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Full texts for Hebrew Bible and rabbinic texts is kindly supplied by Sefaria; for Greek and Latin texts, by Perseus Scaife, for the Quran, by Tanzil.net

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All subjects (including unvalidated):
subject book bibliographic info
archaeological/architectural, evidence, incubation, christian Renberg (2017), Where Dreams May Come: Incubation Sanctuaries in the Greco-Roman World, 760, 762
architectural, capital Faßbeck and Killebrew (2016), Viewing Ancient Jewish Art and Archaeology: VeHinnei Rachel - Essays in honor of Rachel Hachlili, 311, 358, 365, 393, 434
architectural, changes, rome, ancient Galinsky (2016), Memory in Ancient Rome and Early Christianity, 121, 125, 136, 140, 221, 222, 223
architectural, design of iseum/isea Bricault et al. (2007), Orphism and Christianity in Late Antiquity, 470, 471, 514, 515
architectural, elements of buildings and monuments, columns, capitals, facades, water sculpture, on spouts Eliav (2023), A Jew in the Roman Bathhouse: Cultural Interaction in the Ancient Mediterranean, 167
architectural, epistemology in late antique world, imagery, as mode of knowing Ayres Champion and Crawford (2023), The Intellectual World of Late Antique Christianity: Reshaping Classical Traditions. 512, 513, 514
architectural, evidence of the itonia, joint shrine and festival of arkesine andminoa? Lalone (2019), Athena Itonia: Geography and Meaning of an Ancient Greek War Goddess, 233, 234, 235, 237, 238
architectural, feature, nilus Manolaraki (2012), Noscendi Nilum Cupido: Imagining Egypt from Lucan to Philostratus, 42
architectural, features, associations link architecture, and to Gabrielsen and Paganini (2021), Private Associations in the Ancient Greek World: Regulations and the Creation of Group Identity, 119, 120, 255, 257
architectural, framing Williamson (2021), Urban Rituals in Sacred Landscapes in Hellenistic Asia Minor, 57, 124, 202, 275, 283, 320
architectural, imagery as, tholos image in eusebian canon tables, mode of knowing Ayres Champion and Crawford (2023), The Intellectual World of Late Antique Christianity: Reshaping Classical Traditions. 512, 513, 514
architectural, influences, greek Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 314, 316, 331, 337
architectural, innovation Castelli and Sluiter 92023), Agents of Change in the Greco-Roman and Early Modern Periods: Ten Case Studies in Agency in Innovation. 40, 48
architectural, innovation, diffusion, of Castelli and Sluiter 92023), Agents of Change in the Greco-Roman and Early Modern Periods: Ten Case Studies in Agency in Innovation. 44, 48
architectural, knowledge, architect, limit on Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 125
architectural, kosmopolites Athanassaki and Titchener (2022), Plutarch's Cities, 4, 5
architectural, memory, memory Seaford, Wilkins, Wright (2017), Selfhood and the Soul: Essays on Ancient Thought and Literature in Honour of Christopher Gill. 259, 260, 263
architectural, neoplatonism, imagery, as mode of knowing Ayres Champion and Crawford (2023), The Intellectual World of Late Antique Christianity: Reshaping Classical Traditions. 513
architectural, orders, corinthian order Williamson (2021), Urban Rituals in Sacred Landscapes in Hellenistic Asia Minor, 115, 268, 275, 290
architectural, orders, doric order Williamson (2021), Urban Rituals in Sacred Landscapes in Hellenistic Asia Minor, 115, 119, 121, 123, 194, 195, 196, 197, 202, 218, 290
architectural, orders, ionic order Williamson (2021), Urban Rituals in Sacred Landscapes in Hellenistic Asia Minor, 119, 268, 275
architectural, program, augustus Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 59, 60
architectural, remains, domestic Sweeney (2013), Foundation Myths and Politics in Ancient Ionia, 58, 126
architectural, remains, fortifications Sweeney (2013), Foundation Myths and Politics in Ancient Ionia, 25, 29, 62, 111, 126
architectural, remains, sanctuaries Sweeney (2013), Foundation Myths and Politics in Ancient Ionia, 52, 98, 110, 148, 149, 181
architectural, similarities to the temple scroll, temple of ezekiel Ganzel and Holtz (2020), Contextualizing Jewish Temples, 144, 151
architecture Athanassaki and Titchener (2022), Plutarch's Cities, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 62, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 254, 318
Bay (2022), Biblical Heroes and Classical Culture in Christian Late Antiquity: The Historiography, Exemplarity, and Anti-Judaism of Pseudo-Hegesippus, 187, 188, 189, 190, 203, 218
Borg (2008), Paideia: the World of the Second Sophistic: The World of the Second Sophistic, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 165, 207, 208, 293, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 304, 306, 307, 308, 317, 318, 320, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 345, 347
Bricault and Bonnet (2013), Panthée: Religious Transformations in the Graeco-Roman Empire, 116
Castelli and Sluiter 92023), Agents of Change in the Greco-Roman and Early Modern Periods: Ten Case Studies in Agency in Innovation. 40, 46, 48, 52, 53, 56, 86
Eliav (2023), A Jew in the Roman Bathhouse: Cultural Interaction in the Ancient Mediterranean, 24, 29, 39, 40, 60, 75, 78
Fertik (2019), The Ruler's House: Contesting Power and Privacy in Julio-Claudian Rome, 61, 64, 65, 111
Neusner Green and Avery-Peck (2022), Judaism from Moses to Muhammad: An Interpretation: Turning Points and Focal Points, 199
Piotrkowski (2019), Priests in Exile: The History of the Temple of Onias and Its Community in the Hellenistic Period, 167, 317, 342, 388
Pollmann and Vessey (2007), Augustine and the Disciplines: From Cassiciacum to Confessions, 69, 76, 84, 88, 96, 97, 98, 99
Poulsen (2021), Usages of the Past in Roman Historiography, 10, 211, 262, 316
Romana Berno (2023), Roman Luxuria: A Literary and Cultural History, 14, 57, 58, 59, 62, 142, 148, 149, 165, 169, 170, 204, 208
Rosen-Zvi (2012), The Mishnaic Sotah Ritual: Temple, Gender and Midrash, 252
Secunda (2014), The Iranian Talmud: Reading the Bavli in Its Sasanian Context. 157
Secunda (2020), The Talmud's Red Fence: Menstrual Impurity and Difference in Babylonian Judaism and its Sasanian Context , 157
Stavrianopoulou (2013), Shifting Social Imaginaries in the Hellenistic Period: Narrations, Practices and Images, 42, 236, 313, 322
Trapp et al. (2016), In Praise of Asclepius: Selected Prose Hymns, 109, 117
Trott (2019), Aristotle on the Matter of Form: ? Feminist Metaphysics of Generation, 216, 219
Weissenrieder (2016), Borders: Terminologies, Ideologies, and Performances 3, 5, 11, 69, 103, 218, 257, 259, 261, 265, 266, 271, 272, 273, 277, 278, 280, 283, 286, 292, 296, 351
architecture, aesthetic approach to art and Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 311, 314, 315, 316, 317, 319, 334, 337, 353
architecture, aesthetic approach, art and Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 311, 314, 315, 316, 317, 319, 334, 337, 353
architecture, agora Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 382, 414
architecture, aisles, synagogue Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 55, 93, 325, 338, 386, 642
architecture, amoraic literature, on public Spielman (2020), Jews and Entertainment in the Ancient World. 185
architecture, ancient, architect / Green (2014), Carthage in Virgil's Aeneid: Staging the Enemy under Augustus, 110, 111, 112
architecture, and art, aesthetic approach Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 311, 314, 315, 316, 317, 319, 334, 337, 353
architecture, and art, roman appreciation Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 240, 241, 242, 258, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264
architecture, and interiors, appropriateness, of colors in Goldman (2013), Color-Terms in Social and Cultural Context in Ancient Rome, 19, 21, 33, 34, 35, 36, 161
architecture, and sculpture, lycia/lycians Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 168
architecture, and theory Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 121, 122, 125, 126
architecture, and, iconographic cycles Ernst (2009), Martha from the Margins: The Authority of Martha in Early Christian Tradition, 170
architecture, anthropomorphism, in Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 70, 71
architecture, antioch, pisidian Potter Suh and Holladay (2021), Hellenistic Jewish Literature and the New Testament: Collected Essays, 609, 610
architecture, apse, synagogue Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 202, 237, 264, 305, 325, 326, 335, 339, 341, 352, 356, 375, 641
architecture, aqueducts Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 442
architecture, archaic greek Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 118
architecture, ars multiplex Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 139, 140
architecture, atriums and water installations, synagogue Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 59, 75, 237, 247, 264, 292, 305, 314, 316, 323, 325, 326, 330, 332, 333, 334, 336, 641
architecture, augustus, and Csapo et al. (2022), Theatre and Autocracy in the Ancient World, 62, 147
architecture, balcony, synagogue Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 341, 343, 393, 503, 504, 512
architecture, banquet hall Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 442, 511, 518
architecture, basilica Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 437, 535
architecture, bath Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 285, 382, 433, 438, 541
architecture, benches, synagogue Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 55, 63, 65, 72, 75, 76, 93, 112, 164, 169, 185, 229, 264, 318, 323, 326, 327, 337, 338, 339, 340
architecture, body, in Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 143
architecture, chaeronea Athanassaki and Titchener (2022), Plutarch's Cities, 31, 33
architecture, chancel screens, church Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 341
architecture, christian, basilica Mitchell and Pilhofer (2019), Early Christianity in Asia Minor and Cyprus: From the Margins to the Mainstream, 22, 53, 217, 229, 234, 235, 237, 238, 244
architecture, christian, chapel Mitchell and Pilhofer (2019), Early Christianity in Asia Minor and Cyprus: From the Margins to the Mainstream, 26, 84, 121, 122, 215, 220, 230
architecture, christian, church Mitchell and Pilhofer (2019), Early Christianity in Asia Minor and Cyprus: From the Margins to the Mainstream, 4, 23, 26, 53, 61, 73, 78, 83, 84, 91, 92, 94, 101, 103, 112, 118, 121, 122, 142, 144, 180, 212, 213, 215, 217, 218, 220, 232, 235, 236, 237, 239
architecture, christian, hagiasma Mitchell and Pilhofer (2019), Early Christianity in Asia Minor and Cyprus: From the Margins to the Mainstream, 220, 236
architecture, christian, martyrium Mitchell and Pilhofer (2019), Early Christianity in Asia Minor and Cyprus: From the Margins to the Mainstream, 24, 26, 68, 78, 111, 112, 114, 117, 120, 122
architecture, church O'Daly (2020), Augustine's City of God: A Reader's Guide (2nd edn), 15
architecture, church buildings Huttner (2013), Early Christianity in the Lycus Valley, 367, 368
architecture, civic art Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 20
architecture, conspectus, and domestic Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 23, 345
architecture, construction projects, aphrodisias in caria Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 342, 405
architecture, design, of Celykte (2020), The Stoic Theory of Beauty. 173, 184, 185
architecture, diocletian prices, in prestigious ephesian Kalinowski (2021), Memory, Family, and Community in Roman Ephesos, 152
architecture, domitian, public Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 52, 53, 56, 114, 262, 263, 316, 332
architecture, durability, of Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 60, 63, 64, 73, 74, 145, 146
architecture, elevated by vitruvius? Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 53, 120, 121
architecture, embodied by ideal practitioner Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143
architecture, esoteric Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 13, 123
architecture, fountain church Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 333
architecture, greek Wright (2015), The Letter of Aristeas : 'Aristeas to Philocrates' or 'On the Translation of the Law of the Jews' 187, 188
architecture, gymnasium Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 238, 265, 269, 427, 429, 436, 437, 442, 493, 494
architecture, halls Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 238, 240, 382, 442, 494
architecture, hellenistic Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 90, 95, 109, 115
architecture, hellenistic age Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 181
architecture, hieron ii of syracuse, and Csapo et al. (2022), Theatre and Autocracy in the Ancient World, 3, 25, 31, 60, 61, 62, 74, 83
architecture, hypokaust heating system Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 442
architecture, ideological approach to art and Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 311, 317, 334, 353
architecture, in alexandria, ptolemaic egypt, egyptian Schliesser et al. (2021), Alexandria: Hub of the Hellenistic World. 133
architecture, in quarrel between rhetoric and philosophy Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 138, 139
architecture, influence of pagans upon jews in Feldman (2006), Judaism and Hellenism Reconsidered, 4, 5
architecture, irrational Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 126
architecture, julius caesar, monumental Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 47, 48, 49, 93, 95, 96, 97
architecture, late antique approach to, tholos image in eusebian canon tables, church Ayres Champion and Crawford (2023), The Intellectual World of Late Antique Christianity: Reshaping Classical Traditions. 486, 500
architecture, latrines Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 438
architecture, library Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 242, 243, 438, 442
architecture, map Athanassaki and Titchener (2022), Plutarch's Cities, 91, 96
architecture, marble, in building Black, Thomas, and Thompson (2022), Ephesos as a Religious Center under the Principate. 20, 71, 73
architecture, megaron Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 61
architecture, monologic Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 145, 146
architecture, mosaics Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 244, 353, 354, 514, 541
architecture, of gymnasium, -a Kalinowski (2021), Memory, Family, and Community in Roman Ephesos, 323
architecture, of indebted to pagans and christians, synagogues Feldman (2006), Judaism and Hellenism Reconsidered, 14
architecture, of roman society Mackey (2022), Belief and Cult: Rethinking Roman Religion, 189
architecture, oratory, c, subject analogous to Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 139, 140
architecture, parts of Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 119
architecture, pella Athanassaki and Titchener (2022), Plutarch's Cities, 211
architecture, pergamon Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 181, 238, 240, 242, 243
architecture, persia/persians, art and Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 164, 168, 170, 171, 173
architecture, persian period Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 164, 168, 170, 171
architecture, political approach to art and Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 311, 317, 334, 353
architecture, prayer, archaeology Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 335, 336, 453, 576, 577
architecture, privacy, and domestic Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 23, 77, 78, 79, 138
architecture, ras el-soda, sanctuary Bricault et al. (2007), Orphism and Christianity in Late Antiquity, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476, 514, 515
architecture, religions, roman, religious responses to art and Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 236, 239
architecture, roman Konig and Wiater (2022), Late Hellenistic Greek Literature in Dialogue, 52
König and Wiater (2022), Late Hellenistic Greek Literature in Dialogue, 52
architecture, roman appreciation, art and Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 240, 241, 242, 258, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264
architecture, roman civilization Eliav (2023), A Jew in the Roman Bathhouse: Cultural Interaction in the Ancient Mediterranean, 22, 40, 64
architecture, roman imperial period Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 437, 438, 442
architecture, roman, in athens Athanassaki and Titchener (2022), Plutarch's Cities, 95
architecture, sacred Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 262, 265, 266
architecture, sanctuaries/temples Eidinow and Kindt (2015), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Greek Religion, 230, 236
architecture, sparta Athanassaki and Titchener (2022), Plutarch's Cities, 118
architecture, status of discipline Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 121, 122, 123
architecture, stoa, of zeus eleutherios Athanassaki and Titchener (2022), Plutarch's Cities, 83, 84
architecture, stoa, royal Athanassaki and Titchener (2022), Plutarch's Cities, 92
architecture, synoptic, body, of Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 28
architecture, temple Williamson (2021), Urban Rituals in Sacred Landscapes in Hellenistic Asia Minor, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 191, 194, 195, 196, 197, 199, 202, 268, 270, 273, 275, 277, 279, 281, 350, 351, 352, 353, 355, 356
architecture, temple facade of tombs Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 164, 168
architecture, temples, structure only, age of persians Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 164, 168
architecture, temples, structure only, archaic greek Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 118, 123
architecture, temples, structure only, hellenistic age Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 197, 199, 209, 264, 265
architecture, temples, structure only, sebasteion, temple of augustus and roma, in ankyra Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 314, 315
architecture, theaters, structure only Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 238, 396, 425, 437
architecture, trajan, public Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 134, 301, 345, 350
architecture, vitruvius, authority on Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 31, 32, 33
architecture, vitruvius, on Fertik (2019), The Ruler's House: Contesting Power and Privacy in Julio-Claudian Rome, 122
architecture/building, stock, polis Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 197, 199, 437, 438, 442
culture/architecture, of baths/bath-gymnasia, greco-roman Kalinowski (2021), Memory, Family, and Community in Roman Ephesos, 322, 323

