1. Hebrew Bible, Exodus, 15.22, 15.25-15.26, 16.4, 16.11, 16.15, 16.21-16.22, 16.29, 16.31-16.32, 17.8, 19.18, 20.19, 33.18, 33.20, 33.23 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 105, 106, 107, 108, 111, 112, 113| 15.22. וַיַּסַּע מֹשֶׁה אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵל מִיַּם־סוּף וַיֵּצְאוּ אֶל־מִדְבַּר־שׁוּר וַיֵּלְכוּ שְׁלֹשֶׁת־יָמִים בַּמִּדְבָּר וְלֹא־מָצְאוּ מָיִם׃ 15.25. וַיִּצְעַק אֶל־יְהוָה וַיּוֹרֵהוּ יְהוָה עֵץ וַיַּשְׁלֵךְ אֶל־הַמַּיִם וַיִּמְתְּקוּ הַמָּיִם שָׁם שָׂם לוֹ חֹק וּמִשְׁפָּט וְשָׁם נִסָּהוּ׃ 15.26. וַיֹּאמֶר אִם־שָׁמוֹעַ תִּשְׁמַע לְקוֹל יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ וְהַיָּשָׁר בְּעֵינָיו תַּעֲשֶׂה וְהַאֲזַנְתָּ לְמִצְוֺתָיו וְשָׁמַרְתָּ כָּל־חֻקָּיו כָּל־הַמַּחֲלָה אֲשֶׁר־שַׂמְתִּי בְמִצְרַיִם לֹא־אָשִׂים עָלֶיךָ כִּי אֲנִי יְהוָה רֹפְאֶךָ׃ 16.4. וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה הִנְנִי מַמְטִיר לָכֶם לֶחֶם מִן־הַשָּׁמָיִם וְיָצָא הָעָם וְלָקְטוּ דְּבַר־יוֹם בְּיוֹמוֹ לְמַעַן אֲנַסֶּנּוּ הֲיֵלֵךְ בְּתוֹרָתִי אִם־לֹא׃ 16.11. וַיְדַבֵּר יְהוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵּאמֹר׃ 16.15. וַיִּרְאוּ בְנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיֹּאמְרוּ אִישׁ אֶל־אָחִיו מָן הוּא כִּי לֹא יָדְעוּ מַה־הוּא וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֲלֵהֶם הוּא הַלֶּחֶם אֲשֶׁר נָתַן יְהוָה לָכֶם לְאָכְלָה׃ 16.21. וַיִּלְקְטוּ אֹתוֹ בַּבֹּקֶר בַּבֹּקֶר אִישׁ כְּפִי אָכְלוֹ וְחַם הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ וְנָמָס׃ 16.22. וַיְהִי בַּיּוֹם הַשִּׁשִּׁי לָקְטוּ לֶחֶם מִשְׁנֶה שְׁנֵי הָעֹמֶר לָאֶחָד וַיָּבֹאוּ כָּל־נְשִׂיאֵי הָעֵדָה וַיַּגִּידוּ לְמֹשֶׁה׃ 16.29. רְאוּ כִּי־יְהוָה נָתַן לָכֶם הַשַּׁבָּת עַל־כֵּן הוּא נֹתֵן לָכֶם בַּיּוֹם הַשִּׁשִּׁי לֶחֶם יוֹמָיִם שְׁבוּ אִישׁ תַּחְתָּיו אַל־יֵצֵא אִישׁ מִמְּקֹמוֹ בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי׃ 16.31. וַיִּקְרְאוּ בֵית־יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת־שְׁמוֹ מָן וְהוּא כְּזֶרַע גַּד לָבָן וְטַעְמוֹ כְּצַפִּיחִת בִּדְבָשׁ׃ 16.32. וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה זֶה הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהוָה מְלֹא הָעֹמֶר מִמֶּנּוּ לְמִשְׁמֶרֶת לְדֹרֹתֵיכֶם לְמַעַן יִרְאוּ אֶת־הַלֶּחֶם אֲשֶׁר הֶאֱכַלְתִּי אֶתְכֶם בַּמִּדְבָּר בְּהוֹצִיאִי אֶתְכֶם מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם׃ 17.8. וַיָּבֹא עֲמָלֵק וַיִּלָּחֶם עִם־יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּרְפִידִם׃ 19.18. וְהַר סִינַי עָשַׁן כֻּלּוֹ מִפְּנֵי אֲשֶׁר יָרַד עָלָיו יְהוָה בָּאֵשׁ וַיַּעַל עֲשָׁנוֹ כְּעֶשֶׁן הַכִּבְשָׁן וַיֶּחֱרַד כָּל־הָהָר מְאֹד׃ 20.19. וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה כֹּה תֹאמַר אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אַתֶּם רְאִיתֶם כִּי מִן־הַשָּׁמַיִם דִּבַּרְתִּי עִמָּכֶם׃ 33.18. וַיֹּאמַר הַרְאֵנִי נָא אֶת־כְּבֹדֶךָ׃ 33.23. וַהֲסִרֹתִי אֶת־כַּפִּי וְרָאִיתָ אֶת־אֲחֹרָי וּפָנַי לֹא יֵרָאוּ׃ | 15.22. And Moses led Israel onward from the Red Sea, and they went out into the wilderness of Shur; and they went three days in the wilderness, and found no water. 15.25. And he cried unto the LORD; and the LORD showed him a tree, and he cast it into the waters, and the waters were made sweet. There He made for them a statute and an ordice, and there He proved them; 15.26. and He said: ‘If thou wilt diligently hearken to the voice of the LORD thy God, and wilt do that which is right in His eyes, and wilt give ear to His commandments, and keep all His statutes, I will put none of the diseases upon thee, which I have put upon the Egyptians; for I am the LORD that healeth thee.’ 16.4. Then said the LORD unto Moses: ‘Behold, I will cause to rain bread from heaven for you; and the people shall go out and gather a day’s portion every day, that I may prove them, whether they will walk in My law, or not. 16.11. And the LORD spoke unto Moses, saying: 16.15. And when the children of Israel saw it, they said one to another: a‘What is it?’—for they knew not what it was. And Moses said unto them: ‘It is the bread which the LORD hath given you to eat. 16.21. And they gathered it morning by morning, every man according to his eating; and as the sun waxed hot, it melted. 16.22. And it came to pass that on the sixth day they gathered twice as much bread, two omers for each one; and all the rulers of the congregation came and told Moses. 16.29. See that the LORD hath given you the sabbath; therefore He giveth you on the sixth day the bread of two days; abide ye every man in his place, let no man go out of his place on the seventh day.’ 16.31. And the house of Israel called the name thereof Manna; and it was like coriander seed, white; and the taste of it was like wafers made with honey. 16.32. And Moses said: ‘This is the thing which the LORD hath commanded: Let an omerful of it be kept throughout your generations; that they may see the bread wherewith I fed you in the wilderness, when I brought you forth from the land of Egypt.’ 17.8. Then came Amalek, and fought with Israel in Rephidim. 19.18. Now mount Sinai was altogether on smoke, because the LORD descended upon it in fire; and the smoke thereof ascended as the smoke of a furnace, and the whole mount quaked greatly. 20.19. And the LORD said unto Moses: Thus thou shalt say unto the children of Israel: Ye yourselves have seen that I have talked with you from heaven. 33.18. And he said: ‘Show me, I pray Thee, Thy glory.’ 33.20. And He said: ‘Thou canst not see My face, for man shall not see Me and live.’ 33.23. And I will take away My hand, and thou shalt see My back; but My face shall not be seen.’ |
|
2. Hebrew Bible, Proverbs, 1.8, 3.18, 3.27, 4.11 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 80, 93, 105| 1.8. שְׁמַע בְּנִי מוּסַר אָבִיךָ וְאַל־תִּטֹּשׁ תּוֹרַת אִמֶּךָ׃ 3.18. עֵץ־חַיִּים הִיא לַמַּחֲזִיקִים בָּהּ וְתֹמְכֶיהָ מְאֻשָּׁר׃ 3.27. אַל־תִּמְנַע־טוֹב מִבְּעָלָיו בִּהְיוֹת לְאֵל ידיך [יָדְךָ] לַעֲשׂוֹת׃" 4.11. בְּדֶרֶךְ חָכְמָה הֹרֵתִיךָ הִדְרַכְתִּיךָ בְּמַעְגְּלֵי־יֹשֶׁר׃ | 1.8. Hear, my son, the instruction of thy father, And forsake not the teaching of thy mother; 3.18. She is a tree of life to them that lay hold upon her, And happy is every one that holdest her fast. 3.27. Withhold not good from him to whom it is due, When it is in the power of thy hand to do it." 4.11. I have taught thee in the way of wisdom; I have led thee in paths of uprightness. |
|
3. Hebrew Bible, Numbers, 21.17-21.20, 25.7-25.8, 25.12-25.13 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 109, 110, 119, 120| 21.17. אָז יָשִׁיר יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת־הַשִּׁירָה הַזֹּאת עֲלִי בְאֵר עֱנוּ־לָהּ׃ 21.18. בְּאֵר חֲפָרוּהָ שָׂרִים כָּרוּהָ נְדִיבֵי הָעָם בִּמְחֹקֵק בְּמִשְׁעֲנֹתָם וּמִמִּדְבָּר מַתָּנָה׃ 21.19. וּמִמַּתָּנָה נַחֲלִיאֵל וּמִנַּחֲלִיאֵל בָּמוֹת׃ 25.7. וַיַּרְא פִּינְחָס בֶּן־אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן־אַהֲרֹן הַכֹּהֵן וַיָּקָם מִתּוֹךְ הָעֵדָה וַיִּקַּח רֹמַח בְּיָדוֹ׃ 25.8. וַיָּבֹא אַחַר אִישׁ־יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶל־הַקֻּבָּה וַיִּדְקֹר אֶת־שְׁנֵיהֶם אֵת אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאֶת־הָאִשָּׁה אֶל־קֳבָתָהּ וַתֵּעָצַר הַמַּגֵּפָה מֵעַל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל׃ 25.12. לָכֵן אֱמֹר הִנְנִי נֹתֵן לוֹ אֶת־בְּרִיתִי שָׁלוֹם׃ 25.13. וְהָיְתָה לּוֹ וּלְזַרְעוֹ אַחֲרָיו בְּרִית כְּהֻנַּת עוֹלָם תַּחַת אֲשֶׁר קִנֵּא לֵאלֹהָיו וַיְכַפֵּר עַל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל׃ | 21.17. Then sang Israel this song: Spring up, O well—sing ye unto it— 21.18. The well, which the princes digged, Which the nobles of the people delved, With the sceptre, and with their staves. And from the wilderness to Mattanah; 21.19. and from Mattanah to Nahaliel; and from Nahaliel to Bamoth; 21.20. and from Bamoth to the valley that is in the field of Moab, by the top of Pisgah, which looketh down upon the desert. 25.7. And when Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, saw it, he rose up from the midst of the congregation, and took a spear in his hand. 25.8. And he went after the man of Israel into the chamber, and thrust both of them through, the man of Israel, and the woman through her belly. So the plague was stayed from the children of Israel. 25.12. Wherefore say: Behold, I give unto him My covet of peace; 25.13. and it shall be unto him, and to his seed after him, the covet of an everlasting priesthood; because he was jealous for his God, and made atonement for the children of Israel.’ |
|
| 4. Hebrew Bible, Nahum, 1.3b-6 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 116, 117, 118 |
5. Hebrew Bible, Genesis, 4.7, 6.9-11.32, 16, 17.19, 21, 21.12 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 80, 122| 21.12. וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים אֶל־אַבְרָהָם אַל־יֵרַע בְּעֵינֶיךָ עַל־הַנַּעַר וְעַל־אֲמָתֶךָ כֹּל אֲשֶׁר תֹּאמַר אֵלֶיךָ שָׂרָה שְׁמַע בְּקֹלָהּ כִּי בְיִצְחָק יִקָּרֵא לְךָ זָרַע׃ | 21.12. And God said unto Abraham: ‘Let it not be grievous in thy sight because of the lad, and because of thy bondwoman; in all that Sarah saith unto thee, hearken unto her voice; for in Isaac shall seed be called to thee. |
|
