺς υἱωνοὺς καὶ διαθήκας πέμψασα Κῴοις παρέθετο." "^13.351 Πτολεμαῖος δ' ἐκ τῆς Συρίας ἀπελθὼν ἐπὶ τὴν Αἴγυπτον ἔσπευσεν, αἰφνιδίως αὐτὴν οἰόμενος κενὴν οὖσαν στρατιᾶς καθέξειν: ἀλλὰ διαμαρτάνει τῆς ἐλπίδος. κατὰ τοῦτον δὴ τὸν χρόνον συνέβη καὶ Χελκίαν τὸν ἕτερον τῶν τῆς Κλεοπάτρας ἡγεμόνων ἀποθανεῖν περὶ κοίλην Συρίαν διώκοντα Πτολεμαῖον." ^13.354 ̓Ανανίας δὲ συνεβούλευσε τούτοις ἐναντία, λέγων ἄδικα ποιήσειν αὐτήν, εἰ σύμμαχον ἄνθρωπον ἀφαιρήσεται τῆς ἰδίας ἐξουσίας καὶ ταῦτα συγγενῆ ἡμέτερον: “οὐ γὰρ ἀγνοεῖν βούλομαί σε, φησίν, εἰ τὸ πρὸς τοῦτον ἄδικον ἐχθροὺς ἅπαντας ἡμᾶς σοι τοὺς ̓Ιουδαίους κατασκευάζει.” ^13.355 ταῦτα δὲ ̓Ανανία παραινέσαντος ἡ Κλεοπάτρα πείθεται μηδὲν ἀδικῆσαι τὸν ̓Αλέξανδρον, ἀλλὰ συμμαχίαν πρὸς αὐτὸν ἐποιήσατο ἐν Σκυθοπόλει τῆς κοίλης Συρίας.' ' None

sup>
13.285 for Cleopatra the queen was at variance with her son Ptolemy, who was called Lathyrus, and appointed for her generals Chelcias and Aias, the sons of that Onias who built the temple in the prefecture of Heliopolis, like to that at Jerusalem, as we have elsewhere related. ^13.287 “Now the greater part, both those that came to Cyprus with us, and those that were sent afterward thither, revolted to Ptolemy immediately; only those that were called Onias’s party, being Jews, continued faithful, because their countrymen Chelcias and Aias were in chief favor with the queen.” These are the words of Strabo. ^13.349 but she immediately marched against him, with a fleet at sea and an army of foot on land, and made Chelcias and Aias the Jews generals of her whole army, while she sent the greatest part of her riches, her grandchildren, and her testament, to the people of Cos. ^13.351 but Ptolemy went out of Syria, and made haste unto Egypt, supposing that he should find it destitute of an army, and soon take it, though he failed of his hopes. At this time Chelcias, one of Cleopatra’s generals, happened to die in Celesyria, as he was in pursuit of Ptolemy. ^13.354 But Aias’s counsel was contrary to theirs, who said that “she would do an unjust action if she deprived a man that was her ally of that authority which belonged to him, and this a man who is related to us; for,” said he, “I would not have thee ignorant of this, that what injustice thou dost to him will make all us that are Jews to be thy enemies.” ^13.355 This desire of Aias Cleopatra complied with, and did no injury to Alexander, but made a league of mutual assistance with him at Scythopolis, a city of Celesyria.' ' None

14. Josephus Flavius, Against Apion, 2.49-2.55 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Cleopatra III, Jewish army commanders of • Onias (army commander of Ptolemy VI) • Onias (army leader of Cleopatra II) • military, army

Found in books: Bar Kochba (1997), Pseudo-Hecataeus on the Jews: Legitimizing the Jewish Diaspora, 241, 285; Piotrkowski (2019), Priests in Exile: The History of the Temple of Onias and Its Community in the Hellenistic Period, 39, 112, 253, 352, 355, 357, 413