List of validated texts:
31 validated results for "architecture"
1. Thucydides, The History of The Peloponnesian War, 6.54.6 (5th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • H-architecture • friezes, architectural,, on pottery

 Found in books: Gygax (2016), Benefaction and Rewards in the Ancient Greek City: The Origins of Euergetism, 100; Rutter and Sparkes (2012), Word and Image in Ancient Greece, 45

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6.54.6 τὰ δὲ ἄλλα αὐτὴ ἡ πόλις τοῖς πρὶν κειμένοις νόμοις ἐχρῆτο, πλὴν καθ’ ὅσον αἰεί τινα ἐπεμέλοντο σφῶν αὐτῶν ἐν ταῖς ἀρχαῖς εἶναι. καὶ ἄλλοι τε αὐτῶν ἦρξαν τὴν ἐνιαύσιον Ἀθηναίοις ἀρχὴν καὶ Πεισίστρατος ὁ Ἱππίου τοῦ τυραννεύσαντος υἱός, τοῦ πάππου ἔχων τοὔνομα, ὃς τῶν δώδεκα θεῶν βωμὸν τὸν ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ ἄρχων ἀνέθηκε καὶ τὸν τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος ἐν Πυθίου.'' None		sup>
6.54.6 For the rest, the city was left in full enjoyment of its existing laws, except that care was always taken to have the offices in the hands of some one of the family. Among those of them that held the yearly archonship at Athens was Pisistratus, son of the tyrant Hippias, and named after his grandfather, who dedicated during his term of office the altar to the twelve gods in the market-place, and that of Apollo in the Pythian precinct. '' None
2. Cicero, On The Ends of Good And Evil, 5.2 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Rome (Ancient), architectural changes • architecture • architecture and art, Roman appreciation • art and architecture, Roman appreciation