6. Hebrew Bible, Deuteronomy, 11.18, 18.3, 33.2, 34.10 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 109, 111, 113, 114| 11.18. וְשַׂמְתֶּם אֶת־דְּבָרַי אֵלֶּה עַל־לְבַבְכֶם וְעַל־נַפְשְׁכֶם וּקְשַׁרְתֶּם אֹתָם לְאוֹת עַל־יֶדְכֶם וְהָיוּ לְטוֹטָפֹת בֵּין עֵינֵיכֶם׃ 18.3. וְזֶה יִהְיֶה מִשְׁפַּט הַכֹּהֲנִים מֵאֵת הָעָם מֵאֵת זֹבְחֵי הַזֶּבַח אִם־שׁוֹר אִם־שֶׂה וְנָתַן לַכֹּהֵן הַזְּרֹעַ וְהַלְּחָיַיִם וְהַקֵּבָה׃ 33.2. וַיֹּאמַר יְהוָה מִסִּינַי בָּא וְזָרַח מִשֵּׂעִיר לָמוֹ הוֹפִיעַ מֵהַר פָּארָן וְאָתָה מֵרִבְבֹת קֹדֶשׁ מִימִינוֹ אשדת [אֵשׁ] [דָּת] לָמוֹ׃ 33.2. וּלְגָד אָמַר בָּרוּךְ מַרְחִיב גָּד כְּלָבִיא שָׁכֵן וְטָרַף זְרוֹעַ אַף־קָדְקֹד׃ | 11.18. Therefore shall ye lay up these My words in your heart and in your soul; and ye shall bind them for a sign upon your hand, and they shall be for frontlets between your eyes. 18.3. And this shall be the priests’due from the people, from them that offer a sacrifice, whether it be ox or sheep, that they shall give unto the priest the shoulder, and the two cheeks, and the maw. 33.2. And he said: The LORD came from Sinai, And rose from Seir unto them; He shined forth from mount Paran, And He came from the myriads holy, At His right hand was a fiery law unto them. 34.10. And there hath not arisen a prophet since in Israel like unto Moses, whom the LORD knew face to face; |
|
7. Hebrew Bible, Psalms, 37.12, 106.30, 139.5 (9th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 110, 113, 115| 37.12. זֹמֵם רָשָׁע לַצַּדִּיק וְחֹרֵק עָלָיו שִׁנָּיו׃ 139.5. אָחוֹר וָקֶדֶם צַרְתָּנִי וַתָּשֶׁת עָלַי כַּפֶּכָה׃ | 37.12. The wicked plotteth against the righteous, and gnasheth at him with his teeth. 106.30. Then stood up Phinehas, and wrought judgment, And so the plague was stayed. 139.5. Thou hast hemmed me in behind and before, And laid Thy hand upon me. |
|
8. Hebrew Bible, Isaiah, 5.11-5.18, 33.15, 54.1-54.2, 54.16, 55.1-55.2, 63.13 (8th cent. BCE - 5th cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 92, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 105, 106, 112, 115, 120, 125| 5.11. הוֹי מַשְׁכִּימֵי בַבֹּקֶר שֵׁכָר יִרְדֹּפוּ מְאַחֲרֵי בַנֶּשֶׁף יַיִן יַדְלִיקֵם׃ 5.12. וְהָיָה כִנּוֹר וָנֶבֶל תֹּף וְחָלִיל וָיַיִן מִשְׁתֵּיהֶם וְאֵת פֹּעַל יְהוָה לֹא יַבִּיטוּ וּמַעֲשֵׂה יָדָיו לֹא רָאוּ׃ 5.14. לָכֵן הִרְחִיבָה שְּׁאוֹל נַפְשָׁהּ וּפָעֲרָה פִיהָ לִבְלִי־חֹק וְיָרַד הֲדָרָהּ וַהֲמוֹנָהּ וּשְׁאוֹנָהּ וְעָלֵז בָּהּ׃ 5.16. וַיִּגְבַּה יְהוָה צְבָאוֹת בַּמִּשְׁפָּט וְהָאֵל הַקָּדוֹשׁ נִקְדָּשׁ בִּצְדָקָה׃ 5.17. וְרָעוּ כְבָשִׂים כְּדָבְרָם וְחָרְבוֹת מֵחִים גָּרִים יֹאכֵלוּ׃ 5.18. הוֹי מֹשְׁכֵי הֶעָוֺן בְּחַבְלֵי הַשָּׁוְא וְכַעֲבוֹת הָעֲגָלָה חַטָּאָה׃ 33.15. הֹלֵךְ צְדָקוֹת וְדֹבֵר מֵישָׁרִים מֹאֵס בְּבֶצַע מַעֲשַׁקּוֹת נֹעֵר כַּפָּיו מִתְּמֹךְ בַּשֹּׁחַד אֹטֵם אָזְנוֹ מִשְּׁמֹעַ דָּמִים וְעֹצֵם עֵינָיו מֵרְאוֹת בְּרָע׃ 54.1. רָנִּי עֲקָרָה לֹא יָלָדָה פִּצְחִי רִנָּה וְצַהֲלִי לֹא־חָלָה כִּי־רַבִּים בְּנֵי־שׁוֹמֵמָה מִבְּנֵי בְעוּלָה אָמַר יְהוָה׃ 54.1. כִּי הֶהָרִים יָמוּשׁוּ וְהַגְּבָעוֹת תְּמוּטֶנָה וְחַסְדִּי מֵאִתֵּךְ לֹא־יָמוּשׁ וּבְרִית שְׁלוֹמִי לֹא תָמוּט אָמַר מְרַחֲמֵךְ יְהוָה׃ 54.2. הַרְחִיבִי מְקוֹם אָהֳלֵךְ וִירִיעוֹת מִשְׁכְּנוֹתַיִךְ יַטּוּ אַל־תַּחְשֹׂכִי הַאֲרִיכִי מֵיתָרַיִךְ וִיתֵדֹתַיִךְ חַזֵּקִי׃ 54.16. הן [הִנֵּה] אָנֹכִי בָּרָאתִי חָרָשׁ נֹפֵחַ בְּאֵשׁ פֶּחָם וּמוֹצִיא כְלִי לְמַעֲשֵׂהוּ וְאָנֹכִי בָּרָאתִי מַשְׁחִית לְחַבֵּל׃ 55.1. כִּי כַּאֲשֶׁר יֵרֵד הַגֶּשֶׁם וְהַשֶּׁלֶג מִן־הַשָּׁמַיִם וְשָׁמָּה לֹא יָשׁוּב כִּי אִם־הִרְוָה אֶת־הָאָרֶץ וְהוֹלִידָהּ וְהִצְמִיחָהּ וְנָתַן זֶרַע לַזֹּרֵעַ וְלֶחֶם לָאֹכֵל׃ 55.1. הוֹי כָּל־צָמֵא לְכוּ לַמַּיִם וַאֲשֶׁר אֵין־לוֹ כָּסֶף לְכוּ שִׁבְרוּ וֶאֱכֹלוּ וּלְכוּ שִׁבְרוּ בְּלוֹא־כֶסֶף וּבְלוֹא מְחִיר יַיִן וְחָלָב׃ 55.2. לָמָּה תִשְׁקְלוּ־כֶסֶף בְּלוֹא־לֶחֶם וִיגִיעֲכֶם בְּלוֹא לְשָׂבְעָה שִׁמְעוּ שָׁמוֹעַ אֵלַי וְאִכְלוּ־טוֹב וְתִתְעַנַּג בַּדֶּשֶׁן נַפְשְׁכֶם׃ 63.13. מוֹלִיכָם בַּתְּהֹמוֹת כַּסּוּס בַּמִּדְבָּר לֹא יִכָּשֵׁלוּ׃ | 5.11. Woe unto them that rise up early in the morning, That they may follow strong drink; That tarry late into the night, Till wine inflame them! 5.12. And the harp and the psaltery, the tabret and the pipe, And wine, are in their feasts; But they regard not the work of the LORD, Neither have they considered the operation of His hands. 5.14. Therefore the nether-world hath enlarged her desire, And opened her mouth without measure; And down goeth their glory, and their tumult, and their uproar, And he that rejoiceth among them. 5.16. But the LORD of hosts is exalted through justice, And God the Holy One is sanctified through righteousness. 5.17. Then shall the lambs feed as in their pasture, And the waste places of the fat ones shall wanderers eat. 5.18. Woe unto them that draw iniquity with cords of vanity, And sin as it were with a cart rope, 33.15. He that walketh righteously, and speaketh uprightly; He that despiseth the gain of oppressions, That shaketh his hands from holding of bribes, That stoppeth his ears from hearing of blood, And shutteth his eyes from looking upon evil; 54.1. Sing, O barren, thou that didst not bear, Break forth into singing, and cry aloud, thou that didst not travail; For more are the children of the desolate Than the children of the married wife, saith the LORD. 54.2. Enlarge the place of thy tent, And let them stretch forth the curtains of thy habitations, spare not; Lengthen thy cords, and strengthen thy stakes. 54.16. Behold, I have created the smith That bloweth the fire of coals, And bringeth forth a weapon for his work; And I have created the waster to destroy. 55.1. Ho, every one that thirsteth, come ye for water, And he that hath no money; Come ye, buy, and eat; Yea, come, buy wine and milk Without money and without price. 55.2. Wherefore do ye spend money for that which is not bread? And your gain for that which satisfieth not? Hearken diligently unto Me, and eat ye that which is good, And let your soul delight itself in fatness. 63.13. That led them through the deep, as a horse in the wilderness, without stumbling? |
|
9. Hebrew Bible, 2 Chronicles, 12.1-12.2 (5th cent. BCE - 3rd cent. BCE) Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 106| 12.2. וַיְהִי בַּשָּׁנָה הַחֲמִישִׁית לַמֶּלֶךְ רְחַבְעָם עָלָה שִׁישַׁק מֶלֶךְ־מִצְרַיִם עַל־יְרוּשָׁלִָם כִּי מָעֲלוּ בַּיהוָה׃ | 12.2. And it came to pass in the fifth year of king Rehoboam, that Shishak king of Egypt came up against Jerusalem, because they had dealt treacherously with the LORD, |
|
| 10. Dead Sea Scrolls, 4Q169, 1-2 i, 3-4 iii, 8-10 43, 1-11 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 116, 117 |
| 11. Dead Sea Scrolls, Pesher On Psalms, 0, 1-2 ii, 13-15 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 116 |
| 12. Dead Sea Scrolls, Damascus Covenant, 1.21, 3.16, 6.2-6.11 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 114, 119, 120 |
| 13. Dead Sea Scrolls, (Cairo Damascus Covenant) Cd-A, 1.21, 3.16, 6.2-6.11 (2nd cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 114, 119, 120 |
14. Philo of Alexandria, On The Preliminary Studies, 10, 151-152, 158-159, 20, 36, 9 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 122 | 9. On this account he does not say that Sarah did not bring forth at all, but only that she did not bring forth for him, for Abraham. For we are not as yet capable of becoming the fathers of offspring of virtue, unless we first of all have a connection with her handmaiden; and the handmaiden of wisdom is the encyclical knowledge of music and logic, arrived at by previous instruction. |
|
15. Philo of Alexandria, On The Migration of Abraham, 86-91, 93, 92 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 129 | 92. Nor does it follow, because the feast is the symbol of the joy of the soul and of its gratitude towards God, that we are to repudiate the assemblies ordained at the periodical seasons of the year; nor because the rite of circumcision is an emblem of the excision of pleasures and of all the passions, and of the destruction of that impious opinion, according to which the mind has imagined itself to be by itself competent to produce offspring, does it follow that we are to annul the law which has been enacted about circumcision. Since we shall neglect the laws about the due observance of the ceremonies in the temple, and numbers of others too, if we exclude all figurative interpretation and attend only to those things which are expressly ordained in plain words. |
|
| 16. Philo of Alexandria, On Sobriety, 9 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 122 |
| 17. Philo of Alexandria, Allegorical Interpretation, 3.244-3.245 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 122 |
| 18. Philo of Alexandria, Questions On Genesis, 1.10 (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 89 |
| 19. New Testament, Galatians, 1.6, 1.8, 3.7, 3.15, 3.16, 3.17, 3.24, 3.25, 4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.6, 4.21-5.1, 4.21, 4.22, 4.23, 4.24, 4.25, 4.26, 4.27, 4.28, 4.29, 4.30, 4.31 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 80, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 123, 124, 129, 130 |
