| 1. Homer, Odyssey, 8.266-8.366 (8th cent. BCE - 7th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •adultery, roman laws against Found in books: Pinheiro et al (2012a) 166 |
| 2. Hebrew Bible, Ezekiel, 29 (6th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •adultery, roman laws against Found in books: Pinheiro et al (2012a) 5 |
| 3. Demosthenes, Against Neaera, 85-87 (4th cent. BCE - 4th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Pinheiro et al (2012a) 163 |
4. Cicero, On Duties, 1.150-1.151 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •adultery, roman laws against Found in books: Pinheiro et al (2012a) 206| 1.150. Iam de artificiis et quaestibus, qui liberales habendi, qui sordidi sint, haec fere accepimus. Primum improbantur ii quaestus, qui in odia hominum incurrunt, ut portitorum, ut faeneratorum. Illiberales autem et sordidi quaestus mercennariorum omnium, quorum operae, non quorum artes emuntur; est enim in illis ipsa merces auctoramentum servitutis. Sordidi etiam putandi, qui mercantur a mercatoribus, quod statim vendant; nihil enim proficiant, nisi admodum mentiantur; nec vero est quicquam turpius vanitate. Opificesque omnes in sordida arte versantur; nec enim quicquam ingenuum habere potest officina. Minimeque artes eae probandae, quae ministrae sunt voluptatum: Cetárii, lanií, coqui, fartóres, piscatóres, ut ait Terentius; adde hue, si placet, unguentarios, saltatores totumque ludum talarium. 1.151. Quibus autem artibus aut prudentia maior inest aut non mediocris utilitas quaeritur, ut medicina, ut architectura, ut doctrina rerum honestarum, eae sunt iis, quorum ordini conveniunt, honestae. Mercatura autem, si tenuis est. sordida putanda est; sin magna et copiosa, multa undique apportans multisque sine vanitate impertiens, non est admodum vituperanda, atque etiam, si satiata quaestu vel contenta potius, ut saepe ex alto in portum, ex ipso portu se in agros possessionesque contulit, videtur iure optimo posse laudari. Omnium autem rerum, ex quibus aliquid acquiritur, nihil est agri cultura melius, nihil uberius, nihil dulcius, nihil homine libero dignius; de qua quoniam in Catone Maiore satis multa diximus, illim assumes, quae ad hunc locum pertinebunt. | 1.150. Now in regard to trades and other means of livelihood, which ones are to be considered becoming to a gentleman and which ones are vulgar, we have been taught, in general, as follows. First, those means of livelihood are rejected as undesirable which incur people's ill-will, as those of tax-gatherers and usurers. Unbecoming to a gentleman, too, and vulgar are the means of livelihood of all hired workmen whom we pay for mere manual labour, not for artistic skill; for in their case the very wage they receive is a pledge of their slavery. Vulgar we must consider those also who buy from wholesale merchants to retail immediately; for they would get no profits without a great deal of downright lying; and verily, there is no action that is meaner than misrepresentation. And all mechanics are engaged in vulgar trades; for no workshop can have anything liberal about it. Least respectable of all are those trades which cater for sensual pleasures: "Fishmongers, butchers, cooks, and poulterers, And fishermen," as Terence says. Add to these, if you please, the perfumers, dancers, and the whole corps de ballet. 1.151. But the professions in which either a higher degree of intelligence is required or from which no small benefit to society is derived â medicine and architecture, for example, and teaching â these are proper for those whose social position they become. Trade, if it is on a small scale, is to be considered vulgar; but if wholesale and on a large scale, importing large quantities from all parts of the world and distributing to many without misrepresentation, it is not to be greatly disparaged. Nay, it even seems to deserve the highest respect, if those who are engaged in it, satiated, or rather, I should say, satisfied with the fortunes they have made, make their way from the port to a country estate, as they have often made it from the sea into port. But of all the occupations by which gain is secured, none is better than agriculture, none more profitable, none more delightful, none more becoming to a freeman. But since I have discussed this quite fully in my Cato Major, you will find there the material that applies to this point. |
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| 5. Cicero, Philippicae, 2.20 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •adultery, roman laws against Found in books: Pinheiro et al (2012a) 206 |
| 6. Ovid, Amores, 3.7 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •adultery, roman laws against Found in books: Pinheiro et al (2012a) 6 |
| 7. Livy, History, 1.58 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •adultery, roman laws against Found in books: Pinheiro et al (2012a) 162 |
| 8. Seneca The Elder, Controversies, 1.4 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •adultery, roman laws against Found in books: Pinheiro et al (2012a) 164 |