 Found in books: Borg (2008), Paideia: the World of the Second Sophistic: The World of the Second Sophistic, 345; Galinsky (2016), Memory in Ancient Rome and Early Christianity, 221; Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 258

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5.2 tum Piso: Naturane nobis hoc, inquit, datum dicam an errore quodam, ut, cum ea loca videamus, in quibus memoria dignos viros acceperimus multum esse versatos, magis moveamur, quam si quando eorum ipsorum aut facta audiamus aut scriptum aliquod aliquid R legamus? velut ego nunc moveor. venit enim mihi Platonis in mentem, quem accepimus primum hic disputare solitum; cuius etiam illi hortuli propinqui propinqui hortuli BE non memoriam solum mihi afferunt, sed ipsum videntur in conspectu meo ponere. hic Speusippus, hic Xenocrates, hic eius auditor Polemo, cuius illa ipsa sessio fuit, quam videmus. Equidem etiam curiam nostram—Hostiliam dico, non hanc novam, quae minor mihi esse esse mihi B videtur, posteaquam est maior—solebam intuens Scipionem, Catonem, Laelium, nostrum vero in primis avum cogitare; tanta vis admonitionis inest in locis; ut non sine causa ex iis memoriae ducta sit disciplina.'' None		sup>
5.2 \xa0Thereupon Piso remarked: "Whether it is a natural instinct or a mere illusion, I\xa0can\'t say; but one\'s emotions are more strongly aroused by seeing the places that tradition records to have been the favourite resort of men of note in former days, than by hearing about their deeds or reading their writings. My own feelings at the present moment are a case in point. I\xa0am reminded of Plato, the first philosopher, so we are told, that made a practice of holding discussions in this place; and indeed the garden close at hand yonder not only recalls his memory but seems to bring the actual man before my eyes. This was the haunt of Speusippus, of Xenocrates, and of Xenocrates\' pupil Polemo, who used to sit on the very seat we see over there. For my own part even the sight of our senate-house at home (I\xa0mean the Curia Hostilia, not the present new building, which looks to my eyes smaller since its enlargement) used to call up to me thoughts of Scipio, Cato, Laelius, and chief of all, my grandfather; such powers of suggestion do places possess. No wonder the scientific training of the memory is based upon locality." <'' None
3. Cicero, On Duties, 1.150-1.151 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Architect / Architecture, ancient • De Architectura (Vitruvius) • De Architectura (Vitruvius), purpose of • De architectura, and Greek knowledge • architectura, etymology • architecture, and theory • architecture, elevated by Vitruvius? • architecture, embodied by ideal practitioner • architecture, status of discipline

 Found in books: Green (2014), Carthage in Virgil's Aeneid: Staging the Enemy under Augustus, 111; Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 121, 122, 124

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1.150 Iam de artificiis et quaestibus, qui liberales habendi, qui sordidi sint, haec fere accepimus. Primum improbantur ii quaestus, qui in odia hominum incurrunt, ut portitorum, ut faeneratorum. Illiberales autem et sordidi quaestus mercennariorum omnium, quorum operae, non quorum artes emuntur; est enim in illis ipsa merces auctoramentum servitutis. Sordidi etiam putandi, qui mercantur a mercatoribus, quod statim vendant; nihil enim proficiant, nisi admodum mentiantur; nec vero est quicquam turpius vanitate. Opificesque omnes in sordida arte versantur; nec enim quicquam ingenuum habere potest officina. Minimeque artes eae probandae, quae ministrae sunt voluptatum: Cetárii, lanií, coqui, fartóres, piscatóres, ut ait Terentius; adde hue, si placet, unguentarios, saltatores totumque ludum talarium. 1.151 Quibus autem artibus aut prudentia maior inest aut non mediocris utilitas quaeritur, ut medicina, ut architectura, ut doctrina rerum honestarum, eae sunt iis, quorum ordini conveniunt, honestae. Mercatura autem, si tenuis est. sordida putanda est; sin magna et copiosa, multa undique apportans multisque sine vanitate impertiens, non est admodum vituperanda, atque etiam, si satiata quaestu vel contenta potius, ut saepe ex alto in portum, ex ipso portu se in agros possessionesque contulit, videtur iure optimo posse laudari. Omnium autem rerum, ex quibus aliquid acquiritur, nihil est agri cultura melius, nihil uberius, nihil dulcius, nihil homine libero dignius; de qua quoniam in Catone Maiore satis multa diximus, illim assumes, quae ad hunc locum pertinebunt.'' None		sup>
1.150 \xa0Now in regard to trades and other means of livelihood, which ones are to be considered becoming to a gentleman and which ones are vulgar, we have been taught, in general, as follows. First, those means of livelihood are rejected as undesirable which incur people\'s ill-will, as those of tax-gatherers and usurers. Unbecoming to a gentleman, too, and vulgar are the means of livelihood of all hired workmen whom we pay for mere manual labour, not for artistic skill; for in their case the very wage they receive is a pledge of their slavery. Vulgar we must consider those also who buy from wholesale merchants to retail immediately; for they would get no profits without a great deal of downright lying; and verily, there is no action that is meaner than misrepresentation. And all mechanics are engaged in vulgar trades; for no workshop can have anything liberal about it. Least respectable of all are those trades which cater for sensual pleasures: "Fishmongers, butchers, cooks, and poulterers, And fishermen," as Terence says. Add to these, if you please, the perfumers, dancers, and the whole corps de\xa0ballet. < 1.151 \xa0But the professions in which either a higher degree of intelligence is required or from which no small benefit to society is derived â\x80\x94 medicine and architecture, for example, and teaching â\x80\x94 these are proper for those whose social position they become. Trade, if it is on a small scale, is to be considered vulgar; but if wholesale and on a large scale, importing large quantities from all parts of the world and distributing to many without misrepresentation, it is not to be greatly disparaged. Nay, it even seems to deserve the highest respect, if those who are engaged in it, satiated, or rather, I\xa0should say, satisfied with the fortunes they have made, make their way from the port to a country estate, as they have often made it from the sea into port. But of all the occupations by which gain is secured, none is better than agriculture, none more profitable, none more delightful, none more becoming to a freeman. But since I\xa0have discussed this quite fully in my Cato Major, you will find there the material that applies to this point.'' None
4. None, None, nan (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Architect / Architecture, ancient • De Architectura (Vitruvius) • De Architectura (Vitruvius), purpose of • architecture, ars multiplex • architecture, embodied by ideal practitioner • oratory, C, subject analogous to architecture

 Found in books: Green (2014), Carthage in Virgil's Aeneid: Staging the Enemy under Augustus, 111; Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 140, 141, 142
5. Ovid, Metamorphoses, 15.865 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • architecture • privacy, and domestic architecture

 Found in books: Fertik (2019), The Ruler's House: Contesting Power and Privacy in Julio-Claudian Rome, 65; Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 78

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15.865 et cum Caesarea tu, Phoebe domestice, Vesta,'' None		sup>
15.865 the city, you shall be its chosen king'' None
6. Vitruvius Pollio, On Architecture, 1.1.3, 1.1.11-1.1.12, 1.1.18, 1.3.1-1.3.2, 3.1.1-3.1.3, 5.4.1, 6.1.11, 6.2.1, 6.2.3, 6.7.7, 6.8.10, 9.1.1, 9.6.2-9.6.3, 10.16.2 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Architect / Architecture, ancient • Architecture • Augustus, dedicatee of De architectura • De Architectura (Vitruvius) • De Architectura (Vitruvius), date of • De Architectura (Vitruvius), purpose of • De architectura, and Greek knowledge • De architectura, and imperialism • De architectura, audience • De architectura, contents and aims • De architectura, diagnostic passages • De architectura, literariness and textuality • De architectura, prefaces • De architectura, reception • De architectura, sphragis • De architectura, universalizing • Roman Civilization, architecture • anthropomorphism, in architecture • architect, limit on architectural knowledge • architectura, etymology • architecture, and theory • architecture, ars multiplex • architecture, civic art • architecture, embodied by ideal practitioner • architecture, esoteric • architecture, in quarrel between rhetoric and philosophy • architecture, irrational • architecture, monologic • architecture, parts of • architecture, status of discipline • body, in architecture • body, of architecture, synoptic • caryatids, function in De architectura • corpus architecturae • design, of architecture • durability, of architecture • oratory, C, subject analogous to architecture • summum templum architecturae

 Found in books: Celykte (2020), The Stoic Theory of Beauty. 173, 184; Eliav (2023), A Jew in the Roman Bathhouse: Cultural Interaction in the Ancient Mediterranean, 40; Green (2014), Carthage in Virgil's Aeneid: Staging the Enemy under Augustus, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115; Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 5, 8, 9, 17, 18, 20, 27, 28, 38, 64, 65, 70, 71, 78, 85, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 102, 103, 108, 117, 118, 119, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 132, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 143, 144, 146, 148; Weissenrieder (2016), Borders: Terminologies, Ideologies, and Performances 259