20. New Testament, Acts, 13.14-13.15, 13.27 (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 99| 13.14. Αὐτοὶ δὲ διελθόντες ἀπὸ τῆς Πέργης παρεγένοντο εἰς Ἀντιόχειαν τὴν Πισιδίαν, καὶ ἐλθόντες εἰς τὴν συναγωγὴν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῶν σαββάτων ἐκάθισαν. 13.15. μετὰ δὲ τὴν ἀνάγνωσιν τοῦ νόμου καὶ τῶν προφητῶν ἀπέστειλαν οἱ ἀρχισυνάγωγοι πρὸς αὐτοὺς λέγοντες Ἄνδρες ἀδελφοί, εἴ τις ἔστιν ἐν ὑμῖν λόγος παρακλήσεως πρὸς τὸν λαόν, λέγετε. 13.27. οἱ γὰρ κατοικουlt*gtντες ἐν Ἰερουσαλὴμ καὶ οἱ ἄρχοντες αὐτῶν τοῦτον ἀγνοήσαντες καὶ τὰς φωνὰς τῶν προφητῶν τὰς κατὰ πᾶν σάββατον ἀναγινωσκομένας κρίναντες ἐπλήρωσαν, | 13.14. But they, passing through from Perga, came to Antioch of Pisidia. They went into the synagogue on the Sabbath day, and sat down. 13.15. After the reading of the law and the prophets, the rulers of the synagogue sent to them, saying, "Brothers, if you have any word of exhortation for the people, speak." 13.27. For those who dwell in Jerusalem, and their rulers, because they didn't know him, nor the voices of the prophets which are read every Sabbath, fulfilled them by condemning him. |
|
21. Quintilian, Institutes of Oratory, 8.6.44 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 89 | 8.6.44. Allegory, which is translated in Latin by inversio, either presents one thing in words and another in meaning, or else something absolutely opposed to the meaning of the words. The first type is generally produced by a series of metaphors. Take as an example: "O ship, new waves will bear thee back to sea. What dost thou? Make the haven, come what may," and the rest of the ode, in which Horace represents the state under the semblance of a ship, the civil wars as tempests, and peace and good-will as the haven. |
|
22. New Testament, 2 Corinthians, 3.6-3.7 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 93, 134| 3.6. ὃς καὶ ἱκάνωσεν ἡμᾶς διακόνους καινῆς διαθήκης, οὐ γράμματος ἀλλὰ πνεύματος, τὸ γὰρ γράμμα ἀποκτείνει, τὸ δὲ πνεῦμα ζωοποιεῖ. 3.7. Εἰ δὲ ἡ διακονία τοῦ θανάτου ἐν γράμμασιν ἐντετυπωμένη λίθοις ἐγενήθη ἐν δόξῃ, ὥστε μὴ δύνασθαι ἀτενίσαι τοὺς υἱοὺς Ἰσραὴλ εἰς τὸ πρόσωπον Μωυσέως διὰ τὴν δόξαν τοῦ προσώπου αὐτοῦ τὴν καταργουμένην, | |
|
23. New Testament, Luke, 4.16-4.22 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 99| 4.16. Καὶ ἦλθεν εἰς Ναζαρά, οὗ ἦν τεθραμμένος, καὶ εἰσῆλθεν κατὰ τὸ εἰωθὸς αὐτῷ ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῶν σαββάτων εἰς τὴν συναγωγήν, καὶ ἀνέστη ἀναγνῶναι. 4.17. καὶ ἐπεδόθη αὐτῷ βιβλίον τοῦ προφήτου Ἠσαίου, καὶ ἀνοίξας τὸ βιβλίον εὗρεν [τὸν] τόπον οὗ ἦν γεγραμμένον 4.18. Πνεῦμα Κυρίου ἐπʼ ἐμέ, οὗ εἵνεκεν ἔχρισέν με εὐαγγελίσασθαι πτωχοῖς, ἀπέσταλκέν με κηρύξαι αἰχμαλώτοις ἄφεσιν καὶ τυφλοῖς ἀνάβλεψιν, ἀποστεῖλαι τεθραυσμένους ἐν ἀφέσει, 4.19. κηρύξαι ἐνιαυτὸν Κυρίου δεκτόν. 4.20. καὶ πτύξας τὸ βιβλίον ἀποδοὺς τῷ ὑπηρέτῃ ἐκάθισεν· καὶ πάντων οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ ἐν τῇ συναγωγῇ ἦσαν ἀτενίζοντες αὐτῷ. 4.21. ἤρξατο δὲ λέγειν πρὸς αὐτοὺς ὅτι Σήμερον πεπλήρωται ἡ γραφὴ αὕτη ἐν τοῖς ὠσὶν ὑμῶν. 4.22. καὶ πάντες ἐμαρτύρουν αὐτῷ καὶ ἐθαύμαζον ἐπὶ τοῖς λόγοις τῆς χάριτος τοῖς ἐκπορευομένοις ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἔλεγον Οὐχὶ υἱός ἐστιν Ἰωσὴφ οὗτος; | 4.16. He came to Nazareth, where he had been brought up. He entered, as was his custom, into the synagogue on the Sabbath day, and stood up to read. 4.17. The book of the prophet Isaiah was handed to him. He opened the book, and found the place where it was written, 4.18. "The Spirit of the Lord is on me, Because he has anointed me to preach good news to the poor. He has sent me to heal the brokenhearted, To proclaim release to the captives, Recovering of sight to the blind, To deliver those who are crushed, 4.19. And to proclaim the acceptable year of the Lord." 4.20. He closed the book, gave it back to the attendant, and sat down. The eyes of all in the synagogue were fastened on him. 4.21. He began to tell them, "Today, this Scripture has been fulfilled in your hearing." 4.22. All testified about him, and wondered at the gracious words which proceeded out of his mouth, and they said, "Isn't this Joseph's son?" |
|
24. New Testament, Romans, 5.14, 6.15-6.23, 13.8-13.10 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 90, 96, 125| 5.14. ἀλλὰ ἐβασίλευσεν ὁ θάνατος ἀπὸ Ἀδὰμ μέχρι Μωυσέως καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς μὴ ἁμαρτήσαντας ἐπὶ τῷ ὁμοιώματι τῆς παραβάσεως Ἀδάμ, ὅς ἐστιν τύπος τοῦ μέλλοντος. 6.15. Τί οὖν; ἁμαρτήσωμεν ὅτι οὐκ ἐσμὲν ὑπὸ νόμον ἀλλὰ ὑπὸ χάριν; μὴ γένοιτο· 6.16. οὐκ οἴδατε ὅτι ᾧ παριστάνετε ἑαυτοὺς δούλους εἰς ὑπακοήν, δοῦλοί ἐστε ᾧ ὑπακούετε, ἤτοι ἁμαρτίας εἰς θάνατον ἢ ὑπακοῆς εἰς δικαιοσύνην; 6.17. χάρις δὲ τῷ θεῷ ὅτι ἦτε δοῦλοι τῆς ἁμαρτίας ὑπηκούσατε δὲ ἐκ καρδίας εἰς ὃν παρεδόθητε τύπον διδαχῆς, 6.18. ἐλευθερωθέντες δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ἐδουλώθητε τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ· 6.19. ἀνθρώπινον λέγω διὰ τὴν ἀσθένειαν τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν· ὥσπερ γὰρ παρεστήσατε τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν δοῦλα τῇ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ καὶ τῇ ἀνομίᾳ [εἰς τὴν ἀνομίαν], οὕτω νῦν παραστήσατε τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν δοῦλα τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ εἰς ἁγιασμόν· 6.20. ὅτε γὰρ δοῦλοι ἦτε τῆς ἁμαρτίας, ἐλεύθεροι ἦτε τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ. 6.21. τίνα οὖν καρπὸν εἴχετε τότε ἐφʼ οἷς νῦν ἐπαισχύνεσθε; τὸ γὰρ τέλος ἐκείνων θάνατος· 6.22. νυνὶ δέ, ἐλευθερωθέντες ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας δουλωθέντες δὲ τῷ θεῷ, ἔχετε τὸν καρπὸν ὑμῶν εἰς ἁγιασμόν, τὸ δὲ τέλος ζωὴν αἰώνιον. 6.23. τὰ γὰρ ὀψώνια τῆς ἁμαρτίας θάνατος, τὸ δὲ χάρισμα τοῦ θεοῦ ζωὴ αἰώνιος ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ τῷ κυρίῳ ἡμῶν. 13.8. Μηδενὶ μηδὲν ὀφείλετε, εἰ μὴ τὸ ἀλλήλους ἀγαπᾷν· ὁ γὰρ ἀγαπῶν τὸν ἕτερον νόμον πεπλήρωκεν. 13.9. τὸ γάρΟὐ μοιχεύσεις, Οὐ φονεύσεις, Οὐ κλέψεις, Οὐκ ἐπιθυμήσεις,καὶ εἴ τις ἑτέρα ἐντολή, ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τούτῳ ἀνακεφαλαιοῦται, [ἐν τῷ]Ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν. 13.10. ἡ ἀγάπη τῷ πλησίον κακὸν οὐκ ἐργάζεται· πλήρωμα οὖν νόμου ἡ ἀγάπη. | 5.14. Nevertheless death reigned from Adam until Moses, even over those whose sins weren't like Adam's disobedience, who is a foreshadowing of him who was to come. 6.15. What then? Shall we sin, because we are not under law, but under grace? May it never be! 6.16. Don't you know that to whom you present yourselves as servants to obedience, his servants you are whom you obey; whether of sin to death, or of obedience to righteousness? 6.17. But thanks be to God, that, whereas you were bondservants of sin, you became obedient from the heart to that form of teaching whereunto you were delivered. 6.18. Being made free from sin, you became bondservants of righteousness. 6.19. I speak in human terms because of the weakness of your flesh, for as you presented your members as servants to uncleanness and to wickedness upon wickedness, even so now present your members as servants to righteousness for sanctification. 6.20. For when you were servants of sin, you were free in regard to righteousness. 6.21. What fruit then did you have at that time in the things of which you are now ashamed? For the end of those things is death. 6.22. But now, being made free from sin, and having become servants of God, you have your fruit of sanctification, and the result of eternal life. 6.23. For the wages of sin is death, but the free gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord. 13.8. Owe no one anything, except to love one another; for he who loves his neighbor has fulfilled the law. 13.9. For the commandments, "You shall not commit adultery," "You shall not murder," "You shall not steal," "You shall not give false testimony," "You shall not covet," and whatever other commandments there are, are all summed up in this saying, namely, "You shall love your neighbor as yourself." 13.10. Love doesn't harm a neighbor. Love therefore is the fulfillment of the law. |
|
25. New Testament, 1 Corinthians, 9.10, 10.11, 11.25 (1st cent. CE - 1st cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 94, 130| 9.10. διʼ ἡμᾶς γὰρ ἐγράφη, ὅτι ὀφείλει ἐπʼ ἐλπίδι ὁ ἀροτριῶν ἀροτριᾷν, καὶ ὁ ἀλοῶν ἐπʼ ἐλπίδι τοῦ μετέχειν. 10.11. ταῦτα δὲ τυπικῶς συνέβαινεν ἐκείνοις, ἐγράφη δὲ πρὸς νουθεσίαν ἡμῶν, εἰς οὓς τὰ τέλη τῶν αἰώνων κατήντηκεν. 11.25. Τοῦτο τὸ ποτήριον ἡ καινὴδιαθήκηἐστὶν ἐντῷἐμῷαἵματι·τοῦτο ποιεῖτε, ὁσάκις ἐὰν πίνητε, εἰς τὴν ἐμὴν ἀνάμνησιν. | 9.10. or does he say it assuredly for oursake? Yes, it was written for our sake, because he who plows ought toplow in hope, and he who threshes in hope should partake of his hope. 10.11. Now all these thingshappened to them by way of example, and they were written for ouradmonition, on whom the ends of the ages have come. 11.25. In the same way he also took the cup, after supper,saying, "This cup is the new covet in my blood. Do this, as often asyou drink, in memory of me." |
|
| 26. Plutarch, On Hearing, 362b, 363d (1st cent. CE - 2nd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 90, 109 |
27. Mishnah, Avot, 3.5 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 112| 3.5. רַבִּי נְחוּנְיָא בֶּן הַקָּנָה אוֹמֵר, כָּל הַמְקַבֵּל עָלָיו עֹל תּוֹרָה, מַעֲבִירִין מִמֶּנּוּ עֹל מַלְכוּת וְעֹל דֶּרֶךְ אֶרֶץ. וְכָל הַפּוֹרֵק מִמֶּנּוּ עֹל תּוֹרָה, נוֹתְנִין עָלָיו עֹל מַלְכוּת וְעֹל דֶּרֶךְ אֶרֶץ: | 3.5. Rabbi Nehunia ben Hakkanah said: whoever takes upon himself the yoke of the Torah, they remove from him the yoke of government and the yoke of worldly concerns, and whoever breaks off from himself the yoke of the Torah, they place upon him the yoke of government and the yoke of worldly concerns. |