sup>
2.49 ὁ δὲ Φιλομήτωρ Πτολεμαῖος καὶ ἡ γυνὴ αὐτοῦ Κλεοπάτρα τὴν βασιλείαν ὅλην τὴν ἑαυτῶν ̓Ιουδαίοις ἐπίστευσαν, καὶ στρατηγοὶ πάσης τῆς δυνάμεως ἦσαν ̓Ονίας καὶ Δοσίθεος ̓Ιουδαῖοι, ὧν ̓Απίων σκώπτει τὰ ὀνόματα, δέον τὰ ἔργα θαυμάζειν καὶ μὴ λοιδορεῖν, ἀλλὰ χάριν αὐτοῖς ἔχειν, ὅτι διέσωσαν τὴν ̓Αλεξάνδρειαν, ἧς ὡς πολίτης ἀντιποιεῖται. ^2.51 τοῦ παρὰ ̔Ρωμαίων πρεσβευτοῦ καὶ παρόντος.” ὀρθῶς δὲ ποιῶν φαίην ἂν καὶ μάλα δικαίως: ὁ γὰρ Φύσκων ἐπικληθεὶς Πτολεμαῖος ἀποθανόντος αὐτῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ Πτολεμαίου τοῦ Φιλομήτορος ἀπὸ Κυρήνης ἐξῆλθε Κλεοπάτραν ἐκβαλεῖν βουλόμενος τῆς βασιλείας ^2.52 ετ φιλιος ρεγις, υτ ιπσε ρεγνυμ ινιυστε σιβιμετ αππλιξαρετ; προπτερ ηαεξ εργο ονιας αδυερσυς ευμ βελλυμ προ ξλεοπατρα συσξεπιτ ετ φιδεμ, θυαμ ηαβυιτ ξιρξα ρεγες, νεθυαθυαμ ιν νεξεσσιτατε δεσερυιτ. ^2.53 τεστις αυτεμ δευς ιυστιτιαε ειυς μανιφεστυς αππαρυιτ; ναμ φψσξον πτολομαευς ξυμ αδυερσυμ εχερξιτυμ θυιδεμ ονιαε πυγναρε πραεσυμερετ, ομνες υερο ιυδαεος ιν ξιυιτατε ποσιτος ξυμ φιλιις ετ υχοριβυς ξαπιενς νυδος ατθυε υινξτος ελεπηαντις συβιεξισσετ, υτ αβ εις ξονξυλξατι δεφιξερεντ, ετ αδ ηοξ ετιαμ βεστιας ιπσας δεβριασσετ, ιν ξοντραριυμ θυαε πραεπαραυερατ ευενερυντ. ^2.54 ελεπηαντι ενιμ ρελινθυεντες σιβι απποσιτος ιυδαεος ιμπετυ φαξτο συπερ αμιξος ειυς μυλτος εχ ιπσις ιντερεμερυντ. ετ ποστ ηαεξ πτολομαευς θυιδεμ ασπεξτυμ τερριβιλεμ ξοντεμπλατυς εστ προηιβεντεμ σε, υτ ιλλις νοξερετ ^2.55 ηομινιβυς, ξονξυβινα υερο συα ξαρισσιμα, θυαμ αλιι θυιδεμ ιτηαξαμ, αλιι υερο ηιρενεν δενομιναντ, συππλιξαντε νε τανταμ ιμπιετατεμ περαγερετ, ει ξονξεσσιτ ετ εχ ηις θυαε ιαμ εγερατ υελ αξτυρυς ερατ παενιτεντιαμ εγιτ. υνδε ρεξτε ηανξ διεμ ιυδαει αλεχανδρια ξονστιτυτι εο θυοδ απερτε α δεο σαλυτεμ προμερυερυντ ξελεβραρε νοσξυντυρ.' ' None

sup>
2.49 and as for Ptolemy Philometor and his wife Cleopatra, they committed their whole kingdom to Jews, when Onias and Dositheus, both Jews, whose names are laughed at by Apion, were the generals of their whole army; but certainly instead of reproaching them, he ought to admire their actions, and return them thanks for saving Alexandria, whose citizen he pretends to be; ^2.51 Yes, do I venture to say, and that he did rightly and very justly in so doing; for that Ptolemy who was called Physco, upon the death of his brother Philometor, came from Cyrene, and would have ejected Cleopatra as well as her sons out of their kingdom, ^2.52 that he might obtain it for himself unjustly. For this cause then it was that Onias undertook a war against him on Cleopatra’s account; nor would he desert that trust the royal family had reposed in him in their distress. ^2.53 Accordingly, God gave a remarkable attestation to his righteous procedure; for when Ptolemy Physco had the presumption to fight against Onias’s army, and had caught all the Jews that were in the city Alexandria, with their children and wives, and exposed them naked and in bonds to his elephants, that they might be trodden upon and destroyed, and when he had made those elephants drunk for that purpose, the event proved contrary to his preparations; ^2.54 for these elephants left the Jews who were exposed to them, and fell violently upon Physco’s friends, and slew a great number of them; nay, after this, Ptolemy saw a terrible ghost, which prohibited his hurting those men; ^2.55 his very concubine, whom he loved so well (some call her Ithaca, and others Irene), making supplication to him, that he would not perpetrate so great a wickedness. So he complied with her request, and repented of what he either had already done, or was about to do; whence it is well known that the Alexandrian Jews do with good reason celebrate this day, on the account that they had thereon been vouchsafed such an evident deliverance from God. ' ' None

15. Tacitus, Annals, 1.17 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • armies, Roman, relationship with commanders • army, Roman