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1.1.3 3. In architecture, as in other arts, two considerations must be constantly kept in view; namely, the intention, and the matter used to express that intention: but the intention is founded on a conviction that the matter wrought will fully suit the purpose; he, therefore, who is not familiar with both branches of the art, has no pretension to the title of the architect. An architect should be ingenious, and apt in the acquisition of knowledge. Deficient in either of these qualities, he cannot be a perfect master. He should be a good writer, a skilful draftsman, versed in geometry and optics, expert at figures, acquainted with history, informed on the principles of natural and moral philosophy, somewhat of a musician, not ignorant of the sciences both of law and physic, nor of the motions, laws, and relations to each other, of the heavenly bodies.
1.1.11 11. Since, therefore, this art is founded upon and adorned with so many different sciences, I\xa0am of opinion that those who have not, from their early youth, gradually climbed up to the summit, cannot, without presumption, call themselves masters of it. 1.1.12 12. Perhaps, to the uninformed, it may appear unaccountable that a man should be able to retain in his memory such a variety of learning; but the close alliance with each other, of the different branches of science, will explain the difficulty. For as a body is composed of various concordant members, so does the whole circle of learning consist in one harmonious system. Wherefore those, who from an early age are initiated in the different branches of learning, have a facility in acquiring some knowledge of all, from their common connexion with each other. On this account Pythius, one of the antients, architect of the noble temple of Minerva at Priene, says, in his commentaries, that an architect should have that perfect knowledge of each art and science which is not even acquired by the professors of any one in particular, who have had every opportunity of improving themselves in it. This, however, cannot be necessary;
1.1.18 18. Since, therefore, few men are thus gifted, and yet it is required of the architect to be generally well informed, and it is manifest he cannot hope to excel in each art, I\xa0beseech you, O\xa0Cæsar, and those who read this my work, to pardon and overlook grammatical errors; for I\xa0write neither as an accomplished philosopher, an eloquent rhetorician, nor an expert grammarian, but as an architect: in respect, however, of my art and its principles, I\xa0will lay down rules which may serve as an authority to those who build, as well as to those who are already somewhat acquainted with the science. 1.3.2 2. All these should possess strength, utility, and beauty. Strength arises from carrying down the foundations to a good solid bottom, and from making a proper choice of materials without parsimony. Utility arises from a judicious distribution of the parts, so that their purposes be duly answered, and that each have its proper situation. Beauty is produced by the pleasing appearance and good taste of the whole, and by the dimensions of all the parts being duly proportioned to each other.
5.4.1 1. Harmony is an obscure and difficult musical science, but most difficult to those who are not acquainted with the Greek language; because it is necessary to use many Greek words to which there are none corresponding in Latin. I\xa0will therefore explain, to the best of my ability, the doctrine of Aristoxenus, and annex his diagram, and will so designate the place of each tone, that a person who studiously applies himself to the subject may very readily understand it.
6.1.11 11. on this account the people of Italy excel in both qualities, strength of body and vigour of mind. For as the planet Jupiter moves through a temperate region between the fiery Mars and icy Saturn, so Italy enjoys a temperate and unequalled climate between the north on one side, and the south on the other. Hence it is, that by stratagem she is enabled to repress the attacks of the barbarians, and by her strength to overcome the subtilty of southern nations. Divine providence has so ordered it that the metropolis of the Roman people is placed in an excellent and temperate climate, whereby they have become the masters of the world.
6.7.7 7. I\xa0mention these things, not to induce persons to change the names at this period, but that they may be known to philologists. I\xa0explained the different arrangement of buildings after the practice of the Italians, as well as that of the Greeks, by giving the proportions and division of each; and, as we have already laid down the principles of beauty and propriety, we shall now consider the subject of strength, by which a building may be without defects, and durable.
10.16.2 2. Whoever, therefore, attends to these precepts, will be able to select from the variety mentioned, and design safely, without further aid, such new schemes as the nature of the places and other circumstances may require. For the defence of a place or army, one cannot give precepts in writing, since the machines which the enemy prepares may not be in consoce with our rules; whence oftentimes their contrivances are foiled by some ready ingenious plan, without the assistance of machines, as was the case with the Rhodians.' ' None
7. None, None, nan (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • De architectura, literariness and textuality • Hellenistic architecture • Julius Caesar, monumental architecture • aesthetic approach to art and architecture • architecture and art, aesthetic approach • art and architecture, aesthetic approach • caryatids, function in De architectura • ideological approach to art and architecture • political approach to art and architecture

 Found in books: Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 48, 95, 97, 334; Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 69, 76
8. None, None, nan (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Domitian, public architecture • architecture and art, Roman appreciation • architecture, • art and architecture, Roman appreciation • sacred architecture

 Found in books: Bay (2022), Biblical Heroes and Classical Culture in Christian Late Antiquity: The Historiography, Exemplarity, and Anti-Judaism of Pseudo-Hegesippus, 190; Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 262
9. None, None, nan (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Greek architectural influences • aesthetic approach to art and architecture • architecture and art, aesthetic approach • art and architecture, aesthetic approach • durability, of architecture

 Found in books: Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 314; Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 64
10. None, None, nan (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Architecture • Augustus, dedicatee of De architectura • De architectura, and imperialism • De architectura, diagnostic passages • Domitian, public architecture

 Found in books: Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 52; Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 155, 188, 189; Romana Berno (2023), Roman Luxuria: A Literary and Cultural History, 59
11. None, None, nan (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Architecture • architecture • architecture, Roman

 Found in books: Konig and Wiater (2022), Late Hellenistic Greek Literature in Dialogue, 52; König and Wiater (2022), Late Hellenistic Greek Literature in Dialogue, 52; Poulsen (2021), Usages of the Past in Roman Historiography, 10; Romana Berno (2023), Roman Luxuria: A Literary and Cultural History, 59
12. None, None, nan (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Architecture • architecture and art, Roman appreciation • art and architecture, Roman appreciation

 Found in books: Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 264; Romana Berno (2023), Roman Luxuria: A Literary and Cultural History, 58
13. Josephus Flavius, Jewish War, 2.128, 5.198-5.199, 5.222-5.223, 5.241 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Architecture • Temple of Ezekiel, architectural similarities to the Temple Scroll • architecture • synagogue architecture, balcony • synagogue architecture, benches

 Found in books: Eliav (2023), A Jew in the Roman Bathhouse: Cultural Interaction in the Ancient Mediterranean, 78; Ganzel and Holtz (2020), Contextualizing Jewish Temples, 151; Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 63, 503; Piotrkowski (2019), Priests in Exile: The History of the Temple of Onias and Its Community in the Hellenistic Period, 388; Weissenrieder (2016), Borders: Terminologies, Ideologies, and Performances 218

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2.128 Πρός γε μὴν τὸ θεῖον εὐσεβεῖς ἰδίως: πρὶν γὰρ ἀνασχεῖν τὸν ἥλιον οὐδὲν φθέγγονται τῶν βεβήλων, πατρίους δέ τινας εἰς αὐτὸν εὐχὰς ὥσπερ ἱκετεύοντες ἀνατεῖλαι.' "
5.198 ἔνθεν ἄλλοι πάλιν πεντέβαθμοι κλίμακες ἀνῆγον ἐπὶ τὰς πύλας, αἳ ἀπὸ μὲν ἄρκτου καὶ μεσημβρίας ὀκτώ, καθ' ἑκάτερον τέσσαρες, δύο δ' ἦσαν ἐξ ἀνατολῆς κατ' ἀνάγκην: διατετειχισμένου γὰρ κατὰ τοῦτο τὸ κλίμα ταῖς γυναιξὶν ἰδίου πρὸς θρησκείαν χώρου ἔδει δευτέραν εἶναι πύλην: τέτμητο δ' αὕτη τῆς πρώτης ἄντικρυς." "5.199 κἀκ τῶν ἄλλων δὲ κλιμάτων μία μεσημβρινὴ πύλη καὶ μία βόρειος, δι' ἧς εἰς τὴν γυναικωνῖτιν εἰσῆγον: κατὰ γὰρ τὰς ἄλλας οὐκ ἐξῆν παρελθεῖν γυναιξίν, ἀλλ' οὐδὲ κατὰ τὴν σφετέραν ὑπερβῆναι τὸ διατείχισμα. ἀνεῖτό γε μὴν ταῖς τ' ἐπιχωρίοις καὶ ταῖς ἔξωθεν ὁμοφύλοις ἐν ἴσῳ πρὸς θρησκείαν ὁ χῶρος." "
5.222 Τὸ δ' ἔξωθεν αὐτοῦ πρόσωπον οὐδὲν οὔτ' εἰς ψυχῆς οὔτ' εἰς ὀμμάτων ἔκπληξιν ἀπέλειπεν: πλαξὶ γὰρ χρυσοῦ στιβαραῖς κεκαλυμμένος πάντοθεν ὑπὸ τὰς πρώτας ἀνατολὰς πυρωδεστάτην ἀπέπαλλεν αὐγὴν καὶ τῶν βιαζομένων ἰδεῖν τὰς ὄψεις ὥσπερ ἡλιακαῖς ἀκτῖσιν ἀπέστρεφεν." '5.223 τοῖς γε μὴν ἀφικνουμένοις ξένοις πόρρωθεν ὅμοιος ὄρει χιόνος πλήρει κατεφαίνετο: καὶ γὰρ καθὰ μὴ κεχρύσωτο λευκότατος ἦν.' ' None		sup>
2.128 5. And as for their piety towards God, it is very extraordinary; for before sunrising they speak not a word about profane matters, but put up certain prayers which they have received from their forefathers, as if they made a supplication for its rising.
5.198 whence there were other steps, each of five cubits a piece, that led to the gates, which gates on the north and south sides were eight, on each of those sides four, and of necessity two on the east. For since there was a partition built for the women on that side, as the proper place wherein they were to worship, there was a necessity for a second gate for them: this gate was cut out of its wall, over against the first gate. 5.199 There was also on the other sides one southern and one northern gate, through which was a passage into the court of the women; for as to the other gates, the women were not allowed to pass through them; nor when they went through their own gate could they go beyond their own wall. This place was allotted to the women of our own country, and of other countries, provided they were of the same nation, and that equally.
5.222 6. Now the outward face of the temple in its front wanted nothing that was likely to surprise either men’s minds or their eyes; for it was covered all over with plates of gold of great weight, and, at the first rising of the sun, reflected back a very fiery splendor, and made those who forced themselves to look upon it to turn their eyes away, just as they would have done at the sun’s own rays. 5.223 But this temple appeared to strangers, when they were coming to it at a distance, like a mountain covered with snow; for as to those parts of it that were not gilt, they were exceeding white.' ' None
14. New Testament, 1 Corinthians, 14.23, 16.19 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Architecture • architecture, domus ecclesiae • architecture, from first century to early fourth century • architecture, generally • architecture, house-churches • architecture, influence of synagogues • house-church, architecture • synagogues, influence of Christian architecture