|
28. Mishnah, Ketuvot, 1.6 (1st cent. CE - 3rd cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 100| 1.6. הַנּוֹשֵׂא אֶת הָאִשָּׁה וְלֹא מָצָא לָהּ בְּתוּלִים, הִיא אוֹמֶרֶת, מִשֶּׁאֵרַסְתַּנִי נֶאֱנַסְתִּי, וְנִסְתַּחֲפָה שָׂדֶךָ. וְהַלָּה אוֹמֵר, לֹא כִי, אֶלָּא עַד שֶׁלֹּא אֵרַסְתִּיךְ, וְהָיָה מִקָּחִי מֶקַּח טָעוּת. רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל וְרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמְרִים, נֶאֱמֶנֶת. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אוֹמֵר, לֹא מִפִּיהָ אָנוּ חַיִּין, אֶלָּא הֲרֵי זוֹ בְחֶזְקַת בְּעוּלָה עַד שֶׁלֹּא תִתְאָרֵס, וְהִטְעַתּוּ, עַד שֶׁתָּבִיא רְאָיָה לִדְבָרֶיהָ: | 1.6. If a man marries a woman and does not find her to be a virgin: She says, “After you betrothed me I was raped, and so your field has been washed away” And he says, “No, rather [it occurred] before I betrothed you and my acquisition was a mistaken acquisition” Rabban Gamaliel and Rabbi Eliezer say: she is believed. Rabbi Joshua says: We do not live by her mouth, rather she is in the presumption of having had intercourse before she was betrothed and having deceived him, until she brings proof for her statement. |
|
29. Anon., Sifre Numbers, 154, 160, 115 (2nd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 80 | 115. " (Bamidbar 15:37-38) \"And the L-rd spoke to Moses, saying … and they shall make for themselves tzitzith\": Women, too, are included (in the mitzvah of tzitzith.) R. Shimon exempts women from tzitzith, it being a time-based (only in the daytime) positive commandment, from which women are exempt, this being the principle: R. Shimon said: Women are exempt from all time-based positive commandments. R. Yehudah b. Bava said: of a certainty, the sages exempted a woman's veil from tzitzith, and they are required in a wrap only because sometimes her husband covers himself with it. \"tzitzith\": \"tzitzith\" is something which \"protrudes\" (\"yotzeh\") somewhat. And the elders of Beth Shammai and those of Beth Hillel have already entered the upper chamber of Yonathan b. Betheira and declared: Tzitzith have no prescribed size. And they declared, similarly: A lulav has no prescribed size. \"and they shall make for themselves tzitzith.\" I might think that one string suffices; it is, therefore, written (Devarim 22:12) \"Fringes (shall you make for yourself.\") How many fringes? Not fewer than three. These are the words of Beth Hillel. Beth Shammai say: Three of wool and the fourth of tcheleth (blue linen). And the halachah is in accordance with Beth Shammai. When is this so (that a minimum size is required)? In the beginning (of its attachment). But for what is left over or lopped off any size (is sufficient). (Bamidbar, Ibid.) \"and they shall make for themselves tzitzith.\" I might think that all of it shall be tzitzith; it is, therefore, written \"fringes.\" If \"fringes,\" I might think all of it shall be fringes. It is, therefore, written \"tzitzith.\" How is this (to be implemented)? That its fringes protrude from the corner (of the garment), and tzitzith from the fringes. \"in the corners of their garments\": I might think, even garments that are three-cornered, five-cornered, six-cornered, seven-cornered, and eight-cornered; it is, therefore, written (Devarim, Ibid.) \"on the four corners of your garment,\" to exclude the aforementioned. And whence is it derived that pillows and covers are (also) excluded (from tzitzith)? From (Ibid.) \"wherewith you cover yourself.\" If from there, I would think that night-clothes are also included (as requiring tzitzith). It is, therefore, written (Bamidbar, Ibid. 39) \"and you shall see it\" — in the daytime and not at night. And if it were intended both for day and night, it requires tzitzith. I might think that this excludes both the above and the garment of a blind man; it is, therefore, written (Bamidbar, Ibid. 39) \"And it shall be for you for tzitzith\" — in any event (i.e., to include a blind man). (Ibid. 38) \"and they shall place on the tzitzith (on) the corner a strand of tcheleth\": spun and doubled. This tells me only of the tcheleth, that it is to be spun and doubled. Whence do I derive (the same for) the white (i.e., the wool)? You derive it by induction, viz.: Since the Torah said: \"place\" tcheleth and \"place\" white, just as tcheleth is spun and doubled, so, white is spun and doubled. \"and they shall place\": on the place of the weaving (i.e., the corner of the garment), and not on the place of the \"growing\" (i.e., the strands at the corner of the garment). If he did place it on the site of the \"growing,\" it is (nonetheless) kasher. R. Eliezer b. Yaakov includes it both on the \"growing\" and on the very edge of the garment, it being written \"on the corners of their garments.\" \"and they shall place on the tzitzith (on) the corner\": What is the intent of this? From \"and they shall make for themselves tzitzith, I might think that he should weave it (the tzitzith) together with it (the garment; it is, therefore, written \"and they shall place.\" How so? He ties it (the tzitzith) together with it (the garment). (Ibid. 39) \"And it shall be to you for tzitzith\": The four tzitzith are mutually inclusive (i.e., in the absence of one there is no mitzvah), the four being one mitzvah. R. Yishmael says: They are four mitzvoth. R. Elazar b. R. Shimon says: Why is it called \"tcheleth\"? Because the Egyptians were \"bereaved\" (\"nitkelu\" [like \"tcheleth\"]) of their first-born, viz. (Shemot 12:29) \"And it was in the middle of the night, that the L-rd smote every first-born, etc.\" Variantly: Because the Egyptians were \"destroyed\" (\"kalu\") in the Red Sea. Why is it called \"tzitzith\"? Because the L-rd \"looked\" (\"hetzith\") over our fathers' houses in Egypt, as it is written (Song of Songs 2:9) \"The voice of My Beloved, behold, it is coming … My Beloved is like a gazelle or a young hart … Behold, He stands behind our wall, looking through the windows, peering through the lattices.\" R. Chanina b. Antignos says: One who fulfills the mitzvah of tzitzith, what is said of him? (Zechariah 8:23) \"In these days it will happen that ten men, of all the languages of the nations will take hold of the corner (i.e., of the tzitzith) of a Jewish man, saying 'Let us go with you, for we have heard that G-d is with you!'\" And one who nullifies the mitzvah of \"the corner,\" what is said of him? (Iyyov 38:13) \"to take hold of the corners of the earth and to shake the wicked from it!\" R. Meir says: It is not written (Bamidbar, Ibid. 39) \"And you shall see them\" (the tzitzith), but \"And you shall see Him.\" Scripture hereby apprises us that if one fulfills the mitzvah of tzitzith, it is reckoned unto him as if he beheld the face of the Shechinah. For tcheleth is reminiscent of (the color of) the sea; the sea, of the firmament; and the firmament, of the Throne of Glory, as it is written (Ezekiel 1:26) \"And above the firmament that was over their heads … (28) the appearance of the likeness of the glory of the L-rd.\" (Bamidbar, Ibid.) \"and you shall see and you shall remember\": See this mitzvah and remember another mitzvah, (which is contingent upon it.) Which is that? The recitation of the Shema — But perhaps (the reference is to) one of all the other mitzvoth of the Torah. It is, therefore, written (in the section of tzitzith, Ibid. 41) \"I am the L-rd your G-d,\" which you find to be written only in (the section of) the recitation of the Shema. \"and you shall remember\": Remember (i.e., recite) the section with your mouth. I might think that the section \"vehaya im shamoa\" (Devarim 11:13-21) should precede all of the sections. — Would you say that? The section of Shema (Devarim 6:4-9), which contains acceptance of the yoke of the kingdom of Heaven should precede \"vehaya im shamoa,\" which contains acceptance of the yoke of mitzvoth, and \"vehaya im shamoa,\" which obtains both in the daytime and at night, should precede the section of tzitzith (\"vayomer\" [Bamidbar 15:37-41]), which obtains only in the daytime. And perhaps he should recite three (sections) in the evening as he does in the daytime. It is, therefore, written (of tzitzith [Bamidbar 15:39]) \"and you shall see it\" — in the daytime and not at night. R. Shimon b. Yochai says: The section of Shema, which contains (the mitzvah of) learning (Torah), should precede \"vehaya im shamoa,\" which speaks only of teaching. And \"vehaya im shamoa\" should precede the section of tzitzith, which is only to do (i.e., the final stage). For thus was Torah given: to learn and to teach, to keep and to do: \"And you shall see it, and you shall remember (all the mitzvoth of the L-rd, and you shall do them.\"): Now does this not follow a fortiori, viz.: If one who fulfills the mitzvah of tzitzith, (which is only a sign and a remembrance towards the doing of mitzvoth,) is accounted as one who has fulfilled all of the mitzvoth, how much more so (is this true of) one who (actively) performs (any one of) all the mitzvoth of the Torah! \"And you shall not go astray after your hearts\": This is heresy, as it is written (Koheleth 7:26) \"And I find more bitter than death 'the woman' (heresy), whose heart is snares and nets. Her hands are bonds. The good before G-d shall escape her.\" \"and after your eyes\": This is harlotry, as it is written (Judges 14:3) \"Take her for me, for she is just in my eyes.