Found in books: Esler (2000), The Early Christian World, 33; Shannon-Henderson (2019), Power Play in Latin Love Elegy and its Multiple Forms of Continuity in Ovid’s , 71

sup>
1.17 Postremo promptis iam et aliis seditionis ministris velut contionabundus interrogabat cur paucis centurionibus paucioribus tribunis in modum servorum oboedirent. quando ausuros exposcere remedia, nisi novum et nutantem adhuc principem precibus vel armis adirent? satis per tot annos ignavia peccatum, quod tricena aut quadragena stipendia senes et plerique truncato ex vulneribus corpore tolerent. ne dimissis quidem finem esse militiae, sed apud vexillum tendentis alio vocabulo eosdem labores perferre. ac si quis tot casus vita superaverit, trahi adhuc diversas in terras ubi per nomen agrorum uligines paludum vel inculta montium accipiant. enimvero militiam ipsam gravem, infructuosam: denis in diem assibus animam et corpus aestimari: hinc vestem arma tentoria, hinc saevitiam centurionum et vacationes munerum redimi. at hercule verbera et vulnera, duram hiemem, exercitas aestates, bellum atrox aut sterilem pacem sempiterna. nec aliud levamentum quam si certis sub legibus militia iniretur, ut singulos denarios mererent, sextus decumus stipendii annus finem adferret, ne ultra sub vexillis tenerentur, sed isdem in castris praemium pecunia solveretur. an praetorias cohortis, quae binos denarios acceperint, quae post sedecim annos penatibus suis reddantur, plus periculorum suscipere? non obtrectari a se urbanas excubias: sibi tamen apud horridas gentis e contuberniis hostem aspici.'' None

sup>
1.17 \xa0At last, when they were ripe for action â\x80\x94 some had now become his coadjutors in sedition â\x80\x94 he put his question in something like a set speech:â\x80\x94 "Why should they obey like slaves a\xa0few centurions and fewer tribunes? When would they dare to claim redress, if they shrank from carrying their petitions, or their swords, to the still unstable throne of a new prince? Mistakes enough had been made in all the years of inaction, when white-haired men, many of whom had lost a limb by wounds, were making their thirtieth or fortieth campaign. Even after discharge their warfare was not accomplished: still under canvas by the colours they endured the old drudgeries under an altered name. And suppose that a man survived this multitude of hazards: he was dragged once more to the ends of the earth to receive under the name of a\xa0\'farm\' some swampy morass or barren mountain-side. In fact, the whole trade of war was comfortless and profitless: ten asses a\xa0day was the assessment of body and soul: with that they had to buy clothes, weapons and tents, bribe the bullying centurion and purchase a respite from duty! But whip-cut and sword-cut, stern winter and harassed summer, red war or barren peace, â\x80\x94 these, God knew, were always with them. Alleviation there would be none, till enlistment took place under a definite contract â\x80\x94 the payment to be a denarius a\xa0day, the sixteenth year to end the term of service, no further period with the reserve to be required, but the gratuity to be paid in money in their old camp. Or did the praetorian cohorts, who had received two denarii a\xa0day â\x80\x94 who were restored to hearth and home on the expiry of sixteen years â\x80\x94 risk more danger? They did not disparage sentinel duty at Rome; still, their own lot was cast among savage clans, with the enemy visible from their very tents." <'' None

16. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Armies • slaves (male) of soldiers, excluded from army

Found in books: Phang (2001), The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 B.C. - A.D. 235), 340; Vlassopoulos (2021), Historicising Ancient Slavery, 69

17. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Nero, Emperor, relationship with army • Rome (Ancient), army • army, Roman

Found in books: Esler (2000), The Early Christian World, 30; Galinsky (2016), Memory in Ancient Rome and Early Christianity, 160

18. None, None, nan (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
Tagged with subjects: • Cleopatra III, Jewish army commanders of • Onias (army commander of Ptolemy VI) • Onias (army leader of Cleopatra II) • military, army

Found in books: Bar Kochba (1997), Pseudo-Hecataeus on the Jews: Legitimizing the Jewish Diaspora, 241; Piotrkowski (2019), Priests in Exile: The History of the Temple of Onias and Its Community in the Hellenistic Period, 268

Please note: the results are produced through a computerized process which may frequently lead to errors, both in incorrect tagging and in other issues. Please use with caution.
Due to load times, full text fetching is currently attempted for validated results only.
Full texts for Hebrew Bible and rabbinic texts is kindly supplied by Sefaria; for Greek and Latin texts, by Perseus Scaife, for the Quran, by Tanzil.net

For a list of book indices included, see here.

Tiresias: The Ancient Mediterranean Religions Source Database