 Found in books: Esler (2000), The Early Christian World, 707, 709, 711; Weissenrieder (2016), Borders: Terminologies, Ideologies, and Performances 3, 257

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14.23 Ἐὰν οὖν συνέλθῃ ἡ ἐκκλησία ὅλη ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ καὶ πάντες λαλῶσιν γλώσσαις, εἰσέλθωσιν δὲ ἰδιῶται ἢ ἄπιστοι, οὐκ ἐροῦσιν ὅτι μαίνεσθε;
16.19 Ἀσπάζονται ὑμᾶς αἱ ἐκκλησίαι τῆς Ἀσίας. ἀσπάζεται ὑμᾶς ἐν κυρίῳ πολλὰ Ἀκύλας καὶ Πρίσκα σὺν τῇ κατʼ οἶκον αὐτῶν ἐκκλησίᾳ.' ' None		sup>
14.23 If therefore thewhole assembly is assembled together and all speak with otherlanguages, and unlearned or unbelieving people come in, won't they saythat you are crazy?" 16.19 The assemblies of Asia greet you. Aquila and Priscilla greetyou much in the Lord, together with the assembly that is in theirhouse.' " None
15. New Testament, Acts, 16.13, 16.15 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Architecture • architecture, from first century to early fourth century • architecture, generally • architecture, house-churches • architecture, influence of synagogues • house-church, architecture • synagogue architecture, atriums and water installations • synagogues, influence of Christian architecture

 Found in books: Esler (2000), The Early Christian World, 707; Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 316, 334; Weissenrieder (2016), Borders: Terminologies, Ideologies, and Performances 3, 257

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16.13 τῇ τε ἡμέρᾳ τῶν σαββάτων ἐξήλθομεν ἔξω τῆς πύλης παρὰ ποταμὸν οὗ ἐνομίζομεν προσευχὴν εἶναι, καὶ καθίσαντες ἐλαλοῦμεν ταῖς συνελθούσαις γυναιξίν.
16.15 ὡς δὲ ἐβαπτίσθη καὶ ὁ οἶκος αὐτῆς, παρεκάλεσεν λέγουσα Εἰ κεκρίκατέ με πιστὴν τῷ κυρίῳ εἶναι, εἰσελθόντες εἰς τὸν οἶκόν μου μένετε· καὶ παρεβιάσατο ἡμᾶς.'' None		sup>
16.13 On the Sabbath day we went forth outside of the city by a riverside, where we supposed there was a place of prayer, and we sat down, and spoke to the women who had come together.
16.15 When she and her household were baptized, she begged us, saying, "If you have judged me to be faithful to the Lord, come into my house, and stay." She urged us. '' None
16. New Testament, Romans, 16.5 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Architecture • architecture, from first century to early fourth century • architecture, generally • architecture, house-churches • house-church, architecture

 Found in books: Esler (2000), The Early Christian World, 708, 709; Weissenrieder (2016), Borders: Terminologies, Ideologies, and Performances 3

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16.5 καὶ τὴν κατʼ οἶκον αὐτῶν ἐκκλησίαν. ἀσπάσασθε Ἐπαίνετον τὸν ἀγαπητόν μου, ὅς ἐστιν ἀπαρχὴ τῆς Ἀσίας εἰς Χριστόν.'' None		sup>
16.5 Greet the assembly that is in their house. Greet Epaenetus, my beloved, who is the first fruits of Achaia to Christ. '' None
17. Suetonius, Nero, 31.2 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Architecture • aesthetic approach to art and architecture • architecture and art, aesthetic approach • art and architecture, aesthetic approach • ideological approach to art and architecture • political approach to art and architecture

 Found in books: Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 353; Romana Berno (2023), Roman Luxuria: A Literary and Cultural History, 208

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31.2 In the rest of the house all parts were overlaid with gold and adorned with gems and mother-ofâ\x80\x91pearl. There were dining-rooms with fretted ceils of ivory, whose panels could turn and shower down flowers and were fitted with pipes for sprinkling the guests with perfumes. The main banquet hall was circular and constantly revolved day and night, like the heavens. He had baths supplied with sea water and sulphur water. When the edifice was finished in this style and he dedicated it, he deigned to say nothing more in the way of approval than that he was at last beginning to be housed like a human being.'' None
18. Tacitus, Annals, 15.42 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Nilus, architectural feature • privacy, and domestic architecture

 Found in books: Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 79; Manolaraki (2012), Noscendi Nilum Cupido: Imagining Egypt from Lucan to Philostratus, 42

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15.42 Ceterum Nero usus est patriae ruinis extruxitque domum in qua haud proinde gemmae et aurum miraculo essent, solita pridem et luxu vulgata, quam arva et stagna et in modum solitudinum hinc silvae inde aperta spatia et prospectus, magistris et machinatoribus Severo et Celere, quibus ingenium et audacia erat etiam quae natura denegavisset per artem temptare et viribus principis inludere. namque ab lacu Averno navigabilem fossam usque ad ostia Tiberina depressuros promiserant squalenti litore aut per montis adversos. neque enim aliud umidum gignendis aquis occurrit quam Pomptinae paludes: cetera abrupta aut arentia ac, si perrumpi possent, intolerandus labor nec satis causae. Nero tamen, ut erat incredibilium cupitor, effodere proxima Averno iuga conisus est; manentque vestigia inritae spei.'' None		sup>
15.42 \xa0However, Nero turned to account the ruins of his fatherland by building a palace, the marvels of which were to consist not so much in gems and gold, materials long familiar and vulgarized by luxury, as in fields and lakes and the air of solitude given by wooded ground alternating with clear tracts and open landscapes. The architects and engineers were Severus and Celer, who had the ingenuity and the courage to try the force of art even against the veto of nature and to fritter away the resources of a Caesar. They had undertaken to sink a navigable canal running from Lake Avernus to the mouths of the Tiber along a desolate shore or through intervening hills; for the one district along the route moist enough to yield a supply of water is the Pomptine Marsh; the rest being cliff and sand, which could be cut through, if at all, only by intolerable exertions for which no sufficient motive existed. None the less, Nero, with his passion for the incredible, made an effort to tunnel the height nearest the Avernus, and some evidences of that futile ambition survive. <'' None
19. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Augustus, and architecture • Augustus, architectural program • De architectura, and Greek knowledge • De architectura, and imperialism • De architectura, literariness and textuality • Hellenistic architecture • Julius Caesar, monumental architecture • architecture • architecture and art, Roman appreciation • art and architecture, Roman appreciation • durability, of architecture

 Found in books: Borg (2008), Paideia: the World of the Second Sophistic: The World of the Second Sophistic, 297; Csapo et al. (2022), Theatre and Autocracy in the Ancient World, 147; Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 95, 264; Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 60, 61, 69
20. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Roman Civilization, architecture • synagogue architecture, atriums and water installations

 Found in books: Eliav (2023), A Jew in the Roman Bathhouse: Cultural Interaction in the Ancient Mediterranean, 64; Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 334
21. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • architecture, from first century to early fourth century • architecture, generally • architecture, influence of synagogues • synagogue architecture, aisles • synagogue architecture, benches • synagogues, influence of Christian architecture

 Found in books: Esler (2000), The Early Christian World, 702; Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 93
22. None, None, nan (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Domitian, public architecture • Rome (Ancient), architectural changes • architecture