\" \"after which you go astray\": This is idolatry, as it is written (Ibid. 8:33) \"and they went astray after the ba'alim.\" R. Nathan says: that one not \"drink\" in this \"cup\" (i.e., his own wife), and cast his gaze at the \"cup\" of another. Variantly: \"And you shall not go astray after your hearts and after your eyes\": This teaches us that the eyes follow the heart. — But perhaps the heart follows the eyes! Would you say that? Are there not blind men who commit all the abominations in the world? What, then, is the intent of \"And you shall not go astray after your hearts, etc.\"? That the eyes follow the heart. R. Yishmael says: \"And you shall not go astray after your hearts\": What is the intent of this? From (Koheleth 11:9) \"Rejoice young man in your youth (… and walk in the ways of your heart\"), (I would not know whether) in a way that is straight or in (any) way that you like; it is, therefore, written \"And you shall not go astray after your hearts.\" (Ibid. 40) \"So that you remember and you do (all of My mitzvoth): This equates remembering with doing. \"and you shall be holy to your G-d\": This refers to the holiness of all of the mitzvoth. You say the holiness of (all the) mitzvoth, but perhaps the holiness of tzitzith (is intended). — Would you say that? What is the (general) context? The holiness of all the mitzvoth. Rebbi says: The reference is to the holiness of tzitzith. You say the holiness of tzitzith, but perhaps the holiness of all the mitzvoth is intended. — (Vayikra 19:2) \"Holy shall you be\" already refers to the holiness of all the mitzvoth. How, then, am I to understand \"and you shall be holy to your G-d\"? As referring to the holiness of tzitzith — whence it is seen that tzitzith add holiness to Israel. (Ibid. 41) \"I am the L-rd your G-d, who took you out of the land of Egypt.\": Why is this mentioned here? So that one not say: I will take imitation-dyed threads (and attach them to my garment) as tcheleth, and who will know the difference? If (within the framework of) the measure of punishment, the lesser measure (of the L-rd) — if one sins in secret, He exposes him in public, (as He did in Egypt), then, (within the framework of) the measure of good, the greater measure (of the L-rd) — how much more so (does this hold true)! Variantly: Why is the exodus from Egypt mentioned in connection with every mitzvah? An analogy: The son of a king's loved one was taken captive. When he (the king) redeems him, he redeems him not as a son, but as a servant, so that if he (the son) does not accept his decree, he can say to him \"You are my servant!\" When they enter the province, he (the king) says to him: Put on my sandals and carry my things before me to the bath-house. The son begins to object, whereupon the king presents him with his writ (of servitude) and says to him: \"You are my servant!\" Thus, when the Holy One Blessed be He redeemed the seed of His loved one, He did not redeem them as \"sons,\" but as servants, so that if they reject His decree He says to them: \"You are My servants!\" When they went to the desert, He began to decree upon them some \"light\" mitzvoth and some formidable ones, such as Shabbath, illicit relations, tzitzith, and tefillin, and Israel began to object — whereupon He said to them: \"You are My servants! On that condition I redeemed you; on condition that I decree and you fulfill!\" \"I am the L-rd your G-d\": Why is this stated again? Is it not already written (Shemot 20:2) \"I am the L-rd your G-d who took you out of the land of Egypt\"? Why state it again? So that Israel not say: Why did the L-rd command us (to do mitzvoth)? Is it not so that we do them and receive reward? We shall not do them and we shall not receive reward! As Israel said (Ezekiel 20:1) \"There came to me (Ezekiel) men of the elders of Israel to make inquiry of the L-rd, and they sat before me.\" They said to him: A servant whose Master has sold him, does he not leave His domain? Ezekiel: Yes. They: Since the L-rd has sold us to the nations, we have left His domain. Ezekiel: A servant whose Master has sold him in order to return, does he leave His domain? (Ibid. 32-33) \"And what enters your minds, it shall not be, your saying: We will be like the nations, like the families of the lands, to serve wood and stone. As I live, says the L-rd G-d. I swear to you that I will rule over you with a strong hand and with an outstretched arm and with outpoured wrath!\" \"with a strong hand\": pestilence, as it is written (in that regard, Shemot 9:3) \"Behold, the hand of the L-rd is in your cattle, etc.\" \"with an outstretched arm\": the sword, as it is written (I Chronicles 21:16) \"with his (the angel's) sword drawn in his hand, stretched over Jerusalem.\" \"and with outpoured wrath\": famine. After I bring these three calamities upon you, one after the other, I will rule over you perforce!", , " R. Nathan said: There is no mitzvah in the Torah whose reward is not \"at its side.\" Go and learn this from the mitzvah of tzitzith. There was once a certain man who was particularly diligent in the mitzvah of tzitzith. Once, hearing of a (\"famed\") harlot in the cities of the sea, who took four hundred gold coins as her hire, he sent her that sum, and she set a time for him. When the appointed time came, he went there and sat at the door of her house. Her maid-servant went in and said to her: That man whom you appointed a time for is sitting at the door of the house. The harlot: Let him come in. When he came in, she spread seven beds for him, six of silver and one of gold, and she was on the uppermost. Between each one was a silver ladder, and the uppermost, of gold. When he came to the act, his four tzitzith came and struck him across his face. They seemed to him like four men. He immediately left off and sat upon the ground. She, too, left off and sat upon the ground. She said to him \"'Gapa of Rome' (an idolatrous oath), I shall not let you go until you tell me what blemish you have seen in me!\" He: I swear, I have seen no blemish in you. There is no beauty like yours in all the world, but there is one mitzvah (tzitzith) concerning which it is written two times (Bamidbar 15:41) \"I am the L-rd your G-d.\" \"I am the L-rd your G-d\" — I am destined to reward; \"I am the L-rd your G-d\" — I am destined to punish. And now they appeared to me as four witnesses (testifying to the above). At this, she said: I swear that I will not let you go until you write for me your name, the name of your city, and the name of the place where you study Torah. He wrote for her his name, the name of his city, the name of his master, and the name of the place where he studied Torah — whereupon she arose and divided all of her wealth: a third to the authorities (for permission to convert), a third to the poor, and a third which she took with her, in addition to those spreads. When she came to R. Meir's house of study, she said to him: My master, convert me. R. Meir: Is it possible that you have \"cast your eyes\" upon one of my disciples! At this, she took out the note that she had with her, and he said to her: \"Go and claim your purchase!\" Those spreads which she had spread for him unlawfully, she now spread for him lawfully, This was her reward in this world. As to the world to come, I do not know how much.", |
|
| 30. Anon., Sifre Deuteronomy, 343, 357, 45, 165 (2nd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 109 |
| 31. Anon., Mekhilta Derabbi Yishmael, kaspa 20, nezikin 18, vayassa 1, vayassa 3, vayassa 4, vayassa 5, pisha 17 (2nd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 80 |
| 32. Palestinian Talmud, Megillah, 4.1 74d (2nd cent. CE - 5th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 93 |
| 33. Anon., Mekhilta Derabbi Shimeon Ben Yohai, 17.8 (2nd cent. CE - 4th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 106, 107 |
| 34. Babylonian Talmud, Qiddushin, 33b (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 93 |
| 35. Babylonian Talmud, Ketuvot, 7b-8a (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 102 |