9. Dionysius of Halycarnassus, Roman Antiquities, 2.25 (1st cent. BCE - missingth cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •adultery, roman laws against Found in books: Pinheiro et al (2012a) 162 | 2.25. 1. But Romulus, without giving either to the husband an action against his wife for adultery or for leaving his home without cause, or to the wife an action against her husband on the ground of ill-usage or for leaving her without reason, and without making any laws for the returning or recovery of the dowry, or regulating anything of this nature, by a single law which effectually provides for all these things, as the results themselves have shown, led the women to behave themselves with modesty and great decorum.,2. The law was to this effect, that a woman joined to her husband by a holy marriage should share in all his possessions and sacred rites. The ancient Romans designated holy and lawful marriages by the term "farreate," from the sharing of far, which we call zea; for this was the ancient and, for a long time, the ordinary food of all the Romans, and their country produces an abundance of excellent spelt. And as we Greeks regard barley as the most ancient grain, and for that reason begin our sacrifices with barley-corns which we call oulai, so the Romans, in the belief that spelt is both the most valuable and the most ancient of grains, in all burnt offerings begin the sacrifice with that. For this custom still remains, not having deteriorated into first-offerings of greater expense.,3. The participation of the wives with their husbands in this holiest and first food and their union with them founded on the sharing of all their fortunes took its name from this sharing of the spelt and forged the compelling bond of an indissoluble union, and there was nothing that could annul these marriages.,4. This law obliged both the married women, as having no other refuge, to conform themselves entirely to the temper of their husbands, and the husbands to rule their wives as necessary and inseparable possessions.,5. Accordingly, if a wife was virtuous and in all things obedient to her husband, she was mistress of the house to the same degree as her husband was master of it, and after the death of her husband she was heir to his property in the same manner as a daughter was to that of her father; that is, if he died without children and intestate, she was mistress of all that he left, and if he had children, she shared equally with them. But if she did any wrong, the injured party was her judge and determined the degree of her punishment.,6. Other offences, however, were judged by her relations together with her husband; among them was adultery, or where it was found she had drunk wine â a thing which the Greeks would look upon as the least of all faults. For Romulus permitted them to punish both these acts with death, as being the gravest offences women could be guilty of, since he looked upon adultery as the source of reckless folly, and drunkenness as the source of adultery.,7. And both these offences continued for a long time to be punished by the Romans with merciless severity. The wisdom of this law concerning wives is attested by the length of time it was in force; for it is agreed that during the space of five hundred and twenty years no marriage was ever dissolved at Rome. But it is said that in the one hundred and thirty-seventh Olympiad, in the consulship of Marcus Pomponius and Gaius Papirius, Spurius Carvilius, a man of distinction, was the first to divorce his wife, and that he was obliged by the censors to swear that he had married for the purpose of having children (his wife, it seems, was barren); yet because of his action, though it was based on necessity, he was ever afterwards hated by the people. These, then, are the excellent laws which Romulus enacted concerning women, by which he rendered them more observant of propriety in relation to their husbands. But those he established with respect to reverence and dutifulness of children toward their parents, to the end that they should honour and obey them in all things, both in their words and actions, were still more august and of greater dignity and vastly superior to our laws. |
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| 10. Petronius Arbiter, Satyricon, 126 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •adultery, roman laws against Found in books: Pinheiro et al (2012a) 6 |
| 11. Plutarch, Solon, 23 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •adultery, roman laws against Found in books: Pinheiro et al (2012a) 162 |
| 12. Gellius, Attic Nights, 10.23.5 (2nd cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •adultery, roman laws against Found in books: Pinheiro et al (2012a) 164 |
| 13. Achilles Tatius, The Adventures of Leucippe And Cleitophon, 5.18.6 (2nd cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •adultery, roman laws against Found in books: Pinheiro et al (2012a) 141 |
| 14. Justinian, Digest, None (5th cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Pinheiro et al (2012a) 206 |
| 15. Epigraphy, Ils, 5261 Tagged with subjects: •adultery, roman laws against Found in books: Pinheiro et al (2012a) 206 |
| 16. Aeschines 1.183-84, Orations, 1.183-1.184 Tagged with subjects: •adultery, roman laws against Found in books: Pinheiro et al (2012a) 163 |
| 19. Lysias, Orations, 1 Tagged with subjects: •adultery, roman laws against Found in books: Pinheiro et al (2012a) 166 |
| 20. Photius, Bibliotheca (Library, Bibl.), None Tagged with subjects: •adultery, roman laws against Found in books: Pinheiro et al (2012a) 162 |
| 21. Epigraphy, Cil, 6.10109, 6.10111-6.10112, 6.10141, 8.12925, 10.7046 Tagged with subjects: •adultery, roman laws against Found in books: Pinheiro et al (2012a) 206 |