 Found in books: Borg (2008), Paideia: the World of the Second Sophistic: The World of the Second Sophistic, 301; Galinsky (2016), Memory in Ancient Rome and Early Christianity, 223; Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 332
23. Pausanias, Description of Greece, 7.4.4, 10.4.1 (2nd cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Amoraic literature, on public architecture • architectural remains, sanctuaries • architecture

 Found in books: Borg (2008), Paideia: the World of the Second Sophistic: The World of the Second Sophistic, 38; Spielman (2020), Jews and Entertainment in the Ancient World. 185; Stavrianopoulou (2013), Shifting Social Imaginaries in the Hellenistic Period: Narrations, Practices and Images, 313; Sweeney (2013), Foundation Myths and Politics in Ancient Ionia, 98

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7.4.4 τὸ δὲ ἱερὸν τὸ ἐν Σάμῳ τῆς Ἥρας εἰσὶν οἳ ἱδρύσασθαί φασι τοὺς ἐν τῇ Ἀργοῖ πλέοντας, ἐπάγεσθαι δὲ αὐτοὺς τὸ ἄγαλμα ἐξ Ἄργους· Σάμιοι δὲ αὐτοὶ τεχθῆναι νομίζουσιν ἐν τῇ νήσῳ τὴν θεὸν παρὰ τῷ Ἰμβράσῳ ποταμῷ καὶ ὑπὸ τῇ λύγῳ τῇ ἐν τῷ Ἡραίῳ κατʼ ἐμὲ ἔτι πεφυκυίᾳ. εἶναι δʼ οὖν τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦτο ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα ἀρχαῖον ὃ οὐχ ἥκιστα ἄν τις καὶ ἐπὶ τῷ ἀγάλματι τεκμαίροιτο· ἔστι γὰρ δὴ ἀνδρὸς ἔργον Αἰγινήτου Σμίλιδος τοῦ Εὐκλείδου. οὗτος ὁ Σμῖλίς ἐστιν ἡλικίαν κατὰ Δαίδαλον, δόξης δὲ οὐκ ἐς τὸ ἴσον ἀφίκετο·' ' None		sup>
7.4.4 Some say that the sanctuary of Hera in Samos was established by those who sailed in the Argo, and that these brought the image from Argos . But the Samians themselves hold that the goddess was born in the island by the side of the river Imbrasus under the withy that even in my time grew in the Heraeum. That this sanctuary is very old might be inferred especially by considering the image; for it is the work of an Aeginetan, Smilis, the son of Eucleides. This Smilis was a contemporary of Daedalus, though of less repute.' ' None
24. Pliny The Younger, Letters, 10.49 (2nd cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • architecture, banquet hall • sacred architecture

 Found in books: Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 266; Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 511

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10.49 To Trajan. Before my arrival, Sir, the people of Nicomedia had commenced to make certain additions to their old forum, in one corner of which stands a very ancient shrine of the Great Mother, * which should either be restored or removed to another site, principally for this reason, that it is much less lofty than the new buildings, which are being run up to a good height. When I inquired whether the temple was protected by any legal enactments, I discovered that the form of dedication is different here from what it is with us in Rome. Consider therefore. Sir, whether you think that a temple can be removed without desecration when there has been no legal consecration of the site, for, if there are no religious objections, the removal would be a great convenience. '' None
25. Babylonian Talmud, Sukkah, None (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • Temple of Ezekiel, architectural similarities to the Temple Scroll • synagogues, architecture

 Found in books: Esler (2000), The Early Christian World, 94; Ganzel and Holtz (2020), Contextualizing Jewish Temples, 151

51b באבוקות של אור שבידיהן ואומרים לפניהם דברי שירות ותושבחות והלוים בכנורות ובנבלים ובמצלתים ובחצוצרות ובכלי שיר בלא מספר על חמש עשרה מעלות היורדות מעזרת ישראל לעזרת נשים כנגד חמש עשרה (מעלות) שבתהלים שעליהן לוים עומדין בכלי שיר ואומרים שירה,ועמדו שני כהנים בשער העליון שיורד מעזרת ישראל לעזרת נשים ושני חצוצרות בידיהן קרא הגבר תקעו והריעו ותקעו הגיעו למעלה עשירית תקעו והריעו ותקעו הגיעו לעזרה תקעו והריעו ותקעו,(הגיעו לקרקע תקעו והריעו ותקעו) היו תוקעין והולכין עד שמגיעין לשער היוצא ממזרח הגיעו לשער היוצא ממזרח הפכו פניהן ממזרח למערב ואמרו אבותינו שהיו במקום הזה אחוריהם אל ההיכל ופניהם קדמה ומשתחוים קדמה לשמש ואנו ליה עינינו ר\' יהודה אומר היו שונין ואומרין אנו ליה וליה עינינו:,51b with flaming torches that they would juggle in their hands, and they would say before them passages of song and praise to God. And the Levites would play on lyres, harps, cymbals, and trumpets, and countless other musical instruments. The musicians would stand on the fifteen stairs that descend from the Israelites’ courtyard to the Women’s Courtyard, corresponding to the fifteen Songs of the Ascents in Psalms, i.e., chapters 120–134, and upon which the Levites stand with musical instruments and recite their song.,And this was the ceremony of the Water Libation: Two priests stood at the Upper Gate that descends from the Israelites’ courtyard to the Women’s Courtyard, with two trumpets in their hands. When the rooster crowed at dawn, they sounded a tekia, and sounded a terua, and sounded a tekia. When they who would draw the water reached the tenth stair the trumpeters sounded a tekia, and sounded a terua, and sounded a tekia, to indicate that the time to draw water from the Siloam pool had arrived. When they reached the Women’s Courtyard with the basins of water in their hands, the trumpeters sounded a tekia, and sounded a terua, and sounded a tekia.,When they reached the ground of the Women’s Courtyard, the trumpeters sounded a tekia, and sounded a terua, and sounded a tekia. They continued sounding the trumpets until they reached the gate through which one exits to the east, from the Women’s Courtyard to the eastern slope of the Temple Mount. When they reached the gate through which one exits to the east, they turned from facing east to facing west, toward the Holy of Holies, and said: Our ancestors who were in this place during the First Temple period who did not conduct themselves appropriately, stood “with their backs toward the Sanctuary of the Lord, and their faces toward the east; and they worshipped the sun toward the east” (Ezekiel 8:16), and we, our eyes are to God. Rabbi Yehuda says that they would repeat and say: We are to God, and our eyes are to God.,The Sages taught: One who did not see the Celebration of the Place of the Drawing of the Water, never saw celebration in his life. One who did not see Jerusalem in its glory, never saw a beautiful city. One who did not see the Temple in its constructed state, never saw a magnificent structure. The Gemara asks: What is the Temple building to which the Sages refer? Abaye said, and some say that it was Rav Ḥisda who said: This is referring to the magnificent building of Herod, who renovated the Second Temple.,The Gemara asks: With what materials did he construct it? Rava said: It was with stones of green-gray marble and white marble marmara. Some say: It was with stones of blue marble and white marble. The rows of stones were set with one row slightly protruded and one row slightly indented, so that the plaster would take better. He thought to plate the Temple with gold, but the Sages said to him: Leave it as is, and do not plate it, as it is better this way, as with the different colors and the staggered arrangement of the rows of stones, it has the appearance of waves of the sea.,It is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Yehuda says: One who did not see the great synagogue deyofloston of Alexandria of Egypt never saw the glory of Israel. They said that its structure was like a large basilica basileki, with a colonnade within a colonnade. At times there were six hundred thousand men and another six hundred thousand men in it, twice the number of those who left Egypt. In it there were seventy-one golden chairs katedraot, corresponding to the seventy-one members of the Great Sanhedrin, each of which consisted of no less than twenty-one thousand talents of gold. And there was a wooden platform at the center. The sexton of the synagogue would stand on it, with the scarves in his hand. And because the synagogue was so large and the people could not hear the communal prayer, when the prayer leader reached the conclusion of a blessing requiring the people to answer amen, the sexton waved the scarf and all the people would answer amen.,And the members of the various crafts would not sit mingled. Rather, the goldsmiths would sit among themselves, and the silversmiths among themselves, and the blacksmiths among themselves, and the coppersmiths among themselves, and the weavers among themselves. And when a poor stranger entered there, he would recognize people who plied his craft, and he would turn to join them there. And from there he would secure his livelihood as well as the livelihood of the members of his household, as his colleagues would find him work in that craft.,After depicting the glory of the synagogue, the Gemara relates that Abaye said: All of the people who congregated in that synagogue were killed by Alexander the Great of Macedonia. The Gemara asks: What is the reason that they were punished and killed? It is due to the fact that they violated the prohibition with regard to Egypt in this verse: “You shall henceforth return no more that way” (Deuteronomy 17:16), and they returned. Since they established their permanent place of residence in Egypt, they were punished.,When Alexander arrived, he found them, and saw that they were reading the verse in the Torah scroll: “The Lord will bring a nation against you from far, from the end of the earth, as the vulture swoops down; a nation whose tongue you shall not understand” (Deuteronomy 28:49). He said, referring to himself: Now, since that man sought to come by ship in ten days, and a wind carried it and the ship arrived in only five days, apparently the verse referring a vulture swooping down is referring to me and heavenly forces are assisting me. Immediately, he set upon them and slaughtered them.,§ The mishna continues: At the conclusion of the first Festival day, etc., the priests and the Levites descended from the Israelites’ courtyard to the Women’s Courtyard, where they would introduce a significant repair. The Gemara asks: What is this significant repair? Rabbi Elazar said that it is like that which we learned: The walls of the Women’s Courtyard were smooth, without protrusions, initially. Subsequently, they affixed protrusions to the wall surrounding the Women’s Courtyard. Each year thereafter, for the Celebration of the Place of the Drawing of the Water, they placed wooden planks on these projections and surrounded the courtyard with a balcony gezuztra. And they instituted that the women should sit above and the men below.,The Sages taught in the Tosefta: Initially, women would stand on the inside of the Women’s Courtyard, closer to the Sanctuary to the west, and the men were on the outside in the courtyard and on the rampart. And they would come to conduct themselves with inappropriate levity in each other’s company, as the men needed to enter closer to the altar when the offerings were being sacrificed and as a result they would mingle with the women. Therefore, the Sages instituted that the women should sit on the outside and the men on the inside, and still they would come to conduct themselves with inappropriate levity. Therefore, they instituted in the interest of complete separation that the women would sit above and the men below.,The Gemara asks: How could one do so, i.e., alter the structure of the Temple? But isn’t it written with regard to the Temple: “All this I give you in writing, as the Lord has made me wise by His hand upon me, even all the works of this pattern” (I Chronicles 28:19), meaning that all the structural plans of the Temple were divinely inspired; how could the Sages institute changes?,Rav said: They found a verse, and interpreted it homiletically and acted accordingly:'' None
26. Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History, 10.4.40 (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • architecture, Constantine’s church building • architecture, aula ecclesiae • architecture, basilicas • architecture, fourth and fifth centuries • architecture, generally • church architecture, fountain • synagogue architecture, atriums and water installations