36. Babylonian Talmud, Berachot, 24a, 30a (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 80 30a. לישתף איניש נפשיה בהדי צבורא היכי נימא יהי רצון מלפניך ה' אלהינו שתוליכנו לשלום וכו',אימת מצלי אמר רבי יעקב אמר רב חסדא משעה שמהלך בדרך עד כמה אמר רבי יעקב אמר רב חסדא עד פרסה והיכי מצלי לה רב חסדא אמר מעומד רב ששת אמר אפילו מהלך,רב חסדא ורב ששת הוו קאזלי באורחא קם רב חסדא וקא מצלי א"ל רב ששת לשמעיה מאי קא עביד רב חסדא אמר ליה קאי ומצלי א"ל אוקמן נמי לדידי ואצלי מהיות טוב אל תקרא רע.,מאי איכא בין הביננו לתפלה קצרה הביננו בעי לצלויי ג' קמייתא וג' בתרייתא וכי מטי לביתיה לא בעי למהדר לצלויי בתפלה קצרה לא בעי לצלויי לא ג' קמייתא ולא ג' בתרייתא וכי מטי לביתיה בעי למהדר לצלויי,והלכתא הביננו מעומד תפלה קצרה בין מעומד בין מהלך:,היה רוכב על החמור וכו': ת"ר היה רוכב על החמור והגיע זמן תפלה אם יש לו מי שיאחז את חמורו ירד למטה ויתפלל ואם לאו ישב במקומו ויתפלל רבי אומר בין כך ובין כך ישב במקומו ויתפלל לפי שאין דעתו מיושבת עליו,אמר רבא ואיתימא רבי יהושע בן לוי הלכה כרבי:,ת"ר סומא ומי שאינו יכול לכוין את הרוחות יכוין לבו כנגד אביו שבשמים שנא' (מלכים א ח, לה) והתפללו אל ה',היה עומד בח"ל יכוין את לבו כנגד ארץ ישראל שנא' (מלכים א ח, מח) והתפללו אליך דרך ארצם היה עומד בארץ ישראל יכוין את לבו כנגד ירושלים שנאמר (מלכים א ח, מד) והתפללו אל ה' דרך העיר אשר בחרת היה עומד בירושלים יכוין את לבו כנגד בית המקדש שנאמר (דברי הימים ב ו, לב) והתפללו אל הבית הזה היה עומד בבית המקדש יכוין את לבו כנגד בית קדשי הקדשים שנאמר (מלכים א ח, לה) והתפללו אל המקום הזה היה עומד בבית קדשי הקדשים יכוין את לבו כנגד בית הכפורת היה עומד אחורי בית הכפורת יראה עצמו כאילו לפני הכפורת נמצא עומד במזרח מחזיר פניו למערב במערב מחזיר פניו למזרח בדרום מחזיר פניו לצפון בצפון מחזיר פניו לדרום נמצאו כל ישראל מכוונין את לבם למקום אחד,א"ר אבין ואיתימא ר' אבינא מאי קראה (שיר השירים ד, ד) כמגדל דויד צוארך בנוי לתלפיות תל שכל פיות פונים בו:,אבוה דשמואל ולוי כי הוו בעו למיפק לאורחא הוו מקדמי ומצלי וכי הוה מטי זמן ק"ש קרו,כמאן כי האי תנא דתניא השכים לצאת לדרך מביאין לו שופר ותוקע לולב ומנענע מגילה וקורא בה וכשיגיע זמן ק"ש קורא השכים לישב בקרון או בספינה מתפלל וכשיגיע זמן ק"ש קורא,רשב"א אומר בין כך ובין כך קורא ק"ש ומתפלל כדי שיסמוך גאולה לתפלה,במאי קמיפלגי מר סבר תפלה מעומד עדיף ומר סבר מסמך גאולה לתפלה עדיף,מרימר ומר זוטרא הוו מכנפי בי עשרה בשבתא דרגלא ומצלו והדר נפקא לפרקא,רב אשי מצלי בהדי צבורא ביחיד מיושב כי הוה אתי לביתיה הדר ומצלי מעומד אמרי ליה רבנן ולעביד מר כמרימר ומר זוטרא אמר להו טריחא לי מלתא ולעביד מר כאבוה דשמואל ולוי אמר להו לא חזינא להו לרבנן קשישי מינן דעבדי הכי:,| 30a. a person should associate himself with the congregation and should not pray for himself alone. How should he say it? May it be Your will, Lord our God, that You lead us to peace, etc., in the plural.,The Gemara discusses specific details pertaining to this prayer. When does one pray? Rabbi Ya’akov said that Rav Ḥisda said: From when one sets out on his journey, and not before. How long must one’s planned journey be in order to require him to recite this prayer (Ba’al Halakhot Gedolot)? Rabbi Ya’akov said that Rav Ḥisda said: At least a parasang. How does he recite this prayer? Rav Ḥisda said: Only while standing in one place. Rav Sheshet said: Even walking or sitting.,The Gemara relates: Rav Ḥisda and Rav Sheshet were walking along the path, Rav Ḥisda stood and recited the traveler’s prayer. Since he was blind and did not see his colleague, Rav Sheshet asked his servant: What is Rav Ḥisda doing now? His servant said to him: He is standing and praying. Rav Sheshet said to his servant: Stand me up as well and I will pray. Even though Rav Sheshet held that there is no need to stand during this prayer, nevertheless: From being good, do not be called wicked. In other words, one should do better if he is able. Rav Sheshet said that one is not required to stop and stand. He did not say that it is preferable to walk or sit. Since standing in this case required no special effort on his part, as Rav Ḥisda had stopped to stand and pray anyway, why insist on sitting?,The mishna mentioned both a brief prayer recited in times of danger and an abridged prayer, with regard to which there was a dispute between the tanna’im. The Gemara asks: What is the practical halakhic difference between the abridged prayer: Grant us understanding and the brief prayer recited in times of danger? The Gemara answers: One who recites: Grant us understanding is required to recite the first three blessings and the last three blessings of the Amida prayer, and when he reaches his home, he need not pray again. One who recites the brief prayer, however, need recite neither the first three blessings nor the last three blessings of the Amida prayer. However, when he reaches his home, he must pray again. Grant us understanding has the legal status of the Amida prayer, despite its brevity, while the brief prayer is merely recited in place of the Amida prayer in exigent circumstances.,The halakha is: Grant us understanding, as mentioned above, has the legal status of the Amida prayer, and must therefore be recited while standing. The brief prayer, since it does not have that status, may be recited whether one is standing or whether one is walking.,We learned in the mishna: One who was riding on a donkey should dismount and pray. Only in exigent circumstances may he pray while riding, focusing his heart toward Jerusalem and the Holy of Holies. The Sages taught in a Tosefta: One who was riding on a donkey and the time for prayer arrived, if he has someone to hold onto the donkey, he should dismount and pray. If not, he should sit in his place atop the donkey and pray. Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi says: In any case, whether or not there is someone to hold onto the donkey, he should sit in his place atop the donkey and pray, as his mind will not be calm. Since he is hurrying to arrive at his destination, the need to dismount the donkey, stand in prayer, and remount the donkey would delay his journey, and the delay is likely to interfere with his concentration during prayer.,Rava, and some say Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi, said: The halakha here is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi.,The Sages taught in a Tosefta: A blind person and one who is unable to approximate the directions and, therefore, is unable to face Jerusalem in order to pray, may focus his heart towards his Father in Heaven, as it is stated: “And they shall pray to the Lord” (I Kings 8:44).,One who was standing in prayer in the Diaspora, should focus his heart toward Eretz Yisrael, as it is stated: “And they shall pray to You by way of their land which You have given to their fathers” (I Kings 8:48). rOne who was standing in Eretz Yisrael, should focus his heart toward Jerusalem, as it is stated: “And they shall pray to the Lord by way of the city that You have chosen” (I Kings 8:44). rOne who was standing in Jerusalem, should focus his heart toward the Temple, as it is stated: “And they shall pray toward this house” (II Chronicles 6:32). rOne who was standing in the Temple, should focus his heart toward the Holy of Holies, as it is stated: “And they shall pray toward this place” (I Kings 8:35). rOne who was standing in the Holy of Holies, should focus his heart toward the seat of the ark-cover [kapporet], atop the ark, the dwelling place of God’s glory. rOne who was standing behind the seat of the ark-cover, should visualize himself as if standing before the ark-cover and turn toward it.rConsequently, one standing in prayer in the East turns to face west, and one standing in the West, turns to face east. One standing in the South, turns to face north, and one standing in the North, turns to face south; all of the people of Israel find themselves focusing their hearts toward one place, the Holy of Holies in the Temple.,An allusion to this is found in what Rabbi Avin, and some say Rabbi Avina, said: What verse alludes to this? “Your neck is like the Tower of David, built with turrets [talpiyyot], one thousand shields hang from it, all of the armor of the mighty” (Song of Songs 4:4). He interprets the word talpiyyot as the hill [tel] toward which all mouths [piyyot] turn, i.e., the Temple Mount.,With regard to prayer while traveling, the Gemara relates: When Shmuel’s father and Levi wanted to set out on a journey in the morning, they would pray early before sunrise. When, during their journey, the time to recite Shema would arrive, they recited it.,The Gemara asks: In accordance with whose opinion did they do this? In accordance with this tanna, as it was taught in the Tosefta: One who rose early to set out on his path before the time to recite Shema arrives, they bring him a shofar and he sounds it, if it was Rosh HaShana; a lulav and he takes it on Sukkot; a megilla, the Scroll of Esther, and he reads it on Purim; and when the time comes to recite Shema, he recites it. So too, one who rose early to sit in a wagon or in a boat prays, and when the time comes to recite Shema, he recites it.,Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar, says: In either case, it is preferable to recite Shema and then pray the Amida prayer in the wagon so that he will juxtapose redemption and prayer.,The Gemara explains: Regarding what do they disagree? The Gemara answers: This Sage, the first tanna, holds that prayer while standing is preferable. Therefore, one should pray earlier, at home, while standing. This Sage, Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar, holds that the juxtaposition of redemption and prayer is preferable, even if in doing so one is unable to stand while praying.,On a similar note, the Gemara cites additional circumstances where Sages were forced to make exceptional arrangements to pray. Mareimar and Mar Zutra would gather ten people on the Shabbat of the festival and pray, and set out to deliver their lecture [pirka]. Due to the crowds that gathered to hear the lectures of the Sages on the festival, they were unable to pray at the proper time, so they were forced to pray earlier.,In similar circumstances, Rav Ashi would pray with the congregation individually while seated, so that they would not notice that he was praying. Afterwards, when he would come to his house, he would pray again while standing in order to pray without distraction. The Sages said to him: The Master should do as Mareimar and Mar Zutra do, i.e., gather a prayer quorum at home to pray before the lecture. He said to them: It is burdensome to me to delay the lecture so much. The Sages said to him: The Master should do as Shmuel’s father and Levi did and pray before sunrise. He said to them: I have not seen Sages older than us do that, indicating that this is