 Found in books: Esler (2000), The Early Christian World, 726, 728; Levine (2005), The Ancient Synagogue, The First Thousand Years, 333

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10.4.40 Here he has placed symbols of sacred purifications, setting up fountains opposite the temple which furnish an abundance of water wherewith those who come within the sanctuary may purify themselves. This is the first halting-place of those who enter; and it furnishes at the same time a beautiful and splendid scene to every one, and to those who still need elementary instruction a fitting station.'' None
27. Eusebius of Caesarea, Life of Constantine, 3.29-3.40 (3rd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • architecture, Constantine’s church building • architecture, basilicas • architecture, fourth and fifth centuries • architecture, generally • tholos image in Eusebian Canon Tables, church architecture, late antique approach to

 Found in books: Ayres Champion and Crawford (2023), The Intellectual World of Late Antique Christianity: Reshaping Classical Traditions. 500; Esler (2000), The Early Christian World, 729

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3.29 Immediately after the transactions I have recorded, the emperor sent forth injunctions which breathed a truly pious spirit, at the same time granting ample supplies of money, and commanding that a house of prayer worthy of the worship of God should be erected near the Saviour's tomb on a scale of rich and royal greatness. This object he had indeed for some time kept in view, and had foreseen, as if by the aid of a superior intelligence, that which should afterwards come to pass. He laid his commands, therefore, on the governors of the Eastern provinces, that by an abundant and unsparing expenditure they should secure the completion of the work on a scale of noble and ample magnificence. He also dispatched the following letter to the bishop who at that time presided over the church at Jerusalem, in which he clearly asserted the saving doctrine of the faith, writing in these terms. " "3.30 Victor Constantius, Maximus Augustus, to Macarius. Such is our Saviour's grace, that no power of language seems adequate to describe the wondrous circumstance to which I am about to refer. For, that the monument of his most holy Passion, so long ago buried beneath the ground, should have remained unknown for so long a series of years, until its reappearance to his servants now set free through the removal of him who was the common enemy of all, is a fact which truly surpasses all admiration. For if all who are accounted wise throughout the world were to unite in their endeavors to say somewhat worthy of this event, they would be unable to attain their object in the smallest degree. Indeed, the nature of this miracle as far transcends the capacity of human reason as heavenly things are superior to human affairs. For this cause it is ever my first, and indeed my only object, that, as the authority of the truth is evincing itself daily by fresh wonders, so our souls may all become more zealous, with all sobriety and earnest uimity, for the honor of the Divine law. I desire, therefore, especially, that you should be persuaded of that which I suppose is evident to all beside, namely, that I have no greater care than how I may best adorn with a splendid structure that sacred spot, which, under Divine direction, I have disencumbered as it were of the heavy weight of foul idol worship; a spot which has been accounted holy from the beginning in God's judgment, but which now appears holier still, since it has brought to light a clear assurance of our Saviour's passion. " '3.31 It will be well, therefore, for your sagacity to make such arrangements and provision of all things needful for the work, that not only the church itself as a whole may surpass all others whatsoever in beauty, but that the details of the building may be of such a kind that the fairest structures in any city of the empire may be excelled by this. And with respect to the erection and decoration of the walls, this is to inform you that our friend Dracilianus, the deputy of the Pr torian Pr fects, and the governor of the province, have received a charge from us. For our pious directions to them are to the effect that artificers and laborers, and whatever they shall understand from your sagacity to be needful for the advancement of the work, shall immediately be furnished by their care. And as to the columns and marbles, whatever you shall judge, after actual inspection of the plan, to be especially precious and serviceable, be diligent to send information to us in writing, in order that whatever quantity or sort of materials we shall esteem from your letter to be needful, may be procured from every quarter, as required, for it is fitting that the most marvelous place in the world should be worthily decorated. 3.32 With respect to the ceiling of the church, I wish to know from you whether in your judgment it should be panel-ceiled, or finished with any other kind of workmanship. If the panel ceiling be adopted, it may also be ornamented with gold. For the rest, your Holiness will give information as early as possible to the before-mentioned magistrates how many laborers and artificers, and what expenditure of money is required. You will also be careful to send us a report without delay, not only respecting the marbles and columns, but the paneled ceiling also, should this appear to you to be the most beautiful form. God preserve you, beloved brother! ' "3.33 This was the emperor's letter; and his directions were at once carried into effect. Accordingly, on the very spot which witnessed the Saviour's sufferings, a new Jerusalem was constructed, over against the one so celebrated of old, which, since the foul stain of guilt brought on it by the murder of the Lord, had experienced the last extremity of desolation, the effect of Divine judgment on its impious people. It was opposite this city that the emperor now began to rear a monument to the Saviour's victory over death, with rich and lavish magnificence. And it may be that this was that second and new Jerusalem spoken of in the predictions of the prophets, concerning which such abundant testimony is given in the divinely inspired records. First of all, then, he adorned the sacred cave itself, as the chief part of the whole work, and the hallowed monument at which the angel radiant with light had once declared to all that regeneration which was first manifested in the Saviour's person. " "3.34 This monument, therefore, first of all, as the chief part of the whole, the emperor's zealous magnificence beautified with rare columns, and profusely enriched with the most splendid decorations of every kind. " '3.35 The next object of his attention was a space of ground of great extent, and open to the pure air of heaven. This he adorned with a pavement of finely polished stone, and enclosed it on three sides with porticos of great length. 3.36 For at the side opposite to the cave, which was the eastern side, the church itself was erected; a noble work rising to a vast height, and of great extent both in length and breadth. The interior of this structure was floored with marble slabs of various colors; while the external surface of the walls, which shone with polished stones exactly fitted together, exhibited a degree of splendor in no respect inferior to that of marble. With regard to the roof, it was covered on the outside with lead, as a protection against the rains of winter. But the inner part of the roof, which was finished with sculptured panel work, extended in a series of connected compartments, like a vast sea, over the whole church; and, being overlaid throughout with the purest gold, caused the entire building to glitter as it were with rays of light. 3.37 Besides this were two porticos on each side, with upper and lower ranges of pillars, corresponding in length with the church itself; and these also had their roofs ornamented with gold. of these porticos, those which were exterior to the church were supported by columns of great size, while those within these rested on piles of stone beautifully adorned on the surface. Three gates, placed exactly east, were intended to receive the multitudes who entered the church. 3.38 Opposite these gates the crowning part of the whole was the hemisphere, which rose to the very summit of the church. This was encircled by twelve columns (according to the number of the apostles of our Saviour), having their capitals embellished with silver bowls of great size, which the emperor himself presented as a splendid offering to his God. 3.39 In the next place he enclosed the atrium which occupied the space leading to the entrances in front of the church. This comprehended, first the court, then the porticos on each side, and lastly the gates of the court. After these, in the midst of the open market-place, the general entrance-gates, which were of exquisite workmanship, afforded to passers-by on the outside a view of the interior which could not fail to inspire astonishment. ' "3.40 This temple, then, the emperor erected as a conspicuous monument of the Saviour's resurrection, and embellished it throughout on an imperial scale of magnificence. He further enriched it with numberless offerings of inexpressible beauty and various materials - gold, silver, and precious stones, the skillful and elaborate arrangement of which, in regard to their magnitude, number, and variety, we have not leisure at present to describe particularly. "" None
28. None, None, nan (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE)
 Tagged with subjects: • architecture

 Found in books: Secunda (2014), The Iranian Talmud: Reading the Bavli in Its Sasanian Context. 157; Secunda (2020), The Talmud's Red Fence: Menstrual Impurity and Difference in Babylonian Judaism and its Sasanian Context , 157
29. Strabo, Geography, 5.3.7, 12.2.7, 14.1.23
 Tagged with subjects: • Architecture • Augustus, dedicatee of De architectura • De architectura, audience • De architectura, contents and aims • De architectura, diagnostic passages • De architectura, literariness and textuality • anthropomorphism, in architecture • architectural remains, sanctuaries • architecture • architecture, mosaics • caryatids, function in De architectura

 Found in books: Borg (2008), Paideia: the World of the Second Sophistic: The World of the Second Sophistic, 39; Marek (2019), In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World, 514; Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 9, 69, 70, 149; Romana Berno (2023), Roman Luxuria: A Literary and Cultural History, 58; Sweeney (2013), Foundation Myths and Politics in Ancient Ionia, 148

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5.3.7 In the interior, the first city above Ostia is Rome; it is the only city built on the Tiber. It has been remarked above, that its position was fixed, not by choice, but necessity; to this must be added, that those who afterwards enlarged it, were not at liberty to select a better site, being prevented by what was already built. The first kings fortified the Capitol, the Palatium, and the Collis Quirinalis, which was so easy of access, that when Titus Tatius came to avenge the rape of the Sabine virgins, he took it on the first assault. Ancus Marcius, who added Mount Caelius and the Aventine Mount with the intermediate plain, separated as these places were both from each other and from what had been formerly fortified, was compelled to do this of necessity; since he did not consider it proper to leave outside his walls, heights so well protected by nature, to whomsoever might have a mind to fortify themselves upon them, while at the same time he was not capable of enclosing the whole as far as Mount Quirinus. Servius perceived this defect, and added the Esquiline and Viminal hills. As these were both of easy access from without, a deep trench was dug outside them and the earth thrown up on the inside, thus forming a terrace of 6 stadia in length along the inner side of the trench. This terrace he surmounted with a wall flanked with towers, and extending from the Colline to the Esquiline gate. Midway along the terrace is a third gate, named after the Viminal hill. Such is the Roman rampart, which seems to stand in need of other ramparts itself. But it seems to me that the first founders were of opinion, both in regard to themselves and their successors, that Romans had to depend not on fortifications, but on arms and their individual valour, both for safety and for wealth, and that walls were not a defence to men, but men were a defence to walls. At the period of its commencement, when the large and fertile districts surrounding the city belonged to others, and while it lay easily open to assault, there was nothing in its position which could be looked upon as favourable; but when by valour and labour these districts became its own, there succeeded a tide of prosperity surpassing the advantages of every other place. Thus, notwithstanding the prodigious increase of the city, there has been plenty of food, and also of wood and stone for ceaseless building, rendered necessary by the falling down of houses, and on account of conflagrations, and of the sales, which seem never to cease. These sales are a kind of voluntary falling down of houses, each owner knocking down and rebuilding one part or another, according to his individual taste. For these purposes the numerous quarries, the forests, and the rivers which convey the materials, offer wonderful facilities. of these rivers, the first is the Teverone, which flows from Alba, a city of the Latins near to the country of the Marsi, and from thence through the plain below this city, till it unites with the Tiber. After this come the Nera (Nar) and the Timia, which passing through Ombrica fall into the Tiber, and the Chiana, which flows through Tyrrhenia and the territory of Clusiumn. Augustus Caesar endeavoured to avert from the city damages of the kind alluded to, and instituted a company of freedmen, who should be ready to lend their assistance in cases of conflagration; whilst, as a preventive against the falling of houses, he decreed that all new buildings should not be carried so high as formerly, and that those erected along the public ways should not exceed seventy feet in height. But these improvements must have ceased only for the facilities afforded by the quarries, the forests, and the ease of transport.
12.2.7 Only two prefectures have cities, Tyanitis the city Tyana, which lies below the Taurus at the Cilician Gates, where for all is the easiest and most commonly used pass into Cilicia and Syria. It is called Eusebeia near the Taurus; and its territory is for the most part fertile and level. Tyana is situated upon a mound of Semiramis, which is beautifully fortified. Not far from this city are Castabala and Cybistra, towns still nearer to the mountain. At Castabala is the sanctuary of the Perasian Artemis, where the priestesses, it is said, walk with naked feet over hot embers without pain. And here, too, some tell us over and over the same story of Orestes and Tauropolus, asserting that she was called Perasian because she was brought from the other side. So then, in the prefecture Tyanitis, one of the ten above mentioned is Tyana (I am not enumerating along with these prefectures those that were acquired later, I mean Castabala and Cybistra and the places in Cilicia Tracheia, where is Elaeussa, a very fertile island, which was settled in a noteworthy manner by Archelaus, who spent the greater part of his time there), whereas Mazaca, the metropolis of the tribe, is in the Cilician prefecture, as it is called. This city, too, is called Eusebeia, with the additional words near the Argaeus, for it is situated below the Argaeus, the highest mountain of all, whose summit never fails to have snow upon it; and those who ascend it (those are few) say that in clear weather both seas, both the Pontus and the Issian Sea, are visible from it. Now in general Mazaca is not naturally a suitable place for the founding of a city, for it is without water and unfortified by nature; and, because of the neglect of the prefects, it is also without walls (perhaps intentionally so, in order that people inhabiting a plain, with hills above it that were advantageous and beyond range of missiles, might not, through too much reliance upon the wall as a fortification, engage in plundering). Further, the districts all round are utterly barren and untilled, although they are level; but they are sandy and are rocky underneath. And, proceeding a little farther on, one comes to plains extending over many stadia that are volcanic and full of fire-pits; and therefore the necessaries of life must be brought from a distance. And further, that which seems to be an advantage is attended with peril, for although almost the whole of Cappadocia is without timber, the Argaeus has forests all round it, and therefore the working of timber is close at hand; but the region which lies below the forests also contains fires in many places and at the same time has an underground supply of cold water, although neither the fire nor the water emerges to the surface; and therefore most of the country is covered with grass. In some places, also, the ground is marshy, and at night flames rise therefrom. Now those who are acquainted with the country can work the timber, since they are on their guard, but the country is perilous for most people, and especially for cattle, since they fall into the hidden fire-pits.
14.1.23 After the completion of the temple of Artemis, which, he says, was the work of Cheirocrates (the same man who built Alexandreia and the same man who proposed to Alexander to fashion Mt. Athos into his likeness, representing him as pouring a libation from a kind of ewer into a broad bowl, and to make two cities, one on the right of the mountain and the other on the left, and a river flowing from one to the other) — after the completion of the temple, he says, the great number of dedications in general were secured by means of the high honor they paid their artists, but the whole of the altar was filled, one might say, with the works of Praxiteles. They showed me also some of the works of Thrason, who made the chapel of Hecate, the waxen image of Penelope, and the old woman Eurycleia. They had eunuchs as priests, whom they called Megabyzi. And they were always in quest of persons from other places who were worthy of this preferment, and they held them in great honor. And it was obligatory for maidens to serve as colleagues with them in their priestly office. But though at the present some of their usages are being preserved, yet others are not; but the sanctuary remains a place of refuge, the same as in earlier times, although the limits of the refuge have often been changed; for example, when Alexander extended them for a stadium, and when Mithridates shot an arrow from the corner of the roof and thought it went a little farther than a stadium, and when Antony doubled this distance and included within the refuge a part of the city. But this extension of the refuge proved harmful, and put the city in the power of criminals; and it was therefore nullified by Augustus Caesar.'' None
30. Vergil, Aeneis, 4.89, 6.850
 Tagged with subjects: • Augustus, architectural program • De architectura, and Greek knowledge • De architectura, and imperialism • Domitian, public architecture • aesthetic approach to art and architecture • architecture • architecture and art, Roman appreciation • architecture and art, aesthetic approach • art and architecture, Roman appreciation • art and architecture, aesthetic approach • durability, of architecture • sacred architecture

 Found in books: Jenkyns (2013), God, Space, and City in the Roman Imagination, 262, 319; Oksanish (2019), Benedikt Eckhardt, and Meret Strothmann, Law in the Roman Provinces, 60; Poulsen (2021), Usages of the Past in Roman Historiography, 211

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4.89 murorum ingentes aequataque machina caelo.
6.850 describent radio, et surgentia sidera dicent:'' None		sup>
4.89 the eyes of gods upon her, worshipping
6.850 of laurel groves; and hence to earth outpours '' None
31. None, None, nan
 Tagged with subjects: • architecture • baths/bath-gymnasia, Greco-Roman culture/architecture of • gymnasium(-a), architecture of

 Found in books: Borg (2008), Paideia: the World of the Second Sophistic: The World of the Second Sophistic, 208; Kalinowski (2021), Memory, Family, and Community in Roman Ephesos, 323



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