not the accepted halakha.,Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya says: The additional prayer is only recited in a city where there is a quorum of ten [ḥever ir]. The Rabbis say: One may recite the additional prayer with a ḥever ir or without a ḥever ir. Rabbi Yehuda says another opinion in his name, the name of Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya: Any place where there is a ḥever ir, an individual is completely exempt from reciting the additional prayer.,Rabbi Yehuda’s opinion is identical to the opinion of Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya cited by the first tanna. The Gemara answers: There is a practical halakhic difference between them: The case of an individual who is not in a place where there is a ḥever ir. In other words, in a place where there is not a prayer quorum of ten people, the first tanna holds that Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya’s opinion is that the individual is exempt from reciting the additional prayer, as it was only instituted to be recited with a quorum. And Rabbi Yehuda holds that Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya’s opinion is that the individual is obligated to recite the additional prayer, as he is only exempt in a place where there is a prayer quorum, and, therefore, a communal prayer leader fulfills his obligation.,Rav Huna bar Ḥina said that Ḥiyya bar Rav said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, who said it in the name of his mentor, Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya. Rav Ḥiyya bar Avin said to him: You have spoken well, as proven by what Shmuel said: In all my days I have never prayed the additional prayer as an individual | |
|
37. Babylonian Talmud, Bava Qamma, 81b (3rd cent. CE - 6th cent. CE) Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 80| 81b. ולא ממקום שהוא רואה את החמה שנאמר (דברים לג, יד) וממגד תבואות שמש:,ומעין היוצא תחילה בני העיר מסתפקין ממנו אמר רבה בר רב הונא ונותן לו דמים ולית הלכתא כוותיה:,ומחכין בימה של טבריא ובלבד שלא יפרוס קלע ויעמיד את הספינה אבל צד הוא ברשתות ובמכמרות ת"ר בראשונה התנו שבטים זה עם זה שלא יפרוס קליעה ויעמיד את הספינה אבל צד הוא ברשתות ובמכמרות,תנו רבנן ימה של טבריא בחלקו של נפתלי היתה ולא עוד אלא שנטל מלא חבל חרם בדרומה לקיים מה שנאמר (דברים לג, כג) ים ודרום ירשה,תניא רבי שמעון בן אלעזר אומר תלושין שבהרים בחזקת כל השבטים הן עומדים ומחוברים בחזקת אותו השבט,ואין לך כל שבט ושבט מישראל שאין לו בהר ובשפלה ובנגב ובעמק שנאמר (דברים א, ז) פנו וסעו לכם ובאו הר האמורי ואל כל שכניו בערבה בהר בשפלה ובנגב ובחוף הים וגו' וכן אתה מוצא בכנענים ובפריזים ובאמוריים שלפניהם שנאמר ואל כל שכניו אלמא שכניו הכי הוו:,ונפנין לאחורי הגדר ואפילו בשדה שהיא מלאה כרכום אמר רב אחא בר יעקב לא נצרכה אלא ליטול הימנו צרור אמר רב חסדא ואפילו בשבת מר זוטרא חסידא שקיל ומהדר וא"ל לשמעיה (למחר) זיל שירקיה:,ומהלכין בשבילי הרשות עד שתרד רביעה שניה אמר רב פפא והאי דידן אפילו טל קשי לה:,ומסלקין לצידי הדרכים מפני יתידות הדרכים שמואל ורב יהודה הוו שקלי ואזלי באורחא הוה מסתלק שמואל לצידי הדרכים א"ל רב יהודה תנאין שהתנה יהושע אפילו בבבל א"ל שאני אומר אפילו בחוצה לארץ,רבי ורבי חייא הוו שקלי ואזלי באורחא אסתלקו לצידי הדרכים הוה קא מפסיע ואזיל ר' יהודה בן קנוסא קמייהו א"ל רבי לרבי חייא מי הוא זה שמראה גדולה בפנינו,א"ל ר' חייא שמא ר' יהודה בן קנוסא תלמידי הוא וכל מעשיו לשם שמים כי מטו לגביה חזייה א"ל אי לאו יהודה בן קנוסא את גזרתינהו לשקך בגיזרא דפרזלא:,התועה בין הכרמים מפסיג ויורד מפסיג ועולה: ת"ר הרואה חבירו תועה בין הכרמים מפסיג ועולה מפסיג ויורד עד שמעלהו לעיר או לדרך וכן הוא שתועה בין הכרמים מפסיג ועולה מפסיג ויורד עד שיעלה לעיר או לדרך,מאי וכן מהו דתימא חבירו הוא דידע להיכא מסלק דניפסוג אבל הוא דלא ידע להיכא קא סליק לא ניפסוג נהדריה נהדר בי מיצרי קמ"ל,הא דאורייתא הוא דתניא השבת גופו מניין ת"ל (דברים כב, ב) והשבותו,דאורייתא הוא דקאי בי מיצרי אתא הוא תקין דמפסיג ועולה מפסיג ויורד:,ומת מצוה קנה מקומו: ורמינהי המוצא מת מוטל באיסרטיא מפנהו לימין איסרטיא או לשמאל איסרטיא שדה בור ושדה ניר מפנהו לשדה בור,שדה ניר ושדה זרע מפנהו לשדה ניר היו שתיהן בורות שתיהן נירות שתיהן זרועות מפנהו למקום שירצה,אמר רב ביבי במוטל על המיצר מתוך שניתן לפנותו מפנהו לכל מקום שירצה,אמרי עשרה הני חד סרי הויין מהלכין בשבילי הרשות שלמה אמרה,כדתניא הרי שכלו פירותיו מן השדה ואינו מניח בני אדם ליכנס בתוך שדהו מה הבריות אומרות עליו מה הנאה יש לפלוני ומה הבריות מזיקות לו עליו הכתוב אומר מהיות טוב אל תקרי רע ומי כתיב מהיות טוב אל תקרי רע אין כתיב כי האי גוונא (משלי ג, כז) אל תמנע טוב מבעליו בהיות לאל ידך לעשות,ותו ליכא והא איכא דרבי יהודה דתניא רבי יהודה אומר בשעת הוצאת זבלים אדם מוציא זבלו לרה"ר וצוברו כל שלשים כדי שיהא נישוף ברגלי אדם וברגלי בהמה שעל מנת כן הנחיל יהושע לישראל את הארץ,והא איכא דר' ישמעאל בנו של ר' יוחנן בן ברוקה דתניא רבי ישמעאל בנו של ר' יוחנן בן ברוקה אומר תנאי ב"ד הוא שיהא זה יורד לתוך שדה חבירו וקוצץ שוכו של חבירו להציל נחיל שלו ונותן לו דמי שוכו של חבירו,ותנאי ב"ד הוא שיהא זה שופך יינו ומציל דובשנו של חבירו ונוטל דמי יינו מתוך דובשנו של חבירו ותנאי ב"ד הוא שיהא זה מפרק את עציו וטוען פשתנו של חבירו ונוטל דמי עציו מתוך פשתנו של חבירו שעל מנת כן הנחיל יהושע לישראל את הארץ,ביחידאי לא קאמרינן | 81b. but not from a place that faces the sun, where the fruits grow copiously, as it is stated: “And for the precious things of the fruits of the sun” (Deuteronomy 33:14).,The baraita further states: And the people of the city shall have the right to take supplies of water from a spring on private property, even from a spring that emerges for the first time. Rabba bar Rav Huna says: And although one may draw water from that spring, he must give money to reimburse the owner of the property. The Gemara concludes: But the halakha is not in accordance with his opinion, as the water may be taken without payment.,The next of Joshua’s conditions is: And that they shall have the right to fish in the Sea of Tiberias, provided that the fisherman does not build an underwater fence to catch fish, thereby causing an impediment to boats. The Gemara comments: But one may fish with nets and with traps. The Sages taught in a baraita: Initially, the tribes stipulated with each other that one may not build an underwater fence to catch fish, thereby causing an impediment to boats, but one may fish with nets and with traps.,The Sages taught in a baraita: The Sea of Tiberias was located in the portion of the tribe of Naphtali. Moreover, the tribe of Naphtali received in addition a small stretch of land equal to the full length of the rope of a fish trap. This stretch of land was located to the south of the sea, where the members of this tribe could spread out their fishing nets, to fulfill that which is stated: “And of Naphtali he said: O Naphtali, satisfied with favor, and full with the blessing of the Lord; possess the sea and the south” (Deuteronomy 33:23).,It is taught in a baraita: Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar says: Detached items that are found in the mountains at the time of conquest are considered to be in the possession of all the tribes equally, as spoils of war; but that which is attached, e.g., trees, are considered to be in the sole possession of that tribe that would receive the land where the tree was found.,The baraita adds: And you do not have a single tribe of Israel that did not have in its portion at least some land in the mountains, and some in the lowland, and some in the countryside, and some in the valley, as it is stated: “Turn and take your journey, and go to the hill-country of the Amorites and to all their neighbors, in the Arabah, in the hill-country, and in the lowland, and in the countryside, and by the seashore” (Deuteronomy 1:7). And you find similarly with regard to the Canaanites and Perizzites and Amorites who inhabited the land before the Jews, as it stated in the above verse: “The Amorites and to all their neighbors.” Apparently, the Amorites and their neighbors all had this variety of types of land in their respective territories.,§ The Gemara discusses the next of Joshua’s conditions: And people shall have the right to relieve themselves outdoors behind a fence, even in a field that is full of saffron. Rav Aḥa bar Ya’akov said: It goes without saying that one may relieve himself when necessary; this stipulation is necessary only to permit the one relieving himself to take a stone out of a wall in the field with which to clean himself. Rav Ḥisda said: And it is permitted to remove a stone from a wall for this purpose even on Shabbat. Mar Zutra the Pious would take a stone in this manner on Shabbat and replace it in the wall, and say to his attendant after Shabbat: Go and plaster it over, so that it would fit securely back in the wall.,The baraita further states: And they shall have the right to walk in permitted paths, i.e., those paths that cut through a private field, throughout the summer until the second rainfall, when crops begin to sprout. Rav Pappa said: And with regard to these fields that we have in Babylonia, even dew that settled the previous night is bad for them. Even after a night of dew, the field is sufficiently moistened that trampling on it will cause damage, and therefore this condition does not apply if there was dew the previous night.,The next item on the list of conditions is: And they shall have the right to veer off to the sides of the roads onto private property because of hard protrusions of the road. The Gemara relates: Shmuel and Rav Yehuda, who lived in Babylonia, were once walking along the road, and Shmuel veered off to the sides of the road onto private property. Rav Yehuda said to him: Do the conditions that Joshua stipulated apply even in Babylonia? Shmuel said to him: Indeed so, as I say that they apply even outside of Eretz Yisrael.,Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi and Rabbi Ḥiyya were once walking along the road, and they veered off to the sides of the road. Rabbi Yehuda ben Kanosa was taking broad steps on the road, to avoid the protrusions without going off to the side of the road, while walking in front of them. Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said to Rabbi Ḥiyya: Who is this man who is showing off his supposed greatness in our presence? By acting more stringently than required by halakha, he is displaying insolence.,Rabbi Ḥiyya said to Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi: Perhaps it is my student Rabbi Yehuda ben Kanosa. And if so, all of his actions are undertaken for the sake of Heaven; he is not acting out of haughtiness. When they reached him and Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi saw him, he said to him: If you were not Yehuda ben Kanosa I would have cut off your legs with iron shears, i.e., I would have excommunicated you for your impudence.,The baraita further teaches: And one who becomes lost among the vineyards shall have the right to cut down [mefaseig] branches and enter an area of the vineyard, or cut down branches and exit an area of the vineyard, until he finds his way back to the road. The Sages taught in a baraita that this stipulation extends further: With regard to one who sees another person lost among the vineyards, he may cut down branches and enter an area of the vineyard, or cut down branches and exit an area of the vineyard until he reaches him and brings him back up to the city or to the road. And similarly, if he himself is the one who is lost among the vineyards, he may cut down branches and enter an area of the vineyard, or cut down branches and exit an area of the vineyard until he comes back up to the city or to the road.,The Gemara asks a question with regard to this baraita: What is the point of the clause that begins with: And similarly? It is obvious that a lost individual himself has the same right to cut down branches as one who assists him to find his way out. The Gemara answers: That is taught lest you say that it is only another person who is permitted to cut down branches, as, having seen the lost party, he knows exactly where he is going to rescue the other and help him leave the vineyard, and that is why he may cut down branches; but with regard to the lost person himself, who does not know where he is going, one might have said that he may not cut down branches but must go all the way back to the boundary of the vineyard. The baraita therefore teaches us that one who is lost may cut down branches in his quest to find his own way to the nearby town or road.,The Gemara asks a further question: Why was it necessary for Joshua to stipulate that one may find his way out in this manner? After all, this halakha applies by Torah law. When one is lost, whoever can assist in helping him find his way must do so by Torah law, as it is taught in a baraita: There is a mitzva to return lost items to their owner. From where is it derived that the requirement applies even to returning his body, i.e., helping a lost person find his way? The verse states: “And you shall restore it to him” (Deuteronomy 22:2), which can also be translated as: And you shall restore himself to him. If this is required by Torah law, why did Joshua stipulate a condition to this effect?,The Gemara answers: By Torah law one is required only to walk in a roundabout path along the boundaries, without damaging another’s vines by cutting off branches. Joshua came and instituted the stipulation that one may go even further and cut off branches and ascend or cut off branches and descend, thereby leaving through the most direct route.,The Gemara addresses the last stipulation in the baraita: And that a corpse with no one to bury it [met mitzva] acquires its place and is buried where it was found. The Gemara raises a contradiction from a baraita: One who finds a corpse laid out on a main street [isratya] evacuates it for burial either to the right of the street or to the left of the street, but it may not be buried under the main street itself. If one can move the corpse either to a fallow field or to a plowed field, he evacuates it to the fallow field.,If the choice is between a plowed field and a sown field, he evacuates it to the plowed field. If both fields were fallow, or if both were plowed, or if both were sown, he evacuates it to any side where he wishes to move it. According to this baraita, a met mitzva is not necessarily buried where it is found. It may be moved elsewhere.,Rav Beivai said: The ruling of this baraita is stated with regard to a corpse laid out on the pathway. Were the corpse buried there, it would prohibit passage by priests. Since permission was already granted to evacuate it from there, one may evacuate it to any place he wishes. If, however, the corpse was in a field, it would be prohibited to move it.,§ The Gemara returns to the opening statement of the baraita, that Joshua stipulated ten conditions. The Gemara says: Are there really only ten? These conditions enumerated in the baraita are actually eleven. The Gemara answers: The condition that one may walk in permitted paths that cut through a private field in the summer was not instituted by Joshua; rather, King Solomon said it.,As it is taught in a baraita: If one’s produce was completely harvested from the field, but he does not allow people to enter into his field to shorten their route, what do people say about him? They say: What benefit does so-and-so have by denying entry into his field? And what harm are people causing him by traversing his field? Concerning him, the verse says: Do not be called wicked by refraining from being good. The Gemara asks: Is it really written: Do not be called wicked by refraining from being good? There is no such verse in the Bible. The Gemara answers: Yes, an idea like this is found in the Bible, albeit in a slightly different form, as it is written like this: “Withhold not good from him to whom it is due, when it is in the power of your hand to do it” (Proverbs 3:27).,The Gemara further questions the statement of the baraita that Joshua instituted ten stipulations: And is there nothing more that Joshua instituted? But there is also the stipulation mentioned by Rabbi Yehuda. As it is taught in a baraita: Rabbi Yehuda says: During the time of manure removal, a person may remove his manure from his property into the public thoroughfare and pile it up there for a full thirty days, so that it should be trodden by the feet of people and by the feet of animals, thereby improving its quality, as it was on this condition that Joshua apportioned Eretz Yisrael to the Jewish people.,The Gemara continues this line of questioning: And furthermore, there are the stipulations mentioned by Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yoḥa ben Beroka, as it is taught in a baraita: Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yoḥa ben Beroka, says: It is a stipulation of the court, i.e., it is an automatic right even when not explicitly granted, that this owner of a bee colony may enter the field of another and chop off the other’s branch in order to save his bee colony, and afterward he gives him the value of the other’s severed branch. That is, if a beekeeper finds that one of his colonies has relocated to a tree in a neighboring field, he may bring it back to his own property together with the branch, provided that he later reimburses the owner of the tree.,The baraita continues: And it is also a stipulation of the court that this bearer of wine pours out his wine from his barrel and uses the barrel to save another’s spilling honey, which is more valuable than the wine, and then he takes the value of his wine from the saved honey of the other, as reimbursement. And it is likewise a stipulation of the court that this owner of wood unloads his wood from his donkey and loads another’s flax, which is more valuable than wood, if the load of flax is stranded on the road due to a mishap, and later he takes the value of his wood from the saved flax of that other individual. Once again, the reason is that it was on this condition that Joshua apportioned Eretz Yisrael to the Jewish people.,The Gemara explains why the stipulations mentioned by Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Yishmael are omitted by the earlier baraita: In the baraita, we are not speaking of individual opinions, but only of those that are accepted by all the Sages. |
|
| 38. Dead Sea Scrolls, 11Q13, 1 ii, 2-8 Tagged with subjects: •nan Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 121 |
| 39. John Chrysostom, Hom. Gal., 4.710 Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 90 |
| 40. Dead Sea Scrolls, 4Q162, 0 Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 115 |
| 41. Dead Sea Scrolls, 4Q163, 0 Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 115 |
| 42. Anon., Tanhuma, pequddei 1 Tagged with subjects: •abraham, two wives of Found in books: Fisch,, Written for Us: Paul’s Interpretation of Scripture and the History of Midrash (2023) 97 |
